Joint Estimation of Symbol Timing and Carrier Frequency Offset Over A Fast Time-Varying Multipath Channel

Joint estimation of symbol timing and
Carrier frequency offset over a

Fast time-varying multipath channel
ABSTRACT:
1. In this paper, we present a novel joint algorithm to estimate
the symbol timing and carrier frequency offsets of wireless orthogonal
frequency division multiplying (OFDM) signals.
2. We develop a general ML estimation algorithm that can

accurately calculate symbol timing and carrier frequency offsets over a
fast time varying multipath channel.
3. To reduce overall estimation complexity, the proposed

scheme consists of two estimation stages (i) Coarse synchronization –
LS method and (ii) Fine synchronization – MS method.
4. This coarse-to-find method provides good tradeoff between

estimation accuracy and computational complexity.
INTRODUCTION:
1. OFDM technique is used for providing high speed data
transmission.
2. Because of Intersymbol interference(ISI) and Intercarrier
interference(ICI) synchronization errors can result.
3. To avoid this error we go to identify the begining of the
individual orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)
symbols.
4. We can find the offsets jointly or separately.
5. OFDM is used in mobile multipath environments, a fast time-
varying multipath channel model is more desirable than a
White Gaussion Noise channel model for simulating real
wireless OFDM communication system.
6. This estimation involves a two-step process (i) Coarse
synchronization – to find rough symbol offsets (ii) Fine
synchronization – to find fair offsets based on the coarse
synchronization.
7. The proposed fine synchronization technique can obtain more
accurate results.
8. While its computational complexity is drastically reduced due
to the two-step estimation process.
9. The result of this paper is organized as follows:
(i) We introduce the OFDM signal model over time-
Varying multipath channel in section-II.
(ii) The coarse synchronization technique is then

explained in details in section-III, followed by the fine
synchronization technique in section-IV.
10. Simulation results are provided in section-V. Finally we

conclude our paper in section-VI.
OFDM SIGNALS AND CHANNEL MODEL:

1. In an OFDM system, N complex data symbols are modulated
onto N-subcarriers by using the inverse fast fourier transform(IFFT) on
the transmitter side.
2. The last Nc IFFT samples are used to form a guard interval(GI)

that is inserted at the beginning of each OFDM symbol.
3. The baseband modulated signal s(n), after the parallel to serial
convertsion and IFFT can be expressed as, Equation ->(1)
Where dk(i) – data symbols used in modulating the k-th subcarrier of

the i-th frame (or) data block.
Frame period is M=N+Nc.
4. These data symbols, coming from a certain modulation

constellation in a finite symbol set, can be assumed to be
equiprobable and statistically independent of different subcarriers and
frames.
5. dk(i) can therefore be approximated as zero mean random

variables with correlation
Equation
Where * is a conjugate operator. g(.) is a dicrete rectangular window

function of size M.
X(n) is a output signal after s(n) has passed through a fast time-
varying multipath channel with impulse response h(n,l)
6. In wireless communication receivers are subjected to reflection

and scattering from natural and man-made objects.
7. Received signals after having been sampled by an analog to

digital converter(ADC) can be expressed as,
Equation
Where ne belongs to [0,M-1] is the symbol timing offset.

8. The timing offset has an unkown integer value (ie) an
integermultiple of the sampling period and the fractional timing offset
can be be neglected in OFDM systems because it has little affect on
OFDM performance.
9. ‘ ‘ denotes the carrier frequency offset caused by the Doppler

effect and the instability of carrier frequency oscillators at both the
transmitter and the received ends.
10. w(n) is white complex gaussion noise zero mean and a

variance of ‘ ‘ , which is independent of the signal dk(i).
11. The autocorrelation function of a received OFDM signal r(n)

is given by
Equation
12. The autocorrelation function Rr(n,m) is M-periodic in ‘n’ for

every m, or Rr(n,m)=Rr(n+M,m).
13. The received signal r(n) is cyclostationary but is not a wide

sense stationary process (wssp).
14. We can rewrite Rr(n,m) as compact matrix format when

m=N.
Equation
A – Toeplitz matrix of size M*(M+Nc-1).
By taking the modulus operation of Rr, b= equation
Where b->
The Least Square method(LS) estimator of ne is given by
Equation
Where b^-> estimate of b.
||.||2 denote the Euclidean normal.
Since Rr*(n,m)=Rr(n,-m) in Rr, we obtain the frequency offset ‘ ‘

estimation as
Equation
FINE SYNCHRONIZATION:
1. We will discuss the fine synchronization techniquefor timing
and frequency offsets estimation based on the ML function.
2. Received signals r(n) are independent of each other expect of

signals that are spaced N samples apart and that are correlative within
the same OFDM symbol interval, due to the GI.
3. r(n) can be modeled as an approximate complex Gaussian

process using the central limit theorem, provided that N is large
enough.
4. We assume an observation window to be a vector r=[r(0),

……..r(2N+Nc-1)] composed of 2N+Nc consecutive samples of r(n). The
length of this window has been selected sothat there are at least Nc
correlated samples, regardless of timing offset ne.
5. The autocorrelation function is not zero when n is within a

limited region and m=N. We can rewrite the autocorrelation function
for the observation vector r as
Equation
Where
6. To derive the ML estimation of symbol timing and carrier

frequency offsets over a fast time-varying multipath channel as was
previously defined, we can classify the ML estimation into three cases
depending on the timing offset ne as follows.
CASE 1:
0<=ne<=N-Nc
1. The relative positioning of OFDM symbols and an observation
window in case one is shown in fig1. To obtain the joint ML estimation
of ne and ‘ ‘ we calculate a likelihood function.
2. Under the previous assumption, the correlation between is

nonzero only in the regions F1(1) and F2(1), where F1(1)={n|
ne<=n<=ne+Nc-1} and F2(1)={n|ne+Nc<=n<=ne+2Nc-2}.
3. The additional region F2’ is the multipath spread of the GI of

the k-th OFDM symbol.
4. The joint probability density function (pdf) of vector r can be

expressed as
Equation
Where R=F(1)UF2(1), p(.) denotes the PDF of the variables.
By maximizing the log-likelihood function we get join ML

estimators of ne and ‘ ‘
Ne^
CASE 2:
N-Nc+1<=ne<=N-1
Fig2 displays the relative positioning of OFDM symbols and an
observation window in case two . The correlation of sampling signals
within the observation window is nonzero only in regions.
F1(2), F2(2) and F3(2), where
F1(2)={n|ne<=n<=ne+Nc-1},
F2(2)={n|ne+Nc<=n<=N+Nc-1},
And F3(2)={n|0<=n<=ne+Nc-N-2}.
The region F2(2) is the multipath spread of the GI of the k-th OFDM
symbol. Case two differs from case one in that the length of region
F2(2) is reduced due to limited observation window length.
The region F3(2) is the multipath spread of the GI of the (k-1)-

th OFDM symbol.
The joint PDF of vector r in this case has the same formula as
(I) expect that R=F1(2)UF2(2)UF3(2).
By maximizing its log-likelihood function the joint ML

estimators of ne and ‘ ‘ can be obtained as
Equation
CASE 3:
N<=ne<=N+Nc-1
The relative positioning of OFDM symbols and an observation
window in case three is represented in Fig3.
Unlike both case one and case two, the observation window is
continuously shifted to the left, which contains F1(3), F2(3) and F3(3).
Where F1(3)={n|ne<=n<=N+Nc-1},
F2(3)={n|0<=n<=ne-N-1} and
F3(3)={n|ne-N<=n<=ne-N+Nc-2}.
F1(3) is part of the GI in the k-th OFDM symbol. F3(3) similar to F3(2) is
the multipath spread of the GI of the (k-1)th OFDM symbol.
The joint PDF of vector r in this case is the same as that in (I)
expect that R=F1(3) U F2(3) U F3(3).
By maximizing the log-likelihood function the joint ML

estimators of ne and ‘ ‘ can be obtained.
From the previous discussion we can conclude that the

estimators ne^ and ‘ ‘ are tightly coupled with each other.
The estimation procedure can be described as follows. Ne

takes a value from 0 to N+Nc-1 and ‘ ‘ is then computed for each
given ne^ from 0 to N-Nc-1 and ‘ ‘ is then computed for each given ne
accordingly to (b),(d) and (f).
Ne^ is computed based on (a),(c) &(e). The expected ‘ ‘ is

finally obtained from (b),(d) and (f) after ne has been estimated.

Joint Estimation of Symbol Timing and Carrier Frequency Offset Over A Fast Time-Varying Multipath Channel

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Joint Estimation of Symbol Timing and Carrier Frequency Offset Over A Fast Time-Varying Multipath Channel

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Joint Estimation of Symbol Timing and Carrier Frequency Offset Over A Fast Time-Varying Multipath Channel

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Joint estimation of symbol timing and

Carrier frequency offset over a

2. We develop a general ML estimation algorithm that can

3. To reduce overall estimation complexity, the proposed

4. This coarse-to-find method provides good tradeoff between

Varying multipath channel in section-II.

(ii) The coarse synchronization technique is then

10. Simulation results are provided in section-V. Finally we

OFDM SIGNALS AND CHANNEL MODEL:

2. The last Nc IFFT samples are used to form a guard interval(GI)

Where dk(i) – data symbols used in modulating the k-th subcarrier of

Frame period is M=N+Nc.

4. These data symbols, coming from a certain modulation

5. dk(i) can therefore be approximated as zero mean random

Where * is a conjugate operator. g(.) is a dicrete rectangular window

6. In wireless communication receivers are subjected to reflection

7. Received signals after having been sampled by an analog to

Where ne belongs to [0,M-1] is the symbol timing offset.

9. ‘ ‘ denotes the carrier frequency offset caused by the Doppler

10. w(n) is white complex gaussion noise zero mean and a

11. The autocorrelation function of a received OFDM signal r(n)

12. The autocorrelation function Rr(n,m) is M-periodic in ‘n’ for

13. The received signal r(n) is cyclostationary but is not a wide

14. We can rewrite Rr(n,m) as compact matrix format when

A – Toeplitz matrix of size M*(M+Nc-1).

By taking the modulus operation of Rr, b= equation

The Least Square method(LS) estimator of ne is given by

||.||2 denote the Euclidean normal.

Since Rr*(n,m)=Rr(n,-m) in Rr, we obtain the frequency offset ‘ ‘

2. Received signals r(n) are independent of each other expect of

3. r(n) can be modeled as an approximate complex Gaussian

4. We assume an observation window to be a vector r=[r(0),

5. The autocorrelation function is not zero when n is within a

6. To derive the ML estimation of symbol timing and carrier

2. Under the previous assumption, the correlation between is

3. The additional region F2’ is the multipath spread of the GI of

4. The joint probability density function (pdf) of vector r can be

Where R=F(1)UF2(1), p(.) denotes the PDF of the variables.

By maximizing the log-likelihood function we get join ML

The region F3(2) is the multipath spread of the GI of the (k-1)-

By maximizing its log-likelihood function the joint ML

By maximizing the log-likelihood function the joint ML

From the previous discussion we can conclude that the

The estimation procedure can be described as follows. Ne

Ne^ is computed based on (a),(c) &(e). The expected ‘ ‘ is

You might also like