Bank Focus Writing
Bank Focus Writing
Bank Focus Writing
Habib Adnan
01972794143
www.facebook.com/bank focus writing
Habib Adnan
Trade War USA China: Global impact
The trade war that erupted Friday between the U.S. and China carries a major risk of escalation that
could
» weaken investment,
»depress spending,
» unsettle financial markets and
» slow the global economy.
The United States is due to impose 25% tariffs on $34 billion of goods it imports from China on
Friday. Tariffs on an extra $16 billion may come later.
Beijing has said it will retaliate in equal measure. US President Donald Trump has threatened to
impose tariffs on an additional $200 billion if China retaliates, and then an extra $200 billion upon
further ripostes.
China imported $130 billion of US goods last year, while the United States purchased goods worth
$506 billion from China, according to US data
Global merchandise exports rose 11 per cent in 2017 to $17.2 trillion, according to the World Trade
Organization.
US tariffs on Chinese exports will apply to engines and motors, construction and farming machinery,
electrical, transportation and telecom equipment and precision instruments.
Counter tariffs by China will hit US agricultural commodities, autos and aquatic products. Soybeans
are the country’s biggest import from the United States by value.
These initial tariffs are unlikely to inflict serious harm to the world’s two biggest economies.
Expert has calculated that they would pare growth in both countries by no more than 0.2 percent
through 2020.
The direct impact is limited
Ballpark estimates from economists show that every $100 billion of imports affected by tariffs chip
away around 0.5 per cent of global trade, wiping off 0.1 percentage points of GDP growth. The
direct impact on China’s economic growth in 2018 is estimated at 0.10.3 percentage points while
the drag on its export growth is expected to be 1.0 percentage point. The effect on the United States
will be less.
Global inflation should rise by 0.10.3 percentage points, not accounting for currency volatiliti
Morgan Stanley estimates that world trade could be seriously disrupted as twothirds of goods traded
are linked to global value chains.
The Peterson Institute for International Economics shows that almost twothirds of US imports from
China come from companies with foreign capital, another avenue through which US tariffs targeted
at China have an impact beyond its borders. Based on foreign investment flows, the capital is likely
2
to have come mostly from the United States, Japan and South Korea.
Some analysts such as Singaporebased DBS say the US economy could suffer more than China’s, as
US levies could affect American firms with investments in the country and Washington is also
involved in other trade conflicts.
Uncertainty about trade could make banks wary of their exposure to affected industries and hurt the
price and flow of credit. It could also make businesses reluctant to invest. Any tariff passthrough to
consumers could affect domestic demand and consumer confidence. Higher volatility in financial
markets hurts all of the above.
A model by Pictet Asset Management reckons a 10 per cent tariff on US trade fully passed on to
consumers could tip the global economy into stagflation and knock 2.5 per cent off corporate
earnings globally.
Who is most exposed?
A DBS analysis shows that South Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan and Singapore are the economies most at
risk in Asia based on trade openness and exposure to supply chains.
South Korea could see a drag of 0.4 per cent on growth in 2018, Malaysia and Taiwan lose 0.6 per
cent, and Singapore 0.8 per cent. And the impact would be roughly double in 2019.
OECD data which breaks down the valueadded embodied in Chinese exports by its source country
shows Taiwan as the most exposed country in Asia with more than 8.0 per cent of GDP, followed
by Malaysia at 6.0 per cent, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore at 45 per cent, Philippines,
Thailand and Vietnam at around 3.0 per cent and Australia, Japan and Indonesia at around 2.0 per
cent.
There are other variations to consider. For instance, the United States and China are Hong Kong’s
major economic partners, but its economy is dominated by services, which are not subject to tariffs.
An economy such as Vietnam’s, reliant on manufacturing, could feel more pain.
»The direct effects will be amplified as business confidence drops and
»investment decisions are delayed.
China’s currency, the yuan, has dropped 3.5 percent against the dollar over the past month, giving
Chinese companies a price edge over their U.S. competition.
No one wins in a trade war.
3
Corporate Governance in Banking Sector
BANGLADESH Bank is committed to establishing good governance practices in banks and financial
institutions besides fulfilling its core objectives like employment maximisation and price stability in
the country.
Corporate governance is such a precondition that affects the financial soundness indicators of each
institution. The quality of governance can affect the financial soundness indicators of banks such as
asset quality and capital adequacy ratio.Corporate governance failure can happen when one or more
banks are devoid of transparency, accountability and oversight of their own managerial practices.
Moreover, when corporate governance structure is ambiguous and not very well developed, the
ultimate accountability to the stakeholders can remain with the regulators. Sometimes, the amount of
nonperforming loan (NPL) can rise due to deterioration of industrywide moral hazard
In recent times, the structure and style of corporate governance have changed overall. If we look at
corporate governance structures across the globe, we may find that families constitute majority of the
market capitalisation in most of the countries. With family ownership, rational succession plans are
difficult to implement as family members may not be qualified to assume managerial responsibilities,
or they may not be interested in carrying on family business.
it is the most significant problem of corporate governance in Bangladesh. Although our policies do
not support this, it can happen sometimes indirectly due to opaqueness in the policies itself. This
kind of structure may hinder the good governance practices since the exposures of connected persons
can serve their personal benefits.
The second most problem of corporate governance is the lack of knowledge about monitoring new
products, or insufficient attention to their risk characteristics. Moreover, the promotion policy in
commercial banks (for example performance in line with deposit collection targets, etc) may not be
coordinated with, or may even contradict with broader objectives of the bank. In regard to
accountability and transparency, accounting standards and disclosures are very important.
A market for corporate control can play an important monitoring role, as poorly managed companies
can become merger/acquisition targets. In Bangladesh, there seems to be no market for corporate
control, as merger/acquisition of either publiclytraded or privatelyheld companies is rare.
Moreover, independent directors do not act as an advocate for minority shareholders or as a source of
innovative ideas as they are thought to be. It is assumed that due to a lack of shareholders' activities,
corporate governance cannot be firmly established.
There is also a lack of independence of auditors which is linked with "lemon problem" a problem
of information asymmetry.
In addition, due to managers' appetite to take excessive risks to earn more profits/incentives, banks'
health can be deteriorated further. This can be solved by introducing “employee stock option plan”,
or by introducing multiyear remuneration programmes, where compensation over the years is tied to
4
longterm outcomes, not the shortterm ones only.
It has been observed that board members and senior management, who may be appointed by the
government, may not have full discretion to carry out their responsibilities properly. Domination of
the board by the chief executive officer is a common problem, but there is also “reverse domination”
individual board members interfering in specific decisions of senior management or even lower
levels of management. There is also the problem of irreconcilable conflict between the board
chairman (or individual board members) and the CEO that is not addressed adequately so far. It not
only could deteriorate corporate governance of the bank but also could signpost unhealthy example
to other banks.
Bangladesh Bank has been pursuing the best corporate governance framework for the banking
system. The first principle suggested by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision on corporate
governance focuses on the board's overall responsibilities. The second principle is about the board's
qualifications and compositions. Initial and ongoing training of board members in their duties and
responsibilities is very important, but in some banks it may be difficult to sustain that kind of training
because of time constraints and reluctance of certain board members to attend.
The principle no. 4, 5, 6 and 8 focus on senior management, governance of group structures, . The
bank authorities should be strict in scrutinising applications for loans, assessing qualifications of the
applicants before approving any loan.
The corrupt bank directors and officials should be brought to justice for approving clandestine loans
and misappropriating funds. The loan defaulters should be punished as well.
The Artha Rin Adalat Ain (Money Loan Court Act) needs to be amended to empower the banks to
sell the mortgaged property of the defaulter clients to realise the loan.
Besides, steps should be taken to expedite the disposal of the cases filed over loan defaulting. At the
same time, the entrepreneurs and companies that pay back the loans properly should get more loans
at lower interests
In summary, Bangladesh Bank has been trying to establish good corporate governance standards in
the banking system but the efficacy of these mechanisms will depend on the overall attitude of the
stakeholders.
5
Liquidity Crisis in Banking Sector
The economy grew by 6.3 percent on average for more than a decade. The growth rate was over 7
percent in the last two fiscal years.
Bangladesh's gross national income (GNI) per capita now stands at $1752, well above the
$1,242mark, a prerequisite for becoming a lowermiddle income country from a least developed one
But suddenly, this smoothlyrun economy was hit by a serious liquidity crisis a couple of months
back.
In banking parlance, liquidity is a financial institution's capacity to meet its obligations as they fall
due without incurring losses. Liquidity risk is a risk to an institution's earnings, capital and reputation
arising from its inability (real or perceived) to meet its contractual obligations in a timely manner
without incurring unacceptable losses when they are due.
In general, a bank is said to be liquid if it is able to provide money to its customers trying to
withdraw. On the contrary, a bank is said to be 'illiquid' if the customers try to withdraw more money
from the bank than it can accommodate. All the scheduled banks have to manage liquidity from two
perspectives. The first one is to address regulatory requirement like Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) while
the second one is to meet the contractual obligations to fulfill the demand from the depositors.
Banks have to keep sufficient cash in vault for meeting depositors' obligations. But practically, they
do not keep all its deposits mobilised in cash for immediate withdrawal (through the counter or
through ATMs). From regulatory perspective, banks are allowed to extend loan up to 85 per cent and
90 per cent of their deposits mobilised for conventional and Islamic banks (as well as Islamic
window of conventional banks) respectively and therefore, 15 per cent and 10 per cent of deposits
are left with them. Therefore, it is evident that a small amount of cash stocked in vault and ATMs is
kept by the banks.
When a bank fails to satisfy deposit withdrawal of its customers, the situation can only deteriorate. In
a worst case scenario, the depositors, out of fear, rush towards the bank and start to withdraw as
much as possible, leading the bank to a complete failure in meeting its obligations. This worst case
situation is known as 'Bank Run'.
This has resulted in spillover effects on nonbank financial institutions (NBFIs) and capital markets.
Most of the 34 NBFIs, which rely mostly on banks for funds, are in a liquidity crisis they never faced
before.
Capital markets have been in free fall since Bangladesh Bank came up with a new monetary policy
on January 29. The benchmark index of Dhaka Stock Exchange fell 2.21 percent the highest in
more than four years.
6
For example, a person took a home loan of Tk 50 lakh from a bank with 9 percent interest for 15
years. His equal monthly instalment (EMI) was Tk 50,713. But the bank concerned raised the interest
rate to 10 percent recently and his EMI went up by over Tk 3,000. Similarly, EMIs for personal and
auto loans also increased in recent days.
The rate hike will also badly hurt businesses that took industrial term loans at single digit interest
rates in the last two years.
“Unreasonable hike in interest rates will hamper the economic growth and push inflation up
Talking to this newspaper, Pubali Bank Managing Director Abdul Halim Chowdhury said the overall
consumption will decline due to the rise in interest rates.
Lower interest rates made borrowing cheaper, and this encouraged spending and investment, leading
to higher domestic demand and economic growth. All this helped the economy grow by over 7
percent for the last two consecutive years.
But a sudden liquidity crisis that began two months ago has reversed the situation.
Now most of the 40 private commercial banks, which have crossed the loandeposit ratio (LDR)
limit, are chasing after deposits to bring down the ratio within 85 percent as they cannot recover
loans overnight.
An 85percent LDR limit means a bank can give a loan of Tk 85 against a deposit of Tk 100.
The central bank last month moved to reduce the LDR further to 83.5 percent by June which will
intensify competition among banks to get deposits and eventually make those costlier.
Banks offered 57 percent interest on fixed deposits for the last three years. But this rate has gone up
to 89 percent in recent days due to the liquidity crisis.
Besides, a bank has to spend another 2 percent on average in establishment expenses, meaning the
total cost will be around 11 percent.
7
Special Economic Zone
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are geographically delineated 'enclaves' in which regulations and
practices related to business and trade differ from the rest of the country and therefore all the units
therein enjoy special privileges.
SEZs can generate both static and dynamic benefits. Static benefits include employment creation,
export growth and rise in government revenues; whereas dynamic benefits include economic
diversification, innovation and transfer of technology through foreign direct investment (FDI), and
skills upgrading
The basic idea of SEZs emerges from the fact that, while it might be very difficult to dramatically
improve infrastructure and business environment of the overall economy 'overnight', SEZs can be
built in a much shorter time, and they can work as efficient enclaves to solve these problems. With
these aforementioned objectives in consideration, Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA)
was instituted by the government in November 2010, based on the Bangladesh Economic Zones Act,
2010, with the aim of establishing 100 SEZs across the country by 2030 and 47 of them, including
government and private EZs, are under processing or in the implementation stage.
The objectives of Economic Zones can be explained as:
A. Generation of additional economic activity;
B. Promotion of exports of goods and services;
C. Diversification of export destinationwise and productwise;
D. Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources;
E. Creation of employment opportunities;
F. Development of infrastructure facilities and logistic services;
G. Technology transfer;
Weak infrastructure and poor business environment are critical problems for Bangladesh in attracting
both domestic investment and FDI. According to the 2017 Doing Business index of the World Bank,
Bangladesh ranks 176th among 190 countries. In terms of subcomponents of the Doing Business
index, Bangladesh's worst performances are observed in the areas of 'enforcing contracts', 'getting
electricity' and 'registering property' with rankings of 189th, 187th and 185th respectively.
There is no denying that rapid and sustained economic growth is very important for the Bangladesh
economy on its way to becoming a middle income country. The importance of SEZs, aimed at
propelling both domestic investment and FDI for rapid and sustained economic growth in
Bangladesh, can't be undermined. However, to make the SEZ initiatives successful, several issues
need to be addressed carefully.
8
First, SEZs have to deliver what they promise. The standards of infrastructure and business
environment within SEZs have to be up to the global standard.
Second, while SEZs are aimed at creating 'efficient' enclaves, improvements in the business
environment and infrastructure of the overall economy can't be overlooked. If there are vast
differences in the quality of infrastructure and business environment between SEZs and rest of the
economy, then excessive and continued external support would be needed for the survival of SEZs,
which can have large financial implications.
Third, the SEZs would need to be connected to 'efficient' sea and land ports. Otherwise, many of the
benefits of the SEZs would be lost. Therefore, port infrastructure and its efficiency would need to be
improved substantially.
Fourth, SEZs in Bangladesh should aim for facilitating economic and export diversification leading
to progressive structural transformation of the economy.
Fifth, the whole issue of the management of SEZs is very important. The gravity of institutional
aspects for the wellfunctioning of SEZs can't be underestimated.
Sixth, the government has invited Japan, China and India to set up SEZs, and these countries have
also shown their interests in doing so. If properly materialised, these SEZs will have the potentials of
receiving substantial FDIs from these countries.
Finally, there is a need for strong commitment from the political elite in Bangladesh for necessary
economic and institutional reforms towards realising the bright prospects of SEZs. In this context,
political stability and avoidance of economic policy reversal can ensure the success of the SEZs.
9
Challenges and Limitation of Budget 201819
There are no significant changes in the fiscal measures. So, it will be difficult for the government
to implement such a huge budget
GDP growth target of 7.8 percent is also an unrealistic expectation. In order to achieve the
growth, the investment to GDP ratio will have to be risen by 4 percentage points to 35 percent. It
is absolutely impossible to improve the investment by 4 percentage points in a year.
The budget will not be implemented due to unrealistic tax goal .tax collection will have to be
raised by 40 percent to implement the new budget. But there is no reform in the tax system .
The main challenge for the budget will be to increase the private sector investment, which has
remained stagnant for a few years, affecting job creation negatively.
No measure has been taken to create employment opportunities for the educated segment
Different measures are needed to be taken to implement this type of budget.
The budget lacks special measures which could boost revenue collection, increase expenditure,
bring reforms to narrow deficit and to keep the situation stable ahead of elections.
The budget has maintained all the positive and negative tendencies of the past. “There is no
structural and policy change and there is no surprise.
Pressure is building up in the external trade. This deficit is widening while prices of oil, food
grains and fertiliser are rising globally.
If the consistency in exports and remittance is not maintained, it will affect the exchange rate, the rate of
interest and inflation. But there was no plan in the budget to maintain the consistency,
The biggest issue in the financial sector is the promise to introduce a uniform valueadded tax after a
year. But there is no plan related to its preparation.
The banking sector is facing a huge crisis, but there is nothing about it in the budget.
The higher revenue generation target as well as the expenditure target will not be achieved as they are
still confined to the same old structures and thoughts and the status quo.
The income tax ceiling of Tk 2.5 lakh for individuals should be raised to protect the real income of the
people because their income has eroded because of inflation. But it was not changed. Rather, the
government has increased the perquisite benefit for the rich from Tk 4.75 lakh to Tk 5.50 lakh.
The private sector investment remained stagnant for a few years, some measures have been taken in the
new budget to accelerate the investment
the budget has not increased the tax rate or brought more people under the tax net. As a result, it will be
challenging to finance the budget. Inflation will be another challenge and there was no measure in the
budget to manage it.
10
Single Digit Interest Rate
BAB decided to cut the interest rate on lending to 9% and that on deposits to 6% from the existing
levels. The move came weeks after the government showered private banks with a raft of privileges,
including one percentage point cut in cash reserve ratio (CRR) and 2.5 percentage points reduction in
corporate tax, which drew criticism from different quarters.
The decision to cut down interest rates will likely discourage clients from depositing money in the
banks and intensify the liquidity crisis.
But businessmen say the move will boost investment.
The Association of Banks (BAB) decided to bring down the interest rate on lending to 9% and that
on deposits to 6% from the existing levels. The new interest rates will go into effect from July 1.
Currently, private banks are lending at between 14% and 15%, while the average interest rate for
deposits is between 9 and 10%.
Advantage::
In a statement, the BAB said it took the decision under the direction of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
to create an industryfriendly environment, new entrepreneurs, generate employment, and to
accelerate trade.
Bringing the lending rate down to a single digit is a good and timely decision for the country’s
private sector investors. This will help increase investment,
This will help Bangladesh gain the investment needed for the expansion of existing businesses as
well as for new enterprises
Employment generation will be boosted
The expected outcome of the decision is that private sector investors will get loans at low rates and
this will increase private sector investment
Disadvantage::
It will worsen the liquidity crisis
Many insurance and leasing companies offer deposit rates of more than 12 percent. So bank may lose
deposit with a only 6% Interest rate.
“It will make people reluctant to deposit money. Many may withdraw their money and invest in
other sectors
It was just a voluntary announcement ... there is no monitoring and enforcement mechanism
11
Banks will not be able to implement the decisions because they did not devise any mechanism on
how the rate will be brought down to 9 percent.
The banks will not manage to remain profitable if the spread is down to 3 percent without addressing
the problem of nonperforming loans.
It will be tough to implement the initiative unless the government and nongovernment entities agree
on the new deposit rate,
The banks’ deposit growth has declined to some extent, adding that slashing interest rates could
trigger more liquidity crisis, which in turn could jeopardize the plan to reduce the lending rate
Declining deposit
The rate of deposit in the banking sector has been declining. The central bank data show that
depositors have withdrawn nearly a thousand crore taka between December last year and March,
2018.
The total deposit in December last year was Tk9,26,179 crore. At the end of March this year, the
amount stood at Tk9,25,279 crore.
Bank officials say the continued disbursement of loans and a decline deposit has led to liquidity
crises in the banking sector.
Bangladesh Bank data show that more than 100 million account holders deposit money in 57 banks.
The bank directors are mainly conducting their business with the money of these depositors.
According to the central bank, the bank directors had invested only Tk46,124 crore in the sector until
September last year, while they withdrew Tk1,43,707 crore as loan from the banks during the same
period.
12
ICT Sector of Bangladesh
In the last 3 years Bangladesh has seen a tremendous growth in the information technology (ICT)
sector. It has a market of 160 million+ people, where consumer spending is around USD 130 billion+
growing at 6% annually. After Telco’s launched 3G services in 2013, internet penetration in
Bangladesh grew by 22% by the end of 2014. Of the 66.8 million active Internet subscribers (BTRC
Sept 2016), nearly 96% are on mobile and 10 million use smartphones. With growing Internet
connectivity, availability of cheaper smartphones, and rapid rise in social networking (23 million +
Facebook users), we have seen increased emergence of digital savvy consumers.
Here are 3 main reasons for growth in ICT sector
1. Gov’t policy and awareness
In last 3 years the Government of Bangladesh has played a major role in promoting the ICT sector as
the next growth engine for Bangladesh.Some of the key milestones of a2i have been the following:
• 8.5 mil students learning from multimedia content developed by 100,000 teachers
• 105 Digital Talking text books for all visually disabled students
• 103 innovations incubated through Service Innovation Fund
• $28.15 mil earnings for Digital Center Entrepreneurs
The ICT ministry played a phenomenal role in creating awareness and programs to transform ideas
into reality through programs like Digital World, ICT Expo, National Hackathon, Connecting Startup
Bangladesh etc.
Recent policy by the govt. has been very helpful in creating attractiveness of the ICT sector. Here are
several key incentives:
a. 100% foreign ownership of companies allowed
b. Smallcap exchange to be implemented to allow easier raising/ listing on capital markets
c. Software park which facilitated high speed Internet connection trade facility similar to Export
Processing Zones (EPZ)
2. BASIS policy and advocacy
The software association of Bangladesh, popularly known as BASIS brought focus on startup
activities in Bangladesh. Shameem Ashan expresident of BASIS demonstrated tremendous
leadership. They initiated well known program like BASIS Soft Expo, BASIS Student Forum,
BASIS ecommerce alliance etc. to create awareness about startups and facility the growth of this
sector. BASIS also helped shaped policy frame work for the ICT sector and few of the policies are
outlined below:
13
a. 7 year tax holiday for registered IT companies
b. Private equity and venture capital policy frame work implemented as of July 2015
c. Vat for ecommerce reduced to NIL
3. Private sector movement at the heart
a. Startups – There has been significant increase of new startup and founders joining the space
which was not seen in the past. It is not limited to first time entrepreneur only, but people with
professional work experience taking risk to join the startup life. A recent study by Light Castle
Partners (LCP) identified top 3 sectors where startups are currently working now: ecommerce, tech
and impact businesses.
b. Telcos Have played one of the major stakeholder as they built the Infrastructure investment in 3G
that practically jump started the internet enabled businesses in Bangladesh. Local private device
suppliers played the second biggest role in bringing the smart phone prices down locally
manufacturing them. Last year 3 major telcos either started an accelerator program or sponsored one
to promote digital business in Bangladesh such as Grameenphone Accelerator which provided access
to deal flow.
c. Investment – We have few local angel investors who provides seed funding, however their
numbers are very limited with a deal size below US$50,000. However there are larger financial
institutions that have invested across various range. Few of the venture capital and private equity
companies who are currently working in Bangladesh are : Fenox Ventures, IPE capital, BD Venture
Limited, Aviskar, DEFTA Partners, Innotech Corporation, Bangladesh Venture Capital, Razor
Capital, 500 startups, Segnel Ventures, IMJ Ventures, Mind Initiative, Brummer & Partners,
Princestreet, Osiris Group VIPB, IFC etc. A recent study by Light Castle Partners (LCP) identified
preferred sectors by investors are MFS (83%), Health Tech (67%) and C2C Commerce (50%). Few
of the local startup that recently got fund are listed below to our best knowledge , GObd, PayWell,
Priyo.com, Solaric, SureCash, Styleline, Direct Fresh, AjkerDeal, Eshosikhi, Pathao, Bagdoom,
Sheba, BPCL, Brian Station, Studio 71, Smart Compare, Light Castle Partners, Magnito Digital,
Doctorola .
d. Ecosystem Builders – The startup ecosystem originally started in 2013 with main advocates
being Startup Dhaka also know as SD Asia, Team Engine, Hub Dhaka, EMK Center, Better Stories,
Preneur Lab etc. Most these companies are involved in mentoring, coaching and accelerator program
which help startup develop their business to next stage.
Challenges
Every ecosystem will have challenges and it is important to be aware of them that could hamper
growth.
14
Trust
The Trust with the consumers are the most important factor for growth in the ecosystem. If
consumers do not feel comfortable conducting commerce online, it will slow the growth. This is why
it is important to establish Consumer protection program and policies that cover refund, fraudulent
activity and consumer data. There needs to be reporting mechanisms and actions taken so that
consumer feels protected. There will be huge amounts of data being generated and there is needs to
stricter data protection laws in place where penalties in place so that one cannot easily give consumer
data to anyone.
Bureaucracy Procedures
We need to create companies in 1 day and also make it easy to close down companies. Startups now
face tough task of incorporation, getting trade license, VAT registration, bank account due to the
number of steps. It is also very tough for a startup to rent a commercial property in order to get Trade
license and other necessary paperwork’s to open the company.
Competition
We do believe that everyone needs to operate with the same rules. In the startup world, it is best to
let the customers choose the winner. This will enable to strive and carry the industry to drive better
results and improve standards of the businesses to keep up. Consumers will also adopt technology
startups at a faster rate through experience better quality. Though the word of caution is for
international companies who spend outside of the country due to mother brand having global
spending contracts. A local company face restrictions especially when sending money abroad for
advertisements where as foreign companies can spend from their foreign company accounts which is
faster and easier to deploy.
@Recommendations
We are proposing few suggestions that we earlier shared with stake holders as we believe it may help
accelerate the growth of the ecosystem.
Tax Incentives
Raising capital is not easy, from the seed round to different fund raising rounds until exit or IPO. The
market hasn’t matured to attract mainstream international investors, as deal flow is still limited and
growing. Although alternative vehicle policies are being created to attract mainstream investors, we
need to grow our local angel investor scene with policy incentives by giving tax credits. We propose
Tax incentives to encourage investors to risk their money in startups. Since access to startup funding
is an issue, tax incentive to encourage people with considerable risk appetite can be a good
alternative for the local market. This will help to fund more early/seed stages startups to increase
deal flow for the entire ecosystem.
15
Matching Govt Grant For Fund Raised by Startups
Singapore government has launched initiative like Business Angels Scheme (BAS), which matches
any investment up to SG$2 million (US$1.32 million) that a startup raises from a business angel
investor through its investment arm SPRING SEEDS Capital Pte Ltd. Bangladesh government has
similar grant for technology companies called Innovation Fund, which is really not promoted among
the community. This fund could be easily be used to match with fund raised by local startups to
provide financial backing that the startups require so desperately.
Regional Connectivity
India, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines have a growing startup
community. Privately a lot of local startups are connecting regionally, but from government level we
need to connect as well. These markets have policy frameworks that we can use and best practices
that we can implement. We need to bridge the stakeholders from the regional startup community for
idea sharing to better support the ecosystem. The government can also provide subsidies to
participate in the regional tech events to the startups.
Contribution From Most Important Stakeholders
The Telcos, Payment providers, logistics, Service companies and Government (ICT Ministry) should
support local startups in next 5 years to get decent valuation. The 5 parties are integral parts in the
making the machine move in the right direction. The telcos need to make the data service cheaper,
payment providers need to make online payment secured and seamless, logistics services need to be
reliable and designed to support cash on delivery system, which is a dominant payment solution in
South East Asia, service companies need to start solving real problems that is affecting the bottom of
the pyramid, and ICT ministry needs to work with all the parties so that real change can happen.
16
Bangabandhu Satellite1
On May 12, Bangladesh’s space age has dawned with the successful launch of Bangabandhu1
satellite by SpaceX into orbit.
Getting these satellites into space is no cakework as it requires a complex procedure including a
number of test runs and favorable weather conditions.
The communications satellite rode into space on top of Block 5 Falcon 9 rocket that took off for its
debut flight from NASA’s launchpad 39A at Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral at 2:14am on
Saturday Bangladesh time.
The Bangabandhu Satellite1 mission is the first to use Falcon 9 Block 5, the final substantial
upgrade to SpaceX’s Falcon 9 launch vehicle, which delivered the satellite to a geostationary transfer
orbit. The launch complex 39A at the space centre is the historic one used to launch Apollo 11 to its
mission to the Moon.
»The satellite travelled 22,000 miles above Earth into the space, where it will provide
telecommunications coverage for Bangladesh and surrounding areas. It will take nearly a month to
bring the satellite under complete control of three ground stations in the US, Italy and South Korea.
17
»Once it is completely operational, the control will be transferred to the ground station in Bangladesh
– which will take another month. The Bangabandhu satellite’s ground station has been built in
Gazipur’s Joydebpur. A backup station has also been built in Rangamati’s Betbunia.
»Bangabandhu1 carries 26 Kuband transponders and 14 Cband transponders, and is designed to
operate for at least 15 years in geostationary orbit. In addition to Bangladesh, the satellite’s coverage
includes India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Indonesia and several central Asian
countries.
A NEW ERA FOR BANGLADESH
Bangladesh, the world’s 44th largest economy in nominal term has entered the elite space club of 57
nations with the launch of Bangabandhu1. It is the latest in a growing number of nations to “put
their flag in space” by launching a national satellite. Other recent entrants include Belarus, Laos and
Algeria. It comes only two months after Bangladesh met the eligibility requirements for “Developing
Country” status by the United Nations on March 17, 2018.
»The satellite will be a great addition to our Information Technology heralding our entry into the
Satellite Club of the world
»The Bangabandhu Satellite1 will certainly bring revolutionary changes in our broadcast and
telecommunications sector.
Patriotism and international prestige were especially prominent motivations for Bangladesh. The
satellite Bangabandhu1 is named after Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the assassinated
founder of Bangladesh.
But Bangladesh’s satellite exists for more than just the sake of having a satellite. The country plans
to use Bangabandhu1 to further the digitization of the nation with elearning television programs
and other services to reduce its domestic digital divide.
»BTRC estimates Bangabandhu1 will save the country around $14 million currently spent leasing
capacity from foreign operators.
»The government is also expecting to earn Tk 2.5 to 3 billion annually from the satellite and start
making profit in six to seven years’ time. The profit, however, seems not be the main purpose to be
served by the satellite.
»Other than providing internet to rural communities, it will offer the potential to improve agriculture
and disaster planning, and ensure national security, which the government thinks should not be
measured in financial terms.
»It has given birth to interest in space science and satellite technology. Cashing on it, one day we
will be able to launch satellite with our own technology.
18
Climate Change: Effect and Preventive measures
Bangladesh is located at the tail end of the fragile delta formed by the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna
Rivers and more exposed to tropical cyclones than any other country. It also experiences about twofifths of
the world’s storm surges every year.
With a per capita gross domestic product, or GDP, of about $1752, the economic losses in Bangladesh over
the past 40 years were at an estimated $12 billion, depressing GDP annually by 0.5 to 1 percent. Especially
devastating storms that come along every few years have an outsized impact – such as the 2007 cyclone
Sidr, which wrought an estimated $1.7 billion in damages, or about 2.6 percent of the GDP on top of $1.1
billion losses due to monsoon flooding in the previous 12 months. In May 2009, 3.9 million Bangladeshis
directly suffered from the impact of Cyclone Aila, which caused an estimated $270 million in asset damage.
The Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP) will benefit nearly 14 million coastal people who are
more vulnerable to natural disasters.
Twothirds of the country is less than five meters above sea level, and floods increasingly inundate homes,
destroy farm production, close businesses, and shut down public infrastructure. Erosion leads to an annual
loss of about 10,000 hectares of land and weakens natural coastal defenses and aquatic ecosystems.
Fresh water has become scarcer in in Bangladesh’s droughtprone northwest and in southwest coastal areas
where about 2.5 million profoundly poor residents regularly suffer from shortages of drinking water and
water for irrigation. Further, their coastal aquatic ecosystems have been severely compromised.
Salt water intrusion from sea level rise in lowlying plains has intensified the risk of food insecurity, the
disappearance of employment opportunities for agricultural workers, and the spread of waterrelated
diseases.
The Emergency Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP) supports the Government of
Bangladesh (GoB) efforts to facilitate recovery from the damage to livelihoods and infrastructure caused by
Cyclone Sidr and to build longterm preparedness through strengthened disaster risk reduction and
management.
Addressing climate change is a national priority. Bangladesh is recognized internationally for its
cuttingedge achievements in addressing climate change. Bangladesh has invested more than $10 billion in
climate change actions – enhancing the capacity of communities to increase their resilience, increasing the
capacity of government agencies to respond to emergencies, strengthening river embankments and coastal
polders (lowlying tracts of lands vulnerable to flooding), building emergency cyclone shelters and resilient
homes, adapting rural households’ farming systems, reducing saline water intrusion, especially in areas
dependent upon agriculture, and implementing early warning and emergency management systems.
Bank financing has also enabled research on the impact of climatesensitive diseases and the dynamics of
urban flooding in the Dhaka area. The World Bank, International Finance Corporation and the 2030 Water
Resources Group have also collaborated on an investment strategy for the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, a
longterm investment program to spur adaptive management of the Bangladesh Delta.
19
Green Economy
The identification of 'green economy' as a significant opportunity to define a new global economic
paradigm has taken place.
The United Nations Environment Programme, launched green economy initiative in late 2008. The
green economy initiative is one of the nine United Nations based Joint Crisis Initiatives launched by
its Chief Executive Board in early 2009.
A green economy can be described as one that is low carbon, resource efficient and socially
inclusive. It can take advantage of new growth trajectories designed to be more socially inclusive, as
well as responsive.
As defined by the United Nations Environment Programme: 'Green economy is one that results in
improved human wellbeing and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and
ecological scarcities. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and
private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource
efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
There are fifteen fundamental principles of green economy which have been compiled by
Stakeholder Forum in collaboration with Bioregional and the Earth Charter Initiative, such as,
1.Equitable Distribution of Wealth;
2. Economic Equity and Fairness;
3. Intergenerational Equity;
4. Precautionary Approach;
4. Right to Development;
5. Internationalization of Externalities;
6. International Cooperation;
7. International Liability;
8.Information, Participation and Accountability;
9. Sustainable Consumption and Production;
10. Strategic, Coordinated and Integrated Planning to Deliver Sustainable Development;
11. Just Transition;
12. Redefining Wellbeing;
13. Gender Equality;
20
14. Safeguarding Biodiversity and
15. Preventing Pollution of Any Part of the Environment.
Environmental Degradation and need for Green Economy in Bangladesh
Evidence suggests that environmental degradation and climate change related risks and
vulnerabilities have intensified in Bangladesh. Loss of forest land,
the degradation of land,
sea and river water pollution,
indiscriminate filling of water bodies for land acquisition,
unsustainable use of ground water and fishery resources in ponds, lakes and rivers,
and unsustainable ways of shrimp farming have collectively taken a huge toll on the degradation
of the ecosystem and consequent loss of biodiversity.
A global ranking of per capita forest cover prepared by NationaMaster.com for 2005 puts
Bangladesh at the near bottom of the list of countries compared (186 out of 192). Bangladesh is one
of the lowest ranked countries in the global Environmental Performance Index prepared by the Yale
Centre for Environmental Law and Policy: in the 2016 report it ranks 173 out of 180 countries.
At the macrolevel, indicative projections show that the combined effects of moderate climate
change could cause an average GDP growth loss of about 1.3 percent per year between FY2017 and
FY2041. Environmental degradation lowers growth by reducing the capital stock as well as by
lowering the productivity of capital. Any slowdown in growth will have negative consequences for
the growth of employment and the progress with absolute poverty reduction in both forms: extreme
and moderate. Accordingly, Bangladesh will also fail to achieve its target to eliminate extreme
poverty by FY2031.
»Benefits of Green Economy:
Green economy mainly focuses on the sustainable development and social equity. Adaption of green
economy brings several benefits for a country.
1) New growth:
Going green means new possibilities for sustainable economic growth. This growth is different from
traditional economic growth which in turn brings new technology and innovative minds to design the
technology, meaning new jobs, and new businesses to create. New jobs will be created in various
sectors to support the new businesses. Green energy, organic agriculture, ecofriendly textiles, green
building.
2) Efficiency makes financial sense:
21
Going green translates into efficient, streamlined practices. Much of the problem with conventional
agricultural, manufacturing, and even office space practices stems from inefficiency and waste.
Energy is wasted, paper is wasted, materials are wasted, and Buildings are not energyefficiency.
Again, Expensive chemicals are used, even when natural methods are more practical. Also,
Conventional farming methods are unsustainable over the longterm. Green solutions save businesses
so much money; it is only a matter of being aware of more practical, efficient methods and the
development of ecofriendly methods. Here are two examples of eco and costefficient changes.
* Hemp fibers are more sustainable and less expensive to grow than cotton.
* Making workspaces green, with energyefficient light bulbs, solar lighting and heating options,
using recycled office supplies and recycling office supplies, cut costs and waste.
3) The green society:
Green economy will bring a green society as well. A green society will indirectly improve the
economy as well. Sustainability and efficiency are the products of eco living. The product of
conventional living is stagnancy. Awareness of how practical and costeffective these changes are is
the first step in the great transformation to a greener society.
4) Green economy and sustainable development:
Moving towards a Green Economy is an important driver in the promotion of sustainable
development. Green Economy can be considered as the path for the transition towards sustainable
development.
5) Green economy and poverty eradication:
By increasing attention to the resources that are used by poor to earn their livelihood, the shift
towards a green economy is aimed at boosting employment in lowincome areas. The green economy
also promotes the development of basic services and infrastructure as a means of alleviating poverty
and improving overall quality of life (i.e. access to energy through renewable energy technology).
» Requirements for transition to green economy:
The transition to a green economy requires a workforce with the right skills. This includes not only
skills in the low carbon and environmental goods and services sector, but also those needed to help
all businesses use natural resources efficiently and sustainably and to be resilient to climate change.
These five elements of change can be implemented in all economic sectors: the primary sector which
transform natural resources into primary products and includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and all
mining and quarrying industries; the secondary sector which takes the output of the primary sector
and manufactures finished goods; and the tertiary sector that provides information and services. For
all sectors, the aim is to establishto the extent possibleclosed or semiclosed nutrient and energy
cycles and at least, minimize waste and boost recycling.
22
For products and services, transition includes:
1. Environmentally friendly and enhancing products and services
2. Renewable energy products and services
3. Clean transportation and fuels
4. Green buildings
For products processes, transition includes
1. Energy efficient manufacturing, distribution, and construction
2. Reduction of energy, materials, and water consumption through high efficiency strategies
3. Switch from carbon to noncarbon components.
Transition of green economy in essence does some reforms of the economic policies of a country.
The reforms include the followings:
National reforms:
a) Abolition of perverse subsidies, taxes and incentives;
b) Rationalization of land use and urban policies;
c) Introduction of integrated resources and water management;
d) Improvement and implementation of environmental legislation;
e) Appropriate implementation of the stimulus packages.
International political architecture:
a) Trade regimes promoting the flow of environmental goods and services;
b) International support to the countries that incorporate the
Green economy in Bangladesh would be the most potential tool for economic development and
employment generation for eliminating persistent poverty through environmentally benign activities.
23