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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 102 (2013) 188 – 194

6th International Forum on Engineering Education 2012 (IFEE 2012)

21st Century Biology: An Interdisciplinary Approach of Biology,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Education
Kamisah Osman*, Lee Chuo Hiong, Rian Vebrianto
National University of Malaysia, Faculty of Education, 43000 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

The principal goal of interdisciplinary approach for Biology, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (BTEM) is to
cultivate scientific inquiry that requires coordination of both knowledge and skills simultaneously. The dominant activity for
BTEM is inquiry-discovery on the authentic problems. This is intended to enhance the students’ abilities to construct their
own knowledge through the relevant hands-on and minds-on activities. The essence of engineering is inventive problem
solving. The Integration of advanced information communication technologies believed to be able to fulfill current Net
Generation learning styles. Mathematics plays an important role as computational tools. The expected outcome of BTEM
implementation is the inculcation of 21st century skills.

© 2013
© 2013TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd.access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Ltd. Open
Selectionand/or
Selection and/or peer-review
peer-review under responsibility
under responsibility of ProfessorofDrMohd ZaidiOmar,
Mohd. Zaidi Omar, Ruhizan
Associate Mohammad
Professor Yasin,
Dr Ruhizan Roszilah
Mohammad Hamid,
Yasin,
Norngainy
Dr Mohd.Dr
Roszilah Hamid, Tawil, Kamaruzaman
Norngainy Yusoff,
Mohd. Tawil, Mohamad
Associate ProfessorSattar
Dr WanRasul
Kamal Mujani, Associate Professor Dr Effandi Zakaria.

Keywords: interdisciplinary; BTEM (Biology, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics); inquiry-discovery; 21st century skills.

1. Introduction

The implementation of Government Transform Projects shows how committed the Malaysian government is in
transforming Malaysia into a high income and productive country by the year 2020. The National Biotechnology
Policy has been implemented since year 2005 to accelerate the attainment of Vision 2020. The National Biomass
Strategies 2011 is another policy to boost up the Malaysia’s ability to be the hub for biotechnology. This policy is
believed to be able to provide 70,000 work opportunities and increases the national income up to RM30 billion in
2020 [1]. Nevertheless, Malaysia is facing deficiency in high-skilled workforces in Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields. Policy 60 (science): 40(art) is reported to be a failure [2]. Since
2007, there have been 29% of secondary and tertiary students enrolled into science stream [3].
Effective and relevant teaching and learning (T&L) strategies are necessary to fulfil the needs of today’s Net
Generation. Net Generation prefers digital resources to access information, communicate, and solve problems

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6-03-8921-3858; fax: +038925-4372

E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Professor Dr Mohd. Zaidi Omar, Associate Professor Dr Ruhizan Mohammad Yasin,
Dr Roszilah Hamid, Dr Norngainy Mohd. Tawil, Associate Professor Dr Wan Kamal Mujani, Associate Professor Dr Effandi Zakaria.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.732
 Kamisah Osman et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 102 (2013) 188 – 194 189

[4]. However, researches have shown that most of the biology teachers are still applying traditional and out-dated
methods in teaching biology. Teachers convey biology facts directly to the students and encourage rote memory
of the factual knowledge for examination which cannot train students to solve complex biology problems [5-6].
In order to achieve the 21st century biology goals, this paper suggests interdisciplinary approach BTEM as an
alternative approach for the currently existed approaches in Malaysian Education Curriculum. The idea
originated from the concept of “The New Biology” which is implemented in United State of America (USA).
BTEM is highly relevant to STEM curriculum which is designed to meet 21st century needs. BTEM is coupled
with the inculcation of 21st century skills for Malaysia context. Acquisition of 21st century skills are equally
important as the acquisition of content knowledge [7]. The Five major domains of 21st century skills in Malaysian
context which includes digital literacy, inventive thinking, effective communication, high productivity, spiritual
and noble values [8]. However, in this paper 21st century skills only focus on ‘inventive thinking’, which
encompasses five life skills: adaptability and managing complexity, self-direction, curiosity, risk taking, higher
order thinking and sound reasoning [9]. It aims to achieve the ultimate goal of the National Philosophy of
Education; produce holistic human capital and balance in the aspects of emotional, intellectual, physical and
spiritual.

2. Conceptual Framework

2.1. BTEM

Interdisciplinary can be defined as a knowledge view and curriculum approach that consciously applies
methodology and language from more than one discipline to examine a central theme, issue, problem, topic, or
experience [10]. One of the typical strategy uses in the interdisciplinary approach is problem-centric, connects
knowledge from several disciplines to examine complicated real-life problems [11]. Interdisciplinary approach is
implemented with the idea that subject-specific learning is neither important nor relevant to young school leavers
in the twenty-first century [12].
The 21st century biology requires interdisciplinary approaches across different disciplines, such as engineering,
computer science, physics, chemistry and mathematics to deal with higher level of complex problems, especially
related to health, food, energy and environment which are becoming more dependent on other disciplines to
collaborate in providing new applicants, new methods, new techniques and new tools [13-16]. The new
biologist of the twenty-first century should be: “The New Biologist is not a scientist who knows a little bit about
all disciplines but a scientist with deep knowledge in one and a “working fluency in others” [4].Teaching through
this new interdisciplinary perspective requires new approaches, materials and pedagogies as well [17- 18,13].
Solving complex, interdisciplinary problems will require that students go far beyond their biology content
knowledge only. They are required to understand what connections exist across disciplines and how to make
those connections. Preparing future biologist without offering them the exposure and experience with engineering
and technology, will fail to survive in the competitive environment [19,18].
For this conceptual framework, the core knowledge is focus on biology discipline. Application of Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) during T&L processes is highlighted in technology discipline; the skills
includes surfing internet for relevant information, usage of e-tools for communication purposes and application
tools provided by the Microsoft office (MS Words, MS Power point, MS Excel etc.).Technology has been
immersed as part of the students’ life with the integration of ICT in science T&L [9]. Rapid advances in
information technologies have changed the learning styles of many students of the Net Generation. These
students have grown up in a world where technology is second nature to them [20]. Online social networking and
electronic-based resources are increasingly being used to enhance student understanding and interest in biology
[21]. ICT also encourage learning in a constructive context [22].
The fragmented or separated teaching of biology and mathematics has blocked the integration of both
disciplines [2]. Developing the connection between biology and mathematics is one of the most important ways
to shift the paradigms of both established science disciplines. The process of connecting these disciplines
190 Kamisah Osman et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 102 (2013) 188 – 194

between biology and mathematics should start as early as possible in the educational process, as a preparation to
combine both disciplines at graduate and postgraduate levels of study [23]. Incorporation of mathematics into
biology curricula is critical for developing quantitative process skills demanded in modern biology [24-27] .
Recent achievements in integration modern biology and technology have create a dramatically new opportunity
for the application of mathematics to biology [28]. This new generation of biologists will routinely use
mathematical models and computational approaches to draw hypotheses, design experiments, and analyse results
[29].
Teaching students to become inventive problem solvers have long been goals of science education. However,
methods to promote creative thinking in scientific problem solving, have not become widely known or used in
the science education [30]. The essence of engineering is inventive problem [31]. Recently, Theory of Inventive
Problem Solving (TRIZ) which already established in engineering field expanding to non-technical fields, likes
education [32]. For BTEM, it is proposed to modify Six-Box Schemes Unified Structured Inventive Thinking
(USIT) (Figure 2) as the inventive problem solving procedures to solve authentic problems. Thus, BTEM
exposure the students with engineering inventive problem solving skills. Inventive problem solving becomes the
major element that incorporate with inquiry-discovery activities.

Interdisciplinary Approach BTEM

Biology Technology
Dominant T & L Activities
• Core discipline for content
knowledge • Application of ICT in T&L
Inquiry - discovery processes

BTEM
Hands-on Minds-on Engineering
Mathematics
• Inventive problem solving
(Unified Structured
• Computation tools Inventive Thinking, USIT)

Content knowledge
Adaptability Self-direction Curiosity
Content knowledge

and
Content knowledge

managing
complexity

Inventive thinking

Creativity Risk taking Higher order

thinking and
sound
reasoning

Content knowledge
Fig. 1. Conceptual Framework Interdisciplinary Approach BTEM
 Kamisah Osman et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 102 (2013) 188 – 194 191

Idea generation
Understanding of the present Ideas for a new system
system and the ideal system

Solution construction
Problem analysis

Conceptual solutions
Well-defined specific problem

Implementation
Problem definition

Specific problem Specific solution

Fig. 2. Six-Box Schemes Unified Structured Inventive Thinking (USIT) (Toru, 2008)

2.1. Inquiry-discovery strategies

The dominant activity of BTEM is inquiry-discovery. BTEM is aimed at providing a framework for inquiry-
discovery teaching, which emphasises the active discovery of biological knowledge by students. Thus, the
student is supposed to function as an autonomous learner; and the teacher as a facilitator. The teacher scaffolds
the students by frequently reminding student to reflect, collaborate, ask themselves questions, and justify their
conclusions. Inquiry-discovery process occurs through development of cognitive, meta-cognitive, psychomotor
and social skills. When the students carry out experiments, they apply different inquiry skills, such as asking
question, raising a hypothesis, planning an experiment to test the hypothesis, accessing and analysing data,
making inferences, drawing conclusions, reporting and writing a research report. Students also apply meta-
cognitive skills by engaging in reflective thinking throughout the learning stages. Students acquire psychomotor
skills through manipulative of laboratory apparatus and using computer. Inquiry process also promotes
collaborative social skills [33].
The main assumption is inquiry skills develop best in the context of well-designed activities that are engaging
them. BTEM highly emphasizes on self-directed hands-on and minds-on activities to help students construct
understanding of knowledge by themselves. We do not need to teach students particular science content or
concepts [34]. There are five essential features of inquiry as follows [35]:-
• Learners are engaged by scientifically oriented questions.
• Learners give priority to evidence, which allows them to develop and evaluate explanations that address
scientifically oriented questions.
• Learners formulate explanations from evidence to address scientifically oriented questions.
• Learners evaluate their explanations in light of alternative explanations, particularly those reflecting scientific
understanding.
• Learners communicate and justify their proposed explanations.
Constructivist theory is the backbone that supports interdisciplinary approach of BTEM, especially when
students need to incorporate their current and prior understandings while discovering new knowledge. They are
192 Kamisah Osman et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 102 (2013) 188 – 194

continuously assimilating and accommodating the knowledge. They need to reflect on their knowledge and
experiences as well. The inquiry process can provide students with opportunities to explore and understand about
natural world by themselves. It also assists students’ in their development of prior knowledge and experiences
[36].

2.3 21st Century skills: inventive thinking

Research findings show that students who are involved in inventive activities are more comfortable solving new
and unfamiliar problems [37]. Inventive thinking comprises of the following life skills [9]:-
• Adaptability and managing complexity: Refer to the ability to modify one’s thinking, attitudes, or behaviours to
be better suited to current or future environments; and the ability to handle multiple goals, tasks, and input
while understanding and adhering to constraints of time, resources, and systems (e.g. organizational,
technological).
• Self-direction: Is defined as the ability to set goals related to learning, plan for the achievement of those goals,
independently manage time and effort, and independently assess the quality of learning and any products that
result from the learning experience.
• Curiosity: Catalyse one’s desire to know or the spark of interest that leads to inquiry.
• Creativity: Refer to the act of bringing something into existence that is genuinely new, original, and of value
either
personally (of significance only to the individual or organization) or culturally (adds significantly to a domain
of culture as recognized by experts.
• Risk taking: Includes willingness to make mistakes, advocate unconventional or unpopular positions, or tackle
extremely challenging problem without obvious solutions, such that one’s personal growth, integrity, or
accomplishments are enhanced.
• Higher-order thinking and sound reasoning: Includes the cognitive processes of analysis, comparison, inference
and interpretation, evaluation, and synthesis applied to a range of academic domains and problem-solving
contexts.

3. Conclusion

Interdisciplinary approach of BTEM is an alternative conceptual framework which is implemented in the

Malaysian context to face changes in biology of the 21st century. It aims to cultivate students’ capability to
engage in scientific inquiry and discover the biological contents by themselves. It emphasizes the inclusion of the
21st century skills. BTEM stresses that engaging in scientific inquiry requires coordination both of knowledge
and skill simultaneously. Argument between the emphasis that should be placed on developing of scientific
content and the emphasis placed on scientific practices will be reduced. According to North Central Regional
Educational Laboratory and the Metiri Group, achievement will be enhanced when the students have acquired
21st century skills successfully [38].

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