DIAGRAM

TOPIC 2 (MODEL DEVELOPMENT): TOPIC 2 (MODEL DEVELOPMENT): TOPIC 2 (MODEL DEVELOPMENT):

Liquid Surge Tank ℎ ℎ
Two Non-Interacting Tanks 𝐹1 = 1 | 𝐹2 = 2
𝑅1 𝑅2
Rate of input of mass - Rate of output of mass 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑉1 𝑑ℎ1 ℎ1 𝑑ℎ1
= Rate of accumulation of mass Tank 1: 𝜌𝐹𝑖 − 𝜌𝐹1 = 𝑑𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖 − 𝐹1 | 𝐴1 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖 − 𝑅1 | 𝑑𝑡
=
ℎ1
𝐹𝑖 −
| constant 𝜌 𝐴1 𝑅1
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ ℎ ℎ 𝑑ℎ ℎ1 ℎ2
Outlet flow rate assumed proportional to the Tank 2: 𝐴2 2 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 | 𝐴2 2 = 1 − 2 | 2 = −
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑑𝑡 𝐴2 𝑅1 𝐴2 𝑅2
square root of the height of liquid in the tank: Binary Distillation Column | Balance on nth Tray

|
Blending System Balance on Feed Stage:
← Component

Constant 𝜌 (8) Perfect mixing (9) ← Mass

Subs m = 𝜌𝑉 Balance on Condenser and Reboiler

Heat Transfer in A Tube | Cooling Down

→
Subs (8) into (11)
𝑑𝑇𝑥
→ 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 + ℎ𝜋𝐷(𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥

Simplify
Heating Up
→
Chemical Reactions
→
𝑘 𝑘
Series Reactions in A Batch Reactor 𝐴 → 𝐵 → 𝐶
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐵 𝑑𝐶𝐶
= −𝑘𝐶𝐴 | = −𝑘(𝐶𝐵 − 𝐶𝐴) | = 𝑘𝐶𝐵
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
-kt
Thermodynamics CA(t) = CAoe
TE = U + KE + PE Elevated Cylindrical Tank
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
Stirred Tank Heating System 𝑚𝐶𝑝 = −ℎ𝐴(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 ) →𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝 = −ℎ𝐴(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
A = 2πrL + 2πr2 (Assume tank is fully charged)
constant ρ, mass balance.
V = πr2L (volume of the cylinder)
Rate of E input – Rate of E output + Rate
of heat addition = Rate of accume of E (Assume constant density and Cp)
Continued week 12 interacting tank height problem…
where Since only the height of tank 2 is measured, y’=g(h1,h2,F)=h2-h2s
Assume constant Cp | system total enthalpy

combining

&
𝑘1
Batch Reactor 𝐴 → 𝐵
Rate of flow into - Rate of flow out of + Rate
of generation (rAV)= Rate of accumulation

(“-“= A consumed) |
𝑘1
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 𝐴 → 𝐵

constant ρ, mass balance.

TOPIC 3: TOPIC 4: TOPIC 5:
Integrating factor Non-interacting Tank Single State Model

CSTR
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝐹𝑖 𝑑𝐶𝐵 𝐹𝑖 ↓(5)
= (𝐶𝐴𝑖 − 𝐶𝐴 ) − 𝑘𝐶𝐴 | =− 𝐶𝐵 + 𝑘𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 𝑉
Solving for CA: (subs value)
𝑑𝐶𝐴 Example: Nonlinear Model and Taylor Series
+ 10.8𝐶𝐴 = 50 | IF = 𝑒 ∫ 10.8 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 10.8𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶 𝑑(𝑒 10.8𝑡 𝐶𝐴 )
𝑒 10.8𝑡 [ 𝐴 + 10.8𝐶𝐴 = 50] | = 50𝑒 10.8
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

50 10.8𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑒 10.8𝑡 𝐶𝐴 = 𝑒 + 𝐶1 → 𝐶𝐴
10.8 Neglect nonlinear
= 4.63−4.63𝑒 10.8𝑡 or
Solve CB by subs CA and IF operation. Therefore:
Second Order ODE One State Variable and One Input Variable
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
−𝑘𝐴 ( ) + 𝑘𝐴 ( ) − ℎ𝐴𝑊 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 0 Nonlinear Tank Height Problem
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥
Substitute: A=πr2 & AW=2πr∆x
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 (8); ( 8) = (5)↓
−𝑘πr2 ( ) + 𝑘πr2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥
− ℎ2πr∆x(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 0
Divide by kπr2∆x
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
−( ) + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥 2ℎ
− (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 0
∆𝑥 𝑘𝑟
∆x→0 and rearranging Determinant and Inverse

(45)
2ℎ 2ℎ
Tc = Aemx: 𝑚2 − = 0 → 𝑚 = ±√
𝑘𝑅 𝑘𝑅
Complimentary sltn: Tc = Aemx + Be-mx
𝑑𝑇𝑝 𝑑2 𝑇𝑝
Tp = C; = 0, = 0 (49)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
2ℎ 2ℎ Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors State-Space Model↓
(49) → (45): 0− 𝐶=− 𝑇 ,gives C = Ta
𝑘𝑅 𝑘𝑅 𝑎
Temperature profile:
2ℎ 2ℎ
−√𝑘𝑅𝑥 −√𝑘𝑅𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 + 𝑇𝑃 → 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 + 𝑇𝑎
Laplace

Blending System
Model development

(55)

@ Steady state (55) State-space Representation

𝑑𝑥𝑠
Subs gives Xs = 0.5 | ÷ (54) & (55) and =0 (30)
𝑑𝑡

(30) ÷ →
Laplace transform Matrix Diagonalization
→ x1′ = x1 − x1S & x ′ = x − xS
Interacting Tank Height Problem

𝜌𝑉(𝑠𝑥 ′ (𝑠) − 𝑥 ′ (0)) = 𝑤1′𝑥1′ (𝑠) − 𝑤𝑥 ′ (𝑠) → →

@ steady state; x(0) = xS 2-State Decoupled Systems
𝑥 ′ (0) = 𝑥(0) − 𝑥𝑠 = 𝑥𝑠 − 𝑥𝑠 = 0
Transfer Function

2-State Coupled Systems

Inverse Laplace Transform
If x1: 0.3 → 0.4; x1′ = x1 − x1S = 0.1
∞
𝐿(𝑥1′ ) = 𝐿(0.1) = ∫ 0.1𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
0.1
𝑋1′ (𝑠) =
𝑠
0.5 0.1 0.05 0.05
Substituting: x’(s) = − = − 1
10𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+10
′ (𝑡) −0.01𝑡 𝑥̇ = Ax is stable if and only if both
Hence, 𝑥 = 0.05 − 0.05𝑒
eigenvalues λ1; λ2 < 0:
Stability and Input