m m

CHAFFER-6

CENOTAPHS

^ i t '•
 CENOTAPHS
The basic idea behind the construction of the chhatris (cenotaph) in the
memory of the deceased is to provide permanence to his name. This kind of memorials
are found in all ancient civilizations which are knovm by various designations such as
tombs , statues, pyramids samadhis and maqbaras etc. The tradition of the construction
of these memorials or maqbaras got momentum after coming of the Turks in India.
Probably, the Muslim model of maqbaras may have encouraged the development of the
Rajput chhatri} After this the tradition of construction of these memorial monuments
became common feature in almost all the Rajput states of Rajasthan, Malwa and
Bundelkhand. During the 16* and 18* centuries, the construction of cenotaphs became
the part and parcel of the building activities of the state. Their form and size underwent
a drastic change. It appears that the erection of the memorial of the deceased assumed,
the status of those of the successors of his nears and dears. This is the reason that we
find the cenotaph of every deceased ruler raised by his successor. The purpose behind
the raising the ftmeral monument appears to have created an aura around both the
deceased as well as the living ruler.

The cenotaph is generally a stone canopy resting on four, twelve, or more

colunms built over the actual stone, under which the ashes of the deceased may, or may
not have been buried, on or near the spot of the actual cremation.^ The size and form of
the monument depended on the social, political and economic status of the ruler and his
state. In fact these monuments were raised to cherish the memory of the rulers and their
deeds so as to remind their successors andfixturegenerations of their glorious acts. This
tradition of commemoration has produced a variety of monuments of architecture in
different periods. These monuments were built on this belief that the dead would lead
similar life after death. Therefore, they were open fi-om all directions for cross
ventilation and decorated with sculptures and paintings. Some of the mausoleums look
like a palace in appearance.

The extant structures of ftmeral memorial at Orchha, Chanderi, Datia^, Panna"*

and Chhatarpur^ indicate prevalence of the tradition of erection of the memorials.
Though prior to the shifting of capital at Orchha in 1531 the Bundelas ruled over
Gaihkundar but we do not come across any traces of cenotaphs there. Two reasons may

143
be ascribed behind the absence of these structures: one, escaping from our attention and
two, not erection of the memorials by the successors.

A Panoramic View of Cliliatri Group at Orchha (Plate No. 6.1)

KEY PLAN OF CENOTAPHS OF BUNDBJV RULERS

ORCHHA

H *
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<d D
A: BfBitcnand • ^
B: MadDtiiarSnan
C: P^iad&nj^
D: MMrantStfgn
E: BnayvantSngn
F: smutsngh
6: InOamanl sngti
H: St^aan Smgh

0 5 10
mill I
MISL

TV»i=?=-'31«
Detailed Measurement Is Given Below of Key Plan (Plan No. 6.1):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in meters

1. Length of compound 174.85
2 Breath of compound 107.9
3 Width of wall 1.5
4 Passages in the garden 4.50
5 Road between two gardens 12.5

The first ruler of Orchha was Bharti Chand. So we can presume that the
construction of chhatris was initiated by the Bundela rulers. The credit goes to
Madhukar Shah who first built the memorial of his father Bharti Chand. This
mausoleum stands in the back of the monument of his son of Madhukar Sheih. We have
given the Key Plan (See plan no. 6.1) of the cenotaphs at Orchha and a panoramic view
of all the structures. (See plate no. 6.1)

Cenotaph of Raja Bharti Chand:

View of Cenotaph: Raja Bharti Chand (Plate No. 6.2)

145
 This is the first double storeyed chhatri of Bundela ruler, constructed by Raja
Madhukar Shah. It is square in plan. The chhatri is the base pattern of other cenotaphs
of Bundela rulers. It is not as beautiful as that of other memorials. Because Orchha state
was not prosperous at that time. The monument has a square garbhgraha in the middle
and an open veranda surroimding it with pointed arched door, (see plate no. 6.2)

We have taken detailed measurement of each part of the structure. It is square in

plan and its measurement comes to 14.90x15.40 mtrs. Detailed measurement is given
below along with the ground plan and photographs. All measurements in meters unit
(See plan no. 6.2).

PLAN OF CENOTAPH: MAHA RAJA BHARTICHAND

ORCHHA

0 1 2 3 4 5 ZAUEEH
Mts. I I I I I I

Dimensions of Chhatri of Maharaj Bharti Chand (Plan No. 6.2):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Plinth 0.90
2. Walls of all sides 15.40x14.90
3. Width of outerwall 1.60
4. Width of remaining pillars 0.90
5. Varandah aroimd sanctum 5.25 in length
6. Width of the sanctum wall 0.93
7. Measurement of sanctum 5.25 X 5.25

146
Cenotaph of Maharaja Madhukar Shah:

Madhukar Shah ruled over Orchha from 1554-1592 and was a contemporary of
Akbar. During his reign the Bundela territory expanded far and wide. He led numerous
campaigns against his adversaries. Besides consolidation of his administration, he built
numerous temples and other buildings. He was follower of Lord Krishna but his wife
was devoted to Lord Rama. In their differences his wife got upper hand and the Lord
Rama was brought to Orchha and emerged as the principal deity of the royal family as
well as the people of Budelkhand. Thus a temple was established known as the Ram
Raja temple. It became pilgrimage for the people of Bundelkhand and the surrounding
areas. His reign was very popular among the people of area.

Cenotaph of Maharaj Madhukar Shah (Plate No. 6.3)

147
 He was succeeded by his son Ram Shah who built this chhatri in 1592-93. This
structure follows common architecture of temple. It is enclosed by two boundary walls.
The outer wall resembles with the fort. In the four comers of it, there are bastions {burj)
like the fort (see plate no. 6.3). Inner wall is like ordinary enclosure with one entrance.
This entrance is rectangular with decorated multifoliated arch. The apex is decorated
with kanguras.

Statue of Lord Ganesha with Saraswati (Plate No. 6.4)

The rectangular entrance of main chhatri fronts the gate of both, the gate of
inner as well as outer wall. On the upper part of the stone frame or chaukhat, there is an
engraved statue of lord Ganesha mounted on mouse. On the right side of the Lord
Saraswati (the goddess of learning) seated on a swan and holding Indian flute (vma) is
engraved while on the left is one lady holding flapper or chawar (see plate no. 6.4).

This gate is again faces another entrance which is in the form of toran. This
leads in the sanctum sanctorium which houses marble statue of Raja Madhukar Shah
and his queen (See plate no. 6.5). This is the only chhatri which possess statue of the
deceased ruler and his wife. Both are in sitting posture. The right hand of the queen is
in the left hand of her husband while her left hand is in raised position and holding
something. While the right hand of the Raja is in front of his chest.

148
 ^)iMm

\\

k itoklaMM*

Statue of King with Queen (Plate No. 6.5)

This is three storeyed structure. The southern wall allows entry to the terrace
through a staircase opening outside. On the stone slab on the surface, there is grafity,
which runs like as such (See plate no. 6.6)

Grafity on Stone Slab at Door (Plate No. 6.6)

" Singhacharan sewak lalmauhsal

149
 The name of a person is Lalmauhsal mentioned who is regular worshiper of this
statue of Madhukar Shah and his wife.

Madhukar Shah succeeded by his eldest son Ram Shah who ruled over the
Bundela territory between 1592 and 1605. After that he was dethroned by Bir Singh
Deo, his younger brother with the help of Mughal army. In place of Orchha, Jahangir
assigned him Chanderi and other areas. Therefore, his chhatri was erected at Chanderi.

We have taken detailed notes and measurements of the funeral memorial and
prepared groimd plan given below (See plan no. 6.3).

CENOTAPH OF MADHUKAR SHAH

ORCHHA

METRES

ZAUEER

Dimensions of Cenotaph (Plan No. 6.3):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Length of the outer wall 17.98
2. Width of the outer wall 1.00
3. Diameter of the bastion 1.00
4. Entrance 1.20
5. Side chambers of Portico 0.90x1.40
6. Length of portico 6.10

150
 7. Width of the portico 1.88
8. Width of four side wall of sanctum 2.93
9. Size of the sanctum 3x3

The Cenotaph of Maharaj Bir Singh Deo:

The chhatri of the Bundela chief is located on the bank of the river Betwa
(Vetravati). The water of this river touches the bottom of the structure making it a more
scenic and beautifiil. This memorial structure of one of the greatest Bundela ruler was
built by his son Jujhar Singh in 1627-28.

This structure was raised on elevated square platform. Its main entrance faces
the river and below it, there is a square chamber and passage or stairs to reach up to the
level of water (See plate no. 6.7). The river facing entrance was constructed with the
belief that the deceased ruler would take regular bath and enjoy the natural beauty of
the river in his next life.

Cenotaph of Bir Singh Deo Bundela at Orchha (Plate No 6.7)

151
 This three storeyed memorial was a befitting tribute to the Bundela Chief who
was not only expanded the territory of his kingdom but consolidated its administration.
During his reign an enormous wealth poured in the state exchequer which was widely
used in the construction sector. It is said that he had constructed 52 buildings in
Orchha, Agra, Mathura Vrindavan and Banaras on the occasion of his 52"" birthday
ceremony. The credit goes to him for putting Bundelkhand on political map of India.

This is the reason that his cenotaph is as high as his personality. It is biggest in
all respects- length, breadth, and height. We have documented this structure in the form
of measurement and photographs, following groimd plan is prepared (See plan no. 6.4):

PLAN OFCENOTAPH:MAHARAJA BIR SINGH DEO

I
<$>

Dimensions of the Cenotaph of Maharaja Bir Singh Deo (Plan No. 6.4):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Height of the plinth 1.0
2. Measurement of outerwalls 24.3
3. Width of entrance pillar 1.75
4. Size of comer chamber 4.3x4.3
5. Size of open veranda 8.8x4.3

152
 6. Size of square sanctum 7.50x7.5
7. Measurement of entrance 1.50
8. Width of outer wall of sanctum 2.35
9. Size of sanctum platform 1.5

Memorial of Maharaja Pahad Singh:

Pahad Singh was the younger brother of Maheiraja Jujhar Singh and the second
son of Raja Bir Singh Dev. He was made the ruler of Orchha in June 1642 by the
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. After the murder of Jujhar Singh by the Gaunds in 1635.
He was given Orchha because he sided in war with the mughals against his brother
Jujhar Singh. He died in 1654.

Cenotaph: Raja Pahad Singh (Plate No. 6.8)

153
 CENOTAPH OF MAHARAJ PAHAD SINGH
ORCHHA

Dimensions of the Memorial Structure of Pahad Singh (Plan No. 6.5)

S.No. Parts of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Size of the Platform 18x18
2. Breadth of the Entrance 1.30
3. Length of open varandah 7.70x2.85
4. Size of sanctum chamber 6.30x6.30
5. Breadth of the Entrance to the sanctvim 1.30
6 Breath and length of open square 2.85x2.85
chamber
7 Width of the outer and inner wall 1.50
8 Diameter of the well 3.50

The chhatri of Pahad Singh appears to have been constructed by Sujan Singh sometime
between 1654 and 1673. It is square in plan and located in an enclosure. This double
storey structure is not different from other structures. In the comer of the southeast a
well exists whose water was probably used for watering the garden of the chhatri
complex adjacent to it (See plate no. 6.8).

154
Group of Cenotaphs in an Enclosure:

There are five cenotaphs in an enclosure. The entrance is in the south. They all
are set in the Chaharbagh type garden. This is a rectangular high enclosure wall with
an entrance gate. There is a sitting place on both sides of its entrance. Then entire space
or garden is divided into four equal parts. There is a rectangular platform in the middle
which contains a small hauz with a fountain in the middle of it. To divide garden into
four parts four passages were laid out. One passage starts Irom the main entrance and
reaches upto raised platform. Similarly three pathways start from the platform and joins
the chhatri is located in the east and west (See plate no. 6.9).

Garden in the Cenotaph Complex (Plate No. 6.9)

The north passage meets the enclosure wall. This entire garden space was meant
for five funeral memorials. Two in the right and three in the left direction but in the
former side there are only two cenotaphs. Space for third is left vacant of five, four
chhatris are of equal size and similar in architectural style. One is small in size but
beautifiil from the point of view of art.

155
 PLAN OF GARDEN IN THE COMPOUND OF CENOTAPHS
ORCHHA

i 0
FOUNTMN
(O b PASSEGE
PLATFORM
A: Jaswant Shgh
Bhagwant Singh
Sawant Sngh
Indramani Sngh
Sujaan Singh

Measurements of the Plan of Garden (Plan No. 6.6):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Length of wall 103
2. Breath of wall 107.9
3. Length and Breadth of Middle 24.2x24.2
Platform
4. Length and Breadth Of Fountain 4.9x4.9
5 Breath of four sides Passages 4.50
6 Breadth of Entrance 3.4
7 Both sides Platform at the Entry Gate 4.2
8 Width of Boundary wall 1.50
9 Hexagonal shaped Gate wall 2.00

Cenotaph of Raja Sujan Singh:

The three storeyed chhatri of Sujan Singh is located on the right side of the
entrance gate (See plate no. 6.10). He was the son of Maharaja Pahad Singh whom he

156
succeeded in 1653 and expired in 1672 without any issue. Therefore, the command of
the Orchha state passed into the hands of his younger brother Indramani. He initiated to
erect this cenotaph but remained incomplete which was later completed by Jaswant
Singh during his reign any time between 1675-84.

Cenotaph of Raja Sujan Singh (Plate No. 6.10 )

It is the earliest chhatri of this campus, which shows the developed stage of
Bundela cenotaph architecture. It has a square plan. Its square sanctum is in middle and
surrounded by rectangular chambers with three arched doors towards the courtyard.
The sanctum contains four arched doors in each direction leading to the outer rooms.
There are domes surrounded by kiosks on each comer above square rooms. Besides,
there is a heavy decoration in typical Bundela architecture. We have taken details
measurements of the structure. The ground plan is given below (See plan no. 6.7).

157
 CENOTAPH OF MAHARAJ SUJAN SINGH
ORCHHA

Dimensions of Cenotaph Raja Sujan Singh (Plan No. 6.7):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Length of the wall 19.80
2. Breath of the wall 19.80
3. Width of the outer wall 1.80
4. Length of open veranda 6.80x2.9
5 Length and Breadth of side 2.9x2.9
chamber
6 Measurement of Entrance 1.20
7 Size of Sanctum 6.8x6.8
8 Width of Inner sanctum wall 1.80

158
The Cenotaph of Maharaj Indramani Singh:

Indramani was younger brother of Sujan Singh who died issueless therefore the
responsibility of Orchha fell on his shoulders. He ruled over the state from 1672 to
1675. His son succeeded him who built this memorial structure in 1675.

This is a three storeyed structure built in square plan. The sanctum sanctorium
too is on the identical pattern. The sanctum is surrounded by rectangular chamber with
three arched door. Each comer contains a square room, which are connected with the
veranda on both sides (See plate no. 6.11).

Cenotaph of Raja Indramani Singh ( Plate No. 6.11)

The detailed measurement of the cenotaph is taken and on this basis following
ground plan is prepared (See plan no. 6.8):

159
 CENOTAPH: MAHARAJA INDRAMANISINGH
ORCHHA

PLATFORM

Z*A4EER

0 2 4 6 8 10

Detailed Dimensions with Ground Plan are given below (Plan No. 6.8):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Size of the platform -

2. Width of the Pillars 0.38

3. Length and Breadth of Veranda 5.0X2.30
4. Square sanctum sanatorium 5X5

The Mausoleam on the Left Side of the Entrance:

There are three cenotaphs in this directions. Of two are of identical size while
the third is small therefore occupy a less space.

The Cenotaph of Jaswant Singh:

This mortuary monument stands just in opposition direction to the cenotaph of

Maharaja Sujan Singh. Jaswant Singh got the reigns of Orchha in his hands after the

160
demise of Indramani in 1675. He remained in power till his death in 1684. He obtained
the honour ofkhillat from Aurangzeb.

Since he was succeeded by his minor son Bhagwant Singh therefore this
memorial monument was built by his another wife Amar Kunwar (wife of the deceased
ruler) in 1684.

Cenotaph of Raja Jaswant Singh (Plate No. 6.12)

This funeral memorial has a square plan with arched doorstep in all four
directions. It is surrounded by rectangular passage which contains three arched doors
towards the courtyard. There are four square chambers on each comer which are
cormected to the passage on both sides. This three storeyed structure has doors, rooms
and side passage similar to other previous structures in the campus. The shikhar is
decorated with inverted lotus at top of the domes.

161
 Besides, the kalash, niches and arched doors are according to the parameters
and fashion of the Bundela architectural style (See plate no. 6.12)

CENOTAPH OF RAJA JASWANT SINGH

ORCHHA

0 1 2 3 4 5

Mts.

Detailed dimensions witbi ground plan are given below (Plan No. 6.7):

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Measurement of outerwalls 18.65x18.65
2 Width of outer walls 1.50
3 Width of sanctum wall 1.85
4 Size of sanctum 6.35x6.35
5 Size of Open sanctorium 6.35x2.85
6 Size of open side chamber 2.80x2.80
7 Breadth of entrance 1.15

The Mausoleum of Bhagwant Singh:

The resting ruler Bhagwant Singh was the son of Jaswant Singh. He succeeded
his father in 1684 just after his demise. The administration was run by Maharani Amar

162
Kunwar. But he expired prematurely therefore the Maharani adopted Udot Singh in
1689 who belonged to the Hardaul branch of the family.

Cenotaph of Bhagwant Singh (Plate No. 6.13)

Detailed measurements and photographs are taken by me and the ground plan is
as follows:

CENOTAPH OF HAHARAJ BHAGWANT SMGH

ORCHHA

^(
•1 ! • SANCTUM ^M •
(GAR8HGRAHA)

0 12 3 4 5 y^ 10 "*""

163
 S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs
1. Length and Breadth of outerwall 18.65x18.65
2 Size of open veranda 6.35x2.80
3 Size of square open chamber 2.80x2.80
4 Width of outer wall 1.50
5 Width of inner wall 1.85
6 Breadth of entry point 1.15

The credit of building of this chhatri goes to Udot Singh which was erected in
1689. The structure possesses similar kind of plan with identical square rooms,
rectangular passage and topped by domes. It has chhajja and jangas below the Nagar
shikhars. This belongs to the Bundela school of architecture.

The Cenotaph of Maharaj Sawant Singh:

Cenotaph of Raja Sanwant Singh (Plate No. 6.14

164
 The resting place third in row in the left side belongs to Sanwant Singh who
ruled over Orchha from 1752-65. He was the son of Prince Puran Singh who died in
lifetime of his father Maharaja Prithvi Singh therefore Sanwant Singh, grandson,
succeeded his grandfather. After assuming power he maintained cordial relations with
the Mughal emperor Shah Aalam. In return he received a royal banner and title of
'Mahendrd'. His son Het Singh built this memorial monument in 1765. ft is quite
different from other cenotaphs in the compound. It is quite small in size eind shape but
extremely beautiftal from the point of view of art and architecture.

Domed Roof and Ceiling Painting (Plate No. 6.15)

IMS?
r^"^^"^'-'^^^^^

Paintings of Animals in betiveen the Brackets (Plate No. 6.17)

165
 It is square in plan and the sanctum sanctorium too is in identical form. It has
four entrances in each direction. It has no passage like other cenotaphs but have a
closed veranda with a sitting space, Inner and outer walls are decorated beautifully
with paintings. The monument contains domes, kiosks and one half kiosk in each
direction. The size of the chhatri was according to the economic status of the state.:

PLAN OF CENOTAPH: RAJA SAWANT SINGH

ORCHHA

zo
tn N

FOUR SIDES OPEN SACTUM

(GARBHGRAHA)

L^ 5
-LJ_
METRES

Dimensions of the cenotapli of Sanwat Singh:

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Size of the platform 13x13
2. Length and width of Entrances 2x2
3. Size of sanctum sanctorium 5x5
4 Width of wall 2.0

Besides these above ten mausoleum there are others too in the vicinity.
Prominent among them are :the cenotaphs of Kirpa Ram Gaur and Banka Ummed
Singh. Kirpa Ram Gaur was the military commander during the time of Maharaja Bir
Singh Dev Bundela. He earned popularity by his victorious campaigns against enemies.
It is the only chhatri which belonged to a person of non-ruling family background.

166
 Its location enhances the status of a resting person. It is just four to five metres
away from the cenotaph of Bir Singh Dev Bundela. In fact it looks like a miniature
form of above cenotaph. In other words both appear as a pair. It too is located on the
bank of the Betwa river and adjacent to the mausoleum of his master Bir Singh Dev.

The chhatri is on elevated square platform and the sanctum sanctorium too is
square. It appears that this double storey structure remained incomplete. It would be
interesting to investigate about the name of the person who raised this memorial.

Mousoleam of Kripa Ram Gaur (Plate No. 6,18)

The detailed documentation is in the form of photographs and measurement is

done. Some of the photographs and ground plan is given below:

167
 PLAN OF CENOTAPH: KRIPARAM GAUR
ORCHHA

A
PLATFORM

10

Mts.

Dimensions of the cenotaph of Kirparam Gaur

S.No. Part of the structure Measurement in mtrs

1. Size of outer platform 22.80 X 22.80
2. Platform of the structure ' 8.8x8.8
3. Width of the Entrance 1.5
4. Length of the Entrance 1.10
5. Size of the sanctum 5.4x5.4

Another cenotaph belongs to Banka Umed Singh who was the landlord of
Bankapahad and the Qiledar of Orchha fort and expired in V.S. 1801 (A.D. 1744) at
Orchha. He was the descendant of Hardaul and son of Rai Singh (a brother of Maharaja
Udot Singh). Though he belonged to the ruling family but was not in the line of
succession.

The cenotaph is located adjacent to the outside of the chhatri complex and
rectangular in plan and have a mandap in identical design. It has three arched door in
front and two in both sides. The structure contains the image of Umed Singh, his wife
and consort. Three Hones are carved on the cenotaph. The sanctum is surmounted with
small dome.

168
 Mousoleum of Banka Bahadur Singh (Plate No. 6.19)

Cenotaph of Raja Bhagwan Rao:

There are many cenotaphs of Bundela Rulers in Datia but I surveyed only
chhatri of Raja Bhagwan Rao. The cenotaph of Raja Bhagwan Rao, constructed by his
son Raja Shatrujit Bundela in Datia.

A View of Cenotaph (Plate No. 6.20 )

169
 Cenotaph is well planed and very beautiful. The mausoleum is only single story.
Domed roof is very attractive, all sides were paintings of God- Godesses and warriors,
kings in different moods. Birds, animals are also found in this painting. Colours are
used in this cenotaph red, green, black, and white.

Painting on Domed Roof (Plate No. 6.21)

Wall Paintings on Cenotaph (Plate No. 6.22)

170
Cenotaph of Rani Kamlapat:

The chhatri is located near the Dhubela Tal at Mau Sahania in Chhatarpur. Raja
Chhatrasal constructed Samadhi for his patrani Kamlapat. The Samadhi is ornamented
in coloured tiles and the dome covered with blue glazed tiles (See plate no.6.24).
Though the ornamentation is executed in the tawdry superficial style of the later
Muslim buildings, (See plate no.6.23)

Cenotaph of Rani Kamlapat (Plate No. 6.23)

: ^ ^

• JH
Hk'^V ^Bi^^^^^ ^^' iSs-^vB

^4l^w
.

• • r r

"'^•^H
' ^m '^H iM^
•

1|p J^Bi* ''"^"J^^^l

^^fefiiif" ^^^^^^^^^^^^B

i-'
. • - -f

Paintings on Wall and Roof (Plate No. 6.24)

171
From a distance the whole building looks very attractive. It is built on a raised platform.
The doors and walls are decorated with beautiful paintings. Monument is having
beautiful collection of 180 paintings made up of Fresco technique. Forty-eight petaled
lotus flowers spread over seven domes. It is ascribed to Kamlapat. The Samadhi is built
on the pattern of Samadhi,s Guru Pran Nath of Panna. We surveyed and take
measurements of cenotaph. It is octagonal structure and each comer octagon minaratets
are built. Measurement of Cenotaph: Total area of octagon compound 56.70 X 56.70,
Width of wall .50, Entrance breath 1.5, Octagon chhatri 21,23 X 21.23, Octagon
minarates of each side 4.56 X 4.56 And platform of each side 17.10. All measurements
are in metres.

Cenotaph of Raja Chhatrasal:

This beautiful example of Bundeli architecture was built by Baji Rao Peshwa (First) in
the memory of Maharaja Chhatrasal in 1736 A.D. Maharaja Chhatrasal ended his
journey of life on 19'*' Dec. 1731. He measurements of octagon cenotaph and each side
minarets are same chhatri of Rani Kamlapat.

172
 Cenotapph Maharaj Chhatrasal (Plate No. 6.25)

Above survey of the cenotaphs of the Bundela rulers is confined only to

Orchha. It becomes clear from our study that the constructions of these structures
become the part and parcel of the building tradition of the state. Basically efforts were
made to build as majestic and beautiful as the royal palaces with the belief that the soul
of dead would lead a life with full comfort. This was the reason that the chhaths are
within the strict parameters of geometrical symmetry. Some of the memorials contain

173
the characteristics of the temple architecture. They had shikhar decorated with inverted
lotus at the top of the domes. Another feature is the Kalash which is also the part of the
temple architecture. Besides this, niches and arched doors are according to the
parameters and fashion of the Bundela architectural style. The decoration of walls and
roofs with mythological paintings, flower designs and sculptures enhanced its beauty
from the aesthetic point of view. We may conclude that during this period the cenotaph
architecture received structural refinement and grace of design and form.

Besides Orchha other Bundela capitals and centres too have memorial
monuments namely, Datia, Panna, Mau Sahania and Chanderi etc. It would be
interesting to make a comparative study of the structures with that of Orchha. That we
would take later on.

An analysis of different parts and sections of the cenotaphs of Orchha

demonstrates the development in styles, techniques and forms of the structures. It
would be fruitful to study individual part of the mausoleum to trace the changes if any,
which have taken place during two centuries of their rule.

The study may be classified into ten categories (i) : plans (ii) Sanctum-
sanctorium, (iii) domes (iv) Arches (v) Squinches (vi) Pillars (vii) Roofs (viii) Shikhars
(ix) Varandah (x) Brackets.

Ground Plans and Form:

The characteristic of the cenotophs at Orchha is that they all are on square or
rectangular raised platform. The plinth is high and reached by a flight of four to six
stairs from all four sides.

The mausoleum of Bir Singh Bundela has two platforms: One rectangular and
other square above the former. The comer of the upper platform is decorated with a
pattern of red sand stone called jhalar in local parlance. While all other memorial
structures have only one platform which is decorated with same stone jhalar. Second
common element is that the construction of wall starts from the quadrangular platform
in all the structures. Third point is that all the fimeral-memorials are in perfect
geometrical patterns.

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 Goetz writes that the chhatri of Bir Singh Dev evolved from the MusHm
baradari while Chakravarty equates the above maqbara with that of a palace while
others are in the form of templesJ The analysis of the extant structures encourages us
to say that the memorial structures including Bir Singh Deo carry combined patterns of
palace and temple structures. The example of the cenotaph of Bharti Chand can be cited
in this context. This memorial is encircled by fortress palace like enclosure and the
sanctum- sanctorium is in the middle where the statue of Bharti Chand with his wife is
installed in multifoliated arched niche within an arched blind portico. Similarly, vedi is
in the middle of the sanctum-probably the site of cremation. Chakravarti calls this site
Q

as the form ofpatriprasada to serve as a site for sradha (reverence) ceremonies.

The cenotaph of Bir Singh Dev is equated with the panchaytana temple plan.^
Goetz sees strong influence of Hindu temple architecture over these cenotaphs.

Sanctum - Sanctorium:

The sanctum- sanctorium occupies a central and prominent place similar to that
of temple. In temples the statues are installed there while in the cenotaphs the place is
known as the vedi where either the ashes of the deceased were put or where the actual
cremation was performed. In both cases the place was considered sacred particularly
for family members. These auspicious places were visited by them to seek blessings
and pay homage before or after completion of the ceremonies such as birth, jatakarma,
marriage of children and proceeding or returning from war. On these occasions,
especial gifts of sweets and cash were offered for distribution among the Brahmans and
poor beside the routine worship. In Bundelkhand, particularly at Orchha the successors
and the family organise puja on the occasion of the Dashera. This practice still in
vogue.

Similar to temple there is parikrama invariably in almost all the chhatris. These
covered passages were used to take roimd of the vedi or sanctum sanctorium in
veneration. An art historian also supports it. In one point the sanctum is different. It is
opened from all four sides but a temple has only one side opening generally in the
front. The shikhara is the unique feature of the Bundela cenotaphs which puts them in
the category of temple.

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Domes :

The domes are said to have been a muslim innovation and were introduced by
the Lodi and the Sur Sultans of Delhi, These replace the earlier Hindu stepped roofs.
Various forms of domes were employed to decorate roof The plain hemispheral dome
is foimd on the cenotaph of Bharti Chand. Other kind of dome we encounter is onion
shaped. This kind of dome is found in the cenotaphs of Bundela rulers at Orchha. This
became popular form of dome in the seventeenth century. In fact these are double
domes based on an octagonal neck. Third type of dome is called small dome kiosks or
cenotaphs on four pillars. These were erected for two reasons: first, it represents
chhatra, a symbol of royalty and secondly, to beautify the structure. Fourth kind of
dome, we find is a ribbed dome. This is in the chhatris of Sawant Singh, Kirpa Ram
Gaur and Sawant Singh. The domes on the memorial structures of Kirpa Ram and
Sawant Singh are on the octagonal base while that of last one is topped by
sexadecagonal. This last structure contains four cenotaphs topped by bulbous dome on
the chhajja on thefirstfloor.Similarly, the second chhajja contains other type of dome.
Thus we encounter varieties of domes in the memorial structures of the Bundela ruler

Arches:

The cenotaphs of Bundela rulers are decorated with varieties of arches. We

encoimter different arches in various stages of the buildings. The extant arches
demonstrate the interest of the Bundela architects in adopting all kind of arch forms and
styles prevalent in the building industry. They appear to have been open to every kind
of st>'le Hindu or Muslim or mixture of both. In fact they could be called
experimentalist in the field of architecture. Their experiments could be witnessed in
numerous memorial structures. They employed various forms of arches in one
cenotaph. This shows their sense of architectural beauty. We encounter the ogee arch in
almost all the cenotaphs of the Bundela rulers at Orchha, Mau Sahania, Panna and
Chanderi. In this arch two segments meet at the apex and make an end of pipal leaf is
considered sacred in Hindu mythology therefore, there is a strong possibility that this
auspicious design was adopted in the arches. In addition to this religious reason,
another secular purpose was to employ the betel leaf as a decorative motif in the arch.
In the three entrances in all four sides of the chhatri of the first floor of Bir Singh Dev
we witness this type of arch.

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 The pointed arch too was employed in the memorial structures, we encounter
the pointed arch in the cenotaphs of Bharti Chand, Madhukar Shah, Bir Singh Dev,
Kripa Ram Gaur and four structures in the enclosure. In the funeral monument of
Bharti Chand all the entrances including the chambers of the first floor have pointed
arches. In this structure this arch is exclusively employed. In Madhukar Shah's resting-
place, this type of arch is selectively used while the memorial of Bir Singh Dev
contains numerous such types. The niches around the main arch are decorated with
pointed arch.

The entrance of the outer compound of group of cenotaphs has pointed arch.
This stylish arch is squarely employed in almost all the cenotaphs in the compound.

The cusped or multifoliated arches are beautiful in appearance. We encounter

this stylish arch in the funeral - memorial of Madhukar Shah. As we enter in the
monument we see the cusped arch in the entrance gate. Then we find this false arch
around the statue of Madhukar Shah and his queen.

This is claimed that this kind of arch was introduced after the accession of Bir
Singh Dev in 1605 which does not appear correct. The multifoliated arch first we
encounter in the Rai Praveen Palace or Aanand Mandal.

We also encounter semi-circular or round shaped arches in the cenotaphs. In

this arch two segments meet at the upper part to form a convex curvature. This type of
arch we witness in the chhatri of Madhukar Shah and four in the compound.

The study of extant arches in the memorial- structures of the Bundela rulers
shows the interest of the Bundela architects in employment of various kinds of arches
in the entrances, windows and niches. They were also used in blind niches for
decoration purpose. They were also fashioned in sculptures and the squinches.

Pillars:

The use of pillars in the cenotaphs of the Bundela rulers is not as prominent as
in the case of resting - places of the Rajput rulers of Rajasthan. The latter structures
were not enclosed like the former. The memorials of Rajput contain four, eight, sixteen
or sometimes more on which domes rested. They were of various designs and pattems.
Some pillars were quadrangular in lower part but octagonal in upper section.

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 This four pillared chhatri was considered as the simple type of funeral-
memorial which remained in fashion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in the
Rathor state of Bikaner. The change in the pattern and style could be seen in the
cenotaphs of Raja Karan Singh (died 1675) and Maharaja Anup Singh ( died 1698).
These canopies rest on sixteen pillars supporting a high central dome, four small
comer domes, and four dome like oblong vaults. Besides, it bears the weight of a
surrounding pentroof (chhajja ) and battlement fiiaze.'^ The pillars of the cenotaph of
Raja Karan Singh is unique. They are quadrangular in lower, octagonal in middle and
sexadecagonal shaft in upper part.'"^ The canopy of Sawai Jai Singh of Amber rests on
twelve pillars.'^

No cenotaphs of Bundela rulers was exclusively rests on the pillars. It was

squarely used in the chhatris. We encounter only in three building namely Madhukar
Shah, Bir Singh Dev, and Sawant Singh. Octagonal pillar with the same size leaf work
base and capital is found in the chhatri of Madhukar Shah. In the same monument the
circular pillar with octagonal rings and rectangular base on upper shaft supporting an
arch is used in the projected balcony on the first floor. The former kind of pillars are
found in almost all the entrances. All the pillars are in red sand stone.

In the chhatri of Bir Singh Dev we come across an octagonal cylindrical pillar
with rectangular lotus engraved base. It is made of red sand stone.

In the upper part of the memorial structures of Sawant Singh four kiosks in all
the four directions are standing on four square pillars topped by domes with projected
pentroof (c/i/jq/ja) of red sand stone. These are made of lime mortar and rubbles.

Roof and Ceiling Paintings:

The roofs of the chhatris of Orchha are flat but at other places such Mau
Sahania, Panna, Datia and Chanderi we come across other types of roofs too.
Prominent among them are semi - circular roof and the bangla roof. The former kind is
used on the portal, gateways, doors and jharokhas. In local parlance palkia or palki
(palanquine ) roof. Thus we encounter in the memorial structures of Rani Kamlapa,
Two crocodiles on both ends of palki carrying are shown. In Maharaja Chhatrasal's
chhatri though this kind of design is not employed in roof but it was used in numerous
numbers around the dome over the sanctum.''

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 This kind of roof we encounter in the chhatris of at Panna. The palanquin or
Palkia or palki with over it symbolises chhatra, a symbol of royalty. The basic
difference between the design of this palki over the palaces and that of the memorial
structures is that is the latter buildings the chhatra type design is removed because it
could be used only by the living rulers not by the deceased.

Other type of hangla roof is extremely scarce. This roof has slants or slopes on
the two sides. Above types of roofs were employed to beautify the structures.

Pentroof and Brackets :

The architectural beauty dictated use of slanting pentroofs and brackets'^ not the
climate as suggests by scholars. The climate may be one of the reason. The former
factor is dominant, hence the chhajjas and brackets were heavily used in the chhatris of
Rajput rulers of Rajasthan.

Squinches:

Squinches are used in the cenotaphs of the developed phase or form is

concerned. We find first, square secondly octagon and at last mostly circular shape
which help to making the shape of the domed roof

References

1. The practice of making memorials for the deceased was prevalent in the Islamic
world see, Godfrey Goodwin, 'Gardens of the Dead in Ottoman Time', in
Muqamas - An Armual on Islamic Art and Architecture, ed. Olea Grabar, Vol. 5,
Leiden, 1988, pp. 61-69. There is a debate among the art historians about the
origin of the cenotaph building among the Rajputs. Fergusson holds the view
that the practice of building memorials was borrowedfi-omthe Muhammadans.
Havell expresses opposite view and says the custom of making chhatris was of
more greater antiquity among Rajputs (cf Havel, op.cit., p. 61). Similarly,
Hermana Goetz writes that "Its (chhatri) origin's must probably be sought in the
wooden sheds which the primitive tribes of Rajputana and Central India, the
Bhils, Minas, Meos, etc. used to erect.over the memorial tablets and posts to
their dead". Cf. The Art and Architecture ofBikaner State, Oxford, 1950, p. 64.

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2. Goetz, op.cit., p. 64; Anand K. Coomaraswami, History of Indian and
Indonesian Art,'New York, 1965, p. 122.

3. Datia became an independent state during the time of Maharaja Bir Singh Dev
Bundela. The place was given to Bhagwan Das by his father himself Since then
it emerged as a separate state. Therefore, the structures of memorials are found
there.

4. Panna emerged as a new state under Chhatarsal Bundela. He was the son of
Champat Rai who had no equation with the ruler of Orchha. Therefore, a new
territory was carved out by Chhatarsal. He first established his capital at Mau
Sahaniya where we find a memorial of his wife. There are numerous chhatris of
the Bundela rulers at Panna which are magnificentfi-omthe architecture point of
view. Cf Naresh Kumar Pathak, ''Panna Ka Puratatvik Exam Pauranik
Vaibhav" in Vaichariki, Part 27, No. 3, May-June 2011, pp. 100-01;Salim
Zaweed, Salient Features of Bundela Architecture at Orchha, proceeding of
Indian History Congress, 2009; Safiya Khan, Cenotaphs of Orchha, Nucleus,
Jaipur (Rajasthan), 2011-12.

5. Tikamgarh became the capital in place of Orchha in 1760's. Therefore, the

chhatris of later rulers were erected there.

6. Goetz, op.cit., p. 65.

7. K.K. Chakravarti, op.cit., p. 153.

8. Ibid.

9. K.K. Chakravarti, op.cit., p. 153.

10. Goetz, op.cit., p. 64.

11. M. Salim Zawed.

12. Goetz, op.cit., p. 65.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. NeelimaVashishtha, op.cit., p. 131.

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16. This cenotaph was built in memory of Maharaja Chhatrasal's first queen Rani
Kamplapati (Rani Dev Kunwar). This- cenotaphs is decorated with beautiful
paintings which are made up of fresco technique. The domes are decorated with
inverted lotus.

17. This cenotaph was erected by Baji Rao Peshwa I in the memory of Maharaja
Chhatrasal in A.D. 1736. Though he expired on 19* December 1731. This is an
example of Bundela architecture.

18. The examples ofchhaja and brackets are innumerably found in almost all kinds
of buildings including the chhatris. These were heavily used in the memorial
structures of the Desert state such as Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer of Goetz,
op.cit., pp. 64-70. For Jaipur see, Neelima Vashistha, op.cit., pp. 129-37.

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