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    Eddy Current Working Principle

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    Anonymous 6nq7Yy
    Pransh Singh Kohli completed a physics project on fire alarms under the supervision of his physics teacher Miss Nashi Jain. He acknowledges the guidance of Miss Jain and his lab guide Mr. Pradeep. The project document explains the working principle of eddy current testing, which uses electromagnetic induction to detect surface and near surface defects in conductive materials. It describes how eddy currents are created in a test material by an alternating magnetic field, and how defects alter the eddy currents and resulting magnetic fields, allowing detection. Key factors that affect eddy current testing like material conductivity, permeability, frequency, and probe type are also summarized.

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    Eddy Current Working Principle

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    Anonymous 6nq7Yy
    71 views12 pages
    Pransh Singh Kohli completed a physics project on fire alarms under the supervision of his physics teacher Miss Nashi Jain. He acknowledges the guidance of Miss Jain and his lab guide Mr. Pradeep. The project document explains the working principle of eddy current testing, which uses electromagnetic induction to detect surface and near surface defects in conductive materials. It describes how eddy currents are created in a test material by an alternating magnetic field, and how defects alter the eddy currents and resulting magnetic fields, allowing detection. Key factors that affect eddy current testing like material conductivity, permeability, frequency, and probe type are also summarized.

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    phuckk off bitches!!

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    Pransh Singh Kohli completed a physics project on fire alarms under the supervision of his physics teacher Miss Nashi Jain. He acknowledges the guidance of Miss Jain and his lab guide Mr. Pradeep. The project document explains the working principle of eddy current testing, which uses electromagnetic induction to detect surface and near surface defects in conductive materials. It describes how eddy currents are created in a test material by an alternating magnetic field, and how defects alter the eddy currents and resulting magnetic fields, allowing detection. Key factors that affect eddy current testing like material conductivity, permeability, frequency, and probe type are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    71 views12 pages

    Eddy Current Working Principle

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 6nq7Yy
    Pransh Singh Kohli completed a physics project on fire alarms under the supervision of his physics teacher Miss Nashi Jain. He acknowledges the guidance of Miss Jain and his lab guide Mr. Pradeep. The project document explains the working principle of eddy current testing, which uses electromagnetic induction to detect surface and near surface defects in conductive materials. It describes how eddy currents are created in a test material by an alternating magnetic field, and how defects alter the eddy currents and resulting magnetic fields, allowing detection. Key factors that affect eddy current testing like material conductivity, permeability, frequency, and probe type are also summarized.

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    of 12

    Physics Project Work

    By-Pransh Singh Kohli

    Class- 12 –B
    th

    Roll no.-7285/9
    CERTIFICATE

    This is to certify that Pransh Singh Kohli of class 12th -B. Session: 2012-13
    prepared the project entitled “fire alarm” under my general supervision for
    partial fulfillment of the requirement of the 12th class project completion.

    The content of this project is based on the candidate’s original research &
    investigation. His attitude & interest shown in completion of his study is
    highly appreciable.

    Miss Nashi Jain


    (P.G.T Physics)
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    There is always a sense of gratitude one expresses to others for the helpful and
    needy service they render during all phases of life. I have completed this project
    with the help of different personalities. I wish to express my gratitude towards all
    of them.

    It gives me immense pleasure to express my deep regards and sincere sense of


    gratitude to my physics teacher-Miss Nashi Jain for her valuable guidance
    throughout the making of this project. Thank you madam for your able and worthy
    guidance.

    I would also like to thank my guide Mr.Pradeep for steering my confidence and
    capability with the lab work.

    Pransh Singh Kohli

    EDDY CURRENT WORKING PRINCIPLE

    Eddy current testing is used to find surface and near surface defects in conductive
    materials. It is used by the aviation industry for detection of defects such as cracks,
    corrosion damage, thickness verification, and for materials characterization such as
    metal sorting and heat treatment verification. Applications range from fuselage and
    structural inspection, engines, landing gear, and wheels. Eddy current inspection
    involves initial setup and calibration procedures with known reference standards of
    the same material as the part. Probes of appropriate design and frequency must be
    used.

    Eddy current inspection is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. An


    electric coil in which an alternating current is flowing is placed adjacent to the part.
    Since the method is based on induction of electromagnetic fields, electrical contact
    is not required.
    Figure 1. Schematic of Eddy Current absolute probe

    An alternating current flowing through the coil produces a primary magnetic field
    that induces eddy currents in the part. Energy is needed to generate the eddy
    currents, and this energy shows up as resistance losses in the coil. Typical NDE
    application are designed to measure these resistance losses. Eddy currents flow
    within closed loops in the part.
    Figure 2. Diagram illustrating Eddy Currents created in a port

    As a result of eddy currents, a second magnetic field is generated in the material.


    The magnetic fields of the core interact with those in the part and changes in the
    material being inspected affect the interaction of the magnetic fields.

    The interaction, in turn, affects the electrical characteristics of the coil. Resistance
    and inductive reactance add up to the total impedance of the coil. Changes in the
    electrical impedance of the coil are measured by commercial eddy current
    instruments.

    So, what does all of this have to do with nondestructive testing?


    The main method used in eddy current inspection is one in which the response of
    the sensor depends on conductivity and permeability of the test material and the
    frequency selected.

    How eddy currents are created and sensed:


    - An alternating current creates a magnetic field (Oersted's Law).
    - The magnetic field causes a resulting eddy current in a part, which creates an
    induced magnetic field (Faraday's Law).
    - The magnetic field from the coil is opposed to the induced magnetic field from
    the eddy current.
    - A defect (surface or near surface) modifies the eddy current and therefore the
    magnetic field as well.
    - This change in the magnetic field is detected by a sensor and is indicative of a
    flaw.

    How far do the eddy currents penetrate into a test piece?


    The strength of the response from a flaw is greatest at the surface of the material
    being tested, and decreases with depth into the material. The "Standard depth of
    penetration" is mathematically defined as the point when the eddy current is 1/e or
    37% of its surface value. The "effective depth of penetration" is defined as three
    times the standard depth of penetration, where the eddy current has fallen to about
    3% of its surface value. At this depth there is no effective impact on the eddy
    current and a valid inspection is not feasible.
    Penetration depth will:
    - Decrease with an increase in conductivity
    - Decrease with an increase in permeability
    - Decrease with an increase in frequency

    Conductivity is sensitive to cracks and material inhomogeneities


    - Cracks
    - Defects
    - Voids
    - Scattering of electrons

    Magnetic permeability is much more sensitive to structural changes in magnetic


    materials
    - Dislocations
    - Residual stress
    - Second phases
    - Precipitates

    Frequency selection will greatly affect eddy current response. Selection of the
    proper frequency is the essential test factor under the control of the test operator.
    The frequency selected affects not only the strength of the response from flaws and
    the effective depth of penetration, but also the phase relationship.
    How do we measure eddy current response?
    Eddy current response is viewed on an oscilloscope display, showing the
    impedance response (Z) from the test material, which is affected by factors
    depending on the specimen and experimental conditions.

    Specimen conditions affecting response:


    - Electrical conductivity
    - Magnetic permeability (unmagnetized ferromagnetic materials can become
    magnetized, resulting in large changes in impedance)
    - Specimen thickness - thickness should be limited to less then three times the
    standard depth of penetration

    Experimental conditions affecting response


    - AC frequency
    - Electromagnetic coupling between the coil and the specimen - a small liftoff has
    a pronounced effect
    - Inspection coil size
    - Number of turns within the coil itself
    - Coil type

    On an impedance plane diagram the signal of the resistance (R) component is


    displayed on the X axis and the inductive reactance (XL) component is displayed
    on the Y axis.
    Figure 3. Electrical Conductivity changes for typical materials.

    Thickness changes in a sample can change the impedance response on an


    oscilloscope. Defects such as corrosion are found in this fashion.
    Figure 4. Changes in conductivity curve due to thinning of a part

    Figure 5. Changes in conductivity curve due to corrosion damage

    There are two basic types of coil probes used in eddy current inspection; the
    absolute probe and the differential probe.
    An absolute probe consists of a single pickup coil which can be fashioned in a
    variety of shapes. Absolute probes are very good for sorting metals and detection
    of cracks in many situations. Absolute coils can detect both sharp changes in
    impedance and gradual changes. They are however, sensitive to material
    variations, temperature changes, etc.

    Figure 6. Typical response for samples of different conductivity

    A differential probe consists of two coils sensing different areas of the material
    being tested, which are linked electrically in opposition. The circuit will become
    unbalanced when one of the coils encounters a change in impedance. The response
    to this change in impedance creates what is known as a Lissajous figure. In
    general, the closer the element spacing the wider the "loop" in the signal.
    Differential probes are relatively unaffected by lift-off as long as the elements are
    balanced, and are suited for detection of small defects.
    Figure 7. Diagram of response of a differential probe over a defect

    The differential probe's nature allows for greater resolution of sharp


    discontinuities, however it makes it less likely to distinguish gradual changes in
    material.

    Lift Off
    Lift-off from paint, coatings, etc. can cause variations that may mask the defects of
    interest.

    Lift-off may also be useful in determining the thickness of nonconductive coatings


    on a conductive component
    Figure 8. Response of a probe due to lift off

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