A Seminar ON: Eddy Current Testing (Ect)

A SEMINAR
ON
EDDY CURRENT TESTING(ECT)
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
 What is ECT
 Working principle
 Basic laws behind ECT
 Description of components
 ECT for detection of cracks
 ECT in determining the thickness
 Other areas of applications
 Advanced techniques in ECT
 Advantages of ECT
 Limitations of ECT
 summary
WHAT IS ECT?
 Eddy current testing is
a near surface
technique which
exploits the properties
of eddy currents to
determine surface
breaking or near
surface breaking and
variations in material
composition and
properties.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
 In standard eddy current a probe coil carrying ac
current is placed near the specimen which
produces alternating magnetic flux around the coil.
 The alternating magnetic flux links with the testing

material induces eddy currents.
 Then the variation of the magnitude and phase of

these eddy current is monitored by using a search
coil or by the same coil by measuring the change in
current or impedance of primary search coil.
THE PHYSICS BEHIND ECT
 Farday’s laws of electromagnetic induction say that

when ever there is a rate of change of flux linkage
with a coil ,it produces an e.m.f and there by a
current In case of a closed coil .The process is
known as electro-magnetic induction.
 i.e
VL = the induced voltage in volts

dø/dt = the rate of change in magnetic flux in
webers/second
PROPERTIES OF COILS
The two basic properties of coil which are of

very special interest are-
1.self inductance
2.mutual inductance
Self inductance
In brief it is the property of a coil where a
change in current causes a change in
voltage in the same circuit.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
(the basis of ECT)
 This is the property where a change in current in
one circuit produces a change in current in other
circuit which can be electrically isolated but
magnetically couples.
so that flux in coil1=L I +MI

1 1 2
flux in coil2=L I +MI

2 2 1
FORMATION OF EDDY CURRENT
 In ECT the eddy

currents are generated
in the testing material
due to the
phenomenon of mutual
inductance
 The ac current in the
probe coil produces
alternating magnetic
flux and these flux
produce eddy current
in the taste material
PROPRTIES OF EDDY CURRENTS
 Eddy currents are closed

loops of induced currents
circulating in planes
perpendicular to magnetic
flux
 They are confined to the
area of inducing magnetic
field
 Eddy currents concentrate
near the surface adjacent
to an excitation coil and
strength decreases with
distance from the coil
Penetration depth
 Due to skin effect the
magnitude of eddy current
decreases as depth of
material increases
 The depth of penetration is

given by the formula written
on the right side.
EFFECT OF EDDY CURRENT
 The eddy current produce a magnetic flux

which links with the magnetic flux of the
exciting coil.
 The amount of interaction between two

fluxes determine the value of current or
change in impedance of the primary coil and
is a direct measurement of eddy current in
the specimen.
MEASUREMENT OF EDDY CURRENT
 The change in impedance

of the probe can be easily
detected by a high
sensitive maxwell’s
induction bridge.
 It compares the inductance
of the probe with some
standard values and any
change in this is reflected
through a detecting coil or
an oscilloscope
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ECT
 PROBES
 DETECTING INSTRUMENTS
 DISPLAY UNITS
 FREQUENCY GENERATOR
 FILTERS
 AUXILLIARIES
PROBES
 It contains the coil to

produce varying
magnetic field
 It is designed in
different manner as for
the accessibility of the
testing material
 It is designed so as to
reduce the stray fields
DETECTING INSTRUMENTS
 Display analog meter
 Oscilloscope
 Spectrum analyzer
 R-X plotter
APPLICATIONS OF ECT
 Surface crack detection

 Measurement of conductivity of materials
 Thickness measurement of non conductive
coatings
 Tube inspection
 Heat damage inspection
 Material Identification
SURFACE BRAKING DETECTION
 The basic principle behind

this that whenever there is
a surface crack ,it disrupts
the path of eddy currents.
 Due to this disruption the

flux linkage in primary coil
changes, which can be
detected by the bridge
circuit.
Thickness measurement of non
conductive coating
 The thickness of non
metallic coating on
metal substance can
be detected by simply
the effect of lift off
impedance.
 This is basically used

for measuring
thickness of paint and
plastic coatings.
TUBE INSPECTION
In tube inspection the
long tubes are inspeted
through a long probe
which is inserted into
the tube and the
condition of material
inside the tube is
determine from the
impedance
measurements.
ADVACED TECHNOLOGY IN ECT
 The advanced technology

uses multiple frequency
technique or swept
frequency technique.
 This technique simple

involve collecting data at
several frequencies and
then comparing the data or
mixing the data in some
particular manner.
APPLICATION OF SWEPT FREQUENCY
TECHNIQUE
 To detect thickness of
conductive coating
over conductive
material.
 Measurement of flaws
in multi layer materials
ADVANTAGES OF ECT
 Sensitive to small cracks and other defects
 Detects surface and near surface defects
 Inspection gives immediate results
 Equipment is very portable
 Method can be used for much more than flaw
detection
 Minimum part preparation is required
 Test probe does not need to contact the part
 Inspects complex shapes and sizes of conductive
materials
LIMITATIONS OF ECT
 Only conductive materials can be inspected

 Surface must be accessible to the probe
 Skill and training required is more extensive than
other techniques
 Reference standards needed for setup
 Surface finish and roughness may interfere
 Depth of penetration is limited
 Flaws such as delimitations that lie parallel to the
probe coil winding and probe scan direction are
undetectable
SUMMARY
From the above discussion we

can summaries that eddy current testing
(ECT) is one of the most important
testing technique which is now a days
gaining popularity due to its low cost
equipment, immediate results oriented
testing ,accuracy of results and its wide
range of application.
REFERENCES
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM
 WWW.NDT-TESTING.COM
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

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What is eddy current testing and how does it work?

What is eddy current testing and how does it work?

What are some applications of eddy current testing?

What are some applications of eddy current testing?

A SEMINAR

 The alternating magnetic flux links with the testing

 Then the variation of the magnitude and phase of

 Farday’s laws of electromagnetic induction say that

VL = the induced voltage in volts

The two basic properties of coil which are of

so that flux in coil1=L I +MI

flux in coil2=L I +MI

 In ECT the eddy

 Eddy currents are closed

 The depth of penetration is

 The eddy current produce a magnetic flux

 The amount of interaction between two

 The change in impedance

 It contains the coil to

 Surface crack detection

 The basic principle behind

 Due to this disruption the

 This is basically used

 The advanced technology

 This technique simple

 Only conductive materials can be inspected

From the above discussion we

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