Harvard

Referencing 2015-
2016
Guide
A guide to writing your bibliography

Compiled by Southport College Library Learning Centres

 Harvard Referencing Guide 1

Contents Page
Introduction ...………………...………………………………………………………… 2
The Harvard System ...………………………………………………………………… 3
What should I reference? .................................................................................. 3
How do I reference? ………………………………………………………………….. 3-5

Section 1: Hard Copy Sources

1.1 Book with one author ………………………………………………………… 6
1.2 Book with two authors ………………………………………………………... 6
1.3 Book with three or more authors …………………………………………… 6
1.4 Book review …………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.5 Dictionary ……………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.6 Chapter within an edited book …………………………………………….. 7
1.7 Journal article ………………………………………………………………….. 8
1.8 Newspaper article …………………………………………………………….. 8
1.9 Art image in a book …………………………………………………………… 8

Section 2: Electronic Sources

2.1 Website with organisations as authors ……………………………………. 9
2.2 Website with no date ………………………………………………………... 10
2.3 Online journal …………………………………………………………………. 10
2.4 eBook …………………………………………………………………………… 10
2.5 Online Newspaper …………………………………………………………… 11
2.6 Podcast ………………………………………………………………………… 11
2.7 DVD …………………………………………………………………………….. 12
2.8 YouTube video clip ………………………………………………………….. 12
2.9 Online image …………………………………………………………………. 12
2.10 Online Government report ………………………………………………… 13
2.11 Social Networking sites (Facebook) ……………………………………… 13
2.12 Tutors Notes from Virtual Learning Environments ………………………. 14

Section 3: More Advice

3.1 Second hand references …………………………………………………… 15
3.2 More information………………………………………………………….….. 15
3.3 Sample Bibliography ………………………………………………………… 16

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 2

Introduction

When producing work it is important to use many different sources of information. It is

essential to show you have read and researched your subject well by using opinions and
ideas written or produced by others. However, it is important that you identify in your work
when you are using the words or ideas of another author whether it is a direct quote, a
paraphrase, video link, picture, statistics or a graph. This process is known as citing
references. Your references are then collected in a list called a bibliography.

The ability to reference your work shows that you have researched your topic and used, for
example, articles, books, reference works and electronic resources. You can direct
tutors/readers to the information you have used and it avoids plagiarism. Plagiarism means
copying or stealing someone else’s words or ideas and claiming or presenting them as if they
were your own. Plagiarism is not allowed in the College and is a serious matter therefore it is
essential that you know how to reference EVERY piece of work you produce and hand in.

There are many different ways to reference and write a bibliography. However Southport
College uses the Harvard System which is also used by many other Colleges and Universities.
This guide is the definitive Southport College guide so should be used whenever possible. If
you are already familiar with another system however, please consult with your teacher
before using it.

Whichever system you use, you must be consistent and thorough in the way you cite your
references so that the sources you have used can be located easily.

Include enough information to enable the reader to identify the item easily. Would you be
able to trace this item with the information given?

Make sure your use of punctuation, font and formatting (e.g. bold, italics, underlining, capital
letters etc.) is consistent throughout.

This guide sets out the general rules for using the Harvard System accompanied by templates
and examples for specific kinds of resources.

Please follow the templates provided for each type of material. They are signified in this

guide by this symbol.

Insert your own details into the template as appropriate

Handy tips are also included. These are signified by this symbol
and will give you extra help with your referencing.

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 3

The Harvard System

The Harvard System uses the author-date method, which simply means that in the text the
author and date are given - often in brackets - and the complete details of the source are
given in a bibliography attached to the back of the assignment.

What Should I Reference?

 Books
 Journal Articles
 DVDs
 Websites
 Online Journal Articles
 Government Reports
 Blogs
 Emails
 Podcasts
 Video clips
 Newspapers
 Tutor’s Notes
 Just about any piece of information you use……

From this list you can see that you should reference every source you use.

How Do I Reference?

The first step is to make sure that you note down ALL the details of the books, articles, websites
or other sources of information that you use.

If you don’t take notes you may find that you have used a quote in your work but all you can
remember is that it was in a “book with a green cover”…… which isn’t terribly helpful!

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 4

As a general rule you should look for the following information if appropriate:

 Author(s) or editor(s)
 Year of publication
 Title (of the book/journal/journal article/website etc)
 Edition of the work – only if there has been more than one edition
 Place of publication
 Publisher
 Page number (If you are referencing a direct quotation you should include
the page number in the reference citation)
 URL
 Accessed Date

Remember….. If you cannot reference it, you cannot use it!

Tip! If the item was a Southport College book and later on you realise you don’t
have all the details, remember that you can search the library catalogue to find the
information you need.

Next….
In the text of your work; the author’s name and the year of publication are placed in
brackets after you make reference to another’s work. This occurs whether you have quoted
directly or paraphrased. This is known as the reference citation.

For example:

Summative assessment is a formal assessment on what has been learned (Petty 2004)

“When a current flows in a coil, it sets up its own voltage around the conductor”
(Linsley 2011 p. 32)

Tip! If there are no individual authors or editors then use a company or organisation
name.
Editors are treated the same as authors. Just use (ed) or (eds) after their name.

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 5

When you have completed your work you will need to produce a BIBLIOGRAPHY which is a
list of all the sources you have used. This list goes at the end of your work and is in
alphabetical order by the author’s surname.

A simple example of how you would create your bibliography for a book is as follows:

Year of publication Edition

(in brackets)

in
Gross, R. (2010) Key Studies in Psychology. 6th ed. London: Hodder Education.

Publisher
Title; in italics
Place of publication
Author’s Surname, or underlined
followed by initial

A sample bibliography is included at the back of this booklet. It gives examples of all types of
material and shows how the bibliography should be laid out.

The following pages explain referencing in more detail and include examples. If you would
like more help or information please do not hesitate to ask LLC staff.

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 6

Section 1
Hard Copy Sources

1.1. Referencing a Book with One Author:

Author or Editor (year) Title. Edition (if there is one). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example in the essay text:

According to Secker (2010 p. 56) “most colleges also now have VLE’s, with the most common
platform being the open-source system Moodle”.
Example in the bibliography:
Secker, J. (2010) Copyright and e-Learning : a guide for practitioners. London: Facet
Publishing.

1.2. Referencing a Book with Two Authors:

Authors or Editors (year) Title. Edition (if there is one). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example in the essay text:

Reece and Walker (2007) argue that in order to make the best choice of which teaching
strategy to use it is important that you are familiar with each and know where they might best
be applied.
Example in the bibliography:
Reece, I. and Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, training & learning : a practical guide. 6th ed.
London: Business Education Publishers Limited.

1.3. Referencing a Book with More Than Three Authors:

Authors or editors (year) Title. Edition (if there is one). Place of publication: Publisher

In the text, list the surname of the first author followed by et al. (this means ‘and others’)
However in the bibliography you must list ALL of the authors’ names

Example in the essay text:

Gross et al. (2001 p.26) believes that “violent behaviour can also be seen at the cinema or on
video”.
Example in the bibliography:
Gross, R., McIlveen, R., Coolican, H., Clamp, A. and Russell, J. (2001) Psychology : a new
introduction for A2. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
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 Harvard Referencing Guide 7

1.4. Referencing a Book Review

Author of the Review (year) ‘Name of the book being reviewed’. Title of feature. Name
of publication. Date, page number.

Example from a review in a newspaper:

Alan Clark (2010) refers to The Finkler Question as “A terrifying ambitious novel, full of
dangerous shallows and dark, deep water. It takes in the mysteries of male friendship, the
relentlessness of grief and the lure of emotional parasitism”.
Example in the bibliography:
Clark, A (2010) ‘The Finkler Question’. Book of the Week. The Guardian. 14 August 2010, p5.

1.5. Referencing a Dictionary (if there is no Editor)

Author or editor (year) Title. Edition (if there is one). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example in the text:

The definition of psychology is ‘the scientific study of the human mind and its functions,
especially those affecting behaviour in a given context” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2001,
p.21).
Example in the bibliography:
The Oxford English Dictionary (2001). 10th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1.6. Referencing a Chapter within an Edited Book

Author or editor of chapter (year) Title of chapter in Author of book. Title of book.
Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers.

Example in the text:

“A part of identifying student needs involves a consideration of their prior learning and
experience” (Hobley 2008 pp. 32-65)
Example in the bibliography:
Hobley, J. (2008) Meeting the needs of learners in Fawbert, F. Teaching in post-compulsory
education : skills, standards and lifelong learning. London: Continuum. pp. 32-65.

Tip! Remember to use in to signify that the chapter is in the book.

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 8

1.7. Referencing a Journal Article

Author or editor of article (year) Title of article. Name of journal. Volume (part),
page number(s).

Example in the text:

According to Warnock (2010) the military reforms were an important part of the government's
response to the failures of the Boer War.
Example in the bibliography:
Warnock, B. (2010) The impact of the Boer War on Britain. 20th Century History Review. 5(3),
pp.8-25.

NB If there are no Volume, Part or Issue numbers, please use the date instead eg.

Warnock, B. (2010) The impact of the Boer War on Britain. 20th Century History Review. 21st
July, pp.8-25.

1.8. Referencing a Newspaper Article

Author or editor of article (year) Title of article. Name of newspaper. Date, page
number(s).

Example in the text:

An office worker will ditch the nine-to-five and cycle12,000 miles across the planet for street
children. (Bristow 2011, p.13)
Example in the bibliography:
Bristow, T. (2011) Cycle ride to help street kids. Southport Visitor. 13 May, p.13.

1.9. Referencing an Art Image in a Book

Artist (Date of Book) Name of painting/image. in Author of Book. Title of Book.

Place of publication: Publisher.

Example in the text:

Henri Matisse’s Flowers and Sculpture (cited in Neret 2002) is a good example of ‘abstraction’
Example in the bibliography:
Matisse, H. (2002) Flowers and Sculpture. in Neret, G. Henri Matisse. London: HarperCollins
Publishers.

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 9

Section 2
Electronic Sources

All types of electronic material must be referenced. All information published on the internet
belongs to someone and so has to be treated in the same way as paper sources.

It may mean you have to look around your website carefully to find out the information you
need

What if there's no author, publisher or date?

If you can’t find a date or an author on a specific webpage, use any information available
from the site's home page.

In the unlikely event that you can’t find any information, cite the URL of the site as the author.
However, if the sponsorship and authorship of a site can't be identified, think twice about
using it for your research.
References for web pages follow a similar format as printed material. The main things to look
for are:

 Name of author or organisation

 Year and date created
 Date up-dated
 Title of page
 Title of article
 URL (web address)

Tip! If you cannot find all of your information try going to the home page of your
website. Or try clicking on ‘contact us’ to find out who has produced the website.

2.1 Referencing a Website with Organisations as Authors

Author or editor of website (year) Title of webpage [online]. Available from: URL
[Accessed Date].

Example in the essay text:

The RSPCA (2012) are furious that the Government has decided to ignore public opinion
and not ban the use of wild animals in circuses in England after all.

Example in the bibliography:

RSPCA (2012) Government refuses ban on wild animals in circuses [online]. Available from:
http://www.rspca.org.uk/media/news/story/-
/article/EM_Ban_on_wild_animals_in_circuses_refused_May11 [Accessed 13 May 2014].

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 10

2.2 Referencing a Website with No Date

If the web page has no obvious date of publication/revision, use the Author plus no date
in brackets. NB You still need to include the date you accessed the information.

Author or editor of website (no date) Title of webpage [online]. Available from: URL
[Accessed Date].

Example in the essay text

According to Lea (no date) “Criminal law then, notes those types of conflict which are
regarded as serious enough to be responded to not just by individuals but by the State
acting on behalf of the public”
Example in the bibliography:
Lea, J. (no date). John Lea’s criminology website [online]. Available from:
http://www.bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ [Accessed 3 June 2014].

2.3 Referencing an Online Journal

Author or editor of article (year) Title of article. Name of journal [online]. Volume (part
number) (NB. if there are any – if not then use date). Available from: URL [Accessed
Date].

Example in the essay text

Yar (2011) has reported that “over the past three decades, an on-going debate has
developed around the ways and extent to which the hierarchical, state-led provision of
security and policing has been displaced “
Example in the bibliography:
Yar, M. (2011) From the 'Governance of Security' to 'Governance Failure’: refining the
criminological agenda. Internet Journal of Criminology [online]. July. Available from:
http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Yar_From_the_Governance_of_Security_to_
Governance_Failure_April_2011.pdf [Accessed 3 June 2014]

Tip! Use the LLC’s Inspire search to find journals. We subscribe to various databases
which students can access. These databases give access to thousands of journal
articles online for free!

2.4 Referencing an eBook

Author (Year) Title [online]. Edition (if there is one). Place of publication: Publisher.
Available from: URL [Accessed Date].

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 11

Example in the essay text:

Sullo (2007) introduces a comprehensive theory of behaviour that challenges the
prevailing external control model.
Example in the bibliography:
Sullo, R. (2007) Activating the desire to learn [online]. Alexandria, VA: Association for
Supervision & Curriculum Development. Available from:
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/southport/Doc?id=10156586&ppg=11 [Accessed 17 May
2014].

2.5 Referencing an Online Newspaper

Author or editor of article (year) Title of article. Name of newspaper [online]. Date.
Available from: URL [Accessed Date].

Example in the text:

An office worker will ditch the nine-to-five and cycle 12,000 miles across the planet for
street children. (Bristow, 2011)
Example in the bibliography:
Bristow, T. (2011) Cycle ride to help street kids. Southport Visitor [online]. 13th May.
Available from:
http://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/southport-news/southport-southport-
news/2011/05/13/southport-man-s-bid-to-cycle-12k-miles-to-south-africa-to-help-street-
children-101022-28684674/ [Accessed 3 June 2014]

2.6 Referencing a Podcast

Author or presenter (year) Title of podcast. Title of website or podcast series

[podcast]. Day month year of podcast release. Available at: URL [Accessed Date].

Example in the text (note the double quotation marks for direct speech):
Tim Waterstone (2010) admits that his novel In for a Penny in for a Pound is about a
“certain bank in London”. He found the people there to be so awful that he went home
and parodied them.
Example in the bibliography:
Waterstone, T. (2010) Open book: books and authors. BBC Podcasts [podcast]. 17 May
2010. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts [Accessed 18 May 2014).

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 12

2.7 Referencing a DVD

Title (year) [Medium]. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example in the essay text:

Similarly, West Side Story (1961) is an adaptation of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
Example in the bibliography:
West Side Story (1961) [DVD]. New York: MGM.

2.8 Referencing from YouTube

Originator of the online video (year video posted) Title of online video. Available
from: URL [Accessed Date].

Example in the essay text:

Expert Village (2008) provide a demonstration on how to use basic woodworking tools,
such as how to use a biscuit joiner.
Example in the bibliography:
Expert Village (2008) How to use basic woodworking tools: using a biscuit joiner. Available
from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JI-PjJY14U [Accessed 17 May 2013]

2.9 Referencing an Online Image

There are many different kinds of visual sources out there and they are all referenced
slightly differently.
Therefore we have included a couple of examples but please refer to the
following title for more options:

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 8th ed.
Palgrave Macmillan.

Name of artist or photographer (Year image created) Title of work [type of

medium]. Available from: URL [Accessed date].

Painting:
Example in the essay text:

Van Gogh’s painting The Starry Night (1889)

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 13

Example in the bibliography:

Van Gogh, V. (1889) The Starry Night [painting]. Available from:
http://www.essentialart.com/acatalog/Van_Gogh_Starry_Night.html [Accessed
23 July 2014).

Photograph:
Example in the essay text:

Taj Mahal, India (2011). Photograph by Richard I’Anson.

Example in the bibliography:

I’Anson, R. (2011) Taj Mahal, India [photograph]. Available from:
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/images/taj-mahal-india$352-52 [Accessed 14
August 2014).

2.10 Referencing an Online Government Report:

Author or Department (year) Title of Report. [online]. Available from: URL [Accessed
date].

Example in the essay text:

The Secretary of State for Education commissioned Professor Alison Wolf of King’s College
London to carry out an independent review of vocational education.
Example in the bibliography:
Department for Education (2011) Review of vocational education – The Wolf Report
[online]. Available from:
http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/youngpeople/qandlearning/a0
074953/review-of-vocational-education-the-wolf-report [Accessed 3June 2013].

2.11 Referencing Social Networking Sites (e.g. Facebook)

Author (year) ‘Title of page’ Title of Internet site. Date/month of posted message
[online]. Available from: URL [Accessed date].

Example in essay text

One student (Allen, 2013) liked a post.

Example in bibliography:

Allen, J. (2013) ‘Southport College’, Facebook, 4 June. Available from:

https://www.facebook.com/southportcollege [Accessed 4 June 2014]

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 14

2.12 Referencing Tutors Notes from Virtual Learning Environments (Moodle)

Author/tutor (year) ‘Title of item’. Name of Academic Module [online]. Available

from: URL [Accessed date].

Example in the essay text:

Collecting pictures and images (Library Learning Centre, 2013)
Example in bibliography:
Library Learning Centre (2013) ‘Collecting pictures and images into My Pictures’.
Studybytes [online]. Available from:
http://moodle2.southport.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=862 [Accessed 4 June 2014]

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 15

Section 3
More Advice

3.1 Second Hand References

Whenever possible you should quote from the original sources. When this is not possible you
must highlight in the text that it is another person’s work, which has been cited by the author
of the book, article etc that you are using.

Example in the text:

Giddens (2006), using results from Gunter’s research outlines that children’s
programmes have high levels of violence, especially in cartoons…..
OR
Using results from Gunter’s research it is outlined that children’s programmes have high
levels of violence, especially in cartoons….. (Giddens, 2006)

Example in the bibliography:

In the bibliography you must cite the source you have been using – not the original ie.
Giddens and not Gunter. So your bibliography entry will look like this:

Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology. 5th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.

More Information

A detailed guide on Harvard referencing in available in all the Library Learning Centres

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential referencing
guide. 8th ed. Palgrave Macmillan.

Copies of this guide are available for loan at 371.30281 PEA

Also remember that staff at the LLC counter will be pleased to advise you on writing
your bibliography.

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 Harvard Referencing Guide 16

Sample Bibliography

Allen, J. (2013) ‘Southport College’, Facebook, 4 June. Available from:

https://www.facebook.com/southportcollege [Accessed 4 June 2014]

Gross, R., McIlveen, R., Coolican, H., Clamp, A. and Russell, J. (2001) Psychology : a new
introduction for A2. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

I’Anson, R. (2011) Taj Mahal, India [photograph]. Available from:

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/images/taj-mahal-india$352-52 [Accessed 14
August 2014).

Lea, J. (no date). John Lea’s criminology website. [online]. Available from:
http://www.bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ [Accessed 3 June 2014].

Library Learning Centre (2013) ‘Collecting pictures and images into My Pictures’. Studybytes
[online]. Available from: http://moodle2.southport.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=862 [Accessed
4 June 2014]

Matisse, H. (2002) Flowers and Sculpture. in Neret, G. Henri Matisse. London: HarperCollins
Publishers.

Newburn, T. (2013) Criminology. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.

Oxford English Dictionary (2001). 10th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sullo, R. (2007) Activating the desire to learn [online]. Alexandria, VA: Association for
Supervision & Curriculum Development. Available from:
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/southport/Doc?id=10156586&ppg=11 [Accessed 17 May 2013].

Warnock, B. (2010) The impact of the Boer War on Britain. 20th Century History Review. 21st July,
pp. 8-25.

Yar, M. (2011) From the 'Governance of Security' to 'Governance Failure’: refining the
criminological agenda. Internet Journal of Criminology [online]. July. Available from:
http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Yar_From_the_Governance_of_Security_to_Go
vernance_Failure_April_2011.pdf [Accessed 3 June 2013]

Updated July 2015