The Original Doctrine of Valentinus the Gnostic

Author(s): Gilles Quispel

Reviewed work(s):
Source: Vigiliae Christianae, Vol. 50, No. 4 (1996), pp. 327-352
Published by: BRILL
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THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC*

BY

GILLES QUISPEL

In the beginning
On revienttoujoursa sespremiersamours.During the Second World War, in
difficult circumstances,I tried to reconstructthe primitive doctrine of the
Egyptian heresiarchValentinus. The resultsof my exertionswere published
in the first issue of the journal VigiliaeChristianae
(1947). This article was
nothing more than a provisional attempt to unravel a tangled tale. But it
so happened that it became basic, when Ptolemaeus' Epistleto Florawas
published and the relation of his views on the Old Testament to those of
his Master (Valentinus)were discussed;somewhat later, on May 10th 1952,
the Jung Codex was acquired with five unknown gnostic writings which
were held to reflect successive stages in the evolution of the school of
Valentinus.Our basic presumptionin editingthese workswas that Valentinus
had been much more radical than his followers in the so-called Italic
School, Ptolemaeus and Heracleon.
In 1947 I had accepted some plausible results of previous research:

1) Valentinusknewonly one Sophia;

2) accordingto him a preexistentJesus had left his motherSophiaand had
ascendedto the pleroma;(thiswas the spiritualbodyand heavenlyfleshwhich
Christbroughtdown to earth);
3) Valentinuswas very much againstJehova, the demiurge,whom he con-
sideredto be the causeof death.

At the same time I could not convince myself that Irenaeus, Clement
of Alexandria, and Tertullian had simply lied when they reported about
Valentinus.And after intensiveresearchI concludedthat Lipsiushad proved
decisivelythat Pseudo-Tertullian'sAdversus omneshaereses,Filastriusof Brescia's
Diversarum haereseonliberand their parallels in Epiphanius'Panarion57, pre-
served in outline the lost Syntagmaof Hippolytus;Hippolytusmay have used
an updated copy of Justin Martyr's Syntagma which Justin
againstall heresies,
mentions in his FirstApology(26,8).
? EJ. Brill, Leiden, 1996 VigiliaeChristianae
50, 327-352
328 GILLES QUISPEL

Now the time seems to have come to see if the main outlines of my
juvenile sin can still be maintained, and which sources are available to
identify the views of Valentinus.

LITERATURE

R.A. Lipsius, Zur Quellenkritik

des Epiphanius,Vienna 1865; G. Quispel, The
OriginalDoctrineof Valentine,VC. 1, 1947, 43-73; idem,Ptolenme,
Lettrea Flora,
2nd edition, Paris 1966 (a basic text and commentary, which should not be
ignored in any book on Valentinus).

EpistolaJacobi Apocrypha

The ApocryphalEpistle of James (the brother of the Lord) could be read

as a writing which issued from the school of Valentinus, were it not that
it proclaims that persecution is to be accepted, even provoked. That it
contains Valentinian elements is only too obvious:

Woe to you, who have received grace only as a loan, which has to be paid
back;
Blessed are those who express themselves with perfect freedom and possess
grace.
11,13-17

This echoes the spiritual pride of the Valentinians, who held that the
Catholics had received grace only as a provisional loan, which could be
withdrawn from them, whereas the pneumatics had received from the spir-
itual world a grace which was an inalienable possession (Irenaeus, Adversus
haereses1,6,4). On the other hand, some allusions to provoked martyrdom
are unmistakable:

Verily, I say to you, none of those who fear death will be saved. For the
Kingdom of God belongs to those who seek death.
6,15-18

Among the different groups of Christians the Montanists certainly were

very provocative in times of persecution. And yet, this apocryphal epistle
cannot have originated from Montanist circles because it rejects prophesy:

Do you not know that the head of prophesy was hewn off with John the
Baptist?
6,29-31
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 329

In the time of Clement of Alexandria such Montanists were present in

the Church there. They were criticized by some and branded as murder-
ers and suicides (StromateisIIV,V,16,3). Others in Alexandria seem to have
been impressed by their courage, but at the same time to have despised
their emotional revivalism. One of them seems to have been the author
of the EpistulaJacobi Apocrypha. Much was possible at that time in the
Christian congregation there: Jewish Christians, Encratites, Platonists,
Montanistsand all sorts of gnostics lived there peacefully side by side, until
bishop Demetriusfounded his monarchicepiscopacywith the help of Rome.
This helps us to date the writingwe discuss.If it shows tracesof Montanist
radicalism,the terminus postquemmust be 160 A.D. This date should make
scholars extremely sceptical about all endeavours to find a tradition inde-
pendent of the canonical Gospels in this apocryphon.The alternativeoption
seems to be preferable:

Blessedwilltheybe who havenot Blessedare theythathavenot seenand

seen and yet have believed. yet have believed.
12,39-13,1 Gospelof John 20:29
In this writing Jesus declares that he has remained another eighteen
months (= 540 days) with his disciples to explain to them the parables of
the shepherds and the seed and the building, the lamps of the virgins, the
wage of the workmen, the didrachmai and the woman (7,22-8,27). This
list of parables is certainly a strong indication of a use of canonical gospels
in this writing. And if the principlesof form-criticalanalysisare not applied
in a vacuum, but certain facts of the history of the Church are taken into
account, we need not assume that the above passage is an interpolation.
A host of literaryand ideological parallelswith classic Alexandriangnos-
ticism, with such primitive Egyptian writings as the Ascensionof Isaiahand
the SecondLetterof Clement and even with Catholic Alexandrianauthors like
Clement of Alexandria and Origen oblige us to situate the ApocryphalEpistle
of James within the direct influence of the Alexandrian Church. We may
even say that it reflects the history of this Church in the second century.
Alexandriawas evangelized from nearbyJerusalem. For this reason,James,
the brother of the Lord, is here the primate, taking precedence even over
Peter. Their ascent to heaven, their songs of praise together with the angels
(who sing the Sanctus)is described with the colours of esoteric Judaism.
The words put in the mouth of the Saviour reflect the life of the second
century congregation in Alexandria, faced with persecution and Montanist
fundamentalism,and yet on the way to Catholicism. Above all it reveals
330 GILLES QUISPEL

the admirable period when the Church still tolerated gnostics in its midst
and was ready to learn from men like Valentinus and Basilides.
The author of the EpistulaJacobiApocyphaloves Paul, but interpretshim
in a gnostic way:

The Word is like a grain of wheat; For in Jesus Christ neither circumcision
when someone has sowed it, he had availeth anything,
faith in it; and when it grew, he came nor uncircumcision,
to loveit, because he saw many grains but faith
of corn in the place of one; and afterhe which worketh
had workedhe remained alive, because by love.
he had prepared it as food; moreover Gal. 5:6
he had left over some corn to sow it
next time.
So also it is possible for you to receive
for yourselvesthe Kingdom of Heaven.
If you do not receive this throughgnosis,
you will not be able to find it.
8,16-27

The man who wrote this is a seasoned Paulinist. He is well aware that
faith worketh by love (Galatians 5:6). He also intertwines his words with
an allusion to the triad of faith, hope and charity (1 Corinthians 13:13).
He does not even shrink from using one of Paul's most audacious meta-
phors: "For your sakes I have placed myself under the curse, that you may
be saved" (13:23; cf. Gal. 3:13).
Most probably, however, he goes further than Paul because he means
to say that Christ has undergone the malediction of a malevolent demi-
urge. And certainly he has not the ambivalent attitude of Paul towards
Gnosis, as when the latter confronts ecstatic proto-Gnostics, possibly inspired
by the Alexandrian Apollos, with the harsh words: "Gnosis puffeth up, but
love edifieth" (1 Cor. 8:1). For him, even faith, hope and charity are worth-
less if they are not supplemented by that personal acquaintance with Jesus
Christ and spiritual experience which in Greek is called yv6otq;.
The author of the ApocgyphalEpistle of James was a member of the second
century Church of Egypt and reflects the theological preoccupations of the
congregation. He was familiar with the canonical Gospels and Letters of
Paul. He was no coward and seems to have been impressed by the bold
audacity with which the Montanist members of the Church accepted and
even sought martyrdom. At the same time he rejected their exuberant and
sentimental spirituality. Living in a time when Valentinus had already built
up a network of schools throughout Egypt and elsewhere, he certainly was
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 331

familiar with certain tenets held by the Valentinian faction within the
Church of Alexandria.Close reading of the text might reveal that he shared
their views about the curse of the demiurge and the inalienabilityof grace.
He may have belonged to the Valentinian faction. In that case his writing
may stillbe called Valentinian, like the other four books of the CodexJung.

LITERATURE

Gerd Buschmann,Martyrium 4 und der Montanismus,.C. 49, 1995,

Polycarpi
105-145;
J. van der Vliet, Spirit and Prophecy in the EpistulaJacobiApocrypha,
NHC
1,2, V.C.44, 1990, 23-53;
Helmut Koester, AncientChristianGospels,Philadelphia 1990, 187-200.

The Gospelof Truth

The EvangeliumVeritatisis the Charter of ancient Gnosticism. It not only

offers a powerful and impressive description of life in the world as a bad
dream, but also contains the shorthand definition of Gnosis as an intuitive
knowledge of man's origin, essence, and ultimate destination. It is christo-
centric: Christ delivers spiritual man from the world and reveals to him
the Unknown God and his deepest Self.
Who was the author of this writing? Irenaeus, AdversushaeresesIII,11,9
states that it was written some time ago (before 185, the date of Irenaeus)
by Valentinians ("ab his non olim conscriptum"). They boasted to have more
gospels than the canonical ones: the fifth one they called VeritatisEvangelium.
There is no doubt whatsoever that this title refers to the beginning of the
third writing of the Jung Codex:

The Gospelof Truthis a joy for those who have received from the Father of
truth the grace of knowing him.

The gist of what Irenaeus transmits is that the Valentinians considered this
writing as a gospel ("plurahabereevangelia").
The difficulty is, however, that it is not what we call a Gospel, a book
about the teaching, cross and resurrection of Jesus. It is rather a homily
on the Gospel as the revelation of God, the book of life written in the
pleroma and announced by Jesus in the end of days (23). We should
remember, however, that Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were originally
not gospels in our sense either. They were kerygmatic biographies in the
Greek sense of the word, which were only later styled as gospels. Euangelion
332 GILLES QUISPEL

in Greek means: a rewardfor good news; in the New Testament it became:

God's good news to men. It was only in the second half of the second
century that it came to mean a book dealing with the life and teaching
of Jesus. Was the Evangelium Veritatis
a gospel? For the author, no, for the
Valentinians, yes. For them it was indeed the fifth gospel.
How different is the report of Pseudo-Tertullian4:6: "evangelium habet
suumpraeterhaecnostra."Here it is affirmed, that Valentinus (and not his
pupils) has a gospel of his own, beside the four canonical gospels. It is cor-
rect that both the few fragmentsthat remain of Valentinus and the Gospel
of Truthcontain allusionsto the four gospels,John included. And, of course,
the assertion that he had (written)a gospel of his own can only by per-
verted ingenuity be interpreted as a misunderstandingof Irenaeus' infor-
mation that it was written by his pupils. On the contrary, it would seem
that Pseudo-Tertullianand his source Hippolytus are transmittinga very
old and trustworthytradition which may go back to Justin Martyr.Justin
was the first author known to us who uses euaggelion in the sense of a book
(lst Apology66). And if in his preservedworks he does not quote the Fourth
Gospel, this may be for partisan reasons: he was the spokesman of the
Petrine faction under the direction of Pius (140-155), whereas one of the
leaders of the Pauline faction in Rome, Valentinus, preferred the Gospel
of John.
One thing is certain: the Gospelof Truthagrees with the preserved frag-
ments of Valentinusand with his system as transmittedby Irenaeus,Adversus
haereses, I,11,1. This becomes clear when, upon close reading and persist-
ent questioning,the readeruncoversthe myth behind its allusiveand sophis-
ticated style. It tells us that ignorance, unconsciousness,had brought forth
error: these terms must relate to misguided Sophia and her abortive child
Jehova. This demiurge is said to have worked on its own matterfoolishly,
without knowing the truth, with the result that his creation had a sem-
blance of beauty, but was nevertheless only a deficient equivalent of the
Truth, an illusive reality (Gospelof Truth17,10-25).
The theme of the ignorant demiurge is well-known from the Apocyphon
ofJohn(Alexandria?120). There Jehova is called Saklas,Aramaic for "fool,"
because he does not know that there is a God beyond god. Valentinus
himself declared (in fragment 1) that the angels who moulded the body of
Adam became frightened because, owing to the pneumatic seed within
him, he revealed by his speech that there existed a pre-existentAnthropos in
the spiritual world above. These creative angels were obviously ignorant
of the God beyond god. And one of them was the creator,an angel-as in the
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 333

gnostic systems of Simon the Magician, Carpocrates,and the Valentinians.

All later Valentinians taught the distinction between the demiurge and
God. One of them, an adherent of the Italic school, must have been famil-
iar with the view that the demiurge was foolish, because he called him
moros("fool")(Hippolytus, RefutatioVI,35,1). It is possible that Valentinus
had servedas an intermediaryof this Alexandrianlore with an Aramaicpun.
The author of the Gospelof Truthis more radical and goes farther than
any known Valentinian. According to him the demiurge was hostile to
Jesus: "error"(= Jehova) grew angry with him, persecuted him, brought
him to bay: so Jesus was nailed to the cross and thus became a fruit of
the Gnosis of the Father. The fruit of this true tree of Gnosis, however,
did not kill, like the fruit of the tree of knowledge in Paradise,but became
cause of joy (Gospelof Truth18,22-31).
The author of this passage is a Paulinist:like the apostle he knows that
the World Powers, the "princes of this world," did not know the hidden
Wisdom of God: for had they known Her, they would not have crucified
the Lord of Glory, who is the embodiment of this Sophia (2 Corinthians
2:8). But this Paulinist goes far beyond Paul: his "error"is malicious and
murders Christ. None of the Valentinians has followed suit. But he is in
full agreement with Valentinus himself: the latter is quoted as having said
that "the cause of death is the work of the creator of the world" (Clement
of Alexandria, Stromateis IV,89,4). There is no reason to suppose that this
is not correctly reported by Clement. I think this pleads in favour of those
who hold that it was Valentinus who wrote the Gospelof Truth.In any case
he must have said that the demiurge murderedJesus.
This venomous animosity againstJehova, which is so shocking for well-
meaning souls who do not know the Old Testament very well, proves that
Valentinus, far from being a biblical Platonist or a Tubinger Vermitt-
lungstheologe,was no exception to the Gnostic and Valentinian rule. Even
if the author of the Gospelof Truthwas not identical with Valentinus him-
self, he agrees with him and may be used for the reconstructionof his
doctrine.

LITERATURE

Harold W. Attridge, Nag HammadiCodexI (theJung Codex),Leiden 1985, 55-

122.
Jens Holzhausen, Der "MythosvomMenschen"im Hellenistischen Hain
Aegypten,
1993, 1-188.
334 GILLES QUISPEL

Birger A. Pearson, "Gnosticism in Early Egyptian Christianity," 204, in

JudaismandEgyptianChristianity,
Gnosticism, Minneapolis 1990: "The section on
Irenaeus' AdversusHaeresescontaining accounts of Simon, Menander, Sator-
nil, and Basilides (1.23-24) is the material most likely based on Justin's lost
Syntagma againstheresies(referredto in Apol. 1.26)."

Valentinuson love and marriage

According to Clement of Alexandria, Valentinus and his followers con-

sider couples of man and wife and their copulations to be a symbol of the
sacred marriage of the aeons and for that reason they are all in favour of
marriage:
Oi sE~vODva&C(pi
Tv OuaXevxtvovav0oOevEKTOvOEicov
Ipop3oXovta; oTu)D)yia;Kaxaya-
y6vrc; e apetoivxzalt yadp(p.

Valentinus and his followersderive couples from the divine emanations above
and for this reason take a delight in marriage.
Stromateis
II,1,1,, Stahlin-Fruchtel195.
I have been criticised for this translation of Oi d(pqiTOV Accord-
ObakXevxivov.
ing to my opponent, Clement is supposed to say that the Valentinians
around Valentinus were not ascetics, though they were gnostics, whereas
Valentinus was ascetic and not a gnostic. But a quick glance at the Greek
dictionary of Liddell and Scott shows that my teachers at grammar school
were right: &d(piis inclusive in this context. Homer, Ilias 3,146: Oi 6' &(pi
fpiagov, "Priamand his train." Cf. Acta Apostolorum13,13: 'AvaO6vT?e; 6e arnb
Ti; ndI&(pouol iepi VIahkovfX,0ov EiSIFkpyiv tqjIHnaxpuiMa.KingJames's ver-
sion: "Now when Paul and his companyloosed from Paphos, they came to
Perga in Pamphylia". (More examples in W. Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon
of the New Testament,second edition 1958, Chicago and London, 645), Staten-
vertaling:"Ende Paulus ende die met hem waren...."
In his third book Clement speaks about right and wrong self-control,
eyKpateia: there are (in the Alexandrian congregation) Encratites, who regret
marriage, Marcionites, who hate the creation and therefore condemn sex-
uality, there are followers of Carpocrates, who allegedly preach free love.
Still other Christians consider sexual intercourse as realized eschatology:

There are those who call the "vulgarAphrodite" a mystical communion...

These miserable people hold that fleshly and sexual intercourse is a sacred
mystery (icpo(pavxoiot)and opine that it leads them up here and now to the
Kingdom of God.
Stromateis111,29,3,Stahlin-Fruchtel208
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 335

Clement observes:

If they, like the followers of Valentinus, would consider sexual intercourseas

spiritual(Ka9cOlepoi a&nbOaxcXXevvou Cti0evxo Koivcotvoia),one would
xveuaTxtIKa;
accept perhaps their views.
Stromateis
111,29,3,Stahlin-Fruchtel209

Clement clearly thinks that Valentinus and his fellows are his only allies.
Is that so? Clement condones marriage because it is necessary for the gen-
eration of children, on one condition, however, that neither husband nor
wife feels any pleasure:

A man must marry exclusively for the sake of begetting children. Therefore
he must practice continence, so that he does not feel desire, not even for his
own wife (x gqS'cKt9O-eiv tfiS yuvatKc;Tfi; uazoi)).
Stromateis
111,57,2,Stahlin-Friichtel222

This motivation is absent from all Valentinian sources. Nowhere, not

even in the Gospelof Philip, is it taught that marriage is for the begetting
of children.
The aim and purpose of marriage according to Valentinus is rather to
become one and whole:

A man, who is in this world and has not loved a woman, so as to become
one with her, is not out of true Reality (the pleroma) and will not go to true
Reality. But a man of this world (a "psychic,"a Catholic) who has had inter-
course with a woman, will not enter the Reality (the pleroma), because he
copulated with her in concupiscence.
Irenaeus, Adversushaereses
1,6,4

Latin text: ut ei coniungatur(ax'tp KpaOfivat):love is not to be condoned,

but is valued in its own right, because it achieves wholeness and unites
the opposites. Intercourse is a spiritual experience, yes, but for pneumat-
ics only. As such it symbolizes the wholeness and fullness of the aeons,
couples of males and females, separate but equal, compensatory of each
other. This means that a Valentinian woman should not be subjected to
her husband, but equal with him and on the same footing. Together they
reflect divine androgyny.
Valentinus did not agree with Clement and the Catholic faction in the
Alexandrian Church, but with Hermes Trismegistos:

Do you really mean to say that God is of either sex, Thrice Greatest Hermes?
Certainly, Asclepius, and I go still further. It is my firm conviction that not
only God is androgynousbut also all that lives, men, animals, plants...
336 GILLES QUISPEL

You must realise that nothing is more certain and obvious than this truth
that God the Lord of all that lives has devised to grant this mystery of ever-
lasting procreation to all things....
I need not tell you how great and overwhelming the power of this mystery
is: everybody can know from his own experience what I mean when he con-
sults his own feelings and takes note of the sexual intercourse, which is a sym-
bol of this mystery.
Asclepius21
Valentinus was all for sex and marriage, whereas Catholicism only con-
doned it. But the passage in Clement also proves that he postulated a spir-
itual world beyond this visible world which was exemplary for our reality.
The "divine emanations" cannot be anything else than the aixDvwvOe1i
zp6aooia (the divine faces of the aeons) mentioned by the Valentinian
inscription of Flavia Soph&. npo3okr, however, projection of an aeon by
God, presupposes metaphysics which differ considerably from creatioex nihilo
of incipient Catholicism. It holds that both the pleroma and the visible
world flow from God, e-mana-te from Him, and therefore have a spirit-
ual background. Nature is Spirit in exile.
Ultimately this concept of emanation can be traced to the old-time
Egyptian religion: the Nile is tears of Isis, man (rome) is a tear (rime) of
the divinity Re (the Sun).
This poetic image was taken over by the mysteries: in the ritual of ini-
tiation into the mystery of Aion, which is falsely called The LeidenMagical
PapyrusJ395, or also The Leiden Cosmogony,Psyche, Soul, arises from the
laughter and sorrow of God:

when God laughed for the seventh time, Psyche came into being: he roared
with laughter, then burst into tears (KicayXcov
6a'Kparoc).
Merkelbach 120

We see against this background that Valentinus can easily have supposed
that this world is essentially suffering, a smile and a tear of Wisdom. An
echo of this is found in the myth of Ptolemaeus: anb 6e tzo y,XTozo Tihv(P0-
TrEtviv(olOiav), from her smile the light (Irenaeus, Adversushaereses1,4,2).
It is especially when Valentinus is put against an Alexandrian, Egyptian
background that he turns out to be a real gnostic.

LITERATURE

ChristophMarkschies,Valentinus Tubingen 1992, 87: "G. Quispel iber-

Gnosticus,
setzt unverstandlicherweise: Valentinus and his followers."
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 337

He refers to: The Studyof Encratism,a historicalsurvey,in La Tradizionedell'

Enkrateia, Rome 1985, 74.
The text of the inscription of Flavia Sophe can be found in: GnosticStudiesI,
Istambul (Leiden) 1974, 58.
The mystical rituals of Alexandriain: R. Merkelbach,Abrasax,Opladen 1992.
Elaine Pagels, AdamandEve, Christand the Church,in Logan and Wedderburn,
TheNew Testament and Gnosis,Edinburgh 1983, 172, discusses Clement's ideal
of marriage without desire and observes: "To accomplish this, as one might
imagine, is not easy."
BirgerA. Pearson,Anti-HereticalWarningsin Codex IX from Nag Hammadi,
in Gnosticism,Judaism,andEgyptianChristianity,Minneapolis 1990, 188-193, dis-
cusses the polemics of the author of the writing called The Testimony of Truth,
who certainly was an Encratite and possibly should be identified with Julius
Cassianus:this man called Valentinusand his disciplesas well as the Catholics:
heretics, obviously because they accept marriage. "Thus, for the author of The
Testimony of Truth,all Christians who do not conform to this 'test of ortho-
doxy' in matters of practice-a resolute encratism and anti-sacramentalism-
are fair game for polemical attack, whether they belong to the ecclesiastical
camp or to the 'Gnostic' camp."
Note that The Testimony of Truthis supposedto have been written in Alexandria
in the second century A.D.

The religiousexperienceof Valentinus

In 1949 I identified a short report about the original doctrine of Valen-

tinus that had not been noticed before. This mentions the fall of Sophia
and describes it in an exceptional way. There is here only one Sophia. In
his De Trinitatethe then leader of the Catechetical School in Alexandria
Didymus the Blind (?313-398) writes:

He (Valentinus)taught that the last of the thirty aeons is androgyne

and that
is Sophia.
She wanted to see the highest God and was repelled by His splendour (birb
T&ov
gapgcapiy/v aoxrot P3Xr0eaia); she fell out of the heavens (= the pleroma).
111,42

A parallel version can be found in the Catechesesof Cyril of Jerusalem

VI,17-19. The two Catholic authors must have used an unknown source,
perhaps the Syntagmaof Hippolytus of Rome or a similar writing. This version
summarizes more or less the much longer story told by Valentinus' pupil
in Rome, Ptolemaeus:

But forth rushed the very latest and youngest of the twelve last aeons, Sophia,
and suffered a passion quite apart from her husband's embrace.
338 GILLES QUISPEL

This passion first arose among those aeons, who were connected with the
aeons Nofis and Truth, but passed as by contagion to this aeon, Sophia, who
was led astray by professed love, which was actually hybris, because she did
not, like Nouis, enjoy communion with the perfect Father.
The passion was a desire to know the Father: for she craved to understand
his greatness.
Not being able to realize her desire, because she aimed at the impossible, she
became involved in extreme agonies because of the unfathomabledepth and
unsearchablenature of the Father and her love for him.
Always reaching forward she would even have been absorbed by His sweet-
ness and have been dissolved into His infinite Being, had she not encoun-
tered that power which established the All and kept it outside the ineffable
Greatness (the Horos or Limit).
Irenaeus, Adversushaereses
1,2,2

Ptolemaeus then goes on to tell the origin of a second Sophia. The same
story is summarized in a few words by Theodotus, a leader of the Oriental
School of Valentinianism, probably in Alexandria:

The Aeon that wanted to understandwhat is beyond Gnosis has fallen into
ignorance and formlessness.
Clement of Alexandria, Excerpts
from Theodotus
31,3

Theodotus, however, knows only one Sophia. It is a sound principle to

assume that when the Western School and the Oriental School agree, they
are indebted to the Master. Of course this is not quite certain, because
the two schools can have developed in the same direction. Or Theodotus
could have gone to Rome and consulted there Ptolemaeus and Heracleon.
But then to simply deny this principle offers no certainty either, because
you may deny what is in fact correct. Nothing is absolutely certain in
historical research. But my principle creates clarity, whereas its negation
creates confusion. And then, the doctrine in the passage of Didymus is
attributed to Valentinus himself. His, then, was the abysmal view, that evil
originates in the desire of God ((puvotnc auivoc 6opgI,Irenaeus 1,2,4) which
like a focal infection spread through the whole pleroma and broke out in
Sophia as a niXeov64oxuTa 6pgiu, an urge which went too far, a philosoph-
ical eros which really was hybris, to understand God, which is impossible.
Didymus the Blind or his source did not invent himself the theme that
the light of God is dazzling. It is found also in the TripartiteTreatise:

She (Logos/Sophia) was not ableto bearthelight,but she looked into the abyss
(p9a0u;),she became double-minded. Therefore she was divided, she became
deeply troubled and turned her gaze away because of her self-doubtand divi-
sion, her forgetfulnessand lack of gnosis, because her pride and expectation
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 339

that she could understand the Incomprehensible,had become strong in her

and were in her.
77,19-29

The passage in Didymus the Blind affirms that it was Valentinus himself
who taught that Sophia was repelled by the irradiation of God's light. Why
should this not be true? At that time the philosophical scene was domi-
nated by the theme: ratio omnia vincit, reason overcomes everything. The
intellect could penetrate everything everywhere. Travels in space were the
order of the day: sursumsunt ingentiaspatia, says Seneca. The philosophers
of the lodge of Hermes Trismegistus agreed:

Everything is permitted him: heaven itself seems not too high, for he meas-
ures it in his clever thinking as if it were nearby. No misty air dims the con-
centration of his thought.
Asclepius6, Copenhaver 70
Be everywhere at once, on land, in the sea, in heaven; be not yet born, be
in the womb, be young, old, dead, beyond death. And when you have under-
stood all these at once-times, places, things, qualities-thenyou can understand
God.
CorpusHermeticum XI,20, Copenhaver 41

The philosophy of Hermes Trismegistus was a way, which gradually,

through grades, initiated the neophyte into the mysteries, which instructed
him how to overcome the tyranny of the planets and to see, beyond time
and place, God and himself. And every philosopher in Alexandria would
have agreed with their contemporary Apuleius (+125 - ?185) that God
can be understood:

For wise men who have by the strength of theirmindremoved themselves from
of this God lightens, even if only
the body as far as possible, the understanding
now and then, as a white light in deepest darknesswith a rapid flash (rapidis-
simocoruscaminelumencandidum intermicare).
Apuleius, De deoSocratisIV, Moreschini 11
Men like Philo of Alexandria occasionally could tune in with this choir
of enthousiastic space travellers. Inspired by the philosophical Eros, he says,
the wise man transcends the air, the planets and the stars, ascends still
higher and beholds the archetypes and ideas and enthused by sobria ebri-
etas he even dares to approach God himself. But when he desires to see
God, pure and unmixed beams of divine light are poured out like a tor-
rent, so that the eye of the intellect is dizzied and blinded by the beams
(De opificio mundi 71: Tai; gp[pap upyai;y To6ti 8tavoia; 6ouga 7KcoTotvt&av). In
340 GILLES QUISPEL

other words the intellectdoes not see God and only is aware of the fact that
He is. I know of no text in Middle-Platonism which says that the mind is
so dazzled by its approach towards God as the highest principle that it
does not understand God. On the contrary, Apuleius said that the wise
men understood God. I think the difference is explained by the fact that
Philo was an exegete of the Bible and knew that his God was a mysterium
tremendum, who dwelled in an unapproachable light. Valentinus says exactly
the same. Sophia represents contemporary philosophiaand its fall. Philo, like
Valentinus, does not speak of a blinding through the contemplation of the
ideas, but he does say that the mind is blinded, dazzled by God and does
not see Him. I would call that a theistic God-experience. Augustine too
had to learn that his God is not an impassive object of contemplation, but
a transcendent subject of an encounter: et reverberasti infirmitatemaspectusmei
radians in me vehementer (ConfessionesVII,16).
Did Valentinus know Philo? Was he perhaps the first Christian to know
Philo? It is an established fact that Christianity was introduced to Egypt
in the first century from nearby Jerusalem. A tradition tells us that "a
Hebrew man called Barnabas," coming from Jerusalem and sent by Peter,
was the first to preach the Gospel in Alexandria (Pseudo-Clementine Homilies
1,9). That is an extremely trustworthy information, because it contradicts
the official, Catholic version, according to which Mark, the author of the
second Gospel, had come from Rome to found the Church in Alexandria.
As I said before, the Egyptian Church remained pluriform with gnostics,
Encratites, Catholics and Jewish Christians until Demetrius, as a monar-
chic bishop (189-232), imposed Catholic ecclesiasticism upon it and the
bulldozer started its work of levelling: one of the first victims of the bishop
was Origen, the greatest thinker of the Greek Church. Valentinus could
learn from the Jewish Christians that Christ was the Name ('Ido) of god
(fragment 5: To ovopma?ikXipoaEv TOb boiepflav ?v CXaeolt).But he was also
familiar with esoteric Jewish traditions about the Glory of God, kabod, as
Man (fragment 2 (podovniapoaXev poovtro 'AvOpb7cou).One day an Alex-
andrian Jew must have converted to Christianity and given his complete
works of Philo to a teacher of the Catechetical "School," who preserved
them for posterity. For the rabbis had a bulldozer too. Valentinus, then a
Christian teacher within the Church, may well have read them.
But it was not because he had read Philo that he warned against the
dangerous tendency of the philosopher and the mystic to understand God
and to merge into his indefinite Being. It was because he knew that urge
within himself. For that reason he changed the myth of the Gnostikoiin
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 341

Alexandria. They thought that the origin of all evil was the hybridic desire
to play God:

She wanted to bring forth a likeness out of herself without the consent of the
Spirit-He had not approved-and without her consort and without his con-
sideration.
Apocqyphon of John 9, Robinson 104

Instead, Valentinus describes the frustrations of the mind that wants to

understand God. He knew the agony of the descent after:

O dreadful is the shock

intense the agony,
when the ear begins to hear
and the eye begins to see,
the heart begins to beat,
the pulse to throb again,
the soul to feel the flesh
and the flesh to feel the chain.
Emily Bronte

LITERATURE

Philo und die altchristlicheHaresie, Theologische 5,6, 1949, 429-436.

Zeitschrift
C. Markschies,GnosisundManichdismus, Berlin 1994, 109: gives text of Didymus
and Cyrillus.
David Runia, Philo in Early Christian a survey,Assen 1993, 125:
Literature,
But the theme of the mind bedazzled by its approach towards God as
highest principle is too common in Middle Platonismto make a Philonic
origin certain.
Alcinous, Didaskalikos165,5, ed. J. Whittaker, Paris 1990, 23, declares that
God, though inutterable, can be known by intuition (voi,o6vp Xlq;TOz6). Cf.
Plato, Phaedrus247 (7-8) (6ovcpOeari vc), Timaeus 28A 1-2, and note 196 of
Whittakeron page 105 of his edition. Cf. L. Rizzerio, L'evolutionde la notion
de Nofis, 231 in: Alois van Tongerloo (ed. in collaborationwithJohannes van
Oort), TheManichaean Nois, Louvain 1995:
Tout d'abord,declare-t-il(scil.:Alcinous),Platon avait consid6erle principe
de toute chose comme ineffable (apprirov),et il avait r6serve a la facult6
intuitive la possibilit6 de le connaitre. Ce qui revient a dire que ce
principe, &happant a toute definition, depasse la connaissance d&duc-
tive. Et effectivement, nulle part Alcinous n'exclut la possibilite d'avoir
une perception, meme limitie, du principe supreme.
342 GILLES QUISPEL

C. Markschies, ValentinusGnosticus?,Tubingen 1992, 327:

Allerdings geht es bei Philo um die Blendung bei der Schau der Ideeen,
wahrend bei Didymus, einem Autor des 4. Jahrhunderts, der Fall der
Sophia durch ihre Blendung erklart wird. Das hat zunachst gar nichts mit
Philo zu tun, sondern es handelt sich um eine interessante Platonisierung
des Sophia-Mythos, die vermutlich auch gar nichts mit Valentinzu tun hat.

Birger A. Pearson, Friedlander revisited: Alexandrian Judaism and Gnostic

Origins, in Gnosticism,Judaism, and Egyptian Christianity,Minneapolis 1990, 10-
28, shows how near Philo and the Jewish Gnostikoi were. It is quite possible
that a gnostic like Valentinus knew both Philo and the incipient Gnosticism he
(Philo) is up against. The theme that Adam was created by angels is Philo-
nic. Friedlander was the first to use the Syntagmaof Hippolytus in order to
prove that Gnosticism is of Jewish, Alexandrian origin. He was right.
Jean-Pierre Mahe, La voie d'immortalite a la lumiere des Hermeticade Nag
Hammadi et de decouvertes plus r6centes, Vigiliae Christianae45, 1991, 347-
375, shows that Hermetism is a way of initiation to the beyond.
Roelof van den Broek, The Christian "School" of Alexandria in the second
and third centuries, in: Drijvers and MacDonald, Centresof Learning, Leiden
1995, 39-47.
According to this author the 8t6SdcKa ot and the rtpeoP'1Erpot of second-
century Alexandrian Christianity continued the roles of the rabbis and elders
of the Jewish community in Alexandria. These teachers were responsible for
all forms of religious education, from pre-baptismal instruction to high theol-
ogy. They were, however, no ecclesiastical worthies but laymen. One of them
was Valentinus.
It was their firm conviction that they not only participated in the apostolic
tradition, but also in the same Spirit which had inspired the apostles. They
were in fact charismatic b5iaoKakot, not holders of academic chairs incorpo-
rated in a school with a fixed curriculum.
These people may all have shared some typically Alexandrian views, for
instance that the Holy Scriptures have a deeper, mystical meaning, which can
be found only by the method of allegorical interpretation. I add to these
observations that the views of these Alexandrian rabbis, who anticipated
Pantaenus, Clement and Origen and were also the forerunners of Valentinus,
are perhaps to be identified with the secta sanctioret in comprehensione
divinaerei
prudentiormentioned by Calcidius, TimaeusLV, Waszink 103, 1-2 (cf. G. Quispel,
Hermes Trismegistus and the origins of Gnosticism, V.C. 46, 1992, 1-19).
There was a continuous and uninterrupted chain of tradition transmitted
within this school from Pantaenus until Didymus the Blind. It was only after
the death of Didymus that bishop Theophilus (385-412) no longer accepted
independent theological speculation. Therefore it is possible that Didymus has
preserved a trustworthy tradition about the original doctrine of Valentinus the
gnostic, cpEopitzTpo; of the Christian Church in Alexandria.
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 343

De Resurrectione
There can be no reasonable doubt anymore that the fourth treatise of
the Jung Codex, a well written and well organised essay on the resurrec-
tion couched in the form of a letter to an otherwise unknown man called
Rheginus, originated in the school of Valentinus. Its purpose is to inter-
pret the resurrectionof Christ and of the believers as a return of the Spirit
or true Self in man to the spiritual world in order to be reunited with
God and repose in Him.
It is the Spirit alone, not the body or the soul, which is saved:
Those who believe are immortal: the thought of those who are saved shall
not perish, the Spirit of those who came to know him shall not perish.
46,21-24
Therefore the Saviour needed to have only a spiritual body, a sort of
vehicle or ochimawhich enabled him to descend on earth. This body, also
called "flesh" and Son of Man (which here means: man) brought about
the restorationof the Spirit into the spiritualworld by its ascension. This
doctrine is clearly inspired by the astrologicalconcept of an "astralbody"
(sidereumcorpus)which was so widespread in antiquity. At the same time it
is an anticipation of the so-called "doctrine of physical salvation" (physi-
scheErlosungslehre)
which was developed by Irenaeus and Athanasius:Christ
can only save somethingby assumingit unto his own personality.Compared
with the Orthodox Fathers the author of De resurrectione is very docetic
indeed: this body is just a spiritual"seed of the being from above," brought
forth before the cosmic structure came into being.
It was on the issue of this Christologythat the Italic School parted com-
pany with the Oriental School. Ptolemaeus and Heracleon held that Christ
had assumed both a spiritual seed, brought forward by Sophia, and also
a "psychic"body from the demiurge. On the contrary,the Eastern School,
of which Axionicus was one of the leaders, taught that Christ had a spir-
itual body only (Hippolytus, RefutatioVI,35,6; Excerptaex Theodoto 59,1-2).
Axionicus was the only Valentinian who still at the time when Tertullian
wrote his AdversusValentinianos (207) had preserved the original doctrine of
Valentinus:Solusad hodiernum Antiochiae
Axionicusmemoriam Valentini
integracus-
todiaregularum eius consolatur(IV,3).
Axionicus was a leader of the Oriental School. Nothing indicates that
the Oriental School did not distinguish between the demiurge and the
Unknown God. On the contrary it was more radical in this respect than
Ptolemaeus:
344 GILLES QUISPEL

Therefore the demiurge is an inferiorproduct, because he originated from the

passionof desire. Sophia was disgustedwhen she saw his severity,as they say.
Excerptaex Theodoto 33,3

That must have been the opinion of Axionicus too. And if he had remained
faithful to the Master in every respect, we can be certain that Valentinus
had the same view and therefore was a real gnostic. Was he a docetist
too? Another leader of the Oriental School, Theodotus, relates that Jesus,
as a human being, was in need of salvation:

Jesus too needed redemption in order not to be arrested in his course on

high by the idea of deficiency in which he had been placed, and to proceed
through Wisdom, as Theodotus writes.
Excerptaex Theodoto22,7

This certainly is a good parallel for the passage in the Letterto Rheginus
we quoted. Jesus was said to be not exactly sinful, as some Jewish Christians
held, but, having been brought forth by Sophia outside the pleroma, he
was characterized by a certain deficiency, which had to be completed
through his ascension to the spiritual world. That was the function of his
spiritual body. We have reasons to suppose that both Theodotus and
Axionicus had preserved the views of Valentinus himself.
Pseudo-Tertullian, Adversusomneshaereses4, says that Christ according to
Valentinus brought down with him a spiritual body: spiritalecorpusde caelo
deferentem.This information is confirmed by Tertullian. And I must stress
that Tertullian has turned out to be a trustworthy witness on everything
concerning the differences between Valentinus and his pupils. He was the
only one to transmit that Valentinus located the aeons as ideas of God
within the divine mind, whereas for Ptolemaeus they were outside God
(AdversusValentinianos 4,2); nobody ever suspected how correctly he reported
the views of the Valentinians on the spiritual and symbolic meaning (ima-
ginaria significatio)of the resurrection, (De resurrectione
mortuorum19,2-4), until
this Epistle to Rheginus was discovered. And therefore he deserves our
confidence, when he assures us that Valentinus, and not his pupils, had
"invented that Christ had a spiritual body" (De came Christi 15,7: carnem
Christispiritalemcomminisci).The same is transmitted by Pseudo-Tertullian,
Adversusomneshaereses4. Did Tertullian owe his information to the Syntagma
of Justin Martyr, to which he refers in AdversusValentinianos5,1: Nec utique
dicemuripsi nobisfinxisse materias,quas tot iam viri sanctitateet praestantiainsignes,
nec solum nostriantecessores sed ipsorumhaeresiarcharumcontemporales, instructissimis
voluminibuset prodideruntet retuderunt,ut Iustinus,philosophuset martyr?
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 345

WhereverTertullianfound the report that accordingto ValentinusChrist

had a spiritualbody, there is no doubt that his informationis correct. Not
even a passage in the few authenticfragmentsof Valentinuscould challenge
it, because it is possible that Valentinusin the course of his life had changed
his views or had condescended to his audience. But such a fragment does
not exist. Therefore, as far as the Christology of the Epistleto Rheginusis
concerned, it agrees completely with the views of the founder of the sect.
He could be the author. But a representativeof the Eastern School, who
had the same view, could equally well have written this treatise.
There is, however, one problem which seems not to have been noticed
up till now. Against the witness of a host of Fathers, who all maintain that
the gnostics denied the resurrectionof the body, the author of the Epistle
to Rheginus declares in so many words that the flesh will be saved at death:

If it is true that once thou wert not in the flesh, but only took flesh at the
momentwhen thou didst come into this world,whereforeshouldthou not
also take on fleshwhen thou goest up to the spiritualworld?
47,2-8
I know of no parallel to this astonishing view in any Catholic or gnostic
source. But the same concept is formulated in the discourse of Hermes
Trismegistuscalled The Key,C.H. X:
The same thing also happensto those who leave the body:when the soul
risesto itself,the subtlebody is drawninto the blood and the soul into the
subtlebody, but the spirit,since it is divineby nature,becomespurifiedof
its veils, the soul and the astralbody, and takeson a fierybody.
16

puts on its
Now, when the Spirit has abandoned the earthy body, it immediately
owntunic,a tunicof fire,in whichit couldnot staywhen in the earthybody.
18

This seems to be a very special tradition of the Hermetic mystics, which

was transmittedin their lodge in Alexandria and picked up by the author
of our Epistle.
Pseudo-Tertullian,who in this case certainlydoes not depend on Irenaeus,
because nothing of the kind is found there, contains information which
could not be understood before the discovery of the Epistleto Rheginus. He
transmitsthat Valentinushimself denies the resurrectionof the fleshly body,
of another
but affirmsthe resurrection huiuscamisnegat,sed
flesh (4: resurrectionem
That is exactly what Rheginus is told. And therefore,it seems wise
alterius).
to provisionallyassume that Valentinus is the author of this Epistle, until
346 GILLES QUISPEL

the same peculiar view is attested for a later Valentinian. He lived in

Alexandria, he could know the Hermetic doctrine. But then we must also
accept another item of Pseudo-Tertullian in the same chapter, that Christ
had a spiritual body. It would seem that fragment 3 of the Master pre-
supposes the same concept:

In everything he was submitted to, Jesus remained in full control of himself.

In that way he worked out his own divinity. He used to eat and to drink in
a special way, without execreting his solids. So great was the power of his
self-control,that the food in his body was not digested, because all form of
corruptionwas alien to him.

Alluding to a well-known physiological fact, namely the relative power

of the human will over the digestive organs, Valentinus affirms that the
power of Jesus in this respect was absolute. He speaks in this fragment
about "the sarkion, which Sophia had brought forth for the Logos, the
pneumatic seed, which the Saviour had put on when he descended" (Excerpta
ex Theodoto1,1). Everybody in Alexandria knew that the soul needed an
astral body in order to incarnate: the sarkionwas the equivalent of Valentinus
for this subtle body and was called: flesh, to suggest that Valentinus affirmed
the incarnation: he certainly knew the Gospel of John and its prologue:
6 K6yos;o&ap ye7veto (1:14). This pneumatic body was of course as such
immortal and incorruptible, but unconscious of its consubstantiality with
God and deficient, because it had originated from Sophia outside the
pleroma. Through asceticism, Jesus awakened this divine spark and so
worked out his own salvation. As a Paulinist, Valentinus knew that the
apostle had said: "work out your salvation with fear and trembling" (Philip-
pians 2:12). In so far as Jesus had been human, he had done the same.
Whosoever wants to understand Valentinus, must have an eye for his
Alexandrian background, for the eclectic Middle-Platonism of Eudorus, for
the Hermetic lodge there and for the curious Jewish sect of the Gnostikoi
with their Apocryphonof John and other non-Valentinian writings from Nag
Hammadi. This will perhaps enable him to appreciate the summary of
Valentinus' myth in Irenaeus, AdversushaeresesI,11,1. This short account is
garbled and incomplete and in places difficult to understand, perhaps also
because the unknown source of Irenaeus did not understand Valentinus
very well. But where Alexandrian parallels are available, the report may
be trustworthy.
According to this chapter the Mother, Sophia, was exiled from the
pleroma. There she brought forth Christ (i.e. Jesus, the vehicle of Christ)
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 347

in remembranceof the higher world, but with a kind of shadow. Since he

was masculine, he cut off the shadow and hastened up to the pleroma
above. Thereupon she had been emptied of spiritual substance and emit-
ted Jehova and the devil (a remarkabletwin). Of course, it is the progress
of Jesus' spiritualbody which in this passage is projected into prehistory.
But there is more to it than that. Valentinus also wanted to explain how
Sophia brought forth a demiurge, who is "psychic,"and not "pneumatic,"
and a hylic devil-in short reality which is not spiritual.This can be par-
alleled from the Hermetica:

From the lower elementsthe Logos of God leapt straightup to the pure
regionof Natureand unitedwith the creativeSpirit(for the Logosis con-
with Him).The lowerelementsof Naturewere left behinddevoid
substantial
of reason,so as to be mere matter.
Poimandres,C.H.I,10

Seen in this perspective, the concept of Valentinus, which is not found

elsewhere, is blasphemous and very heretical, but also Hermetic, Alexan-
drian, and full of sense. The other elements of Irenaeus 1,11,1 should be
studied criticallyand with empathy, but not be explained away. Or wished
away. We conclude then, that the Letterto Rheginusagrees with the frag-
ments of Valentinus and with trustworthyreports about his own doctrine,
and should be used to reconstructhis myth.

LITERATURE

W.C.vanUnnik,The newlydiscovered Epistleto Rheginuson the Resurrection.

Sparsa Collecta
III, Leiden1983, date:150.It shouldbe observedthat
244-272:
XXIII,Whittaker45 sqq.onlythe voig
alsoaccordingto Alcinous,Didaskalikos
is divineand immortal,whereasthe two other partsof the soul, made not
by the np&troq OcE6,but by the 8rlItoupyoivT?; 0eoi, are mortal and serve only
as a vehicle (6oxiua)for the vob;. Accordingto the same Alcinousit is contestable
that irrationalsouls are immortal. It seems probable that they are not of the
same substance as reasonable people (',reicsf a&ij; ooia<; E?vat Ea( ; XoyucKac;,
Whittaker50,31). In his note 404 on page 30 Whittakerremarks:"Cette doc-
trine, qui s'accorde avec le Timee 69 C5-E4, etait repandue a l'epoque du
moyen-platonisme." Clement of Alexandria (Stromateis IV,89,4) affirms that
Valentinus opines that pneumatics are saved by nature (ptoel ytap c0op,6evov
yevo; tnuoxti0extcai act6lX).This must be true if indeed Valentinus was a Pla-
tonist. All Platoniststaught in that period that only spiritualmen can be saved.
Manlio Simonetti, Psyche e Psychikos nella gnosi valentiniana, Orthodossia ed
EresiatraI e II secolo,Messina 1994, 141-205 (unselfishmine of learning which
348 GILLES QUISPEL

a student of Valentinus ignores at his cost). On Irenaeus 1,11,1 Simonetti

observes:

Come e noto, il mito esposto da Valentino conosce una sola Sophia, e

lo adoppiamento del personaggio si deve ai suoi discepoli....
E se si objetta che Ireneo (1,11,1) i qui poco attendibile, respondiamo
che tale giudizio & aprioristico e arbitrario, perche proprio la pubbli-
cazione dei testi gnostici in Copto ha ulterioramente confermato 1'at-
tendibilitadell'informazionedell' dottore asiatico. Mi referiscoall notizia
di Iren. Haer. I, 29, che, quando si & presa conoscenza dell'Apocrifo di
Giovanni,&resultatacorrisponderenel modo piu fedele alla prima parte
di questo testo.

L. Koenen und Cornelia Romer, Der KolnerMani-Kodex,

Opladen 1988, 81:

Mani observes in that passage that the body is impure and fashioned in
an impure creature. The proof of that is the digestion of food. When
one observes the fast for a few days, immediately these shameful and
repulsive excretions stop.

TractatusTripartitus

The fifth treatise of the Jung Codex, falsely called Tripartite Treatise,
describes the history of the universe from its primeval origin in The Un-
known to its ultimate return to the pleroma after passing through the
Inferno of materialism and paganism and through the Purgatorio of the
religion and ethics of Judaism to the Paradiso of the free Spirit inaugu-
rated by the Christ event.
This text is basically optimistic: tout est pour le mieux dans le meilleurdes
mondespossibles. Its special attention is focused on the destiny of the "psy-
chics," true believing Catholics, who excel in good works but are Spiritless.
According to the author of this writing, they too, like the "pneumatics,"
will enter the pleroma. This is new and surprising. No other Valentinian
writing offers the same view.
Rodolphe Kasser is the only one to believe that Valentinus himself is
the author of this writing. He holds that the Tractatus Tripartitus,as he
called it, is in reality three different writings, composed at different stages
with differing views and in various styles during the lifetime of the archhere-
tic. At the time he wrote this, 1969, Kasser did not know that a version
of the myth, from the hand of Ptolemaeus, was transmitted in the first
book of Adversushaeresesof Irenaeus of Lyon and that Ptolemaeus differed
considerably from Valentinus and agreed in many respects with the new
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 349

text. Therefore my first task as an editor of the TractatusTripartitus

was to
show that this document was a consistent whole and must have originated
in the Western or Italic branch of Valentinianism,which was directed by
Ptolemaeus and Heracleon. As a matter of fact, there were many paral-
Treatise
lels between this Tripartite and the preservedfragmentsof Heracleon's
Commentary on the Gospelof John. But there were also differences.
The thought of its author is characterisedby a high level of abstraction
which is not to be found in other writings from the Valentinian school:
1) The dyad Depth and Silence, still preservedby Ptolemaeus,has become
a monas;
2) The quatemioDepth-Silence, Nots-Aletheia, of Valentinus and Pto-
lemaeus has become a trinity of God, the Son and the Church/Holy
Ghost;
3) Sophia has lost all feminine featuresand is turned into an asexual Logos.
Moreover the exotic character of the myth has been removed: the aeons
are no longer androgyne.We are miles away from the imaginativemysticism
of the bridal chamber in the Gospelof Philipor the prurient style of the
Valentinian so-called Lehrbrieftransmittedby Epiphanius, Panarion31,5-6;
4) The tendency appreciate more fully the "psychic element" and the
to
"psychics,"which reflects overtures to the growing Catholic Church, has
reached here its acme:even the true believers in the end enter the nirvana
of the pleroma (132,8). Ptolemaeus and Heracleon had not gone as far as
that: they had indeed promised eternal bliss to "psychics,"but only at the
entrance of the pleroma (Excerpta ex Theodoto 63,1). This of course was a
concession against the logic of the system which requires that the Spirit
alone returns to its origin. This must have been the view of Valentinus
himself. Accordingly, in the Gospelof Truth,the Epistleto Rheginusand the
Gospelof Philipno attention whatsoever is paid to the ways and fate of the
"psychics."
5) The demiurge has lost here all negative features: he is the instrument
of the Logos/Sophia in the creation of the universe:

For the Logos made use of him as a handto adorn and work at the things
below, and he made use of him as a mouthto speak the things that are to
be prophesied.
100,30-35

In his Letterto Flora(7,5) Ptolemaeus is more ambivalent:the demiurge is

neither good nor bad, but just. For these reasons I agree now with Attridge
and Pagels who write:
350 GILLES QUISPEL

The TripartiteTreatiserevises the major themes of Valentinian theology more

radically than any other extant source and approximates more closely than
any other Valentinian thinker the positions taken by more orthodox theolo-
gians of the third and fourth centuries.

Indeed, the author has gone all the way from mythosto logos. In the
process the author has also rehabilitated some positions of Valentinus which
had been abandoned by Ptolemaeus:
1) Logos-Sophia brought forth the pre-existent Jesus. He ran upwards to
what is his own and to his kin in the pleroma.
78,3-5
2) The unconditional optimism of the author is anticipated by fragment
1, the hymn of Valentinus about the sympathy and concatenation of every-
thing:

I see in the Spirit that every thing is coherent with every other thing,
I intuit in the spirit that all things are contained by the Spirit.

For his holistic view of the universe Valentinus was much indebted to
Posidonius of Apameia, whose philosophy is characterised by the key words:
Kosmos and Sympathy. The anti-cosmism of the gnostics should not be
overrated. They were against the Creator, yes, but the creation was appre-
ciated as a means to make the Spirit conscious.
3) Adam was fashioned by the demiurge and other angels, stimulated by
Sophia-Logos, who invisibly grants the divine Spirit to the first man:

Like that of all else is the creation of Adam as well. The spiritual Logos
(Sophia)made him move invisibly,when he (she)perfectedhim (Adam)through
the intermediaryof the demiurge and the angelic servants, who shared with
him in the moulding of the body, when he (Jehova) took counsel with these
archonts of his...

The Logos (Sophia) gave the first form through the demiurge in his igno-
rance, so that he (Adam) would learn that the exalted one (the Unknown
God) exists and would know that he (Adam) needs Him. This is what the
prophet Moses called "Living Spirit" and "Breath of the invisible spiritual
world":This is the "living soul" which has given life to the body which was
dead at first. For ignorance is death.
105,17-28

This very special interpretation of the Genesis story seems to be presup-

posed by Valentinus in fragment 1, according to which Adam spoke freely
owing to the agent who had deposited in him a seed of the higher world.
For this reason, awe overcame the angels over the creature they had
 THE ORIGINAL DOCTRINE OF VALENTINUS THE GNOSTIC 351

moulded. There is no doubt that this fragment is gnostic. Already at the

time of the author of the TripartiteTreatiseit was well known that it was
a Jewish heresy which declared that Adam was created by angels (112,17
sqq.).The Gnostikoi of the Apocpyphon
ofj ohn had borrowed this concept from
these Jewish heretics. But they included Jaldabaoth among the angels to
whom he spoke: "Come, let us make an human being after the image of
God and after our images." (15,1-5).
As so often this Alexandrianperspectiveallows us to elucidate this frag-
ment of Valentinus and to discern the continuity between him and his
school.
If the author of the TripartiteTreatiseis not Heracleon, this does not
mean that all his ideas were unknown.On the contrary,his curiousdoctrine
of the "eternal generation of the Son," which anticipated Origen and the
Oecumenical Council of Constantinopelin 381, was attestedin the Syntagma
of Hippolytus:

Heracleonalterhaereticus,
Exstititpraeterea qui cum Valentinoparia sentit,sed novitate
quadam pronuntiationis enimin primisilludfuissequod
vultviderialia sentire.Introducit
dominum (Routh, or: deum?)pronuntiat,et deindeex illa monadeduo,ac deindereliquos
aeonas.
4
Pseudo-Tertullian,Adversusomneshaereses

Posthunc(sc. Secundus)Heracleon ipsiussurrexit

discipulus dicensprincipiumesseunum,
quemdeumappellat,deindede hocnatumaliud,dequehis duobusgenerationem multorum
adseritprincipiorum.
Filaster of Brescia, DiversarumhereseonliberXIII

That is exactly what this treatise affirms:from the Unknown God the Son
was born, from these two comes forth the Holy Ghost. This proves that
Hippolytus was aware of the fact that this version was current among the
Valentinians, in Rome. As so often, his Syntagmatransmits very trustwor-
thy information. Of course, he did not need the Syntagmaof Justin for this
information. He could just get hold of our text, or hear what it contained.
In that case the TractatusTripartitusmust have been written before the death
of Hippolytus (+235). Its ideas could have influenced both Plotinus and
Origen. Recent research has confirmed that Lipsius was right: Pseudo-
Tertullian, Filastrius, and Epiphanius Panarion 57 reproduce a common
document (Grundschrift or G.), that is to be identified with Hippolytus'
Syntagma.
We now know, owing to the Tractatus Tripartitus,that Hippolytus was
352 GILLES QUISPEL

very well informed about the brilliant ideas of Heracleon's gifted pupil; the
author of this tractate.
The Refutatio,however, transmits a very different story (VI,29-36). It also
tells that the Ground of being is a monad,who being love, brings forth the
Beloved (Son). This proves that this report also originated in the Italic
school of Heracleon, probably in Rome. But it goes on to tell that the
demiurge is foolish (35: popoo Oeoi)) and mentions the names of all the
aeons. In short, this source is much worse than that of Hippolytus in his
Syntagma.Therefore it seems to me to be somewhat improbable that the
author of the Refutatiowas Hippolytus. But I leave that to others to decide.
More important is that the TripartiteTreatise originated in the school of
Heracleon and yet preserved some elements of the original doctrine of
Valentinus the gnostic.

LITERATURE

R. Kasser,Lessubdivisions
du Tractatus LeMuseonLXXVII,1-2, Louvain
Tripartitus,
1969, 107-121.
G. Quispel, commentary of TractatusTripartitus, Bern 1973.
Harold W. Attridge and Elaine Pagels, Nag HammadiCodexI (TheJung Codex),
I, Leiden 1985, 177-178.
Manlio Simonetti, Eracleone,
gli psichicie il TrattatoTripartito,
in: Orthodossia
ed
Eresia tra I e II Secolo, Messina 1994, 205-244.
Allen Brent, Hippolytusand the Roman Churchin the Third Century,Leiden 1995,
119-122.
E. Thomassen (in E. Thomassen and L. Painchaud, Le Traite Tripartite(JNH
1,5), Quebec 1989, 11 sqq.) rightly observes that this treatise contains primi-
tive elements and concludes thereforethat it originatedin the Oriental School.
Following him J.D. Dubois holds that there were no Occidental and Oriental
schools of Valentinianism:Le TraiteTripartite, in Les Textesde Nag Hammadiet
le Problemede leur Classification,
edited by L. Painchaud and Anne Pasquier,
Quibec 1995, 221-233.
Jaap Mansfeld, Heresiography in Context,Hippolytus'Elenchosas a Sourcefor Greek
Philosophy,Leiden 1992, 321: "The appendix (chs. 45-53) to Tertullian's De
haereticorum
praescriptione (= Adversusomneshaereses) is generally believed to cor-
respond to the lost Hippolytean Syntagma."

* Lectureheld at the PatristicConference,Oxford,

August22, 1995.

NL-3722 BR Bilthoven,Noordhoudringelaan 32