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    Francis Turbines: - Examples - Losses in Francis Turbines - NPSH - Main Dimensions

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    Anonymous LHGQqOB
    Francis turbines are radial flow turbines commonly used in hydroelectric power generation. An example Francis turbine is described with the following key dimensions: inlet diameter of 4.31m, outlet diameter of 2.35m, inlet width of 0.28m, and rotational speed of 333rpm. It has a flow rate of 71.5m3/s and head of 543m, resulting in an output power of 350MW. Losses in Francis turbines occur due to friction between various components and from gaps in the system. The net positive suction head must also be considered to avoid cavitation.

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    Francis Turbines: - Examples - Losses in Francis Turbines - NPSH - Main Dimensions

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous LHGQqOB
    67 views39 pages
    Francis turbines are radial flow turbines commonly used in hydroelectric power generation. An example Francis turbine is described with the following key dimensions: inlet diameter of 4.31m, outlet diameter of 2.35m, inlet width of 0.28m, and rotational speed of 333rpm. It has a flow rate of 71.5m3/s and head of 543m, resulting in an output power of 350MW. Losses in Francis turbines occur due to friction between various components and from gaps in the system. The net positive suction head must also be considered to avoid cavitation.

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    Francis turbines are radial flow turbines commonly used in hydroelectric power generation. An example Francis turbine is described with the following key dimensions: inlet diameter of 4.31m, outlet diameter of 2.35m, inlet width of 0.28m, and rotational speed of 333rpm. It has a flow rate of 71.5m3/s and head of 543m, resulting in an output power of 350MW. Losses in Francis turbines occur due to friction between various components and from gaps in the system. The net positive suction head must also be considered to avoid cavitation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    67 views39 pages

    Francis Turbines: - Examples - Losses in Francis Turbines - NPSH - Main Dimensions

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous LHGQqOB
    Francis turbines are radial flow turbines commonly used in hydroelectric power generation. An example Francis turbine is described with the following key dimensions: inlet diameter of 4.31m, outlet diameter of 2.35m, inlet width of 0.28m, and rotational speed of 333rpm. It has a flow rate of 71.5m3/s and head of 543m, resulting in an output power of 350MW. Losses in Francis turbines occur due to friction between various components and from gaps in the system. The net positive suction head must also be considered to avoid cavitation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 39

    Francis turbines

    • Examples
    • Losses in Francis turbines
    • NPSH
    • Main dimensions
    Traditional runner X blade runner
    SVARTISEN

    P = 350 MW
    H = 543 m
    Q* = 71,5 m3/S
    D0 = 4,86 m
    D1 = 4,31m
    D2 = 2,35 m
    B0 = 0,28 m
    n = 333 rpm
    La Grande, Canada

    P = 169 MW
    H = 72 m
    Q = 265 m3/s
    D0 = 6,68 m
    D1e = 5,71m
    D1i = 2,35 m
    B0 = 1,4 m
    n = 112,5 rpm
    Outlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Inlet
    draft tube runner runner guide vane guide vane
    Hydraulic efficiency
     c12   c 32 
     g ⋅ h1 + + z1  −  g ⋅ h 3 + + z 3  − losses
    c1u ⋅ u1 − c2u ⋅ u 2  2   2 
    ηh = =
    g ⋅ Hn  c12   c 32 
     g ⋅ h1 + + z1  −  g ⋅ h 3 + + z 3 
     2   2 

    1
    Losses in Francis Turbines

    Draft tube
    Hydraulic Efficiency [%]

    Output Energy

    Head [m]
    Hydraulic Efficiency [%]
    Losses in Francis Turbines

    Output Energy

    Output [%]
    Friction losses between runner
    and covers

    Friction losses
    Gap losses

    Gap losses
    Friction losses

    Friction losses in
    the spiral casing
    and stay vanes

    Guide vane losses

    Gap losses

    Runner losses

    Draft tube losses


    Absolute path without
    the runner installed
    Relative path

    Absolute path with the runner installed


    Velocity triangles
    Net Positive Suction Head, NPSH
    c 22 c 32 c 32
    h2 + + z 2 = hb + h3 + + z3 + ζ ⋅ h2 = hb + h2'
    2⋅g 2⋅g 2⋅g
    c 32
    − H s = h3 + + z3 − z 2
    2⋅g
    c 22 c 32
    h2 + + z2 = h b − Hs + z2 + ζ ⋅
    2⋅g 2⋅g
    J
    c 22
    h2 + = h b − Hs + J
    2⋅g
    1
    NPSH
     c 22 
    h2 = hb − H s −  − J  > hva
     2⋅g 
    NPSH
    NPSH = h b − h 2 − H s

    NB:
    HS has a negative
    value in this figure.
    NPSH required

    NPSH R < h b − h va − H s = NPSH A

    2 2
    c u
    NPSH R = a ⋅ m2
    +b⋅ 2
    2⋅ g 2⋅ g

    Turbines Pumps
    a 1.05 < a < 1.15 1.6 < a < 2.0
    b 0.05 < b < 0.15 0.2 < b < 0.25
    Main dimensions

    • Dimensions of the outlet


    • Speed
    D1
    • Dimensions of the inlet

    D2
    Dimensions of the outlet
    We assume cu2= 0 and choose β2 and u2 from NPSHR:

    a ⋅ ( u 2 ⋅ tan β 2 ) + b ⋅ u 22
    2 2 2
    c u
    NPSH R = a ⋅ +b⋅
    m2
    = 2
    2⋅ g 2⋅ g 2⋅ g

    13o < β2 < 22o (Lowest value for highest head)


    35 < u2 < 43 m/s (Highest value for highest head)
    1,05 < a < 1,15
    0,05 < b < 0,15
    Diameter at the outlet
    c m 2 = u 2 tan β 2

    Connection between cm2and choose D2 :

    D 22 Q⋅4 D1
    Q = π⋅ ⋅ cm2 ⇒ cm2 =
    4 π ⋅ D 22

    4⋅Q
    ⇒ D2 =
    π ⋅ cm 2

    D2
    Speed
    Connection between n and choose u2 :

    π ⋅ D2 ⋅ n u 2 ⋅ 60
    u2 = ⇒ n=
    60 π ⋅ D2
    Correction of the speed
    The speed of the generator is given from the
    number of poles and the net frequency

    3000
    n= for f = 50Hz
    zp
    Example
    Given data:
    Flow rate Q = 71.5 m3/s
    Head H = 543 m

    We choose:
    a = 1,10
    b = 0,10
    β2 = 22o
    u2 = 40 m/s

    NPSH R =
    ( )
     2
    1,1⋅ 40 ⋅ tan 22 + 0,1 ⋅ 40 2
    = 22,8 m
    2⋅g
    Find D2 from:

    4⋅Q 4⋅Q
    D2 = =
    π ⋅ cm 2 π ⋅ u2 ⋅ tan β 2

    4 ⋅ 71,5
    D2 = = 2.37 m
    π ⋅ 40 ⋅ tan 22 
    Find speed from:

    u2 ⋅ 60 40 ⋅ 60
    n= = = 322 rpm
    π ⋅ D2 π ⋅ 2.37
    Correct the speed with synchronic speed:

    3000
    zp = = 9.3
    n
    3000
    choose z p = 9 ⇒ n K = = 333 rpm
    9
    We keep the velocity triangle at the outlet:

    u2 u2K
    β2
    c2 w2 4⋅Q 4⋅Q
    cm 2 cmK π ⋅ D22 π ⋅ D22 K
    tan β 2 = = = =
    c2K u2 u2 K π π
    ⋅ n ⋅ D2 ⋅ nK ⋅ D2 K
    60 60
    ⇓
    nK ⋅ D23K = n ⋅ D23
    ⇓
    n ⋅ D23 322
    D2 K =3 = 2.373 ⋅ 3 = 2.35m
    nK 333
    Dimensions of the inlet

    u 1 ⋅ c u1 − u 2 ⋅ c u 2
    ηh = = 2 ⋅ ( u 1 ⋅ c u1 − u 2 ⋅ c u 2 )
    g⋅H
    At best efficiency point, cu2= 0

    u 1 ⋅ c u1
    ηh ≈ 0,96 = = 2 ⋅ u 1 ⋅ c u1
    g⋅H

    ηh 0,96
    c u1 = =
    2 ⋅ u1 2 ⋅ u1
    Diameter at the inlet
    We choose: 0,7 < u1 < 0,75

    D1 n ⋅ 2 ⋅ π D1
    u1 = ω ⋅ = ⋅ D1

    2 60 2
    ⇓
    u1 ⋅ 60
    D1 =
    n⋅π
    D2
    Height of the inlet
    Continuity gives:

    c m1 ⋅ A1 = c m 2 ⋅ A 2

    We choose: cm2 = 1,1 · cm1

    1.1 ⋅ π ⋅ D 2
    B1 = B0
    B1 ⋅ D1 ⋅ π = 2
    4
    Inlet angle
    cu1 u1
    β1
    cm1
    w1
    c1

    c m1
    tan β 1 =
    u1 − c u1
    Example continues
    Given data:
    Flow rate Q = 71.5 m3/s
    Head H = 543 m

    We choose:
    ηh = 0,96
    u1 = 0,728
    cu2 = 0

    ηh 0.96
    η h = 2 ⋅ u 1 ⋅ c u1 ⇒ c u1 = = = 0,66
    2 ⋅ u1 2 ⋅ 0,728
    Diameter at the inlet

    u1 = u1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h = 0,728 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 9,81⋅ 543 = 75,15 m s

    u1 ⋅ 60 75,15 ⋅ 60
    D1 = = = 4,31 m
    n ⋅π 333 ⋅ π

    D1
    Height of the inlet
    1,1⋅ π ⋅ D2
    1,1⋅ 2.35
    2
    B1 = 2
    = = 0,35 m
    4 ⋅ D1 ⋅ π 4 ⋅ 4,31

    B1
    Inlet angle
    cu1 u1
    β1
    cm1
    w1
    c1

    cm 2 sin β 2 ⋅ u2 sin 22 ⋅ 40,9 m s


    cm1 = = = = 13,9 m s
    1,1 1,1 1,1
    c m1 13,9
    c m1 = = = 0,135
    2⋅g ⋅h 2 ⋅ 9,81 ⋅ 543

     c m1   0,135 
    β1 = arctan  = arctan  = 62.9
     u 1 − c u1   0,728 − 0,659 
    SVARTISEN

    P = 350 MW
    H = 543 m
    Q* = 71,5 m3/S
    D0 = 4,86 m
    D1 = 4,31m
    D2 = 2,35 m
    B0 = 0,28 m
    n = 333 rpm

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