“BREAK WATER STRUCTURE ”

SeminarReport On

“ BREAK WATER STRUCTURE ”

In the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted to

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

By

Mr. JAIN SAURABH BHARAT

Under the Guidance of

Prof.V.M.PANDIT

Department of civil Engineering

SNJB’s Late Sau.KantabaiBhavarlalji Jain College of Engineering,

Chandwad-423101 ( M.S.)(2017-2018)

SNJB’S KBJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHANDWAD

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 “BREAK WATER STRUCTURE ”
(SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following student have satisfactorily carried out
T.E. Seminar work entitled “BREAK WATER STRUCTURE” . This
work is being submitted for the award of degree of Bachelor of Civil
Engineering. It is submitted in the partial fulfilment of the prescribed
syllabus of SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune for the academic year
2017-2018 (Sem-2nd)

(T150410037)JAIN SAURABH BHARAT

Examination Seat no. Name of the Student

Prof.V.M.PANDIT
(Guide)

Prof. Y. L. Bhirud DR. M. D. Kokate

(H.O.D. CIVIL) (PRINCIPAL)

Prof...............................

(External Examiner)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to our principal DR. M. D. KOKATE, For his

constant inspiration and keen interest to make the project and presentation
absolutely flawless.We are deeply indebted our Prof. Y. L. BHIRUDfor
his encouragement, support and guidance in each and every phase of our
work. His valuable advice and suggestions and support were of great help
in every stage of our work which is sincerely appreciated.

We would like to express our gratitude to our guide Prof.

V.M.PANDIT for giving proper guidance to undertake our project work at
SNJB’S KBJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHANDWAD. At last but not least
we would like to thank our friends and family members and all the
teachers, staff of department for their timely co-operation and help.

Last but not the least.I would like to thanks my family, for their
continuous support throughout the Seminar report and my life.

PLACE: CHANDWAD JAIN SAURABH BHARAT

ABSTRACT

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A campaign of experimental tests on a 2D movable-bed physical model, reproducing

an Italian beach on the Adriatic Sea, has been performed in the wave flume of the
“Laboratorio di Idraulica e CostruzioniMarittime” of the UniversitàPolitecnicadelle
Marche (Ancona, Italy),with the aim to assess the fundamental features of various
breakwater configurations to be used in a beach-defence system typical of sandy, low-
coastline beaches. Three emerged and three submerged configurations of rubble-
mound detached breakwaters, for beach protection, placed at different distances
from the shore, were tested, as well as a free beach configuration.
The short-term hydrodynamic performances of the different configurations were
assessed using as forcing some typical real-life intense sea-storm conditions.Wave
transmission and beach protection efficiency under various intense wave conditions
were obtained and related to some dimensionless parameters, amongst which a
recently introduced one, χ, that combines both wave and breakwater properties.
Transmission coefficients were found to be about 0.4 for emerged breakwaters and in
the range 0.5–0.8 for submerged breakwaters. A net damping coefficient, defined as
thewave height decay solely due to the effect of the breakwater, was measured as 0.2
for submerged breakwaters and 0.4 for the emerged ones.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1
1. Introduction……………………………………………….…………... 06
1.1 design information and consideration……………………………...06
1.2 Forces acting on break water……………………………………….07
1.3 Construction blocks………………………………………………..09
Chapter 2
2. Literature Review……………………………………….……………..08
2.1types of breakwater………………………………………………..11
2.2 advantages & disadvantages……………………………………….12
2.3 special breakwaters…………………………………………………13
Chapter 3
3. Case Study………………………………………….………………… 14
Chapter 4
4. Conclusion………………………………………………....................17
CHAPTER 5
5. Refrence…………………………………….………………………....19

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1.INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

1.1 DESIGN INFORMATION AND CONSIDERATION

The protective barrier constructed to enclose harboures& to keep the harbour waters
undisturbed by the effect of heavy &stronge seas are called breakwaters. Such a
construction makes it possible to use the area thus enclosed as a safe anchorage for
ships & to facilitated loading & unloading of cargo in comparatively calm waters.Thus,
the main function of breakwater is to break the momentum of water by means of
wave breakers. Hence breakwater is an artificial construction to break the force of
incoming wind & waves.Sometimes the inner side of a breakwater is constructed as a
quay for cargo handling & is known as a mole.

FIG1.1 HARBOUR

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1.2FORCES ACTING ON BREAK WATER

Breakwaters help us in safe navigation of vessels in and out of harbors and provide
clam water area inside harbor boundary for safe loading and unloading of cargo.
There is a constant urge for innovation in breakwater systems, to reduce cost, time of
construction, to improve efficiency and to satisfy some site specific conditions. The
primary requirement of a breakwater is to allow least wave to be transmitted on to its
harbor side. However, in many locations, a minimal reflection of incident wave energy
is also preferred. Breakwaters are primarily classified as; fixed types, which are sea-
bottom-connected structures and floating types, which float on the surface, held by
mooring lines. The special type of breakwaters are generally adopted for specific site
requirements and therefore not commonly applied, for example, a pneumatic
breakwater, in which air bubble from under water is continuously pumped for
reducing wave energy. Under the broad classification of fixed type, breakwaters are
further sub-divided into many types, a typical of which is depicted in Fig. 1.
Depending upon degree of shelter required and prevailing environment conditions, a
particular type of breakwater is chosen for construction.
A) Hydrostatic forces: This force reduces the apparent weight and
hence, the marine structures suffer these losses to a great extent unless
the foundations are absolutely impervious.
B) B) External forces: the intensity of external forces, especially wind
and wave action, is enormous. The power of wind produces vibrations
in the masonry structure and weakens the different courses of masonry. In
a similar way the wave when it recedes induces suction action and it
results in the erosion of the foundation unless it is made safe and secure.
C) Solvent action of sea water: this quality of sea water causes
damage to the materials of construction.
D) Sea insects: the concentrated action of sea insects results in the
undermining of the hardest and the soundest building material and it for
this reason that the marine structures are made specially bulky and strong.

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FIG.1.2 FORCES ON BREAK WATER

In the process of improving the efficiency of breakwater systems, various Indian

researchers have carried out experimental, theoretical and numerical studies to
assess hydrodynamic performances of different types of breakwaters. This paper
explores past studies on hydrodynamic characteristics of innovative breakwaters from
Indian research perspective. Though the main focus of these studies was to find
reflection and transmission characteristics of breakwaters, in some studies, dynamic
pressures, forces and wave run-up were also estimated. Based on available
literatures, innovative breakwaters studies by Indian researchers have been classified
into two major types; fixed and floating. The details of fixed and floating type of
breakwaters are discussed in Part I and Part II, respectively.

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1.3 CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS

1.3.1 TETRAPODS

1) These are developed at NeyrpricLaboratiry of sotromar in France in 194

2) They are assembly of symmetrically prepared four-legged truncated cones with

Proper amount of (40 KN to 250 KN) reinforcements.

3) Each unit weighs 25 tonnes. These are most common

4) They are reinforced at 25 kg/m3

1.3.2 TRIBARS

1) These are developed by U.S.Army engineers.

2) They vary in weights from 4 tonnes to 40 tonnes.

3 They are three legged. Three legs are connected with a plate at mid height

4) If properly placed this tribar group will get interlocked and remain stable.

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1.3.3 MODIFIED CUBES

1) These are made from ordinary cubes.

2) On each faces of the cubes a long and wide grove is made, which can be used to
interlock adjacent units.
3) These are much heavier than tetra pods and tribars, hence, shall resist the forces of
incoming waves by impact.

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2. Literature review
Chapter 2
breakwaters.

2.1 TYPES OF BREAKWATER

There are three distinct types of breakwaters: -

(1) A simple rubble or concrete-block mound;

(2) A mound for the bottom portion, surmounted on the top by a solid
superstructure of masonry or concrete;

(3) An upright-wall breakwater, built up solid from the sea-bottom to the top.

(4) Special

1) RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATER

A rubble mound consists merely of a mass of rubble stone, just as it is obtained from
a neighboring quarry, tipped into the sea along a predetermined line, till the mound
emerges out of water.

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2.2 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:

a) Low in initial cost of construction, equipment for construction, equipment for

construction &labour required.

b) No preparation of foundation.

c) Construction is porous or pervious, hence no possibility of uplift

d) Construction is in pell-mell fashion, hence no chance of slipping and no chance of

Slipping and no chance of overturning as the construction is not rigid

e) Construction is flexible. Hence, any weak point created at any level is transferred to
top which is above water surface and hence can be repaired easily.

f) Dissipates the energy of incoming water waves most efficiently; hence other means
of energy dissipation are not required.

DISADVANTAGES:

a) Settlement of mound takes place for first few years by adjustment of voids
between adjacent stones and by rolling down of some stones. This requires
continuous maintenance for first few years.

b) Construction of mound is in form of pell-mell or rip-rap fashion, hence when

projection of stones are chipped by water, the stones become round and then the
stonesrole down the slope producing gaps which makes the mound weak.

c) Mound construction requires huge quantity of materials.

d) In construction of mound, large quantity of materials is likely to be wasted.

e) Such construction cannot be analysed.

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2.3 SPECIAL BREAKWATERS

A) General: it is well known that the force diagram generated by wind water
waves Have maximum value in first 10m depth from mean sea
level.Breakwaters having construction resting wave forces in first 5m to 10m
depth and no construction below 10m is definitely special. Hence such
breakwaters are known as special breakwaters.
B) Types of special breakwaters:
a) Floating type.

b) Hydraulic breakwater. C) Pneumatic breakwater

a) Floating type breakwater: It consist of well-connected floating bulk heads

nearly 5m to 10m deep and properly anchored so that below 10m depth of water
there is no construction. Hence there will be connection between sea water and
basin water below 10m. such breakwaters cannot to too strong, hence can be
constructed on small harbours for providing a small basin area. Advantage being
the wall can be released from anchors and set at other place or the shape of basin
can be changed if required.

b) Hydraulic breakwater: Translatory waves of sea water move towards shore or

harbour basin. Such waves do rotate about own axis also which generate
destructing force. This force of rotation if it is nullified the wave water can be
converted silent water mass. To nullify the force of wave equal and opposite
artificial force acting in opposite direction of rotation can be generated that will
solve problem for developing a silent zone of water for harbour basin. These
artificial ways to create such a resisting force are:

1) by supplying water through pipes and nozzles with required head

obtained through overhead tank ;
2) By supplying compressed air at required head.

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3.CASE STUDY

CHAPTER NO.3

3.1 BREAKWATER HEIGHT AND FAILURES

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4.CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4

When a harbouris proposed to be established on an exposed coast, whether for

naval or commercial porposes, to provide a protected approach to a port or river, or
to serve as a refuge for vessels from storms, the necessary shelter, so far as it is not
naturally furnished by a bay or projecting headlands, has to be secured by the
construction of one or more “breakwaters”.

These breakwaters, having to prevent the waves that beat upon the coast
from reaching the site which they are designed to protect, must be made sufficiently
strong to withstand the shocks of the waves during the worst storms to which they
are exposed. It is therefore essential, before constructing a breakwater, to investigate
most carefully the force, periods & duration of the winds from the quarters to which
the work will be exposed, the distance of any sheltering land from the site in the most
stormy direction, the slope of the beach and the depth of the sea in the
neighborhood of the shore, and the protection, if any, afforded by outlaying shoals or
sandbanks.

In a tidal sea, the height required for a breakwater is affected by the amount
of tidal range; and the extent of breakwater exposed to breaking waves depends
upon the difference in level between low and high water. The existence, also, of any
drift of sand along the shore must be ascertained, and its extent; for the projection of
a solid breakwater out from the shore is certain to affect this littoral drift, which, if
large in amount, may necessitate important modifications in the design for the
harbour.

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•A better estimate of the transmission coefficient can beachieved

using the incident wave height estimated in the presence of the
structure (K∗t), instead of using a free beach (Kt), this properly
accounting for the morphological feedbacks on the waves
approaching the breakwater.

•Wave transmission coefficients Ktand K∗t are larger forsubmerged

(in the range 0.5–0.7) than for emerged (about0.4) breakwaters, and
in both cases, decrease with thewave–structure parameter χ, which
accounts for bothwave steepness and breakwater dissipation
potential, i.e.the ratio between structure width and freeboard.

•Values of Ktmeasured on both submerged and emerged

breakwaters are well represented by Buccino and Calabrese(2007)’s
law.

•Some net characteristics have also been analysed, all accounting

for the wave height measurements, which are the most reliable data
collected in the flume, due to the
difficulty/impossibilityto undertake measurements, e.g. referring to
wave kinematics, seabed friction.

•The net transmission over the structure Kt,netis characterized by a

poor fitting. However, for submerged breakwaters, it mainly
decreases with χ and follows Van
der Meer (1990)’s law.

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5.REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5

1.Roopsekhar, K.A., Sundar, V. and Pranesh, M. R., Twin frustrum concrete block as
armour units for breakwaters, Int. Symp. Coastal Envir. Management - Challenges in
the New Millenium, 13-15 October, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2(1998) 24-38.
2.Sundar, V., Murali, K., Nasar, T., Chandramohan, P. V. and Ansari M. A. R., Stability
of Kolosarmoured rubble mound breakwater, Proc. 4th Natl. conf. on Harbour and
Ocean Eng., India, 2(2007) 579-586.
3.Arunjith, A., Sannasiraj, S.A. and Sundar, V., Wave overtopping over crown walls
and run-up on rubble mound breakwaters with Kolosarmour under random waves, Int.
J. Ocean and Clim. Sys.4(2013a) 125-132.
4. Arunjith, A., Sannasiraj, S. A. and Sundar, V., Pressures on the crown wall of
breakwater formed by new armor block ‘kolos’ due to regular waves, J. Waterway
Port Coastal Ocean Eng., 139(2013b) 518-526.
5. Mallayachari, V and Sundar, V., Reflection characteristics of permeable seawalls,
Coastal Eng., 23(1994) 135-150.
6.Mallayachari, V and Sundar, V., Standing wave pressures due to regular and random
waves on a vertical wall, Ocean Eng., 22(1995) 859-879.
7. Sundar, V. and Mallayachari, V., Interaction of Waves with Permeable Walls, J.
Coastal Res., Proc. Palm beach Int. Coastal Symp., 26(1998) 19-25.
8. Dattatri, J., Raman, H and Jothi Shankar, N., Performance characteristics of
submerged breakwaters, Proc. Coastal Eng., Hamburg, Germany, (1978) 2153-2171.
9. Baba, M., Computation of wave transmission over a shore protection submerged
breakwater, Ocean Eng., 13(1986) 227-237.

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10. Shirlal, K.G and Rao, S., Laboratory studies on the stability of tandem breakwater,
J. Hyd. Eng., 9(2003) 36-45.
11. Reddy, M. G. Muni and Neelamani, S., Hydrodynamic studies on vertical seawall
defenced by low-crested breakwater, Ocean Eng., 32(2005) 747-764.
12. Rambabu, A. C. and Mani, J. S., Numerical prediction of performance of
submerged breakwaters, Ocean Eng., 32(2005) 1235–1246.
13. Shirlal, K.G., Rao, S., Venkata G. and Manu, Stability of breakwater defenced by a
seaward submerged reef, Ocean Eng., 33(2006) 829–846.
14. Reddy, M. G. Muni, Sannasiraj, S. A., and Natarajan, R., Numerical investigation
on the dynamics of a vertical wall defenced by an offshore breakwater, Ocean Eng.,
34(2007) 790-798.
15. Shirlal, K.G., Rao, S. and Manu, Stability equation for breakwater sheltered by a
seaward submerged reef, J. Hyd. Eng., 13(2007a) 18-3.
16. Shirlal, K.G., Rao, S. and Manu, Ocean wave transmission by submerged reef-A
physical model study”, Ocean Eng., 34(2007b) 2093–2099.
17.Kiran, G. S., Rao, S. and Manu, Design of Sheltered Breakwater”. Int. J. Earth Sci.
Eng., 2(2009) 95-103.
18. Muni Reddy, M. G. and Neelamani S., Wave pressure reduction on vertical
seawalls/caissons due to an

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THANK YOU

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