Chapter 9 Database Management Systems

Chapter 9 Database Management Systems
flat-file approach users own their data files in data management
1. The first problem is a business culture that erects barriers between organizational units that inhibit entity-wide
integration of data.
2. The second problem stems from limitations in flat-file management technology that require data files to be
structured to the unique needs of the primary user. Thus, the same data, used in slightly different ways by
different users, may need to be restructured and reproduced in physically different files
data redundancy is the cause of three types of data management problems:
1. data storage
2. data updating
3. currency of information
DATA STORAGE
- efficient information system captures and stores data only once and makes this single source available to all
users who need it. This is not possible in the flat-file environment
DATA UPDATING
- When users maintain separate files, any such change must be made separately for each user. This adds
significantly to the cost of data management.
CURRENCY OF INFORMATION
- If update messages are not properly disseminated, then some users may not record the change and will perform
their duties and make decisions based on outdated data.
TASK-DATA DEPENDENCY
- (flat-file approach) user’s inability to obtain additional information as his or her needs change
- The user’s information set is constrained by the data that he or she possesses and controls
THE DATABASE APPROACH
- pooling of data into a common database that is shared by all the users.
FLAT-FILE PROBLEMS SOLVED
- Data sharing (the absence of ownership) is the central concept of the database approach. Let’s see how this
resolves the problems identified.
1. No data redundancy
2. Single update
3. Current values
4. Task-data independence.
CONTROLLING ACCESS TO THE DATABASE
THE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- PURPOSE : to provide controlled access to the database

- The DBMS is a special software system that is programmed to know which data elements each user is
authorized to access
THREE CONCEPTUAL MODELS

The most common database approaches used for business information systems :
1. Hierarchical navigational or structured models

2. Network
3. Relational models - far more flexible by allowing users to create new and unique paths through the database to
solve a wider range of business problems
*navigational or structured models - The way that data are organized in these early database systems forces users
to navigate between data elements using predefined structured paths
ELEMENTS OF THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
- Database environment into four primary elements

1. Users
2. DBMS
3. Database administrator
4. Physical database
USERS
- how users access the database in two ways:

1. application programs
 systems professionals prepare this
 programs send data access requests (calls) to the DBMS, which validates the requests and
retrieves the data for processing
 presence of the DBMS is transparent to the users
2. Direct query
 requires no formal user programs
 DBMS has a built-in query facility that allows authorized users to process data independent of
professional programmers
 query facility provides a friendly environment for integrating and retrieving data to produce ad
hoc management reports
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- provides a controlled environment to assist (or prevent) user access to the database and to efficiently manage
the data resource
- Each DBMS model accomplishes these objectives differently, but some typical features include:
1. Program development -
2. Backup and recovery - During processing, the DBMS periodically makes backup copies of the physical
database
3. Database usage reporting - This feature captures statistics on what data are being used, when they are
used, and who uses them
4. Database access
o three software modules that facilitate this task:
 data definition language
 data manipulation language
 query language
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
Data definition language (DDL) is a programming language used to define the physical database to the DBMS.
- The DDL defines the database on three levels called views

1) internal view
2) conceptual view (schema)
3) user view (subschema)
The internal view
- presents the physical arrangement of records in the database.

- This is the lowest level of representation, which is one step removed from the physical database.
- describes the structure of records, the linkages between them, and the physical arrangement and sequence of
records in a file
- There is only one internal view of the database.
The conceptual view or schema
- represents the database logically and abstractly, rather than the way it is physically stored.
- This view allows users’ programs to call for data without knowing or needing to specify how the data are
arranged or where the data reside in the physical database.
- There is only one conceptual view for a database.
The user view
- defines how a particular user sees the portion of the database that he or she is authorized to access
- Unlike the internal and conceptual views, many distinct user views exist
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
- Data manipulation language (DML) is the proprietary programming language that a particular DBMS uses to
retrieve, process, and store data.
QUERY LANGUAGE
- The query capability of the DBMS permits end users and professional programmers to access data in the
database directly without the need for conventional programs
*structured query language (SQL, pronounced sequel) has emerged as the standard query language for both
mainframe and microcomputer DBMSs
- is a fourth-generation, nonprocedural language with many commands that allow users to input,
retrieve, and modify data easily
* The SELECT command is a powerful tool for retrieving data
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
- responsible for managing the database resource

- does not exist in the flat-file environment
- The duties of the DBA fall into the following areas
1. database planning
2. database design
3. database implementation
4. database operation and maintenance
5. database change and growth

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Chapter 9 Database Management Systems

flat-file approach users own their data files in data management

data redundancy is the cause of three types of data management problems:

THE DATABASE APPROACH

FLAT-FILE PROBLEMS SOLVED

CONTROLLING ACCESS TO THE DATABASE

THE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

- PURPOSE : to provide controlled access to the database

THREE CONCEPTUAL MODELS

1. Hierarchical navigational or structured models

ELEMENTS OF THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

- Database environment into four primary elements

- how users access the database in two ways:

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE

- The DDL defines the database on three levels called views

The internal view

- presents the physical arrangement of records in the database.

The conceptual view or schema

The user view

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE

* The SELECT command is a powerful tool for retrieving data

- responsible for managing the database resource

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