Spring - Axial Load Only: C AE/L and C EI/L Frame in Global Coordinate K (E/L) X (K) (K)
Spring - Axial Load Only: C AE/L and C EI/L Frame in Global Coordinate K (E/L) X (K) (K)
Spring - Axial Load Only: C AE/L and C EI/L Frame in Global Coordinate K (E/L) X (K) (K)
–An analysis tool to predict the responses of certain engineering found as follows:
systems
–Originally FE was developed for structural stress analysis
–Wide spread application: Structural Analysis, Dynamic The solutions show that nodes 2 and 3 will be displaced towards the
Analysis, Heat Transfer, Magnetic Field, etc. right (positive x-direction) by the distances given in the solutions.
–Based on discretization of Continuum On the other hand, the reaction force F1x has the magnitude of 2000
Spring lb and its direction is to the left (negative x-direction).
- axial load only Internal forces of element 1: C=cosƟ and S=sinƟ
BEAM
C1=AE/L and C2=EI/L3
Beam is a structure which can carry the bending moments and shear
Frame in global coordinate
forces. Frame, on the other hand, can carry bending moments, shear
K=(E/L) x [k]
forces, and axial forces. Beam members (or elements) are oriented in
[k]=
the same axis, while the frame members are possible to have
different orientations.
Nodal Displacement
Example of spring
Consider the spring system shown in Figure 2.5. The forces at nodes
2 and 3 are known. Node 1 is fixed at the support. Find the nodal Beam in global coordinate
displacements and element internal forces, given that
Membrane Plate
Shell
Plane Element – Constant Strain Triangle
The simplest 2-D element is the membrane
element. Membrane elements can transfer
only in-plane loads. There is no out of plane
loads in membrane elements.
As a consequence, membrane elements can Hence
carry only in-plane stresses and can not
transfer bending moment or torsion. Substituting equations (7-74) and (7-71) in equation (7-63), the
stiffness matrix of element 2 is obtained:
In Figure 7.7, the tensile stress has been converted into two nodal
forces. Each force F
is found as follows:
{f}=[K]{d}
[K]=tA[B]T[D][B]
Strain Displacement
{ɛ}=[B]{d} Element 2:
The nodal coordinates of element 2 (see Figure 7.9) are
xi = 0, yi = 0, xj = 20, yj = 0, xm = 20, ym = 10
The global (structural) stiffness matrix [K] is an 8 × 8 matrix and is
obtained by assembling the individual element stiffness matrices. Element 2:
The stiffness matrix for an element is given by
Element 1:
The nodal coordinates of element 1, (see Figure 7.8) are
[B]=[Bi Bj Bm]
A = 0.5 b h
A = 0,5 (20) (10) = 100 in2
Next we will evaluate [B]
Superposition of the element stiffness matrices in equations (7-76)
and (7-77) yields the structural stiffness matrix
Hence Applying
the boundary conditions, the equation reduces to
For the purpose of illustrating the finite element solution of this plate
problem, the structure is discretized into two CST elements, Solving equation (7-80), the displacement solutions are produced:
although using more elements will yield more accurate results
Replacing with the values ν = 0.3 and E = 30 × 10 , 6
The structure is divided into two elements with a total three nodes. It
has the following properties:
Stiffness terms
In
Element 1: 1) Stiffness in conduction
the above modal equations, if d3x = 1, then d2x = −0.58. The second
The element stiffness matrix is given by mode shape is illustrated in Figure 10.7.
The
which
element mass matrix is obtained using the lumped mass approach: 2) Stiffness in convection
yields element 1 stresses:
Element 2:
Similarly, for element 2:
Heat transfer analysis The components of the force matrix
Heat conduction with convection Internal for Q
Expanding and assembling the element matrices above, we obtain Heat flux
which yields element 2 stresses: the structural matrices:
convection
For the special case of the convection force from the free end,
The
eigenvalue solutions of equation (10-47) are obtained by equating Kxx = thermal conductivity [kW/m/0C]
the determinant of the coefficients to zero: dT/dx = temperature gradient
And the heat flow can be found, For boundary condition in heat transfer analysis
Extra Note
The finite
element discretization is shown in the figure below. Four elements
of 9/4 inch long each is used. The heat transfer is through
conduction except there will be also convective heat loss at the right
end.
, conduction stiffness
The
force terms, Q = 0, q* = 0, but T∞ = 10 0F, hence, at the element 4,
Assembly of stiffness and force terms yields the equation of the heat
transfer in the rod,
The boundary condition requires that the temperature at the left end
is equal to 200 0F, hence t1 = 200 0F. To obtain the solutions, the