Kinetic Theory

R. K. MALIK’S JEE (MAIN & ADV.
), MEDICAL
+ BOARD, NDA, FOUNDATION
NEWTON CLASSES
Chapter 13
Kinetic Theory
S
HI S S
SE
NC L K’
Solutions
LI SECTION - A
A
School/Board Exam. Level Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
ON A
1. Can we increase the temperature of a gas keeping its pressure and volume constant?
C
Sol. No, temperature cannot be changed without changing pressure and volume.
M
2. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased 4 times. What will be the change in the rms velocity of the
gas molecules?
Sol. v rms  T
.
New rms velocity is 2vrms

So change = 2vrms – vrms = vrms
NE K
RA
3. What will be the ratio of translational kinetic energy of hydrogen and nitrogen molecules at the same temperature?
WT
Sol. One, because the kinetic energy per molecule of the gas depends only upon the temperature.
4. What will be the ratio of the rms velocities of the molecules of two gases A and B if their vapour densities
R.
are in the ratio 9 : 16?
(v rms )1 2 9
Sol. (v )  1

16
 3:4
rms 2
5. Calculate the root mean square velocity of a given sample having three molecules having velocity 1, 2 and 3 m/s.
v12  v 22  v 32 1 4  9 14
Sol. v rms    m/s
3 3 3
6. Define degree of freedom.
Sol. The term degree of freedom of a system refers to the possible independent motions a system can have or
number of possible independent ways in which system can have energy.
7. Give the dependence of mean free path of molecules of a gas on number density and size of molecule.
Sol. Mean free path (l) is given by
1
l
2nd 2
where n is no. density and d is the diameter of the gas molecule.
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R. K. MALIK’S JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL
NEWTON CLASSES
2 Kinetic Theory Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
8. If the temperature of a gas increases, what will happen to its mean square speed?
Sol. If the temperature increases, the mean square speed of gas molecules will increase as v 2 T .
9. How many degrees of freedom a diatomic gas molecule can have?
Sol. A diatomic gas have 5 degree of freedom, 3 translational and 2 rotational. If diatomic molecule is not rigid then
due to vibratory motion 2 degree of freedom will be added. i.e., 7 degree of freedom.
10. If temperature and mass of a gas are kept constant, draw variation of P(pressure) with V(volume).
S
HI S S
P m = constant
SE
Sol.
NC L K’
T = constant
LI
Short Answer Type Questions :
A
11. On the basis of kinetic theory of gases, explain how the temperature of a gas rises on heating.
Sol. When heat is given to a gas, the rms velocity of the gas molecules increases. As v rms  T , so the
ON A
temperature of the gas increases.
C
12. On increasing the temperature of a gas filled in a cylinder, the pressure of the gas increases. Explain.
M
Sol. On raising the temperature, the average velocity of the gas molecules increases. As a result of which more
and more molecules collide with the wall of the cylinder per second. Hence, greater momentum is transferred
to the wall per second and the pressure increases.
13. Explain, on the basis of kinetic theory, how the pressure of a gas changes if its volume is reduced at constant
.
temperature.
Sol. On reducing the volume, the space for the given number of molecules of the gas decreases i.e., number of
NE K
RA
molecules per unit volume increases. As a result of which more molecules collide with the walls of the container
WT
per second transferred more momentum to the walls. Hence, the pressure increases.
14. Distinguish between average speed and rms speed.
R.
Sol. Average speed is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of the molecules where as rms speed is the root mean
square speed i.e., the square root of the mean of the squares of different speeds of the individual molecules.
15. State Boyle’s law.
Sol. According to Boyle’s law, when the temperature of a certain mass of a gas is kept constant, the volume V
occupied by the gas is inversely proportional to the pressure P exerted by the gas i.e.,
1 constant
when T is constant, V  or V 
P P
PV = constant
16. State Charles’s law.
Sol. According to this law, when pressure P of a certain mass of a gas is kept constant, the volume V occupied
by the gas is directly proportional to the temperature T of the gas, i.e., when P is constant
VT
V
 constant
T

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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Kinetic Theory 3
17. Two vessels A and B are filled with the same gas, where volume, temperature and pressure in A is twice the
volume, temperature and pressure in B. Calculate the ratio of the number of molecules of gas in A and B.
Sol. PV = nRT
PV
 n , number of molecules = nAN
RT
PAVA PV
S
 nA R , B B  nB R
HI S S
TA TB
SE
NC L K’
nA PAVA T 2P  2V T 2
  B     2 :1
nB TA PBVB 2T PV 1
18. On what factor the average kinetic energy of gas molecules depend? What will the kinetic energy of the
molecules at the absolute zero?
LI
Sol. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules depends upon the temperature of the gas. At absolute zero, rms
A
velocity of the gas molecules becomes zero so mean K.E. per molecules of the gas becomes zero at absolute
zero.
ON A
19. A gas in a cylinder is at pressure P. If the masses of all the molecules be made one-third and their speeds
be made doubled, then find the resultant pressure.
C
M
2
1 mnv rms
Sol. P 
3 V
m
.
m  , v rms
  2v rms
3
NE K
⎛ m⎞
RA
n  (2v rms )2
1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
WT
4P
P   
3 V 3
R.
4
P  P
3
20. A vessel contains a gas at pressure P0. Show that the pressure becomes double, if the masses of all the
molecules are halved and their speeds doubled.
1 mn 2
Sol. P  v rms
3 V
m is halved and vrms is doubled. Hence, P will become two times.
⎛1 ⎞
m n  (2v rms )2
1 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
P  
3 V
P   2P0
Hence proved.

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21. The root mean square velocity of the gas molecules is 400 m/s. If the atomic weight is doubled and absolute
temperature is halved then, calculate the root mean square speed of the gas molecules.
3RT
Sol. v rms 
M
3RT 
v rms
 
M
S
HI S S
T
T  , M = 2M
2
SE
NC L K’
3RT 1 1
 v rms
   v rms   400  200 m/s
4M 2 2
22. A vessel contain N molecules of a gas at absolute temperature T. If the number of molecules is halved, what
LI
should be the absolute temperature so as the kinetic energy of the molecules remains the same.
A
3
Sol. K.E.  nkT
2
ON A
when the number of molecules is halved. K.E. becomes double so, to keep the K.E. same temperature should
be doubled.
C
M
23. Show that the r.m.s. velocity of oxygen is 2 times that of sulphur dioxide.
(v r.m.s. )O2 MSO2

Sol.  Atomic weight of sulphur is 32 and that of oxygen is 16.
(v r.m.s. )SO2 MO2
.
32  32
NE K

RA
32
WT
 2
R.
or (v r.m.s. )O2  2(v r.m.s. )SO2
24. Calculate the average kinetic energy of a oxygen molecule (in ergs), if it occupies a volume of 2 × 104 cc at
a pressure of 105 dyne/cm2. (use N0 = 6 × 1023)
1 2
Sol. Average KE  mv rms
2
1 3PV
= m·
2 M
1 3PV 1 3PV
= 2 m·mN  2 N
A A
1 3  105  2  104
= 
2 6.023  1023
= 0.5 × 10–14 erg.

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25. The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule at 27°C is 3.3 × 10–21 J. Calculate its average kinetic energy
at 227°C.
3
Sol. K.E.  kBT
2
at 27°C  T = 300 K
at 227°C  T = 500 K
KE1 T1
S

HI S S
KE2 T2
SE
KE1  T2 3.3  10 –21  500
NC L K’
KE2    5.5  10 –21 J
T1 300
26. Mention the condition when a real gas obeys ideal gas equation and why?
Sol. At low pressure and high temperature, the molecules are farther apart so that molecular size is negligible as
LI
compared to the size of the container.
A
27. Two perfect gases at temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. If there is no loss of energy and the masses and number
of molecules of the gases are m1, m2 and n1, n2 respectively. Calculate the temperature of the mixture.
3
ON A
Sol. K.E.1  n1 kT1
2
C
M
3
K.E.2  n2 kT2
2
3
Total K.E.  (n1  n2 ) kT
2
.
Total K.E. = K.E.1 + K.E.2
3 3 3
NE K
(n1  n2 ) kT  n1 kT1  n2 kT2

RA
2 2 2
WT
n1T1  n2T2
T 
n1  n2
R.
28. A gas is filled in a cylinder fitted with a piston at a definite temperature and pressure. Explain on the basis
of kinetic theory why on pulling the piston out; the pressure of gas decreases.
Sol. On pulling the piston out, the volume of gas increases. Due to this, less number of molecules collide with the
walls of cylinder per second and hence less momentum is transferred to the walls per second. Also, area of
the walls on which these collisions take place increases. Due, to this pressure decreases.
29. Two vessels A and B are identical. A has 1 gm of hydrogen at 0°C and B has 1 gm oxygen at 0°C.
(i) Which vessel does contain more molecules and how much?
(ii) In which vessel the pressure of the gas is higher and how much?
Sol. (i) Vessel A contains 16 times more (hydrogen) molecules contained in B, because the number of molecules
in 1 gm hydrogen is 16 times the number of molecules in 1 gm oxygen.
⎛3 ⎞
(ii) At a given temperature, the average kinetic energy per molecule ⎜ kT ⎟ is independent of the nature of
⎝2 ⎠
the gas. Now, from the gas equation PV = nKT for n molecules.
Thus, for a given volume, the gas pressure is proportional to the number of molecules. Hence, pressure
in A will be 16 times higher than that in B.

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30. State law of equipartition of energy and hence calculate molar specific heats of mono, di and triatomic gases
at volume and constant pressure.
1
Sol. According to law of equipartition of energy k T energy is associated with every degree of freedom of a gas
2 B
molecule, where kB is Boltzmann constant and T is temperature of the system.
(a) Specific heat capacity of monoatomic gases
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HI S S
In case of mono-atomic gases, a molecule has 3 degrees of freedom.
SE
3
NC L K’
Average energy associated with three degrees of freedom = kBT .
2
3 3
The total energy of one gram mole of the monoatomic gas U  kBT  N A  RT
2 2
LI
A
dU d ⎛3 ⎞ 3
but Cv  . Hence Cv  ⎜ RT ⎟  R .
dT dT ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
ON A
We know that Cp – Cv = R
C
M
3 5
Hence Cp = R + Cv = RR  R
2 2
(b) In case of diatomic gases, a molecule is treated like a rigid rotator. It has 5 degrees of freedom, 3
translational and 2 rotational.
.
Similarly as in case of mono-atomic gases

NE K
RA
⎛1 ⎞ 5
U  5  ⎜ kBT ⎟  N A  RT
WT
⎝2 ⎠ 2
dU 5
R.
Cv   R
dT 2
5 7
Cp = Cv + R = RR  R
2 2
If diatomic gas is not rigid rotator, it also has one vibrational mode, hence 7 degrees of freedom. With
vibrational mode, 2 degrees of freedom are associated.
5 7
Hence U  ⎛⎜ kBT  kBT ⎞⎟  N A  RT
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
dU 7
Cv   R
dT 2
9
Cp  Cv  R  R.
2

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(c) For triatomic gases
(i) In case of linear triatomic gases, there are seven degrees of freedom
1 7
U  7  kBT  N A  RT
2 2
dU 7
Cv   R
S
dT 2
HI S S
SE
7 9
Cp  Cv  R  R R  R
NC L K’
2 2
(ii) In case of non-linear triatomic gas molecules, there are six degrees of freedom,
LI Hence U  6  kBT  N A  3RT

2
A
dU d
Cv   (3RT )  3R
dT dT
ON A
C Cp = Cv + R = 3R + R = 4R
M
Long Answer Type Questions :
31. What is an ideal gas? Under what conditions of pressure and temperature can a gas be assumed as an ideal
gas?
.
Sol. Ideal gas is a gas which strictly obey gas laws. For such a gas, the size of the molecules of a gas is zero
and there is no force of attraction or repulsion amongst its molecules. The ideal gas equation connecting
NE K
RA
pressure (P), volume (V) and absolute temperature (T) is given by

WT
PV = RT = kBNT
where  is the number of moles and N is the number of molecules. R and kB are constants
R.
R
R = 8.314 J mol–1 K–1, kB  N = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1
A
Real gases satisfy the ideal gas equation only at low pressures and high temperatures only approximately.
32. Give the postulates of kinetic theory of gases and on its basis, find the expression for the pressure of an ideal
gas.
Sol. Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
(i) A gas consists of a large number of identical, tiny, spherical, neutral and elastic particles called molecules.
(ii) In a gas molecules are moving in all possible directions with all possible speeds in accordance with
Maxwell’s distribution law.
(iii) The space occupied by the molecules is much smaller than the volume of the gas.
(iv) There is no force of attraction among the molecules.
(v) The pressure of gas is due to elastic collision of gas molecules with the walls of the container.

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(vi) The time of contact of a moving molecules with the walls of the container is negligible as compared to
the time interval between two successive collisions on the same wall of the container.
Pressure P exerted by an ideal gas is given by
1 mN 2
P v
3 V
where v 2 is the mean square velocity and m is the mass of each molecule.
S
HI S S
⎡ v 2  v 22   ⎤
v2  ⎢ 1
SE
⎥
⎣ N ⎦
NC L K’
N is the total number of molecules in the vessel having volume V.
1 2
33. Assuming the relation P  v of kinetic theory, prove that the average kinetic energy of a molecule of an
LI 3
ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.
A
Sol. The average kinetic energy of 1 gm molecule of the gas
ON A
1 1 ⎛ 3P ⎞ ⎡ 1 2⎤
 Mv 2  M ⎜
2 2 ⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣Using, P  3 v ⎥⎦
C
M
3 ⎛ RT ⎞ 3 ⎡ M⎤
 K.E.  M  RT ⎢⎣  V ⎥⎦
2 ⎜⎝ V ⎟⎠ 2
.
There are N molecules in 1 gram molecule of the gas. Hence the average kinetic energy of 1 molecule
3
NE K
RT
3⎛R ⎞ 3
 2
RA
 ⎜ ⎟T  kT
WT
N 2⎝N ⎠ 2
R
where k  is Boltzmann constant. Thus energy  T.
R.
34. Write the formula for the pressure of an ideal gas in terms of molecular mass, number of molecules and their
velocity on the basis of kinetic theory and with the help of it, establish the relation between kinetic energy of
the molecules and temperature of the gas.
Sol. The pressure exerted by an ideal gas is given by
1
P nmv 2
3
Multiplying both sides by V
1
PV  nmVv 2
3
1
PV  Nmv 2 …(i)
3
where N = (nV) is the number of molecules in the sample.

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The internal energy E of an ideal gas is purely kinetic
1
E  N mv 2 …(ii)
2
Using equation (ii) in (i), we get
⎛ 2⎞
PV  ⎜ ⎟ E …(iii)
⎝ 3⎠
S
Comparing equation (iii) with the ideal gas equation, we get
HI S S
2
SE
E  NkBT
NC L K’
3
3
E NkBT
2
E 1 3
or
LI mv 2  kBT
N 2 2
…(iv)
A
35. Two vessels A and B are identical. A has 1 gm hydrogen at 0°C and B has 1 gm nitrogen at 0°C.
(i) Which vessel does contain more molecules and how much?
ON A
(ii) In which vessel is the pressure of the gas higher and how much?
C
M
(iii) In which vessel is the average speed of molecules larger and how much?
Sol. (i) Vessel A contains 14 times more (hydrogen) molecules than the nitrogen molecules contained in vessel
B, because the number of molecules in 1 gm of hydrogen is 14 times the number of molecules in 1 gm
oxygen.
.
⎛3 ⎞
(ii) At a given temperature, the average kinetic energy per molecule ⎜ kBT ⎟ is independent of the nature
⎝2 ⎠
NE K
of the gas. Now, from the ideal gas equation PV = nkBT for n molecules, the pressure of the gas is
RA
WT
nkBT
P
V
R.
Thus, for a given volume, the gas pressure is proportional to the number of molecules. Hence, pressure
in A will be 14 times higher than that in B.
1
(iii) At a given temperature v rms  , where M is molecular mass of the gas. Since, the molecular mass
M
⎛ 1⎞
of hydrogen is ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ th the molecular mass of oxygen, the rms speed of hydrogen in vessel A is 14
14
times larger than that of nitrogen in vessel B.
36. A vessel contains two non-reacting gases, neon (monatomic) and oxygen (diatomic). The ratio of their partial
pressures is 3 : 2. Find the ratio of (a) number of molecules, and (b) mass density of Ne and O2 in the vessel.
The atomic mass of Ne is 20.2 and the molecular mass of O2 is 32.0.
Sol. The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases filled in a vessel is that pressure which the gas would have
if it alone occupied the whole vessel at the same temperature. (The total pressure of a mixture of non-reacting
gases is the sum of partial pressures of its constituent gases).
Since, V and T are common for the gases neon and oxygen (assumed ideal), we can write
P1V = 1RT and P2V = 2RT

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where P1 and P2 are the partial pressure, 1 and 2 the number of moles of neon and oxygen respectively in
the vessel. Thus,
P1 1 P 3
 as 1  (given)
P2  2 P2 2
1 3
 
2 2
S
(a) If n1 and n2 be the number of molecules of neon and oxygen respectively, and N be the Avogadro number,
HI S S
then by definition, we have
SE
n1 n2
NC L K’
1  and  2 
N N
n1 1 3
  
n2  2 2
(b)
LI
If m1 and m2 be the masses, and M1 and M2 the molecular masses of neon and oxygen respectively,
A
then we have
m1 m
1  2  2
M1 and M2
ON A
C 1 m1 /v ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ M1 ⎞ 3 20.2
     0.947
M
2 m2 /v ⎜⎝  2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ M2 ⎟⎠ 2 32.0
37. An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 litres has an initial gauge pressure of 15 atm and a temperature of 27°C.
After some oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder, the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and its temperature
drops to 17°C. Estimate the mass of oxygen taken out of the cylinder.
.
(R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1; molecular mass M of O2 = 32)

NE K
Sol. Let P1 and T1 be the initial pressure and absolute temperature of oxygen in the cylinder, and P2 and T2 their
RA
values after some oxygen is withdrawn. Let 1 the number of moles of oxygen initially present in the cylinder
WT
and 2 the number of moles left over. The volume V (say) remains unchanged. Now, writing gas equation, we
have
R.
P1V = 1RT1
and P2V = 2RT2
Here, P1 = 15 atm = 15 × 1.01 × 105 Nm–2, P2 = 11 × 1.01 × 105 Nm–2, T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K,
T2 = 17 + 273 = 290 K, V = 30 litre = 30 × 10–3 m3 and R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1. Therefore,
PV
1 (15  1.01  105 )  (30  10–3 )
1    18.25
RT1 8.3  300
P2V (11  1.01  105 )  (30  10–3 )

and  2    13.84
RT2 8.3  290
 Number of moles of oxygen taken out of the cylinder is

1 – 2 = 18.25 – 13.84 = 4.41
The molecular mass of O2 is 32 g.
Hence, the mass of oxygen taken out of the cylinder is
m = (1 – 2)M = 4.41 × 32 g = 141.12 g

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38. A vessel A contains hydrogen and another vessel B whose volume is twice of A contains same mass of oxygen
at the same temperature. Compare
(i) Average translational kinetic energies of hydrogen and oxygen molecules,
(ii) Root-mean square speeds of the molecules,
(iii) Pressures of gases in A and B.
(Molecular weights of hydrogen and oxygen are 2 and 32 respectively).
S
⎛3 ⎞
HI S S
Sol. (i) For all gases at the same temperature, the kinetic energy per molecule is the same ⎜ kBT ⎟ . Since,
⎝2 ⎠
SE
NC L K’
gases in both vessels are at the same temperature, the average kinetic energy per molecule is the same
(1 : 1).
3RT
(ii) We know that v rms 
M
LI
A
(v rms )H MO 32
    4 :1
(v rms )O MH 2
ON A
(iii) According to the kinetic theory, we have
C 1 mn 2 1 M 2
M
P v  v
3 V 3V
Masses of both the gases hydrogen and oxygen are equal.

Hence, the ratio of pressures is
.
2
PH v H2 VO (v rms ) V 16 2
   2 H  O    32 : 1
NE K
PO v 2 VH (v rms )O VH 1 1
RA
O
WT
39. What do you mean by the degree of freedom and law of equipartition of energy?
Sol. Degree of freedom of a system refers to the possible independent motions a system can have or number of
R.
possible independent ways in which a system can have energy.

(i) Monoatomic molecule has 3 degrees of freedom all translational.
(ii) A diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of freedom 3 translational and 2 rotational.
(iii) A diatomic molecule that is free to vibrate will have 7 degrees of freedom (3 + 2 + 2).
(iv) A nonlinear polyatomic molecule has 6 degrees of freedom 3 translational and 3 rotational.
The law of equipartition of energy states that if a system is in equilibrium at absolute temperature T, the
total energy is distributed equally in different energy modes of absorption. The energy in each mode being
1
equal to kBT .
2
Each translation and rotational degree of freedom corresponds to one energy mode of absorption and has
1
energy kBT . Each vibrational frequency has two modes of energy with corresponding energy equal to
2
1
2 kBT  kBT .
2

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40. Explain the concept of mean free path.
Sol. The size of gas molecules is very small and they are undergoing collisions, due to which their motion is not
straight or we can say that the path of molecules keep on getting deflected due to collisions. Suppose the
molecules of a gas are spheres of diameter d.
Let us focus on a single molecule having average speed <v>. It will suffer collision with any molecule that
comes with in a distance d, (between the centres).
S
In t time the volume sweeps by the molecule is given by
HI S S
Volume = Area × distance travelled by the molecule in t time
SE
NC L K’
V = d2<v>t …(i)
Equation (i) gives the volume in which any other molecule can collide with it. If n is number of molecules per
unit volume, then the molecule will suffer nd2<v>t collisions in t time. The rate of collision is
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nd 2 <v >t
 nd 2 <v >
A
t
and the time () between two successive collision is given by

ON A
C 1

M
…(ii)
(n <v >d 2 )
The average distance between two successive collisions, called the mean free path (l) which is given by
1
.
l  <v >  …(iii)

(n d 2 )
NE K
RA
While doing the above derivation we have not considered the motion of other molecules. We assumed them
WT
to be at rest. But actually all are moving. Hence <v> is replaced by <vr> i.e., average relative velocity of the
molecules. Hence more exact treatment gives
R.
1
l …(iv)
2nd 2
The mean free path of equation (iv) gives its dependence on the number density and size of molecules.
41. On the basis of law of equipartition of energy, calculate the molar specific heats of monoatomic and diatomic
gases at constant volume and pressure separately.
Sol. A monoatomic gas has only three translational degrees of freedom therefore, its average energy at temperature
T is given by
3
E kBT
2
Total internal energy of one mode of such gas is
3
U kBT  N A …(i)
2

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where NA is Avogadro’s number.
R
As we know, kB  , substituting in equation (i), we get
NA
3
U RT
2
S
dU 3
HI S S
 R
dT 2
SE
NC L K’
The molar specific heat at constant volume, Cv is
dU 3
 Cv (monoatomic gas)  R
dT 2
LI
For an ideal gas
A
Cp – Cv = R
where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure. Thus,
ON A
3 5
CCp  R  Cv  R  R R
2 2
M
Cp 5
Ratio of specific heats   
Cv 3
.
A diatomic molecule is treated as a rigid rotator with 5 degrees of freedom, 3 translational and 2 rotational.
So the average energy of a molecule of diatomic gas at temperature T is given by
NE K
RA
5
WT
E kBT
2
and the total internal energy of a mole of diatomic gas is

R.
5 5
U kBT  N A  RT
2 2
and hence, molar specific heat Cv (at constant volume) and molar specific heat Cp (at constant pressure) is
given by
dU 5
Cv   R
dT 2
5
Cv  R
2
5 7
Cp  R  Cv  R  R R
2 2
Cp 7
 
Cv 5

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42. Explain Boyle’s law and Charles’s law and draw the corresponding graphs related to P, V and T.
Sol. Boyle’s law : According to it, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant temperature, the volume of a gas
1
is inversely proportional to its pressure, i.e., V  if mass of gas and T = constant
P
m = const. m = const.
P m = const. P T = const. PV T = const.
T = const.
S
HI S S
SE
NC L K’
V 1/V P or V
Charles’s law : According to it, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, volume of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature i.e., V  T, if m and P are constant.
LI m = const.
A
V P = const.
ON A
C T (in K)
M
43. On the basis of kinetic theory of gases, explain the kinetic interpretation of temperature.
.
1
P nmv 2
3
NE K
RA

WT
1
PV  nmVv 2
3
R.
1
PV  Nmv 2 …(i)
3

1
E  N mv 2 …(ii)
2
⎛ 2⎞
PV  ⎜ ⎟ E …(iii)
⎝ 3⎠
2
E  NkBT
3

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3
E NkBT
2
E 1 3
or  mv 2  kBT …(iv)
N 2 2
From equation (iv) we can see that the average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas. It is independent of pressure, volume or the nature of the ideal gas. This is a fundamental
S
result relating the temperature to the internal energy of a molecule. This is kinetic interpretation of temperature.
HI S S
The rms velocity (root mean square velocity) is defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of the
SE
random velocities of the individual molecules of a gas
NC L K’
v rms  v 2
As from the above equation we can see that v 2  T
LI
A
 v rms  T
44. Establish a relation between kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas and temperature and show that the root
mean square velocity of the molecules of a gas is directly proportional to the square root of the absolute
ON A
temperature of the gas.
C
M
1
P nmv 2
3
.
1
nmVv 2
NE K
PV 
3
RA
WT
1
PV  Nmv 2 …(i)
3
R.

1
E  N mv 2 …(ii)
2
⎛ 2⎞
PV  ⎜ ⎟ E …(iii)
⎝ 3⎠
2
E  NkBT
3
3
E NkBT
2

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E 1 3
N 2 2
v rms  v 2
S
As from the above equation we can see that v 2  T
HI S S
SE
 v rms  T
NC L K’
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
LI
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
A
1. Draw a graph between the pressure and reciprocal of volume for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant
temperature.
ON A
Sol. C P
M
1/V
.
2. The ratio of the densities of two gases at the same temperature is 8 : 9. Compare the root-mean-square
velocities of their molecules.
NE K
RA
v1 rms M2 2 3
WT
Sol. v   
2 rms M1 1 2 2
R.
3. Write the formula for the pressure of an ideal gas in terms of mass m of a molecule, the number n and mean-
square velocity v 2 of molecules, on the basis of kinetic theory.
1 mn 2
Sol. P  v
3 V
4. The pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is halved at constant temperature. What will be the volume of
the gas in comparison to its initial volume?
Sol. Using Boyle’s law, we have
P1V1 = P2V2
P
PV  V2
2
 V2  2V
Volume is doubled.

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5. What will be the kinetic energy of a gas at absolute zero temperature?
Sol. Zero
6. How kinetic energy of gas molecules depends on the temperature of the gas?
Sol. It is directly proportional to the temperature.
7. What is the relation between the pressure and kinetic energy per unit volume of a gas?
S
Sol. P  E
HI S S
3
SE
8. What is meant by Boltzmann constant?
NC L K’
Sol. It is the ratio of universal gas constant (R) and Avogadro number (NA)
R
kB 
NA
LI
A
9. The absolute temperature of a gas is made four times. How many times will its total kinetic energy and root
ON A
mean square velocity of its molecules become?
C 3
M
Sol. K.E.  kBT (if gas is monoatomic)
2
K.E.  T
Therefore, K.E. becomes and times
.
But v rms  T
NE K
RA
 vrms becomes double as T is made four times.

WT
10. A box contains equal number of molecules of hydrogen and nitrogen gases. If there is a fine hole in the box,
then which gas will leak more rapidly? Why?
R.
1
Sol. Hydrogen will leak more rapidly, because v rms  , where M is molecular mass of the gas as hydrogen
M
is lighter than nitrogen or its molecular mass is lesser than nitrogen therefore, diffuses more rapidly.
11. How the pressure of a gas increases on reducing the volume of a gas at constant temperature?
Sol. On reducing the volume of a gas, the number of molecules per unit volume increases, then more molecules
collide with the walls of the vessel per second and hence a large momentum is transferred to the wall per
second i.e., increase in pressure of the gas.
12. Two vessels of the same volume are filled with the same gas at the same temperature. If the pressure of the
gas in these vessels be in the ratio 3 : 4 then calculate the ratio of the root mean square speeds of the
molecules.
Sol. rms velocity of objects depends on the absolute temperature of the gas, as both the gases are at the same
temperature therefore, the ratio of their rms velocities is 1 : 1.
13. In a faulty barometer, due to some air present above mercury in a volume of 20 cm3, the reading is 50 cm.
When the barometer tube is immersed so much in mercury that the volume of air in the tube above mercury
is reduced to 5 cm3, then the barometer reads 30 cm. What is the correct pressure of the atmosphere?

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Sol. If, initially, the pressure of the air above mercury be P1 and volume V1 and after pushing the tube in mercury,
the air pressure above mercury be P2 and volume V2, then by Boyle’s law
P1V1 = P2V2
Let the correct atmospheric pressure be P cm (of mercury), then
P1 = P – 50 and P2 = P – 30
(P – 50) × 20 = (P – 30) × 5
4P – 200 = P – 30
S
HI S S
3P = 170
SE
170
P cm (mercury)
NC L K’
3
14. If the temperature of a gas is raised from 27°C to 327°C. How many times will the root mean square velocity
of its molecules become?
Sol. v rms  T
LI
A
v 2 rms T2

v1 rms T1
ON A
v 2 rms 600
  2
v1 rms 300
C
M
The velocity become 2 times.
15. On pulling the piston out of a cylinder filled with gas, the pressure of the gas decreases, why?
Sol. On increasing the volume of the gas, the molecules get more space to move about. Hence less molecules
collide with the wall per second, collisions take place on a bigger area of the walls. Due to both these reasons
.
the pressure decreases.

NE K

RA
WT
16. A flask contains argon and chlorine in the mass ratio 2 : 1 at 27°C temperature. The atomic mass of argon
is 39.9 and molecular mass of chlorine is 70.9. Find the ratio of average kinetic energy per molecule.
3
kBT
R.
Sol. The average kinetic energy per molecule of all (ideal) gases (monoatomic, diatomic or polyatomic) is
2
thus depending only on temperature and independent of the nature of gas. Since, argon and chlorine in the
flask are at the same temperature (27°C), the ratio of average kinetic energy per molecule of the two gases
is 1 : 1.
17. If pressure remains constant, then at what temperature the root mean square speed of the molecules of a gas
will remain half of the root mean square speed at 0°C.
Sol. v rms  T
v rms 1 T2

v rms 2 T1
1 T2

2 273
1 T
 2
4 273
273
T2  = 68.25 K – 273 = –204.75°C
4

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18. From a certain apparatus, the diffusion rate of hydrogen has an average value of 28.7 cm3 s–1 while that of
another gas is 7.2 cm3 s–1. Identify the gas.
Sol. R  vrms
R1 v1 rms M2
 
R2 v 2 rms M1
S
R1 = 28.7 cm3 s–1, R2 = 7.2 cm3 s–1
HI S S
SE
2
M2 ⎛ R1 ⎞ (28.7)2
NC L K’
 ⎜ ⎟   16
M1 ⎝ R2 ⎠ (7.2)2
M1 = 2, M2 = 16M1
LI
M2 = 32
A
The unknown gas is oxygen.
19. Estimate the total number of air molecules in a room of volume capacity 250 m3 at a temperature of 27°C
ON A
and 1 atm pressure. The Boltzmann constant is 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1 and 1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Nm–2.
C
Sol. PV = nkBT
M
PV
n
kBT
.
1.01  105  250

n  6.10  1026
1.38  10 –23  300
NE K
RA
WT
20. Two perfect gases at absolute temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. Find the
temperature of the mixture if the masses of the molecules are m1 and m2 and the number of molecules in
the gases are n1 and n2 respectively.
R.
3
Sol. K.E.1  n1 kBT1
2
3
K.E.2  n2 kBT2
2
3
Total K.E.  (n1  n2 ) kBT
2
Total K.E. = K.E.1 + K.E.2
3 3 3
(n1  n2 ) kBT  n1 kBT1  n2 kBT2
2 2 2
n1T1  n2T2
T 
n1  n2

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21. Calculate the temperature at which the average kinetic energy of a molecule of a gas will be the same as
that of an electron accelerated through 1 volt. Boltzmann constant K = 1.4 × 10–23 JK–1, charge of an
electron e = 1.6 × 10–19 C.
Sol. eV = 1.6 × 10–19 C × 1 V = 1.6 × 10–19 J
3
E kBT
2
S
3
kBT  1.6  10 –19 J
HI S S
2
SE
NC L K’
2 1.6  10 –19 2 1.6  10 –19
T      7619 K
3 kB 3 1.4  10 –23
Long Answer Type Questions :
LI
22. Establish a relation between kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas and temperature and show that the root
A
mean square velocity of the molecules of a gas is directly proportional to the square root of the absolute
temperature of the gas.
OR
ON A
State the law of equipartition of energy. Use this law to determine the heat capacity of solids.
C
M
1
P nmv 2
3
.
1
PV  nmVv 2
NE K
3
RA
WT
1
PV  Nmv 2 …(i)
3
R.

1
E  N mv 2 …(ii)
2
⎛ 2⎞
PV  ⎜ ⎟ E …(iii)
⎝ 3⎠
2
E  NkBT
3
3
E NkBT
2

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E 1 3
N 2 2
v rms  v 2
S
2
As from the above equation we can see that v  T
HI S S
SE
 v rms  T
NC L K’
OR
The law of equipartition of energy states that if a system is in equilibrium at absolute temperature T, the total
energy is distributed equally in different energy modes of absorption. The energy in each mode being equal
1
LI
kBT .
A
to
2
Each translation and rotational degree of freedom corresponds to one energy mode of absorption and has energy
ON A
1
kBT . Each vibrational frequency has two modes of energy with corresponding energy equal to
2 C
M
1
2 kBT  kBT .
2
We can use the law of equipartition of energy to determine specific heat of solids. Consider a solid of N atoms.
.
Each atom vibrating i.e., it has vibrational mode so the average energy of an atom in one dimension is given
1
NE K
by 2  kBT  kBT and in three dimension is 3kBT for one mole of gas N = NA i.e., Avogadro’s number. The
RA
2
WT
total internal energy is
U = 3kBT × NA = 3RT
R.
According to the first law of thermodynamics
Q = U + PV
for solids V is negligible
 Q = V
Molar specific heat of solids
Q U
C 
T T
C = 3R
23. What is an ideal gas? Explain its properties. How do real gases deviates from ideal behaviour and why?
OR
Explain the concept of mean free path. Deduce the relation between path length and show it dependence on
number density and diameter of the molecules.

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NEWTON CLASSES
Sol. Ideal gas is a gas which strictly obey gas laws. For such a gas, the size of the molecules of a gas is zero
and there is no force of attraction or repulsion amongst its molecules. The ideal gas equation connecting
pressure (P), volume (V) and absolute temperature (T) is given by
PV = RT = kBNT
where  is the number of moles and N is the number of molecules. R and kB are constants
R
R = 8.314 J mol–1 K–1, kB  N = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1
S
A
HI S S
Real gases satisfy the ideal gas equation only at low pressures and high temperatures only approximately.
SE
NC L K’
OR
The size of gas molecules is very small and they are undergoing collisions, due to which their motion is not
straight or we can say that the path of molecules keep on getting deflected due to collisions. Suppose the
molecules of a gas are spheres of diameter d.
LI
Let us focus on a single molecule having average speed <v>. It will suffer collision with any molecule that
comes with in a distance d, (between the centres).
A
In t time the volume sweeps by the molecule is given by
Volume = Area × distance travelled by the molecule in t time
ON A
V = d2<v>t …(i)
C
M
Equation (i) gives the volume in which any other molecule can collide with it. If n is number of molecules per
unit volume, then the molecule will suffer nd2<v>t collisions in t time. The rate of collision is
nd 2 <v >t

 nd 2 <v >
t
.
and the time () between two successive collision is given by

NE K
RA
1
WT
 …(ii)
(n <v >d 2 )
The average distance between two successive collisions, called the mean free path (l) which is given by
R.
1
l  <v >  …(iii)
(n d 2 )
While doing the above derivation we have not considered the motion of other molecules. We assumed them
to be at rest. But actually all are moving. Hence <v> is replaced by <vr> i.e., average relative velocity of the
molecules. Hence more exact treatment gives
1
l …(iv)
2nd 2
The mean free path of equation (iv) gives its dependence on the number density and size of molecules.


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R. K. MALIK’S JEE (MAIN & ADV.

New rms velocity is 2vrms

are in the ratio 9 : 16?

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Office.: 606 , 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1,

m is halved and vrms is doubled. Hence, P will become two times.

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(v r.m.s. )O2 MSO2

or (v r.m.s. )O2  2(v r.m.s. )SO2

= 0.5 × 10–14 erg.

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Total K.E. = K.E.1 + K.E.2

(n1  n2 ) kT  n1 kT1  n2 kT2

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(a) Specific heat capacity of monoatomic gases

Similarly as in case of mono-atomic gases

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LI Hence U  6  kBT  N A  3RT

pressure (P), volume (V) and absolute temperature (T) is given by

Sol. Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases

(iv) There is no force of attraction among the molecules.

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Multiplying both sides by V

where N = (nV) is the number of molecules in the sample.

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Office.: 606 , 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1,

(R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1; molecular mass M of O2 = 32)

P2V (11  1.01  105 )  (30  10–3 )

 Number of moles of oxygen taken out of the cylinder is

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Masses of both the gases hydrogen and oxygen are equal.

possible independent ways in which a system can have energy.

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40. Explain the concept of mean free path.

and the time () between two successive collision is given by

l  <v >  …(iii)

Total internal energy of one mode of such gas is

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and the total internal energy of a mole of diatomic gas is

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Multiplying both sides by V

where N = (nV) is the number of molecules in the sample.

Using equation (ii) in (i), we get

Comparing equation (iii) with the ideal gas equation, we get

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As from the above equation we can see that v 2  T

Multiplying both sides by V

where N = (nV) is the number of molecules in the sample.

Using equation (ii) in (i), we get

Comparing equation (iii) with the ideal gas equation, we get

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 vrms becomes double as T is made four times.

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the pressure decreases.

Short Answer Type Questions :

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1.01  105  250

Total K.E. = K.E.1 + K.E.2