Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Presentations
Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Presentations
Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Presentations
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and
Graphical Presentations
Learning Objectives
1. Learn how to construct and interpret summarization procedures for qualitative data such as :
frequency and relative frequency distributions, bar graphs and pie charts.
2. Learn how to construct and interpret tabular summarization procedures for quantitative data such as:
frequency and relative frequency distributions, cumulative frequency and cumulative relative
frequency distributions.
3. Learn how to construct a dot plot, a histogram, and an ogive as graphical summaries of quantitative
data.
4. Learn how the shape of a data distribution is revealed by a histogram. Learn how to recognize when
a data distribution is negatively skewed, symmetric, and positively skewed.
5. Be able to use and interpret the exploratory data analysis technique of a stemandleaf display.
6. Learn how to construct and interpret cross tabulations and scatter diagrams of bivariate data.
2 1
Chapter 2
Solutions:
1.
Class Frequency Relative Frequency
A 60 60/120 = 0.50
B 24 24/120 = 0.20
C 36 36/120 = 0.30
120 1.00
2. a. 1 (.22 + .18 + .40) = .20
b. .20(200) = 40
c/d.
Class Frequency Percent Frequency
A .22(200) = 44 22
B .18(200) = 36 18
C .40(200) = 80 40
D .20(200) = 40 20
Total 200 100
3. a. 360° x 58/120 = 174°
b. 360° x 42/120 = 126°
c.
No
Opinion
16.7%
Yes
48.3%
No
35%
2 2
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
d.
70
60
50
Frequency
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No No Opinion
Response
4. a. The data are qualitative.
b.
Percent
Newspaper Frequency Frequency
Liberty Times 24 48
China Times 15 30
United Daily News 7 14
Apple Daily 4 8
Total: 50 100
2 3
Chapter 2
c.
30
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
Liberty Times China Times United Daily Apple Daily
News
Newspaper
Apple Daily
8%
United Daily
News
Liberty
14%
T imes
48%
China T imes
30%
d. Liberty Times has the largest market share. China Times is second.
5. a.
2 4
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
2 5
Chapter 2
b.
c. Chan .200 x 360 = 72.0
Chang .140 x 360 = 50.4
Lee .160 x 360 = 58.6
Liu .140 x 360 = 50.4
Wang .240 x 360 = 86.4
Young .120 x 360 = 43.2
d. Most common: Wang, Chan, and Lee
6. a.
Book Frequency Percent Frequency
7 Habits 10 16.66
Millionaire 16 26.67
Motley 9 15.00
Dad 13 21.67
2 6
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
WSJ Guide 6 10.00
Other 6 10.00
Total: 60 100.00
The Ernst & Young Tax Guide 2000 with a frequency of 3, Investing for Dummies with a frequency
of 2, and What Color is Your Parachute? 2000 with a frequency of 1 are grouped in the "Other"
category.
b. The rank order from first to fifth is: Millionaire, Dad, 7 Habits, Motley, and WSJ Guide.
c. The percent of sales represented by The Millionaire Next Door and Rich Dad, Poor Dad is 48.33%.
7.
Rating Frequency Relative Frequency
Outstanding 19 0.38
Very Good 13 0.26
Good 10 0.20
Average 6 0.12
Poor 2 0.04
50 1.00
Management should be pleased with these results. 64% of the ratings are very good to outstanding.
84% of the ratings are good or better. Comparing these ratings with previous results will show
whether or not the restaurant is making improvements in its ratings of food quality.
8. a.
Position Frequency Relative Frequency
Pitcher 17 0.309
Catcher 4 0.073
1st Base 5 0.091
2nd Base 4 0.073
3rd Base 2 0.036
Shortstop 5 0.091
Left Field 6 0.109
Center Field 5 0.091
Right Field 7 0.127
55 1.000
b. Pitchers (Almost 31%)
c. 3rd Base (3 4%)
d. Right Field (Almost 13%)
e. Infielders (16 or 29.1%) to Outfielders (18 or 32.7%)
9. a/b.
Starting Time Frequency Percent Frequency
7:00 3 15
7:30 4 20
8:00 4 20
8:30 7 35
2 7
Chapter 2
9:00 2 10
20 100
2 8
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
c. Bar Graph
5
Frequency
0
7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00
Starting Time
d.
9:00 7:00
10% 15%
7:30
20%
8:30
35%
8:00
20%
e. The most preferred starting time is 8:30 a.m.. Starting times of 7:30 and 8:00 a.m. are next.
10. a. The data refer to quality levels from 1 "Not at all Satisfied" to 7 "Extremely Satisfied."
b.
Rating Frequency Relative Frequency
3 2 0.03
4 4 0.07
5 12 0.20
6 24 0.40
7 18 0.30
60 1.00
2 9
Chapter 2
c. Bar Graph
30
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
3 4 5 6 7
Rating
d. The survey data indicate a high quality of service by the financial consultant. The most common
ratings are 6 and 7 (70%) where 7 is extremely satisfied. Only 2 ratings are below the middle scale
value of 4. There are no "Not at all Satisfied" ratings.
11.
Class Frequency Relative Frequency Percent Frequency
1214 2 0.050 5.0
1517 8 0.200 20.0
1820 11 0.275 27.5
2123 10 0.250 25.5
2426 9
0.225 22.5
Total 40 1.000 100.0
12.
Class Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency
less than or equal to 19 10 .20
less than or equal to 29 24 .48
less than or equal to 39 41 .82
less than or equal to 49 48 .96
less than or equal to 59 50 1.00
2 10
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
13.
18
16
14
12
Frequency
10
0
10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
14. a.
2 11
Chapter 2
b/c.
Class Frequency Percent Frequency
6.0 - 7.9 4 20
8.0 - 9.9 2 10
10.0 - 11.9 8 40
12.0 - 13.9 3 15
14.0 - 15.9 3 15
20 100
15. a/b.
Waiting Time Frequency Relative Frequency
0-4 4 0.20
5-9 8 0.40
10 - 14 5 0.25
15 - 19 2 0.10
20 - 24 1 0.05
Totals 20 1.00
c/d.
e. 12/20 = 0.60
16. a. The histogram is shown below.
2 12
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
The histogram clearly shows that the annual household incomes are skewed to the right. And, of
course, if annual household incomes are skewed to the right, so are annual incomes. This makes
sense because the vast majority of annual incomes are less than NT$1,000,000. But, there are a few
individuals with very large incomes.
b. The histogram for the age is given.
2 13
Chapter 2
The histogram shows that the distribution of age is skewed to the left. This is to be expected. It is
our experience that there are frequently a few very low ages causing such a pattern to appear.
2 14
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
c. The histogram for the data in Exercise 11 is given.
d.
Histogram
12
10
8
Frequency
0
12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-26
Data
e. This histogram is skewed to the left slightly, but we would probably classify it as roughly
symmetric.
17. a.
Amount (NT$ ‘000) Frequency Relative Frequency
Less than 56 3 .12
56-75 5 .20
76-95 11 .44
96-115 4 .16
116-135 1 .04
136 and more 1 .04
25 1.00
2 15
Chapter 2
b. Histogram
The distribution has a roughly symmetric shape.
c. The largest group spends NT$76NT$95 per year on books and magazines. There are more in the
NT$56 to NT$75 range than in the NT$96 to NT$115 range.
18. a. Lowest salary: NT$29,300
Highest salary: NT$37,800
b.
Salary (NT$100s) Frequency Relative Percent
Frequency Frequency
293307 4 0.09 9
308322 5 0.11 11
323337 9 0.20 20
338352 17 0.38 38
353367 7 0.16 16
368382 3 0.07 7
Total 45 1.00 100
c. Proportion NT$33,700 or less: 18/45.
2 16
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
d. Percentage more than NT$35,200: 10/45
e. The distribution is skewed slightly to the left, but is roughly symmetric.
19. a/b.
Number Frequency Relative Frequency
140 - 149 2 0.10
150 - 159 7 0.35
160 - 169 3 0.15
170 - 179 6 0.30
180 - 189 1 0.05
190 - 199 1 0.05
Totals 20 1.00
c/d.
2 17
Chapter 2
.
e.
20
15
Frequency
10
20. a. The percentage of people 39 or less is 12.2 + 14.2 + 17.1 + 16.2 = 59.7.
b. The percentage of the population over 39 years old is 16.3 + 10.9 + 6.7 + 4.7 + 1.7 = 40.3
c. The percentage of the population that is between 20 and 59 years old inclusively is
17.1 + 16.2 + 16.3 + 10.9 = 60.5
d. The percentage less than 30 years old is 12.2 + 14.2 + 17.1 = 43.5.
So there are (.435) (22,689,122) = 9,869,768.07 people less than 30 years old.
e. An estimate of the number of retired people is (.047 + .017) (22,689,122) = 1,452,103.81
21. a/b.
Computer Relative
Usage (Hours) Frequency Frequency
0.0 2.9 5 0.10
3.0 5.9 28 0.56
6.0 8.9 8 0.16
9.0 11.9 6 0.12
12.0 14.9 3 0.06
Total 50 1.00
2 18
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
c.
30
25
20
Frequency
15
10
0
0.0 - 2.9 3.0 - 5.9 6.0 - 8.9 9.0 - 11.9 12.0 - 14.9
Computer Usage (Hours)
d.
2 19
Chapter 2
60
50
40
Frequency
30
20
10
0
3 6 9 12 15
Computer Usage (Hours)
e. The majority of the computer users are in the 3 to 6 hour range. Usage is somewhat skewed toward
the right with 3 users in the 12 to 15 hour range.
2 20
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
22.
5 7 8
6 4 5 8
7 0 2 2 5 5 6 8
8 0 2 3 5
23. Leaf Unit = 0.1
6 3
7 5 5 7
8 1 3 4 8
9 3 6
10 0 4 5
11 3
24. Leaf Unit = 10
11 6
12 0 2
13 0 6 7
14 2 2 7
15 5
16 0 2 8
17 0 2 3
25.
9 8 9
10 2 4 6 6
11 4 5 7 8 8 9
12 2 4 5 7
13 1 2
14 4
15 1
2 21
Chapter 2
26. a. 100 shares at $50 per share
1 0 3 7 7
2 4 5 5
3 0 0 5 5 9
4 0 0 0 5 5 8
5 0 0 0 4 5 5
This stemandleaf display shows that the trading prices are closely grouped together. Rotating the
stemandleaf display counter clockwise shows a histogram that is slightly skewed to the left but is
roughly symmetric.
b. 500 shares traded online at $50 per share.
0 5 7
1 0 1 1 3 4
1 5 5 5 8
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 5 5
3 0 0 0
3 6
4
4
5
5
6 3
This stretched stemandleaf display shows that the distribution of online trading prices for most of
the brokers for 500 shares are lower than the trading prices for broker assisted trades of 100 shares.
There are a couple of outliers. York Securities charges $36 for an online trade and Investors
National charges much more than the other brokers: $62.50 for an online trade.
27.
4 1 3 6 6 7
5 0 0 3 8 9
6 0 1 1 4 4 5 7 7 9
7 0 0 0 1 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8
2 22
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
8 0 1 1 3 4 4 5 7 7 8 9
9 0 2 2 7
or
4 1 3
4 6 6 7
5 0 0 3
5 8 9
6 0 1 1 4 4
6 5 7 7 9 9
7 0 0 0 1 3 4 4
7 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8
8 0 1 1 3 4 4
8 5 7 7 8 9
9 0 2 2
9 7
28. a.
0 5 8
1 1 1 3 3 4 4
1 5 6 7 8 9 9
2 2 3 3 3 5 5
2 6 8
3
3 6 7 7 9
4 0
4 7 8
5
5
6 0
2 23
Chapter 2
b.
2000 P/E Percent
Forecast Frequency Frequency
5 9 2 6.7
10 14 6 20.0
15 19 6 20.0
20 24 6 20.0
25 29 2 6.7
30 34 0 0.0
35 39 4 13.3
40 44 1 3.3
45 49 2 6.7
50 54 0 0.0
55 59 0 0.0
60 64 1 3.3
Total 30 100.0
29. a.
y
1 2 Total
A 5 0 5
x B 11 2 13
C 2 10 12
Total 18 12 30
b.
2 24
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
1 2 Total
c.
y
1 2
A 27.8 0.0
x B 61.1 16.7
C 11.1 83.3
d. Category A values for x are always associated with category 1 values for y. Category B values for
x are usually associated with category 1 values for y. Category C values for x are usually
associated with category 2 values for y.
30. a.
2 25
Chapter 2
56
40
24
8
y
-8
-24
-40
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
x
b. There is a negative relationship between x and y; y decreases as x increases.
31. a. Row Percentages:
Household Income (NT$ ‘000)
Under 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 or
Age Total
999 1,499 1,999 2,499 2,999 more
Under 34 27.76 30.54 21.01 12.99 4.93 2.76 100.00
3544 20.90 31.32 21.49 10.48 8.79 7.03 100.00
4554 16.00 29.17 19.24 19.87 6.83 8.88 100.00
5564 23.73 19.26 20.01 14.46 8.81 13.73 100.00
65 or more 70.57 18.37 4.42 2.94 0.74 2.96 100.00
Total 27.70 27.32 18.27 13.05 6.51 7.15 100.00
There are seven percent frequency distributions in this table with row percentages. The first six give
the percent frequency distribution of income for each age level. The total row provides an overall
percent frequency distribution for household income.
Both of the two rows (age 3544 and age 55 64) have more percentage in the cells and descended
in order of larger income. The second row is the percent frequency distribution for households
headed by age 3544. The fourth row is the percent frequency distribution for households headed by
age 5564.
b. The percentage of heads of households by age 3544 earning NT$2,500,000 or more is 8.79% +
7.03% = 15.82%. The percentage of heads of households by age 5564 earning $75,000 or more is
8.81% + 13.73% = 22.54%.
c. The percent frequency histograms are shown below.
2 26
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
No. The histogram can not tell us any relationship between household income and age.
32. a. Column Percentages:
There are six percent frequency distributions in this table of column percentages. The first five
columns give the percent frequency distributions for each income level. The percent frequency
distribution in the "Total" column gives the overall percent frequency distributions for educational
level. From that percent frequency distribution we see that 15.86% of the heads of households did
not graduate from high school.
b. The column percentages show that 26.86% of households earning over $100,000 were headed by
persons having schooling beyond a bachelor's degree. The row percentages show that 39.72% of the
households headed by persons with schooling beyond a bachelor's degree earned $100,000 or more.
These percentages are different because they came from different percent frequency distributions.
2 27
Chapter 2
c. Compare the "under 24.9" percent frequency distributions to the "Total" percent frequency
distributions. We see that for this low income level the percentage with lower levels of education is
lower than for the overall population and the percentage with higher levels of education is higher
than for the overall population.
Compare the "100 or more" percent frequency distribution to "Total" percent frequency distribution.
We see that for this high income level the percentage with lower levels of education is lower than
for the overall population and the percentage with higher levels of education is higher than for the
overall population.
From the comparisons here it is clear that there is a positive relationship between household
incomes and the education level of the head of the household.
33. a. The crosstabulation of condition of the greens by gender is below.
Green Condition
Gender Too Fast Fine Total
Male 35 65 100
Female 40 60 100
Total 75 125 200
The female golfers have the highest percentage saying the greens are too fast: 40%.
b. 10% of the women think the greens are too fast. 20% of the men think the greens are too fast. So,
for the low handicappers, the men have a higher percentage who think the greens are too fast.
c. 43% of the woman think the greens are too fast. 50% of the men think the greens are too fast. So,
for the high handicappers, the men have a higher percentage who think the greens are too fast.
d. This is an example of Simpson's Paradox. At each handicap level a smaller percentage of the
women think the greens are too fast. But, when the crosstabulations are aggregated, the result is
reversed and we find a higher percentage of women who think the greens are too fast.
The hidden variable explaining the reversal is handicap level. Fewer people with low handicaps
think the greens are too fast, and there are more men with low handicaps than women.
34. a.
EPS Rating
2 28
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
b.
EPS Rating
Sales/Margins/ROE 019 2039 4059 6079 80100 Total
A 11.11 88.89 100
B 8.33 33.33 41.67 16.67 100
C 14.29 14.29 28.57 42.86 100
D 60.00 20.00 20.00 100
E 66.67 33.33 100
Higher EPS ratings seem to be associated with higher ratings on Sales/Margins/ROE. Of those
companies with an "A" rating on Sales/Margins/ROE, 88.89% of them had an EPS Rating of 80 or
higher. Of the 8 companies with a "D" or "E" rating on Sales/Margins/ROE, only 1 had an EPS
rating above 60.
35. a.
Industry Group Relative Strength
Sales/Margins/ROE A B C D E Total
A 1 2 2 4 9
B 1 5 2 3 1 12
C 1 3 2 1 7
D 1 1 1 2 5
E 1 2 3
Total 4 11 7 10 4 36
b/c. The frequency distributions for the Sales/Margins/ROE data is in the rightmost column of the
crosstabulation. The frequency distribution for the Industry Group Relative Strength data is in the
bottom row of the crosstabulation.
d. Once the crosstabulation is complete, the individual frequency distributions are available in the
margins.
2 29
Chapter 2
36. a.
80
70
60
Relative Price Strength
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
EPS Rating
b. One might expect stocks with higher EPS ratings to show greater relative price strength. However,
the scatter diagram using this data does not support such a relationship.
The scatter diagram appears similar to the one showing "No Apparent Relationship" in the text.
Speed
Position 4-4.49 4.5-4.99 5-5.49 5.5-5.59 Grand Total
Guard 12 1 13
Offensive tackle 2 7 3 12
Wide receiver 6 9 15
Grand Total 6 11 19 4 40
b. There appears to be a relationship between Position and Speed; wide receivers had faster speeds
than offensive tackles and guards.
2 30
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
d. There appears to be a relationship between Speed and Rating; slower speeds appear to be associated
with lower ratings. In other words,, prospects with faster speeds tend to be rated higher than
prospects with slower speeds.
38. a.
Vehicle Frequency Percent Frequency
FSeries 17 34
Silverado 12 24
Taurus 8 16
Camry 7 14
Accord 6 12
Total 50 100
b. The two top selling vehicles are the Ford FSeries Pickup and the Chevrolet Silverado.
c.
Accord
Silverado 12%
24%
Camry
14%
Taurus
16%
F-Series
34%
39. a/b.
Industry Frequency Percent Frequency
Beverage 2 10
Chemicals 3 15
Electronics 6 30
Food 7 35
2 31
Chapter 2
Aerospace 2 10
Totals: 20 100
.
40. a.
b. Poor short game, poor mental approach, lack of accuracy, and limited practice.
41. a/b/c/d.
2 32
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
e. The histogram shown below shows that the distribution of most of the book values is roughly
16
14
12
10
Frequency
0
0.00-5.99 6.00-11.99 12.00-17.99 18.00-23.99 24.00-29.99 30.00-35.99
Book Value
symmetric. However, there is one outlier (General Motors).
42. a.
Closing Price Frequency Relative Frequency
0 - 9 7/8 9 0.225
10 - 19 7/8 10 0.250
20 - 29 7/8 5 0.125
30 - 39 7/8 11 0.275
40 - 49 7/8 2 0.050
50 - 59 7/8 2 0.050
60 - 69 7/8 0 0.000
70 - 79 7/8 1 0.025
Totals 40 1.000
b.
2 33
Chapter 2
c.
12
10
8
Frequency
0
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
Closing Price
d. Over 87% of common stocks trade for less than $40 a share and 60% trade for less than $30 per
share.
43. a.
Relative
Exchange Frequency Frequency
American 3 0.15
New York 2 0.10
Over the Counter 15 0.75
20 1.00
b.
Earnings Per Relative
Share Frequency Frequency
0.00 0.19 7 0.35
0.20 0.39 7 0.35
0.40 0.59 1 0.05
0.60 0.79 3 0.15
0.80 0.99 2 0.10
20 1.00
Seventy percent of the shadow stocks have earnings per share less than $0.40. It looks like low EPS
should be expected for shadow stocks.
2 34
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
PriceEarning Relative
PE Ratios Ratio Frequency Frequency vary considerably, but there
is a significant cluster 0.00 9.9 3 0.15 in the 10 19.9 range.
10.0 19.9 7 0.35
44. 20.0 29.9 4 0.20
30.0 39.9 3 Relative
0.15
Income ($)
40.0 49.9 Frequency
2 Frequency
0.10
18,00021,999
50.0 59.9 1 13 0.255
0.05
22,00025,999 20 20 0.392
1.00
26,00029,999 12 0.235
30,00033,999 4 0.078
34,00037,999 2 0.039
Total 51 1.000
45. a.
0 8 9
1 0 2 2 2 3 4 4 4
1 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9
2 0 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 4
2 5 6 8
3 0 1 3
b/c/d.
Number Answered Relative Cumulative
Correctly Frequency Frequency Frequency
5-9 2 0.050 2
10 - 14 8 0.200 10
15 - 19 15 0.375 25
20 - 24 9 0.225 34
25 - 29 3 0.075 37
30 - 34 3 0.075 40
Totals 40 1.000
e. Relatively few of the students (25%) were able to answer 1/2 or more of the questions correctly.
The data seem to support the Joint Council on Economic Education’s claim. However, the degree
of difficulty of the questions needs to be taken into account before reaching a final conclusion.
46. a/b.
2 35
Chapter 2
3 3 9
4 4 3 6 8
5 7 5 0 0 0 2 4 4 5 5 7 9
6 1 4 4 4 4 6 8 6 1 8
7 3 5 7 9 7 2 4 5 5
8 0 1 1 4 6 8
9 0 2 3 9
c. It is clear that the range of low temperatures is below the range of high temperatures. Looking at
the stemandleaf displays side by side, it appears that the range of low temperatures is about 20
degrees below the range of high temperatures.
d. There are two stems showing high temperatures of 80 degrees or higher. They show 8 cities with
high temperatures of 80 degrees or higher.
e. Frequency
Temperature High Temp. Low. Temp.
3039 0 1
4049 0 3
5059 1 10
6069 7 2
7079 4 4
8089 5 0
9099 3 0
Total 20 20
2 36
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
47. a.
80
75
70
65
Low Temperature
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
High Temperature
b. There is clearly a positive relationship between high and low temperature for cities. As one goes up
so does the other.
48. a.
Satisfaction Score
Occupation 3039 4049 5059 6069 7079 8089 Total
Cabinetmaker 2 4 3 1 10
Lawyer 1 5 2 1 1 10
Physical Therapist 5 2 1 2 10
Systems Analyst 2 1 4 3 10
Total 1 7 10 11 8 3 40
b.
Satisfaction Score
Occupation 3039 4049 5059 6069 7079 8089 Total
Cabinetmaker 20 40 30 10 100
Lawyer 10 50 20 10 10 100
Physical Therapist 50 20 10 20 100
Systems Analyst 20 10 40 30 100
c. Each row of the percent crosstabulation shows a percent frequency distribution for an occupation.
Cabinet makers seem to have the higher job satisfaction scores while lawyers seem to have the
lowest. Fifty percent of the physical therapists have mediocre scores but the rest are rather high.
2 37
Chapter 2
49. a.
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
Revenue $mil
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
Employe es
b. There appears to be a positive relationship between number of employees and revenue. As the
number of employees increases, annual revenue increases.
50. a.
Fuel Type
Year Constructed Elec Nat. Gas Oil Propane Other Total
1973 or before 40 183 12 5 7 247
19741979 24 26 2 2 0 54
19801986 37 38 1 0 6 82
19871991 48 70 2 0 1 121
Total 149 317 17 7 14 504
b.
Year Constructed Frequency Fuel Type Frequency
1973 or before 247 Electricity 149
19741979 54 Nat. Gas 317
19801986 82 Oil 17
19871991 121 Propane 7
Total 504 Other 14
Total 504
2 38
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
c. Crosstabulation of Column Percentages
Fuel Type
Year Constructed Elec Nat. Gas Oil Propane Other
1973 or before 26.9 57.7 70.5 71.4 50.0
19741979 16.1 8.2 11.8 28.6 0.0
19801986 24.8 12.0 5.9 0.0 42.9
19871991 32.2 22.1 11.8 0.0 7.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
d. Crosstabulation of row percentages.
Fuel Type
Year Constructed Elec Nat. Gas Oil Propane Other Total
1973 or before 16.2 74.1 4.9 2.0 2.8 100.0
19741979 44.5 48.1 3.7 3.7 0.0 100.0
19801986 45.1 46.4 1.2 0.0 7.3 100.0
19871991 39.7 57.8 1.7 0.0 0.8 100.0
e. Observations from the column percentages crosstabulation
For those buildings using electricity, the percentage has not changed greatly over the years. For the
buildings using natural gas, the majority were constructed in 1973 or before; the second largest
percentage was constructed in 19871991. Most of the buildings using oil were constructed in 1973
or before. All of the buildings using propane are older.
Observations from the row percentages crosstabulation
Most of the buildings in the CG&E service area use electricity or natural gas. In the period 1973 or
before most used natural gas. From 19741986, it is fairly evenly divided between electricity and
natural gas. Since 1987 almost all new buildings are using electricity or natural gas with natural gas
being the clear leader.
51. a. Crosstabulation for stockholder's equity and profit.
Profits ($000)
Stockholders' Equity ($000) 0200 200400 400600 600800 8001000 10001200 Total
01200 10 1 1 12
12002400 4 10 2 16
24003600 4 3 3 1 1 1 13
36004800 1 2 3
48006000 2 3 1 6
Total 18 16 6 2 4 4 50
b. Crosstabulation of Row Percentages.
2 39
Chapter 2
Profits ($000)
Stockholders' Equity ($1000s) 0200 200400 400600 600800 8001000 10001200 Total
01200 83.33 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 100
12002400 25.00 62.50 0.00 0.00 12.50 0.00 100
24003600 30.77 23.08 23.08 7.69 7.69 7.69 100
36004800 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67 100
48006000 0.00 33.33 50.00 16.67 0.00 0.00 100
c. Stockholder's equity and profit seem to be related. As profit goes up, stockholder's equity goes up.
The relationship, however, is not very strong.
52. a. Crosstabulation of market value and profit.
Profit ($1000s)
Market Value ($1000s) 0300 300600 600900 9001200 Total
08000 23 4 27
800016000 4 4 2 2 12
1600024000 2 1 1 4
2400032000 1 2 1 4
3200040000 2 1 3
Total 27 13 6 4 50
b. Crosstabulation of Row Percentages.
Profit ($1000s)
Market Value ($1000s) 0300 300600 600900 9001200 Total
08000 85.19 14.81 0.00 0.00 100
800016000 33.33 33.33 16.67 16.67 100
1600024000 0.00 50.00 25.00 25.00 100
2400032000 0.00 25.00 50.00 25.00 100
3200040000 0.00 66.67 33.33 0.00 100
c. There appears to be a positive relationship between Profit and Market Value. As profit goes up,
Market Value goes up.
53. a. Scatter diagram of Profit vs. Stockholder's Equity.
2 40
Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
Profit ($1000s)
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0
Stockholder's Equity ($1000s)
b. Profit and Stockholder's Equity appear to be positively related.
54. a. Scatter diagram of Market Value and Stockholder's Equity.
2 41
Chapter 2
45000.0
40000.0
35000.0
Market Value ($1000s)
30000.0
25000.0
20000.0
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0
Stockholder's Equity ($1000s)
b. There is a positive relationship between Market Value and Stockholder's Equity.
2 42