Health Is A Crown That The Healthy Wear, But Only The Sick Can Sees It Background of The Study

INTRODUCTION
Health is a crown that the healthy wear, but only the sick can sees it
Background of the study :
Health maintenance workers are at high risk of needle stick injury. It happens when the skin
is fortuitously pricked by a used needle. Needle stick injuries are the injury which are caused
by needles, scalpels, lancets and sharp surgical instruments in hospitals.1
Needle stick injuries are threat for bodies that drudge with hypodermal injections and other
prick tools no matter when these threats can happen while using disassemble or actuate of
property. Needle can be burrow in lawn or waste and may injure other health care workers.
Needle stick injury transmits blood borne diseases to the body which increase risk of
infections. The most common virus include Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV),
Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV). To prevent needle stick injury there are several
programmes as controlled work practices ,safe recapping procedures and surveillance
programmes to control needle stick injury . The most important prevention of needle stick
injury is to provide knowledge regarding threats and application of universal precautions
,prevention practices among health care workers.2
Among the health care workers, nurses are at highest rate of needle stick injuries. Risk of
infection from a needle stick injury depends on the pathogen involved, immune status of the
worker and severity of the needle stick injury. The probability that a single needle stick injury
will result in disease is 3-5 chances in 1000 for HIV, 300 chances in 1000 for Hepatitis-B,
20-50 chances in 1000 for Hepatitis-C Needle stick injuries are less frequent, yet still a
serious concern among law enforcement. Eight million self-injectors generate up to three
billion sharps outside formal healthcare settings in the United States every year. One-third of
these sharps are produced by injection drug users of heroin, cocaine, and other illicit drugs.3
American Nurses Association estimates that from numerous needle stick injuries only about
1000 health care workers actually contract an infection. Besides exposure to blood borne
1
pathogens, nurses are also at risk for about 20 other infections that can be transmitted through
a needle stick, including tuberculosis, syphilis and malaria.1, 3
Needle stick injuries can and should be prevented. The fact is that over 80% of needle stick
injuries can be prevented through the use of safer devices. Preventive steps can be taken at
several levels and include reduction or elimination of use of sharps as much as possible,
engineering controls (i.e., needles or syringes with safety devices), administrative controls
including training and provision of adequate resources, and work practice controls; the latter
may include using instruments (not fingers) to grasp needles, load scalpels, and avoiding
hand-to-hand passing of sharp instruments also preparing of medications especially removing
cap. Removing cap from a needle generally causes needle stick injury. There are several
ways to remove the cap from the needle but the most ideal and safest way to remove the cap
is by carefully grasping the syringe and guiding the needle cap using the thumb and the
pointing finger. Then gently push the cap away from the syringe to detach the cap from the
hub. In this way needle stick injury can be prevented by avoiding the incidence of the
rebound effect. Do not use the other hand as it increases the likeliness to have the syringe to
rebound. Engineering advances include the development of safety needles and needle
removers. The adherences to "no-touch" protocols that eliminate direct contact with needles
in their use and disposal greatly reduce the risk of injury. In the surgical setting blunt-tip
suture needles are able to reduce Needle stick injuries. The American College of Surgeons
(ACS) has endorsed the adoption of blunt-tip suture needles for suturing fascia1.
Need for the study:-
Needle stick injury is penetration on skin through a needle or any other sharp objects like:
broken glass, needle, scalpels, syringes which was exposed to the infected blood, tissues or
body fluids. Needle stick injury is one of the hidden problems among health care workers. It
occurs but mostly we forget and ignore it. 2
Needle stick injury is an occupational exposure in health care settings and most likely results
in 1000's of infection mainly such as: hepatitis C (HCV) , hepatitis B (HBV) ,Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These infections have some long term effect, illness and can
even cause death. 3
2
A cross sectional study is conducted in New Delhi, to know the health care practice in 240
health care workers including staff nurses of different hospitals. The result shows that the
needle stick injury which is 89.58% is the most common type of occupational injury among
staff nurses and other care providers but very fewer cases were reported by the laboratory
technicians and other medical professionals. Injuries were mainly took place while taking
blood samples, inserting IV infusion needle, disposing needles and recapping needles.
Needle stick injury causes high burden of disability among health care workers or waste
handlers, but most of the statistics does not show its severity as the cases goes unreported as
the staff nurses do not report the cases. 2,3
Therefore the need arise among investigators to assess the knowledge regarding needle stick
injury among staff nurses as the nurses are not aware about the severity of needle stick injury
and its prevention. Preventive measures should be taken by educating the staff nurses about
universal precautions, proper use of needle, disposal of needle and sharps and waste
handling.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:-
A study was conducted for the group consisted of 428 s of various categories of a tertiary
care hospital in New Delhi, and was carried out with the help of an anonymous, self-
reporting questionnaire structured specifically to identify predictive factors associated with
needle stick injuries. The commonest clinical activity to cause the needle stick injuries was
blood withdrawal (55%), followed by suturing (20.3%) and vaccination (11.7%). The
practice of recapping needles after use was still prevalent among health care workers
(66.3%). Some health care workers also revealed that they bent the needles before discarding
(11.4%).The present study showed a high occurrence of needle stick injury in health care
workers with a high rate of ignorance and apathy. These issues need to be addressed, through
appropriate education and other interventional strategies by the hospital infection control
committee.
M. Varma, G. Mehta (2000) : Conducted a study on needle sticks in medical students in

India. A questionnaire survey of 100 third year medical students in India and they were asked
about observation of safety precautions during invasive procedures. Injuries occurred at some
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time in 65 students. The most common injury was associated with drawing blood with a
needle and syringe occurring at about 1.5 injuries per student per month.
Kermode M, Jolley D, Langkham B, Thomas M, Crofts N (2005) : Conducted a study among

health care workers in rural north Indian health care setting in order to identify occupational
exposure to blood and risk of blood borne virus infection. Approximately 3 million health
care workers experience percutaneous exposure to blood borne virus each year. A cross
sectional survey of health care workers from 7 rural health setting gathered data pertaining to
occupational exposure to blood and a range of other relevant variables like demographic
variables and compliance with universal precautions. A total of 266 health workers returned
questionnaires : 63% reported at least one percutaneous injury in the last year and 73% over
their working life time.
Samir A. Singru, Amitav Banerjee (2007) : Conducted a study to estimate the incidence of
blood and body fluid exposure in a teaching hospital Mumbai. A cross-sectional study among
a random sample of residents of 830 including nurses was carried out to estimate the
incidence. Self reported occurrence and the circumstances of the same were recorded by face
to face interviews, using a semistructured questionnaire. The self reported incidence was
highest among nurses, and stick injuries was the most common mode of such exposures
(92.21% total exposure).
The annual incidence of needle stick injuries among nurses at a medical college hospital,
Mumbai were 38 self reported injuries in which 29 residents and 4 nurses. The prevalence of
needle stick injuries are 23.6% in South India, which is extremely high.
A cross sectional study conducted in new Delhi to know the health care practice of 240
health care workers including staff nurses in different hospitals. The results revealed that
needle stick injury which is 89.58% is most common form of occupational expose sustained
injuries by nurses and doctors but lower rate was reported from laboratory technicians and
auxiliary workers. Injuries were sustained most commonly while collecting the blood
samples and inserting intravenous infusion needles.9
4
A confidential self administered questionnaire prepared to conduct a study at government
hospitals, Delhi. The study revealed (5.25%) of the 346 nurses reported needle stick injuries
in previous month. 22 (6.3%) reported injury involving a needle stick containing blood. 86
(24.8%) reported an incident involving a near miss. The study revealed that nurses working
in hospitals with poor work climate and lower staffing levels were more likely to report
incidence of needle stick injury. Staff carelessness, knowledge and experience, patient
uncooperativeness, frequent recapping of needles also report the presence of risks.
A study conducted at a hospital in Lucknow, to estimate the prevalence of needle stick injury
among health care workers and knowledge and attitude of health care workers towards
needle stick injury. More than half (53%) had experienced needle stick injury at least once
during their service. The most common device causing injury was the syringe used for
withdrawing samples and the injury resulted from attempting to recap the needle.
A study was conducted on Needle stick injuries in a tertiary care Centre in Mumbai, India in
2004 which showed Accidental exposure from blood/body fluid of patients is a risk to
healthcare workers (HCWs). Of the 380 HCWs who reported needle stick injuries, 45% were
nurses, 33% were attendants, 11% were doctors and 11% were technicians. On source
analysis, 23, 15 and 12 were positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively. Immediate action
following potential exposure included washing the wound with soap and water, encouraging
bleeding and reporting the incident to the emergency room. Analysis of the source of injuries
revealed that known sources accounted for 254 injuries, and unknown sources from garbage
bags and Operating Theatre instruments accounted for 126 injuries. Most needle stick
injuries occurred during intravenous line insertion (N=112), followed by blood collection
(N=69), surgical blade injury (N=36) and recapping needles (N=36). Study concluded that
percutaneous injury is the most common method of exposure to blood-borne pathogens.
A study was conducted on needle stick injuries among health care workers which showed
Needle stick injuries among health care workers are a recognized health hazard, with 400,000
needle sticks occurring annually among the 4 million health care workers in the United
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States. Nurses were at high risk of NSI from syringes and intravenous equipment relative to
the other health care workers. Recapping, prohibited by OSHA (Occupational safety and
health administration) Blood borne Pathogens Standard, continues to be an identified cause
of injury. The literature supports comprehensive injury prevention and control strategies in
conjunction with the use of safer needle devices. Health care organizations should assess
their worksites to identify hazards and select products and strategies to correct the problem.
The study concluded that future research should clarify accurate needle stick injury rates
(e.g., establish consistent denominators), address non-hospital setting risks, validate self-
reported data, and evaluate comprehensive interventions that employ engineering strategies
to minimize the risk.
A study conducted to estimate the knowledge regarding needle stick injury among 100 health
care workers including nurses at a general hospital, Greece. The findings revealed that
majority (76%) of the subjects were aware about HIV is transmitted through needle stick
injury. 70% of the subjects did not know HBV transmitted through needle stick injury. Only
2% of the subjects aware that HCV is transmitted through needle stick injury.
A study conducted to examine connection between attitude of hospital staff including nurses
and their failure to report needle stick injury at a hospital, Israel. Study shows that nurses had
the highest rate of needle stick injury and they show lower rate of reporting. They do not take
it serious and not reporting the injury.
Alamgir H, Cvitkovich Y, Astrakianakis G, Yu S, Yassi A (2008) : Examined the

epidemiology for blood and body fluid exposure across health care settings. Detailed
analyses of blood and body fluid exposure among the health work force in 3 British
Columbian health regions were conducted by poison regression modeling. Registered nurses
had the highest frequency of needle stick and sharps events (51.3%). Most needle stick
injuries occurred at the patients bed side
A study on a prevalence survey was performed to estimate the magnitude and predictors for
needle stick injury (NSI) in nurses of Fars province hospitals. Questionnaires were
distributed in 52 hospitals to a stratified random sample of 2,118 (46.3%) nurses. Of the
1,555 nurses who returned a completed questionnaire, 49.6% recalled at least one sharps
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injury, of which 52.6% were classified as needle stick injury. Just over one fourth of
respondents sustained at least one needle stick injury, 75.6% recalled having sustained
between 1 and 4 injuries in the past 12-months, of which 72.2% involved a hollow-bore
needle and 95.1% of injuries involved fingers.. Providing nursing staff with safety-
engineered devices, including retractable syringes when hollow-bore needles are to be used,
will be an important step toward reducing our needle stick injury epidemic.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 417 final year medical students from
University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), University Malaya (UM) and University Putra
Malaysia (UPM). The aims of the study were to determine the incidence of cases and
episodes of needle stick injury among them in the past year. The incidence of needle stick
injury among medical students was 14.1% (59 cases). The total number of episodes of needle
stick injury was 87 and the incidence of episodes among respondents was high i.e.
20.9%.The results showed the students who had needle stick injury (cases) had lower scores
in the practice of Universal Precautions than non-cases (p<0.05).
A study to assess Prevalence and prevention of needle stick injuries among health care
workers in a German university hospital. Data were obtained by an anonymous, self-
reporting questionnaire. We calculated the share of reported needle stick injuries, which
could have been prevented by using safety devices. A wide variation in the number of
reported needle stick injuries was evident across disciplines, ranging from 46.9% (n =
91/194) among medical staff in surgery and 18.7% (n = 53/283) among HCWs in pediatrics.
Of all occupational groups, physicians have the highest risk to experience needle stick
injuries (55.1%n = 129/234).this study showed that here is a high rate of needle stick injuries
in the daily routine of a hospital. The rate of such injuries depends on the medical discipline.
Implementation of safety devices will lead to an improvement in medical staffs’ health and
safety.
A study on the prevalence of needle stick injuries in medical, dental, nursing and midwifery
students at the university teaching hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. The aim of this study was to
determine the frequency of NSIs and the knowledge, attitude and practices of these students
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regarding their prevention. A cross-sectional study evaluated NSIs and practices regarding
protective strategies against BBPs in medical, dental, nursing and midwifery students at
Shiraz University, Iran, in 2010. These students completed a self-administered questionnaire.
The questionnaire was completed by 688 (53%) students. 71.1% (489/688) of the students
had NSIs that most commonly (43.6%) occurred in patient rooms. 82% (401/489) of NSIs
were not reported. 87.8% (604/688) of the students received information about standard
isolation precautions and 86.2% of them had been vaccinated against hepatitis B.
A study to assess the nurses knowledge concerning the risk of hepatitis B and C viruses or
human immunodeficiency virus infection while performing their professional duties, an
anonymous questionnaire developed by the authors was distributed in 2008. Surprisingly
64% respondents occasionally recap needles after injections, although they know the
procedures which are obligatory at the ward. The first step in preventing percutaneous
injuries should focus on efforts to eliminate the practice of recapping needles, though
education and convenient placement of puncture-resistant containers for the disposal of used
sharps.
A study was conducted on needle stick injury among health care workers. Safer needle
devices. More than 1,000 US patents in the area of needle-stick prevention devices have been
issued since the early 1980s. Many studies report that use of safer devices is associated with
radical improvements in safety and decreases in reported needle-stick injuries. Some
literature, however, reports little or no improvement. This article offers the results of an
extensive literature review about needle-stick injuries. Addressed are needle stick injury rates
and trends, along with current scientific findings pertaining to safer needle devices and their
effectiveness in decreasing needle-stick.
A quasi-experimental study design with a control group was conducted at the emergency and
labor rooms in Sermngam Hospital, Lampang. All healthcare workers (HCWs) in the
emergency and labor room were randomly assigned to the experimental and control
group. Twelve healthcare workers (12/24; 50%) were randomly assigned to the experimental
group and 12 (12/24; 50%) were assigned to the control group .The educational and problem
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solving work group on nursing practices to prevent needle stick and sharp injury were
effective and should be considered as an intervention to reduce needle stick and sharp injury
in emergency and labor rooms at Sermngam Hospital.
A study was conducted to review 1-year of ongoing surveillance of needle stick injuries. The
296 healthcare workers reporting needle stick injuries were 84 (28.4%) nurses, 27 (9.1%)
nursing interns, 45 (21.6%) cleaning staff, 64 (21.6%) doctors, 47 (15.9%) medical interns
and 24 (8.1%) technicians. Recapping of needles caused 25 (8.5%) and other improper
disposal of the sharps resulted in 55 (18.6%) of the needle stick injuries. Immediate post-
exposure prophylaxis for healthcare workers who reported injuries was provided. Subsequent
6-month follow-up for human immunodeficiency virus showed zero conversion. Improved
education, prevention and reporting strategies and emphasis on appropriate disposal are
needed to increase occupational safety for healthcare workers.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:-
A study to assess the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding prevention of
needle stick injury among staff nurses of selected hospital in Delhi/NCR.
OBJECTIVES:-
1. To assess the existing knowledge score regarding prevention of needle stick injury
among staff nurses.
2. To determine the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding
prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:-
KNOWLEDGE - It means the correct responses of staff nurse to knowledge items in the
close ended questionnaire regarding needle stick injury.
STAFF NURSE - A person who has completed his/her own basic education in nursing and
registered from any state nursing Council and practicing as a registered nurse in a selected
hospital.
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - It is one kind of injury caused by needle or by other needle
equipments that accidentally puncture the skin who works with syringes or other needle
equipments.
HOSPITAL - A hospital is a medical centre which is committed to provide the safest quality
care to individual or people who suffer from any kind of illness
ASSUMPTIONS
1.The staff nurses will have inadequate knowledge regarding the prevention of needle stick injury
2. Knowledge can be measured through structured knowledge questionnaire.
3. A self instructional module would enhance the knowledge on prevention of needle stick injury
among staff nurses.
HYPOTHESIS
H1:-There will not be significant difference in the mean pre-test & post-test knowledge score
regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
H2: There will be significant difference in the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge score
regarding prevention of needle stick injury after administration of self instructional module.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Concepts are elements or components of the phenomenon necessary to understand the

phenomenon. They are abstract and derived from impression the human mind receives about the
phenomenon through sensing the environment.4
A framework is the abstract logical structure of meaning that guides the development of the
study and enables the researcher to link the findings to the nursing body of knowledge.
Conceptualization is the process of forming ideas, designs and plans.5
A conceptual framework deals with interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled together

by virtue of their relevance to a common theme and the research problem, which provides a certain
frame of reference for clinical practice, research and education .The model gives direction for
planning research design, data collection and interpretation of findings.4,5
The study attempted to assess the knowledge on prevention of needle stick injury
among staff nurses before and after administration of self instructional module to
experimental group; evaluate the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge
regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses. The conceptual framework
adopted in this study was based on supportive educative nursing system of Orem’s self care deficit
theory.6
Orem’s self care deficit theory consists of three steps: diagnosis and prescription, design of
nursing system and production of nursing system.
In this study, step I is diagnosis and prescription which includes assessment of the
demographic factors and knowledge of prevention of needle stick injury
It includes the self care abilities and self care demands of staff nurses regarding prevention of
needle stick injury. Self care abilities include physiological, psychological, safety needs and need for
social support. Self care demand includes need for information related to prevention of needle stick
injury. Self care deficit was present as there was lack of information regarding prevention of needle
stick injury.
According to Orem’s self care deficit theory, step II is design of nursing system. The design
of nursing system is supportive educative nursing system. In the supportive-educative system, the
person is able to perform or can and should learn to perform required measures of externally or
11
internally oriented therapeutic self- care, but cannot do so without assistance. The person’s
requirement for help is confined to decision making, behaviour control and acquiring knowledge and
skills.
In this study, the supportive educative system involves the assistance provided by the
investigators through the information booklet on the prevention of needle stick injury and the
clarifications provided through one – one interaction of the investigators with the staff nurses during
their visit to the hospital .
Step III is production of nursing system which includes implementation and evaluation of
Orem’s theory. Implementation includes (a) development and administration of information booklet
on day one of their visit to the hospital after obtaining their baseline knowledge level through a
structured questionnaire
(b) evaluating the knowledge level of staff nurses after administration of information booklet using
the same structured knowledge questionnaire after 7 days ( during their 2nd visit ) .
Evaluation includes evaluating the gain in knowledge of staff nurses regarding the prevention
of needle stick injury by comparing the pre-test and posttest knowledge scores. The knowledge scores
are graded as very good, good, average and poor. Every system provides a feedback based on the
output. In the present study, the level of knowledge in the post test will give a feedback to the system for the
reassessment of the information booklet.
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Self care
Assessing the Self care Abilities
demand
knowledge level of Need for
Physiological
Diagnosis staff nurses regarding informati
Step I needle stick injury Psychological
and on related
Prescription using demographic to
proforma and Safety needs
preventio
structured knowledge Need for social support n of
questionnaire needle
stick
injury
Self care deficit
Inadequate knowledge on prevention of needle stick injury
Design of Nursing Supportive – Educative System

Step II system Nurse led program
Implementation Evaluation
Step III
Production of Nursing
System
Gain in knowledge
Development and administration of self instructional module
 Excellent – 16 –
20
 Good – 11 – 15
Comparison of pre test and post test knowledge scores  Average- 6 – 10
 Poor- 0 – 5
Feed back
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON OREMS SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
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CHAPTER – II
METHODOLOGY
Research, methodology is a way to systematically solve problems. It is a procedure in which
the research starts from the initial identification of the problem to the final conclusion. Methodology
of research organizes all the components of the study in a way that is most likely to lead to valid
answers to the problems that have been posed.6
This chapter deals with the methodology opted for the study. It includes research designs,
research approach, study settings, sampling technique, sampling criteria, content validity and
development of the tool, description of tool, pilot study, reliability, data collection procedure and plan
for data analysis. On the whole, it gives a general pattern for gathering and processing research
data.5,6
The present study aimed at determining the effectiveness of self instructional module on
knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
2.1 RESEARCH APPROACH
Research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.Research approach is a
systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory
and hypothesis about the relation among such phenomena.5
The present study aimed at determining the effectiveness of self instructional module on
knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses. An evaluative
approach was therefore considered as the best method for finding the effectiveness of SIM on
knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
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2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is referred as the blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control
over factors that could interfere with validity of findings. It helps the researcher in the selection of
subjects, data collection procedure and selection of statistic analysis to be used for the study.5
For the present study quasi experimental research design with experimental and control group
was adopted .
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Setting
 Selected hospital in
Delhi , NCR .
Population:
Dependent variable
 The population DAY 1 Plan for data analysis
selected for the  Knowledge level
study comprised of
staff nurse in Independent variable
selected hospital of Descriptive statistics
Delhi , NCR . N1 and N2 Pre test
 Self Instructional
module
Sampling Technique Extraneous variable  Frequency

Knowledge assessment  Percentage
 Non probability  Information from  Mean
purposive sampling doctors , nurses , (Structured knowledge  Mean %
technicians , family questionnaire)  Median
Sampling Size members and friends  Standard deviation
 60 staff nurses in  Exposure to other Inferential Statistics

which 30 is source of X – Intervention
experimental and 30 information like
control mass media
Self instructional module
 Paired t test
Fig 2 : Schematic representation of the Research design
16
2.2.1 Symbolic representation of pre–test-post-test quasi experimental design
N O1 X O2
N O3 O4
Pre test
O1: Assessment of level of knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses
by the use of structured questionnaire for experimental group.
by the use of structured questionnaire for control group.
X: Self instructional module on prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
Post test
of experimental group by re-administration of structured questionnaire
of control group by re-administration of structured questionnaire
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2.3 VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
Variables are quantities, properties or characteristics of person, things or situation that change
or vary. In this study three types of variables were considered, these are independent, dependent and
extraneous variables.6
Independent variable
An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the
researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable.6,7 The pre assumed cause is referred to as the
independent variable, also called as a treatment or experimental variable. In this study the self
instructional module regarding the prevention of needle stick injury is the independent variable.
Dependent variable
A dependent variable is the outcome or response due to the effect of the independent variable,
which researcher wants to predict or explain.8 In this study knowledge regarding the prevention of
needle stick injury is the dependent variable.
Extraneous variable
Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the
dependent variable are termed as extraneous variable. Also it is an uncontrolled variable that greatly
influences the result of the study.9
In this study, extraneous variable includes Information from doctors, nurses, technicians,
family members and friends and exposure to other source of information like mass media
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2.4 SETTING OF THE STUDY
The setting is the physical location and condition in which data collection takes place. The study is
conducted in Yatharth Wellness Hospital , Greater Noida .The study setting is selected because of
availability of the samples, feasibility of conducting study and geographical proximity.
2.5 POPULATION
Population includes all possible elements that could be included in research. The requirement
of defining population for research project arises from the need to which the results of the study can
be applied. In this study, population comprises nursing staffs in Yatharth Wellness Hospital, Greater
Noida.
2.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
2.6.1 Sample
A sample is small portion of the population selected for the observation and analysis. In the
present study, the sample comprises of 60 staff nurses from a selected hospital at Delhi , NCR who
full fill the inclusion criteria for the study.
2.6.2 Sampling technique
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of population in order to obtain information
regarding a phenomenon in a way that represents the entire population.
In this study samples were selected from a selected hospital at Delhi ,NCR by means of
purposive sampling technique.
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2.6.3 Sampling Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
Patients who are:
1. Able to read, write and understand English.
2. Present in the shift during data collection.
Exclusion Criteria
1. Staff nurses not willing to participate in the study.
2.7 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
Data collection tools are procedure or instruments used by the researcher to observe or
measure the key variables in the research problem.
Part 1: Demographic Performa
Part 2: Knowledge questionnaire on needle stick injury
Part 3: Self Instructional Module on needle stick injury .
2.7.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL
The tool has three parts
Part 1: Demographic Performa
Part 2: Structured Knowledge questionnaire on needle stick injury.
Part 3: Self Instructional Module on needle stick injury .
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Part 1: Demographic Proforma
The demographic Proforma is used to collect the information of sample characteristics. It
consists of thirteen items such as age, gender, religion, educational status, marital status, department,
experience, dosage of hep. vaccine received , recapping of needle, site of needle stick injuries,
reporting , actions taken after reporting and the severity of needle stick injury occurred .
Part 2- Structured knowledge questionnaire on self care management
It consists of 20 structured knowledge questions related to needle stick injury . Each question
had four options with one correct answer with a score of one. Thus the total score was 20. The
knowledge questionnaire was developed to determine the knowledge of staff nurses regarding needle
stick injury. The items of the questionnaire were developed as per the blueprint and the areas included
were regarding the prevention of needle stick injuries in the hospital. The participants were requested
to place a tick (√) mark against the best possible answer.
The score were graded as follows:
Knowledge Grades Scores
Excellent 16 – 20
Good 11 – 15
Average 6 – 10
Poor 0–5
Part 3 – Self Instructional Module on needle sticks injury
The SIM should be clear, brief, accurate and according to the need of the people. The steps
followed in the development of the information booklet were:
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1. Formulation of the objectives
2. Review of literature
3. Preparation of the first draft of information booklet.
4. Content validation
5. Preparation of the final draft
1. Formulation of the objectives
Objectives of the information booklet were listed in behavioral and achievable terms. The
outline of the content was written based on the objectives.
2. Review of literature
Literature review was done to find the content of the SIM. Text books, journal articles,
published and unpublished thesis and internet were reviewed for the said purpose.
3. Preparation of the first draft
The first draft was prepared based on the review of literature and expert opinion. The SIM
consisted of the content regarding self care management. The content was made clear and
comprehensive keeping in view of patient’s capacity to comprehend the information.
2.7.2 Content validity of the tool
Validity refers to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure. Content
validity is the extent to which the method of measurement includes all the major elements relevant to
the concept being measured. Criteria checklist was prepared and content prepared was given for
content validation to 5 experts. The experts were requested to give their opinion and suggestions
22
regarding the adequacy, relevance and appropriateness of items. Suggestions and recommendations
given by the experts were accepted and necessary corrections were done for modifying the tool.
Based on the suggestions and opinions of the experts, the final draft was prepared on the
prevention of needle stick injury. In case of demographic variable and structured knowledge
questionnaire there was 100% agreement.
2.7.3 Pre-testing of the instruments
Pre-testing of the tool was done among six staff nurses working in Yatharth Wellness
Hospital, Greater Noida. During the pre-testing it was found that there was no difficulty in
understanding the items in the questionnaire. It was clear and appropriate and the study subjects took
30 minutes to complete the knowledge questionnaire.
2.7.5 Reliability of the tool
Reliability of an instrument is the degree of consistency with which it measures the attributes
it is supposed to measure. The reliability of a measuring tool can be assessed in the aspect of stability,
internal consistency and equivalence depending on the nature of the instrument and aspect of the
reliability concept.
In order to ascertain the reliability of the structured knowledge questionnaire the study was
conducted in the Yatharth Wellness Hospital, Greater Noida. The questionnaire was administered to 6
staff nurses working over there.
Reliability of the knowledge questionnaire was established by Split half method which was
0.83, which indicates that the tool is reliable.
23
2.8 PILOT STUDY
Pilot study is a smaller version of a proposed study conducted to refine the methodology.It is
developed with similar objectives, the same data collection and analysis techniques. The purpose of
the pilot study is to find the feasibility of the study, clarity of the language of the tools and to finalize
the plan for analysis. The pilot study was conducted at Yatharth Wellness Hospital ,Greater Noida .
Prior to the study, permission was obtained from the Superintendent, Yatharth Wellness Hospital
,Greater Noida. To find the feasibility of the study six staff nurses were selected using purposive
sampling technique. The subjects of the pilot study possessed the same characteristics as that of the
sample of the main study, but were not included in the main study.10
The researchers introduced themselves to the subjects and purpose of the study was
explained. Informed consent was taken from all the participants. On 16th October 2017 pre-test was
conducted with structured knowledge questionnaire. On the same day information booklet on self
care management was administered. On 23rd October 2017 a post-test was conducted to find the
effectiveness of the SIM.
2.9 DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
Data collection is the precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research
purpose or specific objectives, questions or hypothesis of a study. For collecting data, the following
steps were undertaken:
1. Administrative permission from the Principal, PIPRAMS was obtained.
2. Permission was taken from the Medical Superintendent, Yatharth Wellness Hospital ,Greater Noida
3. Informed consent was taken from the participants of Yatharth Wellness Hospital ,Greater Noida
24
The data collection for the main study started on 16/10/2017 to 16/11/2017. On the first day
pre-test was conducted using structured knowledge questionnaire. On the same day the SIM on
prevention of needle stick injury was given as an intervention to the subjects. On the 8 th day, post-test
was conducted for the same subjects by administering the same structured knowledge questionnaire to
determine the effectiveness of the SIM .
2.10 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is conducted to reduce, organize and give meaning to the data. It is the systematic
organization and synthesis of research data and testing of research hypothesis using those data.11
Analysis techniques in quantitative research include descriptive and inferential statistics. The
analysis of the data was planned to be made based on the objectives hypothesis, and by using
descriptive and inferential statistics. Data will be analyzed by following steps:
 A master data sheet would be prepared with the knowledge scores obtained for all the 60
samples in which 30 will be experimental group and 30 will be control group .
 Sample characteristics would be expressed in frequency and percentage.
 Range, Mean, Median and Standard deviation would be used to present the
pretest and posttest knowledge scores.
 Paired ‘t’ test would be used to assess the effectiveness of self instructional module regarding
prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses .
 Analyzed data would be presented in the form of tables and graphs.
25
2.11 PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECT RIGHTS
 The study proposal was presented to the ethical committee for the ethical consideration.
 Permission for the study was obtained from Medical Superintendent of Yatharth Wellness
Hospital , Greater Noida .
 Informed consent was obtained from the samples who participated in the study after
appropriate explanation of the purpose, usefulness of the study and assurance given to the
patients about the confidentiality of their responses.
SUMMARY
This chapter has dealt with the research approach, design, variable, setting of the study,
population, sampling and sampling technique, development of the tool, content validity, pretesting,
reliability, pilot study, data collection procedure and plan for data analysis.
26
CHAPTER-III
RESULTS
Analysis has been defined as “the process of categorizing, organizing, manipulating and
summar izing of data to reduce it to intelligible and interpretable form, so that the research problem
can be studied and tested including relationship between the variables. The data has been analyzed
and interpreted in light of objectives and hypothesis of the study.11
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
“A study to assess the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding

prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses in selected hospital of Delhi , NCR ”
OBJECTIVES
3. To assess the existing knowledge score regarding prevention of needle stick injury
among staff nurses.
4. To determine the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding

prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
HYPOTHESIS
1. H0:- There will not be significant difference in the mean pre-test and post-test
knowledge score regarding prevention of needle stick injury.
2. H1:- There will be significant difference in the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge
score regarding prevention of needle stick injury after administration of self instructional
module.
ORGANIZATION OF FINDINGS
Analysis of the study findings have been categorized organized and presented under the
following headings:
27
Section I- Sample characteristics in frequency and percentage
Section II: Assessment Of Pre-Test & Post-Test Knowledge Score Of Control Group.
Section III: Assessment of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of experimental group.
Section IV: Assessment of effectiveness of self instructional module.
Section I- Sample characteristics
This section deals with distribution of participants according to their demographic characteristics.
Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and is summarized in terms of percentage and is
presented in table 1
Table 1:-FREQUENCY & PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO SOCIO-

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES:-
SI.NO SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

VARIABLES
1. GENDER
A) MALE 28 46.6
B) FEMALE 32 53.3
2. AGE
A) 20 – 25 24 40
B) 26 – 31 18 30
C) 32 – 37 10 16.66
D) 38 – 44 8 13.33
3. MARITAL STATUS
A) MARRIED 33 55
B) UNMARRIED 24 40
C) DIVORCE 01 1.66
D) WIDOW 02 3.33
4. EDUCATION QUALIFICATION
A) P.G AND ABOVE 12 20
B) U.G 29 48.33
C) DIPLOMA 13 21.66
D) ANM 06 10
5. RELIGION
A) HINDU 18 30
B) MUSLIM 07 11.66
C) CHRISTIAN 27 45
D) OTHERS 08 13.33
6. DEPARTMENT
A) ICU 10 16.66
28
B) CASUALITY 11 18.33
C) OPD 16 26.66
D) WARDS 23 38.33
7. EXPERIENCE
A) < 1 YEAR 24 40
B) 1 – 2 YEAR 21 35
C) 2 – 3 YEAR 08 13.33
D) >3 YEAR 07 11.66
8. DOSAGE OF HEP. & VACCINE
RECEIVED
A) 1st DOSE 10 16.66
B) 2nd DOSE 12 20
C) 3rd DOSE 28 46.66
D) BOOSTER DOSE 10 16.66
9. HOW OFTEN DO YOU RECAP

NEEDLE
A) ALWAYS 08 13.33
B) OFTEN 28 46.66
C) VERY OFTEN 11 18.33
D) NEVER 13 21.66
10. SITE OF NSIs
A) HAND 09 14
B) PALM 19 31.66
C) FINGER/INDEX 26 43.3
FIINGER/THUMB
D) OTHER 06 10
11. TO WHOM YOU HAVE
REPORTED NSIs
A) DOCTOR 04 6.66
B) ANS / DNS 29 48.33
C) T.L 22 36.66
D) OTHER 05 8.33
12. WHAT ACTION WERE TAKEN
AFTER NSIs
A) INJURY WAS REPORTED 30 50
B) BLOOD INVESTIGATION 06 10
WAS DONE
C) NO RESPONSE 21 35
D) ANY OTHER 03 5
13. WHAT SEVERITY WAS MOST
RECENT NSIs OCCURED
A) MILD 26 43.33
B) MODERATE 21 35
C) SEVERE 09 15
D) CRITICAL 04 06.66
29
SECTION II:- ASSESSMENT OF PRE-TEST & POST-TEST KNOWLEDGE SCORE OF
CONTROL GROUP.
TABLE 2:- FREQUENCY & PERCENTAGE OF PRE-TEST & POST-TEST SCORE OF

CONTROL GROUP.
n=30
Grading Pre-test score Post test score

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Poor(0-5) 2 6.66% 1 3.33%
Average(6-10) 19 63.33% 19 63.33%
Good(11-15) 8 26.66% 9 30%
Excellent(16-20) 1 3.33% 1 3.33%
In pre-test of control group, out of 30 staffs majority 19 (63.33%) had average knowledge,
8(26.66%) had good knowledge, 2 (6.66%) had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%) had excellent
knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury. In post-test of control group, out of
30 staffs majority 19 (63.33%) had average knowledge, 9(30%) had good knowledge, 1
(3.33%) had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%) had excellent knowledge regarding prevention of
needle stick injury.
Section III:- Assessment of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of experimental group.
Table 3:- Frequency & Percentage of pre-test & post-test score of experimental group.
n=30
Grading Pre-test score Post test score
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Poor(0-5) 2 6.66% 0 0%
Average(6-10) 18 60% 1 3.33%
Good(11-15) 9 30% 4 13.33%
Excellent(16-20) 1 3.33% 25 83.33%
In pre-test of experimental group, out of 30 staffs majority 18 (60%) had average knowledge,
9(30%) had good knowledge, 2 (6.66%) had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%) had excellent
knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury. In post-test, out of 30 staffs majority
25 (83.33%) had excellent knowledge, 4(13.33%) had good knowledge, 1 (3.33%) had
average knowledge & no subject had poor knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick
injury.
30
Fig : Level of knowledge regarding needle stick injury of experimental group
25
21.33 21.8
20
15
mean
10 S.D
6.38 6.12
5
0
Pre test Post test
Section IV:- Assessment of effectiveness of self instructional module.
This section deals with effectiveness of self instructional module in terms of knowledge
increased in experimental group. The section was further classified into subsection:-
1. Mean & Standard deviation of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of control group.
2. Mean & Standard deviation of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of experimental
group.
3. Significance of self instructional module by‘t’ test computation.
1. Mean & Standard deviation of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of control group.
Table 4:- Mean & Standard deviation of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of control
group.
n=30
Score Mean Standard Deviation
Pre-test 21.33 6.38
Post-test 21.8 6.12
31
2. Mean & Standard deviation of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of experimental
group.
Table 5:- Mean & Standard deviation of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of
experimental group.
n=30
Score Mean Standard
Deviation
Pre-test 22.40 7.44
Post-test 39.23 5.63
3. Significance of self instructed module by‘t’ test computation.
H0-There will not be significant difference in the mean pre-test & post-test knowledge score
regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses
Table 6:-Mean, Standard Deviation & paired‘t’ test value of knowledge score of control
group.
n=30
Knowledge score of Mean Standard Deviation ‘t’ test
Control group
Pre-test 21.33 6.38 1.38
Post-test 21.80 6.12 NS
NS-Not Significant, t(29)=3.66, p<0.001. It was evident that the calculated t(1.38)is lesser
than the table value t(29)=3.66.Hence H0 was accepted at 0.001 level of significance. So null
hypothesis is accepted.
H1:- There will be significant difference in the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge score
regarding prevention of needle stick injury after administration of self instructional module.
The significance of the mean difference of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of
experimental group was done by paired ‘t’ test & the values are given below :-
32
Table 7:-Mean, Standard Deviation & paired‘t’ test value of knowledge score of
experimental group.
n=30
Knowledge score of Mean Standard Deviation ‘t’ test
Experimental group
Pre-test 22.40 7.44 14.14*
Post-test 39.23 5.63
*-Highly Significant, t(29)=3.66, p<0.001. It was evident that the calculated t(14.14)is greater
than the table value t(29)=3.66.Hence H1 was accepted at 0.001 level of significance. So H1 is
accepted.
SUMMARY
This chapter was dealt with the analysis and interpretation of the findings of the study. Data
were analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were
used to assess the frequency and percentage of the subjects by their demographic
characteristic. The paired‘t’ test was used to find the effectiveness of self instructional
module regarding the needle stick injury.
33
DISCUSSION
The present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of self instructional module on
knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses in selected hospital of
Delhi ,NCR .Based on the nature of the problem under study and to achieve the objectives of the
study a quasi experimental pre-test post-test control group research design was adopted since the
study tried to find the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding prevention
of needle stick injury among staff nurses. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for the study to
select the sample. The data was collected from 50 staff nurses. The findings of the study are discussed
under the following sections:
Section I- Sample characteristics in frequency and percentage
Section 1: Sample characteristics in frequency and percentage
Analysis of the baseline factors of sample revealed that majority 53.3% (32) were females ,highest
percentage of sample 40% (24) were within the age group between 20 – 25 years , majority of the
samples 55% (33) were married . The findings showed that majority 48.33% (29) have had completed
their education till graduation ,highest percentage of the sample 45% (27) belonged to Christian
religion . It was found that majority 38.33% (23) needle stick injuries were caused in wards ,majority
40% (24) had an experience of less than 1 year, majority 46.66% (28) have received 3 rd dose of
hepatitis ,majority 46.66% (28) have often recapped needle . The findings also showed that majority
43% (26) had finger /index finger /thumb site of needle stick injury, highest percentage of the samples
34
48.33% (29) reported needle stick injury to ANS/DNS, majority 50 % (30) injury reported after their
needle stick injuries, majority 43.33% (26) had a mild needle stick injury occurred.
Present study shows that In pre-test of control group, out of 30 staffs majority 19 (63.33%) had
average knowledge, 8(26.66%) had good knowledge, 2 (6.66%) had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%)
had excellent knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury. In post-test of control group, out
of 30 staffs majority 19 (63.33%) had average knowledge, 9(30%) had good knowledge, 1 (3.33%)
had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%) had excellent knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick
injury.
In pre-test of experimental group, out of 30 staffs majority 18 (60%) had average knowledge, 9(30%)
had good knowledge, 2 (6.66%) had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%) had excellent knowledge regarding
prevention of needle stick injury. In post-test, out of 30 staffs majority 25 (83.33%) had excellent
knowledge, 4(13.33%) had good knowledge, 1 (3.33%) had average knowledge & no subject had
poor knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury.
In present study, the calculated t(1.38) of control group is lesser than the table value t (29)=3.66 at
0.001 level of significance. Therefore we can say that existing knowledge is less than expected. This
can be supported by research conducted by Simon LP(2009), the study was conducted to assess the
knowledge and existing practice of staff nurses regarding needle stick injuries and evaluate the
effectiveness of guidelines developed by the prevention and management of needle stick injury in a
selected government hospital of Delhi. The study revealed that 70% of staff nurses sustained needle
stick injuries and there was lack of awareness among staff nurses regarding prevention and
management of needle stick injury. 13
In experimental group the calculated t(14.14)is greater than the table value t(29)=3.66 at 0.001 level of
significance. This shows the effectiveness of self instructional module. This can be supported by the
research conducted by Sr. Tina Catherine(2005), to assess the effectiveness of self instructional
module on cardiac angiography for patients undergone cardiac angiography in a selected hospital, the
researcher found that the self instructional module was effective in increasing the knowledge of the
subjects and in reducing the anxiety of all subjects undergone cardiac angiography procedure and this
35
was confirmed by the result of the study in which the mean post test score was 29.30 as compared to
the pretest score of 17.84 and the mean anxiety of post test score was 35.73of the subjects as
compared to the pre test score of 55.66. 14
SUMMARY
This chapter has discussed the significant findings of the study in relation to other studies.
This helped the investigator to be aware that few findings were supported by the previous research.
36
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
Needle stick injuries can and should be prevented. The fact is that over 80% of needle stick
injuries can be prevented through the use of safer devices. Preventive steps can be taken at several
levels and include reduction or elimination of use of sharps as much as possible, engineering controls
(i.e., needles or syringes with safety devices), administrative controls including training and provision
of adequate resources, and work practice controls; the latter may include using instruments (not
fingers) to grasp needles, load scalpels, and avoiding hand-to-hand passing of sharp instruments also
preparing of medications especially removing cap. Removing cap from a needle generally causes
needle stick injury. 17
There are several ways to remove the cap from the needle but the most ideal and safest way
to remove the cap is by carefully grasping the syringe and guiding the needle cap using the thumb and
the pointing finger. Then gently push the cap away from the syringe to detach the cap from the hub.
In this way needle stick injury can be prevented by avoiding the incidence of the rebound effect. Do
not use the other hand as it increases the likeliness to have the syringe to rebound .Engineering
advances include the development of safety needles and needle removers. The adherences to "no-
touch" protocols that eliminate direct contact with needles in their use and disposal greatly reduce the
risk of injury. In the surgical setting blunt-tip suture needles are able to reduce Needle stick injuries.
18
On the basis of the findings of the study, the following conclusions have been drawn:
Analysis of the baseline factors of sample revealed that Analysis of the baseline factors of sample
revealed that majority 53.3% (32) were females ,highest percentage of sample 40% (24) were within
the age group between 20 – 25 years , majority of the samples 55% (33) were married . The findings
showed that majority 48.33% (29) have had completed their education till graduation ,highest
37
percentage of the sample 45% (27) belonged to Christian religion . It was found that majority 38.33%
(23) needle stick injuries were caused in wards ,majority 40% (24) had an experience of less than 1
year, majority 46.66% (28) have received 3rd dose of hepatitis ,majority 46.66% (28) have often
recapped needle .
The findings also showed that majority 43% (26) had finger /index finger /thumb site of needle stick
injury, highest percentage of the samples 48.33% (29) reported needle stick injury to ANS/DNS,
majority 50 % (30) injury reported after their needle stick injuries, majority 43.33% (26) had a mild
needle stick injury occurred. Present study shows that in pre-test of control group, out of 30 staffs
majority 19 (63.33%) had average knowledge, 8(26.66%) had good knowledge, 2 (6.66%) had poor
knowledge & 1 (3.33%) had excellent knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury. In post-
test of control group, out of 30 staffs majority 19 (63.33%) had average knowledge, 9(30%) had good
knowledge, 1 (3.33%) had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%) had excellent knowledge regarding
prevention of needle stick injury. In pre-test of experimental group, out of 30 staffs majority 18 (60%)
had average knowledge, 9(30%) had good knowledge, 2 (6.66%) had poor knowledge & 1 (3.33%)
had excellent knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury. In post-test, out of 30 staffs
majority 25 (83.33%) had excellent knowledge, 4(13.33%) had good knowledge, 1 (3.33%) had
average knowledge & no subject had poor knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury.In
present study, the calculated t(1.38) of control group is lesser than the table value t (29)=3.66 at 0.001
level of significance. Therefore we can say that existing knowledge is less than expected. In
experimental group the calculated t(14.14)is greater than the table value t (29)=3.66 at 0.001 level of
significance. This shows the effectiveness of self instructional module.
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
From the findings of the present study the following implications are stated:
 Present study helps to understand the knowledge level of staff nurses about needle stick
injury
 The findings will help nurses to find areas of further improvement of knowledge in needle
stick injury .
 Present study helps to plan education programmes for staff nurses on needle stick
injuries.The findings of the study have implications for Nursing Education, Nursing Research
Nursing Practice, and Nursing administration.

38
Various nursing implication are discussed under the following headings
NURSING EDUCATION
Nursing education prepares nurses with the potential for imparting health information
effectively to patients and their family members. The nursing curriculum is an effective means
through which future nurses are prepared. It should be equipped with various methods by which
health information can be disseminated effectively using different methods of education technology.
Nurses need to be aware of their role in health promotion and disease prevention. Nurses are the ideal
group to help the people to identify the risks and set realistic goals to improve health. Nurse educators
can help themselves to improve their quality of life by planning and implementing health education
programmes. The findings of the study in terms of its effectiveness may encourage the nursing faculty
and staff to impart education in an effective way. Nursing education should prepare nurses to impart
health information effectively and assist people in adhering to treatment regimen because the recent
trend is towards promotion of health and improvement of quality of life and self care responsibility is
an important aspect in health care. The nurse educators can promote study among learners and impart
knowledge on various aspects of needle stick injury.20,23
NURSING PRACTICE
Nursing professionals are obliged to provide caring services to human beings. Several
implications may be drawn from the present study for the nursing practice.
Nurses are in a better position to provide knowledge to the patients, family and community. The
effectiveness of self instructional module was found by paired t test.
39
NURSING RESEARCH
There is a good scope for nurses to conduct research in this area to find the effectiveness of
various teaching strategies to educate patients and care providers. The present study helps to identify
the areas where patients need more information and focuses on further studies to predict patient
needs. Student nurses could be motivated to undertake a project where mass survey could be done to
identify the other needs of educational program on needle stick injury. It also focuses on lifestyle
modification of people by developing teaching programmes. New and effective methods of teaching
which is of good quality, cost-effective and based on patient’s need can be developed and
introduced.23,24
NURSING ADMINISTRATION
Nurse administrator plays a vital role in the supervision and management of nursing
profession. The nurse administrator prepares and formulates policies and procedures as per the needs
of the patient. The nurse administrator can plan, organize and conduct continuing nursing education
programmes which are beneficial to nursing personnel’s and motivate them to prepare education
programme and give information to patient and family. Planning and organizing such work requires
efficient team spirit, planning for manpower, money, material, method, time and goodwill to conduct
successful education programme. Nurse administrators can also take the initiative in imparting
different knowledge through different teaching strategies. The administrators serve as a resource
person for other nurses, nursing students, patients and their relatives.21,25,26
40
LIMITATIONS
Limitations of the study were as follows:
1. The study was conducted only in one hospital with small number of samples (60), hence
generalization of the study is restricted.
2. The study focuses on gain in knowledge rather than improvement in the health behavior.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Following recommendations were drawn out from the current study, since the study was
carried out on a small sample, the results can be used only as a guide for further studies.
1. A similar study can be replicated on a larger sample with different demographic
characteristics
2. A comparative study on the knowledge level of staff nurses in government and private
hospitals regarding needle stick injury can be conducted.
3. A similar study focusing both on gain in knowledge and improvement in health behavior can
be conducted.
SUMMARY: - This Chapter dealt with implication of the study. This study is implacable to Nursing
Education, Nursing administration, Nursing Research and Nursing Practice
41
Annexure I
REVISED SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY :

Health maintenance workers are at high risk of needle stick injury. It happens when the
skin is fortuitously pricked by a used needle. Needle stick injuries are the injury which
are caused by needles, scalpels, lancets and sharp surgical instruments in hospitals
Needle stick injuries are threat for bodies that drudge with hypodermal injections and
other prick tools no matter when these threats can happen while using disassemble or
actuate of property. Needle can be burrow in lawn or waste and may injure other health
care workers.
Needle stick injury transmits blood borne diseases to the body which increase risk of
infections. The most common virus include Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV),
Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV). To prevent needle stick injury there are several
programmes as controlled work practices ,safe recapping procedures and surveillance
programmes to control needle stick injury . The most important prevention of needle
stick injury is to provide knowledge regarding threats and application of universal
precautions ,prevention practices among health care workers.
Among the health care workers, nurses are at highest rate of needle stick injuries. Risk
of infection from a needle stick injury depends on the pathogen involved, immune
status of the worker and severity of the needle stick injury. The probability that a single
needle stick injury will result in disease is 3-5 chances in 1000 for HIV, 300 chances in
1000 for Hepatitis-B, 20-50 chances in 1000 for Hepatitis-C Needle stick injuries are
less frequent, yet still a serious concern among law enforcement. Eight million self-
injectors generate up to three billion sharps outside formal healthcare settings in the
United States every year. One-third of these sharps are produced by injection drug users
of heroin, cocaine, and other illicit drugs.
American Nurses Association estimates that from numerous needle stick injuries only
about 1000 health care workers actually contract an infection. Besides exposure to
blood borne pathogens, nurses are also at risk for about 20 other infections that can be
transmitted through a needle stick, including tuberculosis, syphilis and malaria.
Needle stick injuries can and should be prevented. The fact is that over 80% of needle
stick injuries can be prevented through the use of safer devices. Preventive steps can be
taken at several levels and include reduction or elimination of use of sharps as much as
possible, engineering controls (i.e., needles or syringes with safety devices),
administrative controls including training and provision of adequate resources, and
42
work practice controls; the latter may include using instruments (not fingers) to grasp
needles, load scalpels, and avoiding hand-to-hand passing of sharp instruments also
preparing of medications especially removing cap. Removing cap from a needle
generally causes needle stick injury. There are several ways to remove the cap from the
needle but the most ideal and safest way to remove the cap is by carefully grasping the
syringe and guiding the needle cap using the thumb and the pointing finger. Then
gently push the cap away from the syringe to detach the cap from the hub. In this way
needle stick injury can be prevented by avoiding the incidence of the rebound effect.
Do not use the other hand as it increases the likeliness to have the syringe to rebound.[4]
Engineering advances include the development of safety needles and needle removers.
The adherences to "no-touch" protocols that eliminate direct contact with needles in
their use and disposal greatly reduce the risk of injury. In the surgical setting blunt-tip
suture needles are able to reduce Needle stick injuries. The American College of
Surgeons (ACS) has endorsed the adoption of blunt-tip suture needles for suturing
fascia
NEED FOR THE STUDY :-
Needle stick injury is penetration on skin through a needle or any other sharp objects
like: broken glass, needle, scalpels, syringes which was exposed to the infected blood,
tissues or body fluids. Needle stick injury is one of the hidden problems among health
care workers. It occurs, but mostly we forget and ignore it.
Needle stick injury is an occupational exposure in health care settings and most likely
results in 1000's of infection mainly such as: hepatitis C (HCV) , hepatitis B (HBV)
,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These infections have some long term effect,
illness and can even cause death.
A cross sectional study is conducted in New Delhi, to know the health care practice in
240 health care workers including staff nurses of different hospitals. The result shows
that the needle stick injury which is 89.58% is the most common type of occupational
injury among staff nurses and other care providers but very fewer cases were reported
by the laboratory technicians and other medical professionals. Injuries were mainly
took place while taking blood samples, inserting IV infusion needle, disposing needles
and recapping needles.
Needle stick injury causes high burden of disability among health care
workers or waste handlers, but most of the statistics does not show its severity as the
cases goes unreported as the staff nurses do not report the cases.
Therefore the need arise among investigators to assess the knowledge regarding needle
stick injury among staff nurses as the nurses are not aware about the severity of needle
stick injury and its prevention. Preventive measures should be taken by educating the
staff nurses about universal precautions, proper use of needle, disposal of needle and
sharps and waste handling.
43
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. M. Varma, G. Mehta (2000) : Conducted a study on needle sticks in medical
students in India. A questionnaire survey of 100 third year medical students in
India and they were asked about observation of safety precautions during
invasive procedures. Injuries occurred at some time in 65 students. The most
common injury was associated with drawing blood with a needle and syringe
occurring at about 1.5 injuries per student per month.
2. Kermode M, Jolley D, Langkham B, Thomas M, Crofts N (2005) : Conducted a
study among health care workers in rural north Indian health care setting in
order to identify occupational exposure to blood and risk of blood borne virus
infection. Approximately 3 million health care workers experience
percutaneous exposure to blood borne virus each year. A cross sectional survey
of health care workers from 7 rural health setting gathered data pertaining to
occupational exposure to blood and a range of other relevant variables like
demographic variables and compliance with universal precautions. A total of
266 health workers returned questionnaires : 63% reported at least one
percutaneous injury in the last year and 73% over their working life time.
3. Samir A. Singru, Amitav Banerjee (2007) : Conducted a study to estimate the
incidence of blood and body fluid exposure in a teaching hospital Mumbai. A
cross-sectional study among a random sample of residents of 830 including
nurses was carried out to estimate the incidence. Self reported occurrence and
the circumstances of the same were recorded by face to face interviews, using a
semi structured questionnaire. The self reported incidence was highest among
nurses, and stick injuries was the most common mode of such exposures
(92.21% total exposure).
4. A cross sectional study conducted in new Delhi to know the health care practice
of 240 health care workers including staff nurses in different hospitals. The
results revealed that needle stick injury which is 89.58% is most common form
of occupational expose sustained injuries by nurses and doctors but lower rate
was reported from laboratory technicians and auxiliary workers. Injuries were
sustained most commonly while collecting the blood samples and inserting
intravenous infusion needles.
5. A confidential self administered questionnaire prepared to conduct a study at
government hospitals, Delhi. The study revealed (5.25%) of the 346 nurses
reported needle stick injuries in previous month. 22 (6.3%) reported injury
involving a needle stick containing blood. 86 (24.8%) reported an incident
involving a near miss. The study revealed that nurses working in hospitals with
poor work climate and lower staffing levels were more likely to report
incidence of needle stick injury. Staff carelessness, knowledge and experience,
patient uncooperativeness, frequent recapping of needles also report the
presence of risks.
PROBLEM STATEMENT :-
A study to assess the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding
prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses of selected hospital in Delhi/NCR.
44
OBJECTIVES :-
5. To assess the existing knowledge score regarding prevention of needle stick
injury among staff nurses.
6. To determine the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge
regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS :-
KNOWLEDGE - It means the correct responses of staff nurse to knowledge items in

the close ended questionnaire regarding needle stick injury.
STAFF NURSE - A person who has completed his/her own basic education in nursing
and registered from any state nursing Council and practicing as a registered nurse in a
selected hospital.
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - It is one kind of injury caused by needle or by other

needle equipments that accidentally puncture the skin who works with syringes or other
needle equipments.
HOSPITAL - A hospital is a medical centre which is committed to provide the safest

quality care to individual or people who suffer from any kind of illness
ASSUMPTIONS
1.The staff nurses will have inadequate knowledge regarding the prevention of needle stick
injury
2. Knowledge can be measured through structured knowledge questionnaire.
3. A self instructional module would enhance the knowledge on prevention of needle stick
injury among staff nurses.
HYPOTHESIS
H1:-There will not be significant difference in the mean pre-test & post-test knowledge
score regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.
H2: There will be significant difference in the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge
score regarding prevention of needle stick injury after administration of self
instructional module.
45
DELIMITATION
1. Staffs who are present at the time of data collection
MATERIALS &METHODS
Research design:
A quasi-experimental research design is used to evaluate the effectiveness of self
instructional module through the difference between the pre-test and post-test score of
control group and experimental group.
Setting:
The study is conducted at selected hospital in Delhi / NCR .
Population:
The population selected for the study comprised of registered staff nurses working in
selected hospital of Delhi / NCR.
Inclusion criteria:
1. Staffs who are willing to participate in the study
2. Staff who is able to read , write and understand English
Exclusion criteria for sampling:
1. Staffs who are not filling to participate in the study
Instruments and materials intended to be used:

1. Demographic Performa
2. Knowledge questionnaire on needle stick injury among staff nurses
3. Self instructional module on needle stick injury among staff nurses
Data collection method:
1. Investigators will obtain permission from concerned authority and written
consent will be obtained from each respondent.
2. The investigators will Interact with the staff nurses of selected hospital
3. Those staff nurses willing to participate in the study will be selected based on
the inclusion criteria.
4. The population will be divided into experimental group and control group .
5. Knowledge questionnaire will be introduced to both the group for the
assessment of pretest knowledge of staff nurses .
6. Self instructional module will be administered to subjects of experimental group
46
only.
7. The subjects of control group will not given any manipulation. Then post-test
will be taken from control group & experimental group after.
The collected data will be analyzed by using descriptive & inferential statistics.
DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
The collected data will be analyzed by using descriptive & inferential statistics.
REFERENCE
1. Rapiti E, et al. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to

contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers: American Journal of
Industrial Medicine. 2009 Dec;48 (6): 482–90.
2. Gebhart, Fred. EPA issues new guidelines for sharps disposal:N Eng J Med.
2012July; 35(8): 696-704.
3. Chalupa S et al,Needlestick and Sharps Injury Prevention:Are We Reaching
Our Goals:AAACN .2008 April;14(35): 112-117.
4. Acello Barbara,Guidelines for compliance in health care facilities:The OSHA
handbook.2002 Jan;16(39):502-600.
5. Blackiston M, Needle stick injury:The journal of medical
education.2010;16:13-16.
6. Brooker Christine,Needle stick injury:Journal of American Medical
association,2010;17:4-16.
7. Murra Gantz Nelson, Risk of needle stick injury: Journal of national medical
association.2002;12:42-50.
8. Rockerfeller John,Infectious disease:The journal of infectious
diseases,2010;1:23-25.
9. Varma M, Mehta G. Journal of the Indian medical association, 2000, vol. 95,
pp. 436-438.
10. Kermode M, Jolley D, Langkham B, Thomas M, Crofts N. American journal of
infection control, volume 33, issue 1, pp. 34-41, 2005.11.
11. Samir A. Singru, Amitav Banerjee. Occupational exposure to blood and body
47
fluids among health care workers. Indian Journal of community medicine, vol.
33, No. 1, Jan 2008.
12. Rajasekaran M, Sivagnanam G, Rvindran C, Injection practices in southern
part of India, Public Health 2003 May; 117(3):208-13
13. Sood P, Dora V, Mishra B, Mandal A, Needle stick injuries in health care
workers- a study., The Indian Practitioner 2001Oct; 54(10):685-9
14. The Nursing Journal of India 2004March; vol.XCV.3 Factors responsible for
needle stick injuries to nurses.
15. Choudhary R, Agarwal P, Prevalence and knowledge of needle stick injury
among health care workers in north India., International AIDS Conference 2004
July11-16
16. Mehta A, Rodrigues C, Ghag S, Bavi P, Shenai S and Dastur F. Needlestick
injuries in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. Journal of Hospital Infection
[serial online] 2005 Aug [ cited 2010 Nov 15]; 60:[368-73].
17. Faitatzidou A “Reporting needle stick injury among health care workers in
Greek general hospital.”, Journal of Occupational Medicine 49: 423-26.
18. Tabak, Nilli, Shiabana, Amal Mussa, “The health beliefs of hospital staff and
reporting of needle stick injury.”, Journal of clinical nursing 2006 (12) 1228-
1239.
19. Potter and Perry. “Fundamentals of nursing”, 6th edition, Mosby Publications,
pp. 797-799.
20. Mohamad Yaakob NorsayanI, (2010), Journal of Occupational Health, Volume:
45, Issue: 2, Pages: 23.
21. Sabine Wicker, (2011), Journal of Occupational Health, Volume: 34, Issue: 2,
Pages: 367-372.
22. Mehrdad Askarian, (2011), “The prevalence of needle stick injuries in medical,
dental, nursing and midwifery students at the university teaching hospitals of
Shiraz, Iran,” Indian Journal of Medical Science, Volume: 23, Issue: 8,
Pages: 256 – 261 .
23. Rogowska-Szadkowska D, (2011), “Risk of needle stick injuries in health care
workers: bad habits (recapping needles) last long,” Journal of American
48
Medicine, Volume: 56, Issue: 1, Pages: 197-206.
24. Porta C, (2009), “Needle Stick Injuries among Health Care Workers,” Journal
of Indian Medicine, Volume: 15, Issue: 1, Pages: 267.
25. Srikrajang J, (2008), “Effectiveness of education and problem solving work
group on nursing practices to prevent needle stick and sharp injury,” Journal of
Clinical Practice, Volume: 34, Issue: 1, Pages: 34-42.
26. Mehta A, (2009), “Needle stick injuries in a tertiary care center in Mumbai,”
Journal of Indian Medicine, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Pages 45-56.
49
Annexure II
PERMISSION LETTER FOR CONDUCTING THE RESEARCH
50
Annexure III
INFORMED CONSENT OF THE PARTICIPANT
STUDY TITLE: “A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF INSTRUCTIONAL

MODULE ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF NEEDLE STICK INJURY
AMONG STAFF NURSES IN SELECTED HOSPITAL OF DELHI , NCR ”
Investigators: B.Sc Nursing 4th year
We, the B.sc Nursing 4th Year students of PIPRAMS, doing a study on “A study to assess
the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick
injury among staff nurses in selected hospital of Delhi, NCR”
The study procedure involves no foreseeable risk or harm to you. We will assess your level of
knowledge by using knowledge questionnaire and also we will provide an self instructional module
regarding the prevention of needle stick injury. You are free to ask any clarification about the study.
Your participation in this study is voluntary; you are under no obligation to participate. You have the
right to withdraw at any time.
The study data will be coded, so it will not be linked to your name. Your identity will not be
revealed while the study is being conducted or when the study is reported or published. All study data
which will be collected by us, will be stored in a secure place, and will not be shared with any other
person without your permission.
Declaration
I ________________________ have read this consent form and have given voluntary consent to
participate in this study.
_________________________
Signature / Date (Subject)
The detail of the study has been explained to the above subject and has sought his/her consent.
51
ANNEXURE IV
LETTER FOR REQUESTING THE OPINION AND SUGGESTION OF EXPERTS TO VALIDATE THE TOOL
From,
B.Sc 4th Year students
PIPRAMS
Greater Noida
To,
------------------------------------
Subject: Request for expert’s opinion and suggestions to establish content validity of the
research tool
Respected Sir/ Madam
We, 4th year B. Sc (N) students of PIPRAMS have selected the following topic for our
dissertation to be submitted to CCS University in the partial fulfilment for the requirement for
the award of Bachelor of Science in nursing
Topic: A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF INSTRUCTIONAL

MODULE ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF NEEDLE STICK INJURY
AMONG STAFF NURSES IN SELECTED HOSPITAL OF DELHI , NCR
Here with we have enclosed
1. Demographic Performa
2. Structured questionnaire
3. Self instructional module
We humbly request you to go through the items and give your suggestions and opinions to
develop the content validity of the tool. Kindly suggest modifications, additions and
deletions, if any in the remark Column
Thanking you in anticipation
Place: Greater Noida Yours faithfully
Date: B.Sc 4th year students
52
ANNEXURE V
ACCEPTANCE FORM FOR TOOL VALIDATION
Name:
Designation:
Name of the Institute:
Statement of acceptance/non acceptance
I give my acceptance/non acceptance to validate the tool
Topic : A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF
NEEDLE STICK INJURY AMONG STAFF NURSES IN SELECTED HOSPITAL OF
DELHI , NCR
Place Signature
53
ANNEXURE VI
CONTENT VALIDATION CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that I have validated the tool of B,Sc nursing 4th year students,
PIPRAMS who are undertaking the following study,
Topic : A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF
NEEDLE STICK INJURY AMONG STAFF NURSES IN SELECTED HOSPITAL OF
DELHI , NCR
Signature of the expert
Designation and Address
Place:
Date:
54
ANNEXURE VII
CRITERIA CHECKLIST FOR VALIDATION OF THE TOOL
Instruction: Review the items in the tool and give your valuable suggestions regarding
accuracy, relevance and appropriateness of the content. Kindly place the tick mark (√ ) in
the appropriate column. If there are any suggestions or comments please mention in the
remark column
Tool : Structured questionnaire
Question Agree Disagree Remarks

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
55
REFERENCES
1. Rapiti E, et al. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated

sharps injuries among health-care workers: American Journal of Industrial Medicine.
2009 Dec;48 (6): 482–90.
2012July; 35(8): 696-704.
3. Chalupa S et al,Needlestick and Sharps Injury Prevention:Are We Reaching Our
Goals:AAACN .2008 April;14(35): 112-117.
handbook.2002 Jan;16(39):502-600.
5. Blackiston M, Needle stick injury:The journal of medical education.2010;16:13-16.
8. Rockerfeller John,Infectious disease:The journal of infectious diseases,2010;1:23-25.
pp. 436-438.
11. Samir A. Singru, Amitav Banerjee. Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids
among health care workers. Indian Journal of community medicine, vol. 33, No. 1,
Jan 2008.
12. Rajasekaran M, Sivagnanam G, Rvindran C, Injection practices in southern part of
India, Public Health 2003 May; 117(3):208-13
13. Sood P, Dora V, Mishra B, Mandal A, Needle stick injuries in health care workers- a
study., The Indian Practitioner 2001Oct; 54(10):685-9
14. The Nursing Journal of India 2004March; vol.XCV.3 Factors responsible for needle
stick injuries to nurses.
56
15. Choudhary R, Agarwal P, Prevalence and knowledge of needle stick injury among
health care workers in north India., International AIDS Conference 2004 July11-16
16. Mehta A, Rodrigues C, Ghag S, Bavi P, Shenai S and Dastur F. Needlestick injuries
in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. Journal of Hospital Infection [serial online]
2005 Aug [ cited 2010 Nov 15]; 60:[368-73].
17. Faitatzidou A “Reporting needle stick injury among health care workers in Greek
general hospital.”, Journal of Occupational Medicine 49: 423-26.
reporting of needle stick injury.”, Journal of clinical nursing 2006 (12) 1228-1239.
pp. 797-799.
20. Mohamad Yaakob NorsayanI, (2010), Journal of Occupational Health, Volume: 45,
Issue: 2, Pages: 23.
Pages: 367-372.
dental, nursing and midwifery students at the university teaching hospitals of Shiraz,
Iran,” Indian Journal of Medical Science, Volume: 23, Issue: 8, Pages: 256 – 261 .
workers: bad habits (recapping needles) last long,” Journal of American Medicine,
Volume: 56, Issue: 1, Pages: 197-206.
24. Porta C, (2009), “Needle Stick Injuries among Health Care Workers,” Journal of
Indian Medicine, Volume: 15, Issue: 1, Pages: 267.
25. Srikrajang J, (2008), “Effectiveness of education and problem solving work group on
nursing practices to prevent needle stick and sharp injury,” Journal of Clinical
Practice, Volume: 34, Issue: 1, Pages: 34-42.
26. Mehta A, (2009), “Needle stick injuries in a tertiary care center in Mumbai,” Journal
of Indian Medicine, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Pages 45-56
27. Rapiti E, et al. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated
sharps injuries among health-care workers: American Journal of Industrial Medicine.
2009 Dec;48 (6): 482–90.
57
2012July; 35(8): 696-704.
29. Chalupa S et al,Needlestick and Sharps Injury Prevention:Are We Reaching Our
Goals:AAACN .2008 April;14(35): 112-117.
handbook.2002 Jan;16(39):502-600.
31. Blackiston M, Needle stick injury:The journal of medical education.2010;16:13-16.
34. Rockerfeller John,Infectious disease:The journal of infectious diseases,2010;1:23-25.
pp. 436-438.
37. Samir A. Singru, Amitav Banerjee. Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids
among health care workers. Indian Journal of community medicine, vol. 33, No. 1,
Jan 2008.
38. Rajasekaran M, Sivagnanam G, Rvindran C, Injection practices in southern part of
India, Public Health 2003 May; 117(3):208-13
39. Sood P, Dora V, Mishra B, Mandal A, Needle stick injuries in health care workers- a
study., The Indian Practitioner 2001Oct; 54(10):685-9
40. The Nursing Journal of India 2004March; vol.XCV.3 Factors responsible for needle
stick injuries to nurses.
41. Choudhary R, Agarwal P, Prevalence and knowledge of needle stick injury among
health care workers in north India., International AIDS Conference 2004 July11-16
42. Mehta A, Rodrigues C, Ghag S, Bavi P, Shenai S and Dastur F. Needlestick injuries
in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. Journal of Hospital Infection [serial online]
2005 Aug [ cited 2010 Nov 15]; 60:[368-73].
58
43. Faitatzidou A “Reporting needle stick injury among health care workers in Greek
general hospital.”, Journal of Occupational Medicine 49: 423-26.
reporting of needle stick injury.”, Journal of clinical nursing 2006 (12) 1228-1239.
pp. 797-799.
46. Mohamad Yaakob NorsayanI, (2010), Journal of Occupational Health, Volume: 45,
Issue: 2, Pages: 23.
Pages: 367-372.
dental, nursing and midwifery students at the university teaching hospitals of Shiraz,
Iran,” Indian Journal of Medical Science, Volume: 23, Issue: 8, Pages: 256 – 261 .
workers: bad habits (recapping needles) last long,” Journal of American Medicine,
Volume: 56, Issue: 1, Pages: 197-206.
50. Porta C, (2009), “Needle Stick Injuries among Health Care Workers,” Journal of
Indian Medicine, Volume: 15, Issue: 1, Pages: 267.
51. Srikrajang J, (2008), “Effectiveness of education and problem solving work group on
nursing practices to prevent needle stick and sharp injury,” Journal of Clinical
Practice, Volume: 34, Issue: 1, Pages: 34-42.
52. Mehta A, (2009), “Needle stick injuries in a tertiary care center in Mumbai,” Journal
of Indian Medicine, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Pages 45-56.
59
APPENDIX – I A
TOOL –1 ENGLISH
DEMOGAPHIC PREFORMA
VARIABLES
1. GENDER
A) MALE
B) FEMALE
2. AGE
A) 20 – 25
B) 26 – 31
C) 32 – 37
D) 38 – 44
3. MARITAL STATUS
A) MARRIED
B) UNMARRIED
C) DIVORCE
D) WIDOW
4. EDUCATION QUALIFICATION
A) P.G & ABOVE
B) U.G
C) DIPLOMA
D) ANM
60
5. RELIGION
A) HINDU
B) MUSLIM
C) CHRISTIAN
D) OTHERS
6. DEPARTEMENT
A) ICU
B) CASUALITY
C) OPD
D) WARD
7. EXPERIENCE
A) < 1 YEAR
B) 1 – 2 YEAR
C) 2 – 3 YEAR
D) > 3 YEAR
8. DOSAGE OF HEP. & VACCINE RECEIVED
A) 1ST DOSE
B) 2ND DOSE
C) 3RD DOSE
D) BOOSTER DOSE
9. HOW OFTEN DO YOU RECAP NEEDLE
A) ALWAYS
B) OFTEN
C) VERY OFTEN
D) NEVER
61
10. SITE OF NSIs
A) HAND
B) PALM
C) FINGER/INDEX FINGER/THUMB
D) OTHER
11. TO WHOM YOU HAVE REPORTED NSIs
A) DOCTOR
B) ANS/DNS
C) T.L
D) OTHER
12. WHAT ACTION WERE TAKEN AFTER NSIs
A) INJURY WASD REPORTED
B) BLOOD INVESTIGATION WAS DONE
C) NO RESPONSE
D) ANY OTHER
13. WHAT SEVERITY WAS MOST RECENT NSIs OCCURRED
A) MILD
B) MODERATE
C) SEVERE
D) CRITICAL
62
APPENDIX – I B
TOOL – 2
KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONAIRRE
QUESTIONNAIRE:-
Q1. Name two out of three Blood borne Pathogens that medical staff and EVS personnel are
most commonly exposed to:
A. Hepatitis B
B. Hepatitis B & C
C. Hepatitis B&C, HIV
D. HIV
Q2. What does the CDC recommend to do after a needle stick accident ?
A. Wash area with soap and water

B. Report injury to supervisor
C. Use bleach immediately
D. Both A & B
Q3. Who should you tell if you see needles without a safety device:
A. Charge Nurse
B. Co-Worker
C. Supervisor
D. Safety Officer
E. Both C & D
Q4. Give me two examples in which needle stick accidents may be avoided:
A. Gowns
B. Safer Devices & Techniques
C. Safer Devices & Techniques and Gloves
D. Safety Goggles
Q5. What percentage of needle sticks can be avoided?
A. 50%
B. 40%
C. 80%
D. 90%
63
Q6. What is the maximum capacity for a sharp container?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 35%
D. 90%
Q7. Should needle be recapped / bent after use?
A. Yes
B. No
Q8. Should you report the incident of needle stick injury?
A. Yes
B. No
Q9. If yes then who should you report this?
A. Supervisor
B. Co-worker
C. Safety officer
D. Both A & C
Q10. Did universal precautions should be taken while handling sharp equipment?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Yes, Occasionally
D. Don't remember
Q11. How many dose of Hepatitis-B should be taken for its prevention?
A. 3-Dose
B. 2-Dose
C. 1-Dose
D. 3-Dose + 1-Booster
Q12. Where the needles should be disposed?
A. Red-dustbin
B. Yellow-dustbin
C. Puncture proof container
D. Black-dustbin
64
Q13. Supervisor should maintain ______ for keeping NSI records.
A. Consent
B. Questionnaire
C. Sharp injury log
D. Document
Q14. When did the needle stick safety and prevention act come into effect?
A. 1999
B. 2001
C. 2006
D. 2009
Q15. Sharp container should be kept ___ to ___ inches from the floor?
A. 52-54
B. 52-56
C. 56-58
D. 54-58
Q16. How can needle stick and sharp injuries be prevented?
A. Recommended guidelines + employee program + surveillance program

B. By needle handling
C. Activity of safety feature
D. Recap needle
Q17. What steps are involved with a surveillance program?
A. Determining the rate of injuries + injured workers receives proper treatment

B. Leading to practical surgeries
C. Investigation of injury
D. Reporting of incidence
Q18. What is OSHA?
A. Occupational safety and health advice

B. Operational surgery health administration
C. Occupational safety and health administration
D. Operational safeguard health advice
65
Q19. How does needle stick injury mostly occur?
A. After use, before disposal

B. During or after disposal
C. During use of item (processing specimen)
D. During assess of IV line
Q20. Who updates guidelines to protect staff from exposure to all infections causing agents
in health care settings?
A. OSHA (occupational safety and health administration)

B. PHAC (public health agency of Canada)
C. CDC (center for disease control and prevention)
D. WHO (world health organization)
66
APPENDIX – II
SELF INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
67
68
APPENDIX – III
LIST OF EXPERT WHO VALIDATED THE TOOL
1. Mrs. Geetu Krishna
HOD. Department of Mental Health Nursing, PIPRAMS
2. Mrs. Neelam Chaudhary
HOD. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecolgy, PIPRAMS
3. Mr. Jaison T.J
Department of Mental Health Nursing, PIPRAMS
4. Ms. Priyanka Thakur
Department Of Community Health Nursing, PIPRAMS
5. Ms. Sangeeta Sharma
Department Of Community Health Nursing, PIPRAMS
6. Mr. Alan V Joseph
Department of Mental Health Nursing , Rama College of Nursing
Kanpur
69
APPENDIX - IV
STATISTICAL FORMULAS
1. Standard deviation
s
x  x 2
n
2. Paired t test
d
t n
Sd
70
APPENDIX - IV
MASTER DATA SHEET
DEMOGRAPHIC PERFORMA
EDU DO
GENDER AGE M.STATUS QUAL RELIGION DEPT EXP HEP RECAPP SITE REPORT ACTION SEVERITY
1 B B A B C A A C B C B A B
2 A A B C A C B D B A A C A
3 B D A B A D C C C C B A A
4 A C A B C B D A D B C B A
5 B A B C C D A B B B B A B
6 B B A B A A A C B C C C C
7 A B A D A C A A A C A A A
8 A C A A C C C B B B B A A
9 B A B C A B B C C B C C B
10 B B A B C D A C B C C C C
11 B D A B B A D C B A B A A
12 A D A C C D C A D A A A D
13 A A B A D C D C A C C C A
14 B B A C A B A D D B B B A
15 A B A B B D A A C C C A C
71
16 B A B D B D B C D B B A B
17 A A B A C A B B B C B D A
18 A A B C B C B C A A C A D
19 B C A B A D C C A D B C A
20 B B A C C D A B B C A C B
21 B A B C D C B C D D B A A
22 B D A D A C D D B B C A A
23 A C D A C A D A D C C B B
24 A A B C C D B C B A C B C
25 B B A C B B A B D C B C A
26 B A A B B A D A D B D C B
27 A A B B A C B C C A B A B
28 B C A B C C D B B C D C C
29 A D A A B B C C A A C A A
30 B A B B A D A C A C B A C
31 B A B A C D B A B B D A B
32 A B A C C D A C D C B C A
33 A C D B D A C A B B D C D
34 A C C B C C C C D D B A B
35 B A B C A D B B C C C A A
36 B A B B D C B D D B B D C
37 A B A D A B A C B C C A A
38 A C A A D D C A B A B C A
39 B A B D C D A B C B C C B
40 A B A D A C A C D C B A C
41 B B A B C B A A B C B A B
42 A D A A D D B D B B C C C
43 B A B A A A A C C C B C B
44 B B A B C D B C B B C A A
45 B B A B C C B D C C C A A
46 A A B D D B A C C B B C B
47 A A B A C C A B B C D C D
48 B C A A C A B D C B B B A
49 B B A B C C B B B C C A A
50 A A B B D D A C B D B A B
51 A B A B C B A A D B B C B
52 B A B B C A B C A C C A B
53 B A B B A D A B B B B A A
54 A B A A C D B C D C B D A
55 A C A B D C B B B D C C B
56 B A B C C B A C A C B A A
57 A B A B A D A D B D C B B
58 B D A B A A D C C C C A A
59 A D A B C B D D B B B C B
60 B A B B C D B C B A B A B
KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE
72
PRETEST EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 TOTAL
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 12
2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 11
3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 8
4 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 9
5 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 11
6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 16
8 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 11
9 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 8
10 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7
11 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 9
12 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 7
13 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 8
14 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 8
15 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 9
16 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6
17 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
18 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8
19 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 11
20 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 8
21 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 9
22 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 8
23 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 7
24 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 11
25 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 11
26 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9
27 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 12
28 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9
29 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 11
30 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 9
PRETEST CONTROL GROUP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 TOTAL
31 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 10
73
32 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 12
33 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 7
34 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 10
35 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 10
36 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 7
37 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 12
38 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 11
39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7
40 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 12
41 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 7
42 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
43 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 7
44 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 7
45 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16
46 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 12
47 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 10
48 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 11
49 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7
50 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 7
51 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 7
52 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 6
53 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
54 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 6
55 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 6
56 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 6
57 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 7
58 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
59 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 11
60 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 6
POST TEST EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 TOTAL
74
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 18
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 18
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 18
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 14
8 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
12 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 18
16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
17 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 13
18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 16
20 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 13
21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 18
22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17
24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 18
25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 18
26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 14
27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 17
28 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
29 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 18
30 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 16
POST TSET CONTROL GROUP
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 11
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 6
3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 12
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
5 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
6 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 12
7 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 7
75
8 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6
9 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 10
10 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 7
11 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16
12 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 8
13 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 6
14 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 11
15 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 11
16 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10
17 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8
18 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 9
19 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 4
21 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7
22 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 11
23 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 11
24 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 8
25 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 8
26 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 9
27 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8
28 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 8
29 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7
30 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
76

Health Is A Crown That The Healthy Wear, But Only The Sick Can Sees It Background of The Study

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Health Is A Crown That The Healthy Wear, But Only The Sick Can Sees It Background of The Study

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INTRODUCTION

Background of the study :

Need for the study:-

M. Varma, G. Mehta (2000) : Conducted a study on needle sticks in medical students in

Kermode M, Jolley D, Langkham B, Thomas M, Crofts N (2005) : Conducted a study among

Alamgir H, Cvitkovich Y, Astrakianakis G, Yu S, Yassi A (2008) : Examined the

2. Knowledge can be measured through structured knowledge questionnaire.

Concepts are elements or components of the phenomenon necessary to understand the

A conceptual framework deals with interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled together

Inadequate knowledge on prevention of needle stick injury

Design of Nursing Supportive – Educative System

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON OREMS SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY

Research, methodology is a way to systematically solve problems. It is a procedure in which

answers to the problems that have been posed.6

knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.

2.1 RESEARCH APPROACH

knowledge regarding prevention of needle stick injury among staff nurses.

Sampling Technique Extraneous variable  Frequency

 60 staff nurses in  Exposure to other Inferential Statistics

Fig 2 : Schematic representation of the Research design

by the use of structured questionnaire for experimental group.

by the use of structured questionnaire for control group.

of experimental group by re-administration of structured questionnaire

of control group by re-administration of structured questionnaire

An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the

needle stick injury is the dependent variable.

influences the result of the study.9

availability of the samples, feasibility of conducting study and geographical proximity.

2.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

full fill the inclusion criteria for the study.

2.6.2 Sampling technique

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of population in order to obtain information

regarding a phenomenon in a way that represents the entire population.

purposive sampling technique.

Patients who are:

1. Able to read, write and understand English.

2. Present in the shift during data collection.

1. Staff nurses not willing to participate in the study.

2.7 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

measure the key variables in the research problem.

Part 1: Demographic Performa

Part 2: Knowledge questionnaire on needle stick injury

Part 3: Self Instructional Module on needle stick injury .

2.7.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL

The tool has three parts

Part 1: Demographic Performa

Part 2: Structured Knowledge questionnaire on needle stick injury.

Part 3: Self Instructional Module on needle stick injury .

The demographic Proforma is used to collect the information of sample characteristics. It

Part 2- Structured knowledge questionnaire on self care management

to place a tick (√) mark against the best possible answer.

The score were graded as follows:

Knowledge Grades Scores

Part 3 – Self Instructional Module on needle sticks injury

followed in the development of the information booklet were:

3. Preparation of the first draft of information booklet.

5. Preparation of the final draft

1. Formulation of the objectives

outline of the content was written based on the objectives.