Elsarticle - CLS: A Better Way To Format Your Submission

elsarticle.
cls A better way to format your submission

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1. Introduction
Introduction
elsarticle.cls is a thoroughly re-written document class for formatting LATEX sub- Major Differences
missions to Elsevier journals. The class uses the environments and commands Installation
defined in LATEX kernel without any change in the signature so that clashes with Usage
other contributed LATEX packages such as hyperref.sty, preview-latex.sty, etc., will Frontmatter
be minimal. elsarticle.cls is primarily built upon the default article.cls. The class
Floats
depends on the following packages for its proper functionality:
Theorems
1. pifont.sty for openstar in the title footnotes; Lists
2. natbib.sty for citation processing; Cross-references
3. geometry.sty for margin settings; Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
Bibliography
4. fleqn.clo for left aligned equations;
Final Print
5. graphicx.sty for graphics inclusion;
6. txfonts.sty optional font package, if document is to be formatted with Times
and compatible math fonts;
7. hyperref.sty optional packages if hyperlinking is required in the document.
All the above packages are part of any standard LATEX installation. There-
fore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any extra packages.
Furthermore, users are free to make use of AMS math packages such as, ams-
math.sty, amsthm.sty, amssymb.sty, amsfonts.sty, etc., if they want to. All these
packages work in tandem with elsarticle.cls without any problems.
c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
[dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
2. Major Differences under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
Following are the major differences between elsarticle.cls and its predecessor
package, elsart.cls:
elsarticle.cls A better way to format your submission
• elsarticle.cls is built upon article.cls while elsart.cls is not. elsart.cls redefines

many of the commands in the LATEX classes/kernel, which can possibly Introduction
cause surprising clashes with other contributed LATEX packages; Major Differences
• provides preprint document formatting by default, and optionally formats Installation
the document as per the final style of models 1+, 3+ and 5+ of Elsevier Usage
journals; Frontmatter
• some easier ways for formatting list and theorem environments are pro- Floats
vided while people can still use amsthm.sty package; Theorems
• natbib.sty is the main citation processing package which can comprehen- Lists
sively handle all kinds of citations and works perfectly with hyperref.sty in Cross-references
combination with hypernat.sty. Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
• Long title pages are processed correctly in preprint and final formats. Bibliography
Final Print
3. Installation
The package is available at author resources page at Elsevier (http://www.
elsevier.com/locate/latex). It can also be found in any of the nodes of the
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN), one of the primary nodes being
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/elsevier/. Please
download the elsarticle.dtx which is the composite class with documentation and
elsarticle.ins which is the LATEX installer file. When we compile the elsarticle.ins
with LATEX it provides the class file, elsarticle.cls by stripping off all the documen-
tation from the *.dtx file. The class may be moved or copied to a place, usually,
$TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/, or a folder which will be read by LATEX during doc- [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
ument compilation. The TEX file database needs updation after moving/copying under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
class file. Usually, we use commands like mktexlsr or texhash depending upon sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
the distribution and operating system.
4. Usage
Introduction
The class should be loaded with the command: Major Differences
Installation
\documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle}
Usage
Frontmatter
where the options can be the following:
Floats
(1) preprint — default options which formats the document for submission to Theorems
Elsevier journals. Lists
(2) review — similar to preprint option, but increases the baselineskip to fa- Cross-references
cilitate easier review process. Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
(3) 1p — formats the article to the look and feel of the final format of model Bibliography
1+ journals. This is always single column style. Final Print
(4) 3p — formats the article to the look and feel of the final format of model
3+ journals. If the journal is a two column model, use twocolumn option in
combination.
(5) 5p — formats for model 5+ journals. This is always two column style.
(6) authoryear — author-year citation style of natbib.sty. If you want to add
extra options of natbib.sty, you may use the options as a comma delimited
strings as argument to \biboptions command. An example would be:
\biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon} c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
(7) number — numbered citation style. Extra options can be loaded with under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
\biboptions command. sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
(8) sort\&compress sorts and compresses the numbered citations. For example,
citation [1,2,3] will become [1–3].
(9) longtitle — if front matter is unusually long, use this option to split the
title page across pages with the correct placement of title and author foot- Introduction
notes in the first page. Major Differences
(10) times — loads txfonts.sty if available in the system to use Times and com- Installation
patible math fonts. Usage
(11) All options of article.cls can be used with this document class. Frontmatter
Floats
(12) The default options loaded are a4paper, 10pt, oneside, onecolumn
Theorems
and preprint.
Lists
Cross-references
5. Frontmatter Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
Bibliography
There are two types of frontmatter coding: Final Print
(1) each author is connected to an affiliation with a footnote marker; hence all
authors are grouped together and affiliations follow;
(2) authors of same affiliations are grouped together and the relevant affilia-
tion follows this group. An example coding of the first type is provided in
the next page.
\title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}

\tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}
\tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer
longer than the first one and with an intention to fill ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
in up more than one line while formatting.} [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
\author[rvt]{C.V.˜Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
\ead{[email protected]} This is a specimen titleI,II
C.V. Radhakrishnana,∗,1 , K. Bazargana,b,2 , S. Peppingc,∗∗,1,3

\author[rvt,focal]{K.˜Bazargan\fnref{fn2}} a River Valley Technologies, SJP Building, Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014
b River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom
\ead{[email protected]} c Central Application Management, Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX
Amsterdam, Netherlands
\author[els]{S.˜Pepping\corref{cor2}\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
\ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com} Abstract
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on the
interface between a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene micro-sphere placed on
the slab. The evanescent field of the resonant whispering gallery mode (WGM)
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author} of the micro sphere has a substantial gradient, and therefore effectively couples
with the quadrupole 1S excitons in cuprous oxide. This evanescent polariton has
\cortext[cor2]{Principal corresponding author} a long life-time, which is determined only by its excitonic and WGM component.
The polariton lower branch has a well pronounced minimum. This suggests that
\fntext[fn1]{This is the specimen author footnote.} this excitation is localized and can be utilized for possible BEC. The spatial
coherence of the polariton can be improved by assembling the micro-spheres
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, but a little more longer.} into a linear chain.
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have Key words: quadrupole exciton, polariton, WGM, BEC
PACS: 71.35.-y, 71.35.Lk, 71.36.+c
any number of author footnotes.}
1. Introduction
Although quadrupole excitons (QE) in cuprous oxide crystals are good can-
\address[rvt]{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building, didates for BEC due to their narrow line-width and long life-time there are
Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014} some factors impeding BEC Kavoulakis and Baym (1996); Roslyak and Birman
(2007). One of these factors is that due to the small but non negligible coupling
\address[focal]{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court,
Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom} I This
II The
document is a collaborative effort.
second title footnote which is a longer longer than the first one and with an intention
\address[els]{Central Application Management, to fill in up more than one line while formatting.
∗ Corresponding author
∗∗ Principal corresponding author
Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX\\ Email addresses: [email protected] (C.V. Radhakrishnan),
[email protected] (K. Bazargan)
Amsterdam, Netherlands} URL: http://www.elsevier.com (S. Pepping)
1 This is the specimen author footnote.
2 Another author footnote, but a little more longer.
3 Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have any number of author footnotes.
You can see the output in the panel to the right. Preprint submitted to Elsevier February 14, 2008
Most of the commands like \title, \author, \address are self explanatory.
Various components are linked to each other by a label–reference mechanism;
for instance, title footnote is linked to the title with a footnote mark gener-
ated by referring to the \label string of the \tnotetext. We have used similar This is a specimen titleI,II
commands such as \tnoteref (to link title note to title); \corref (to link corre-
C.V. Radhakrishnan∗,1
sponding author text to corresponding author); \fnref (to link footnote text to
River Valley Technologies, SJP Building, Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014
the relevant author names). TEX needs two compilations to resolve the footnote
K. Bazargan2
marks in the frontmatter part. Given below are the syntax of various note marks
River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom
and note texts.
S. Pepping1,3
Central Application Management, Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX
\tnoteref{<label(s)>} Amsterdam, Netherlands
\corref{<label(s)>}
\fnref{<label(s)>}
\tnotetext[<label>]{<title note text>} Abstract
\cortext[<label>]{<corresponding author note text>} interface between a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene micro-sphere placed on
\fntext[<label>]{<author footnote text>} the slab. The evanescent field of the resonant whispering gallery mode (WGM)
of the micro sphere has a substantial gradient, and therefore effectively couples
a long life-time, which is determined only by its excitonic and WGM component.
The polariton lower branch has a well pronounced minimum. This suggests that
where <label(s)> can be either one or more comma delimited label strings. this excitation is localized and can be utilized for possible BEC. The spatial
The optional arguments to the \author command holds the ref label(s) of the into a linear chain.
address(es) to which the author is affiliated while each \address command can Key words: quadrupole exciton, polariton, WGM, BEC
PACS: 71.35.-y, 71.35.Lk, 71.36.+c
have an optional argument of a label. In the same manner, \tnotetext, \fntext,
\cortext will have optional arguments as their respective labels and note text
as their mandatory argument. I This document is a collaborative effort.
II The second title footnote which is a longer longer than the first one and with an intention
The following example code provides the markup of the second type of to fill in up more than one line while formatting.
author-affiliation as seen in the output given in the box to the right. Email addresses: [email protected] (C.V. Radhakrishnan),
[email protected] (K. Bazargan)
URL: http://www.elsevier.com (S. Pepping)
1 This is the first author footnote.
2 Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and it should be a really long
\author{C.V.˜Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}} footnote. But this footnote is not yet sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote
text.
\ead{[email protected]} 3 Yet another author footnote.
\address{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,

Preprint submitted to Elsevier February 14, 2008
Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
\author{K.˜Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
\ead{[email protected]} This is a specimen titleI,II
\address{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford,
C.V. Radhakrishnan∗,1
Exeter, UK.} River Valley Technologies, SJP Building, Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014
K. Bazargan2
\author{S.˜Pepping\fnref{fn1,fn3}} River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom
\ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
S. Pepping1,3
\address{Central Application Management, Central Application Management, Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX
Elsevier, Radarweg 43, 1043 NX Amsterdam, Netherlands}
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
Abstract
\fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
\fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and interface between a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene micro-sphere placed on
the slab. The evanescent field of the resonant whispering gallery mode (WGM)
it should be a really long footnote. But this footnote is not yet of the micro sphere has a substantial gradient, and therefore effectively couples
sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote text.} a long life-time, which is determined only by its excitonic and WGM component.
\fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.} The polariton lower branch has a well pronounced minimum. This suggests that
this excitation is localized and can be utilized for possible BEC. The spatial
into a linear chain.
The frontmatter part has further environments such as abstract and key- Key words: quadrupole exciton, polariton, WGM, BEC
words. These can be marked up in the following manner: PACS: 71.35.-y, 71.35.Lk, 71.36.+c
\begin{abstract}
I This document is a collaborative effort.
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of II The second title footnote which is a longer longer than the first one and with an intention
to fill in up more than one line while formatting.

polariton on the interface between a .... ∗ Corresponding author
Email addresses: [email protected] (C.V. Radhakrishnan),

\end{abstract} [email protected] (K. Bazargan)
1 This is the first author footnote.
2 Another author footnote, this is a very long footnote and it should be a really long
\begin{keyword} footnote. But this footnote is not yet sufficiently long enough to make two lines of footnote
text.
3 Yet another author footnote.
quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM\sep BEC

\PACS 71.35.-y \sep 71.35.Lk \sep 71.36.+c
\end{keyworkd}
Each keyword shall be separated by \sep command. PACS and MSC classifica-
tions shall be provided in the keyword environment with the commands \PACS Introduction
and \MSC respectively. \MSC accepts an optional argument to accommodae future Major Differences
revisions. eg., \MSC[2008]. The default is 2000. Installation
Usage
6. Floats Frontmatter
Floats
Figures may be included using the command, \includegraphics in combination
Theorems
with or without its several options to further control graphic. \includegraphics
is provided by graphic[s,x].sty which is part of any standard LATEX distribution. Lists
graphicx.sty is loaded by default. LATEX accepts figures in postscript format while Cross-references
pdfLATEX accepts *.pdf, *.mps (metapost), *.jpg and *.png formats. pdfLATEX does Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
not accept graphic files in postscript format. Bibliography
The table environment is handy for marking up tabular material. If users Final Print
want to use multirow.sty, array.sty, etc., to fine control/enhance the tables, they
are welcome to load any package of their choice and elsarticle.cls will work in
combination with all loaded packages.
7. Theorem and theorem like environments

elsarticle.cls provides a few shortcuts to format theorems and theorem-like envi-
ronments with ease. In all commands the options that are used with \newtheorem
command will work exactly in the same manner. elsarticle.cls provides three com-
mands to format theorem or theorem-like environments: c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-

\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem} ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}
\newdefinition{rmk}{Remark} sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
\newproof{pf}{Proof}
\newproof{pot}{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}}
\newtheorem command formats a theorem in LATEX’s default style with ital-

icized font, bold font for theorem heading and theorem number at the right Introduction
hand side of the theorem heading. It also optionally accepts an argument which Major Differences
will be printed as an extra heading in parentheses. You may roll over your Installation
mouse here to see how some text enclosed between \begin{thm} . . . \end{thm} Usage
will look like. Frontmatter
\newdefinition command is same in all respects as its \newtheorem counter-
Floats
part except that the font shape is roman instead of italic. Both \newdefinition
Theorems
and \newtheorem commands automatically defines counters for the environ-
ments defined. See the output of of \begin{rmk} . . . \end{rmk}. Lists
\newproof command is for defining proof environments with upright font Cross-references
shape. No counters are defined. See the output of \begin{pot} . . . \end{pot}. Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
Users can also make use of amsthm.sty which will override all the default Bibliography
definitions described above. Final Print
8. Enumerated and Itemized Lists

elsarticle.cls provides an extended list processing macros which makes the usage
a bit more user friendly than the default LATEX list macros. With an optional
argument to the \begin{enumerate} command, you can change the list counter
type and its attributes.
\begin{enumerate}[1.]
\item The enumerate environment starts with an optional argument c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
‘1.’ so that the item counter will be suffixed by a period. ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
\item You can use ‘(a)’ for alphabetical counter and ’(i)’ for
roman counter. sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
\begin{enumerate}[a)]
\item Another level of list with alphabetical counter. Introduction
\item One more item before we start another. Major Differences
Installation
Usage
\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item This item has roman numeral counter.
Frontmatter
\item Another one before we close the third level. Floats
\end{enumerate} Theorems
\item Third item in second level. Lists
\end{enumerate} Cross-references
\item All list items conclude with this step. Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
\end{enumerate} Bibliography
Final Print
Roll over your mouse here to see the typeset copy of the above code. Fur-
thermore, the enhanced list environment allows one to prefix a string like ‘step’
to all the item numbers. Take a look at the example below:
\begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]
\item This is the first step of the example list.
\item Obviously this is the second step.
\item The final step to wind up this example.
\end{enumerate}
Here is the typeset output of the above example code. c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
9. Cross-references sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
In electronic publications, articles may be internally hyperlinked. Hyperlinks

are generated from proper cross-references in the article. For example, the
words Fig. 1 will never be more than simple text, whereas the proper cross-
reference \ref{tiger} may be turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself: Fig. 1. Introduction
In the same way, the words Ref. [1] will fail to turn into a hyperlink; the proper Major Differences
cross-reference is \cite{Knuth96}. Cross-referencing is possible in LATEX for sec- Installation
tions, subsections, formulae, figures, tables, and literature references. Usage
Frontmatter
Floats
10. Mathematical symbols and formulae
Theorems
Many physical/mathematical sciences authors require more mathematical sym- Lists
bols than the few that are provided in standard LATEX. A useful package for Cross-references
additional symbols is the amssymb package, developed by the American Mathe- Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
matical Society. This package includes such oft-used symbols as \lesssim for ., Bibliography
\gtrsim for & or \hbar for ~. Note that your TEX system should have the msam Final Print
and msbm fonts installed. If you need only a few symbols, such as \Box for ,
you might try the package latexsym.
Another point which would require authors’ attention is the breaking of
longer equations. When you use elsarticle.cls for formatting your submissions
in preprint mode, the document is formatted in single column style with a text
width of 384pt or 5.3in. When this document is formatted for final print and
if the journal happens to be a double column journal, the text width will be
reduced to 224pt at for 3+ double column and 5+ journals respectively. All
the nifty fine-tuning in equation breaking done by the author goes to waste in
such cases. Therefore, authors are requested to check this problem by typeset-
ting their submissions in final format as well just to see if their equations are
broken at appropriate places, by changing appropriate options in the document [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
class loading command, which is explained in section 4, Usage. This allows au- under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
thors to fix any equation breaking problem before submission for publication. sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
elsarticle.cls supports formatting the author submission in different types of final
format. This is further discussed in section 12, Final print.
11. Bibliography
Introduction
Three bibliographic style files (*.bst) are provided — elsarticle-num.bst, elsarticle- Major Differences
num-names.bst and elsarticle-harv.bst — the first one for the numbered scheme, Installation
the second for the numbered with new options of natbib.sty and the last one for Usage
the author year scheme. Frontmatter
In LATEX literature references are listed in the thebibliography environment.
Floats
Each reference is a \bibitem and each \bibitem is identified by a label, by which
it can be cited in the text: Theorems
\bibitem[Elson et al.(1996)]{ESG96} is cited as \citet{ESG96}. Lists
In connection with cross-referencing and possible future hyperlinking it is not a Cross-references
good idea to collect more that one literature item in one \bibitem. The so-called Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
Harvard or author-year style of referencing is enabled by the LATEX package Bibliography
natbib. With this package the literature can be cited as follows: Final Print
• Parenthetical: \citep{WB96} produces (Wettig & Brown, 1996).

• Textual: \citet{ESG96} produces Elson et al. (1996).
• An affix and part of a reference: \citep[e.g.][Ch. 2]{Gea97} produces
(e.g. Governato et al., 1997, Ch. 2).
In the numbered scheme of citation, \cite{<label>} is used, since \citep

or \citet has no relevance in numbered scheme. natbib package is loaded by
elsarticle with numbers as default option. You can change this to author-year or
harvard scheme by adding option authoryear in the class loading command. If c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
you want to use more options of the natbib package, you can do so with the ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
\biboptions command, which is described in section 4, Usage. For details of [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
various options of the natbib package, please take a look at the natbib documen- under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
tation, which is part of any standard LATEX installation.
Displayed equations and double column journals

Introduction
Many Elsevier journals print their text in two columns. Because the preprint
To calculate Major Differences
layout uses athe interaction
larger of thethan
line width plane wavecolumns,
such (conventional polariton)are
the formulas (1) too
and wide
WGM (evanescent polariton) with cuprous oxide one has to change to the 6) Installation
for the line width in print. Here is an example of an equation (see equation
cuprous oxide centered system of coordinate (See Fig.2) While in the system Usage
which is perfect in single column preprint format:
of the coordinate, centered at the cuprous oxide, the plane wave is still given by Frontmatter
the expression (1), the scattered field has to be changed according to the vector
Floats
spherical
Clip 1: Seeharmonic
equation addition
(6). theorem Stein (1961):
Theorems
M1,39 = Aml
1,39 (r0 + δr) Mml + B1,39 (r0 + δr) Nml
ml
(4) Lists
Cross-references
Here Aml1,39 and B1,39 are the translational coefficients. Their explicit expression
ml
can be found, for instance, in Fuller (1991); Miyazaki and Jimba (2000) and are Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
explicitly listed in the Appendix. Bibliography
The bulk (incident) and evanescent polaritons in cuprous oxide are formed Final Print
through the quadrupole part of the light-matter interaction:
M1,39 = Aml
1,39 (r0 + δr) Mml + B1,39 (r0 + δr) Nml
ml
(5)
Here e, m are the electron charge and mass; p is the electron momentum. For
the quadrupole 1S transition in cuprous oxide the energy of interaction can be
written as:
X∞ Z Z Z
Fn (x) Gn (x, y) Gn (x, y)
An dx = B n C n dx dy + (6)
i=0
A n + B n A n x + B n y An x + B n y
Here we introduced the initial state of the system, which transforms as irre- c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
ducible representation 1 Γ+ 1 of the cubic centered group Oh . The final state is
When this document
the ortho-exciton is typeset
state for publication
which transforms as 3 Γ+ in a model 3+ journal with dou-
5,xz in Cartesian system or as
ble columns,
Γ5;1,2
3 +
in the the equation spherical
corresponding will overlap
basis.the second column text matter if the under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
equation is using
not broken sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
Hence, (1, 3, 4,at
6),the
oneappropriate location.
can deduce that the the coupling of the spherical
harmonic compared to the plane wave (h̄g1,2 = 124 µeV ) is resonantly enhanced:
g1,39
= −i0.06b1,39 (kr0 ) A1,2
1,39 (r0 + δr) (7)
g1,2
Clip 2: See equation (6) overprints into second column.

Introduction
Fuller (1991); Miyazaki and Jimba (2000) and are ex- penetrating into cuprous oxide, although the coupling
plicitly listed in the Appendix. grows with mode number l, because the gradient of the Major Differences
The bulk (incident) and evanescent polaritons in evanescent field increases. Note that QE realizes strong
cuprous oxide are formed through the quadrupole part coupling regime g1,39 > γ while DE demonstrates weak
Installation
of the light-matter interaction: regime only Xudong Fan (1999). The property of the Usage
scalable coupling factor can be utilized in practical ap-
M1,39 = Aml ml
1,39 (r0 + δr) Mml + B1,39 (r0 + δr) Nml (5) plications such as non-linear optics and is the subject of Frontmatter
Here e, m are the electron charge and mass; p is the elec-
our future work. Floats
tron momentum. For the quadrupole 1S transition in Theorems
cuprous oxide the energy of interaction can be written 3. Results and discussion
as: Lists
In this section let us utilize the above calculated
X∞
n
Z
Fn (x) n n
Z Z
Gn (x, y) Gn (x, y)
WGM-QE interaction to obtain the evanescent polariton
Cross-references
A dx =BC dx dy +
i=0
A n + Bn A n x + B n y An x (EP)
+ Bn ydispersion in the framework of the coupled oscilla- Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
(6) tor model that has been widely used for describing cou-
Here we introduced the initial state of the system, which pled atom-photon or exciton-photon modes in micro- Bibliography
transforms as irreducible representation 1 Γ+1 of the cubic cavity systems Carmichael (1986). Near the resonance Final Print
centered group Oh . The final state is the ortho-exciton between WGM and the quadrupole exciton ω1l ≈ ω1S
state which transforms as 3 Γ+5,xz in Cartesian system or the EP branches are given by the eigenvalues of the fol-
as 3 Γ+5;1,2 in the corresponding spherical basis. lowing Hamiltonian:
TheHence,
typesetter will try to break the equation which need not necessarily
using (1, 3, 4, 6), one can deduce that the † be
to the
the liking
coupling of theof the author
spherical or as to
harmonic compared it the H/~ = ω a†
a
happens, typesetter’s break point
1l x x + ω 1S b†
x b x + g 1l (x) ak b x + a b†
may be
x x , (8)
semantically = 124 µeV) is resonantly

plane wave (~g1,2incorrect. Therefore, enhanced:authorshere may a x , b x are annihilation operators for light for
check their submissions and the the
g
incidence of= −i0.06b such 1,39
long exciton, respectively. We also neglected kinetic energy
(kr0 )equations and (7) break the equations at the correct places
1,39
A1,2
1,39 0 + δr)
(r
of the QE due to smallness of the resonant wave vec-
g1,2
so that the final typeset copy will be as they wish.
tor and big mass of the QE. Therefore, considering that
Here we utilized the fact that B1,2 1,2
1,39 A1,39 . While the
both the exciton and WGM of a single sphere are local-
resonant enhancement is provided by the b1,39 Mie co- ized, the dispersion is reduced to:
efficient here, the translational coefficient reduces the
12. Final print
effect. That is why if one tries to couple the evanescent ω = ω1S ± g1l /~ (9)
light to the dipole transition the effect is much weaker as c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
A0,1 1,2 The above expression shows the formation of the dou-
1,39 A1,39 . The resulting exciton - evanescent light
Authors can format their submission
coupling is shown in Fig.1 Both dipole and quadrupole to thebletpage
at resonancesize(both andstatesmarginsare exactly ofhalf-QE,
theirhalf- pre- ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
WGM). Recall that for DE-WGM weak coupling only [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
ferred journal. elsarticle provides four classWGM options for the same:
pattern shifted by the coupling has been observed under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
Xudong Fan (1999).
1p: 1+ journals with a text area of 384pt The×excitons
562pt or 13.5cm × 19.75cmof the loweror
are trapped in the minimum
5.3in × 7.78in, single column stylebranch only.thus populating the strongly localized states.
Physically this means that the resonant coupling with
localized WGM does not let QE escape by means of its
kinetic energy.
The dispersion above is similar to the quadrupole-
dipole hybrid in the organic-inorganic hetero-structures
3p: 3+ journals with a text area of 468pt × 622pt or 16.45cm × 21.9cm or

6.5in × 8.6in, single column style. Introduction
3pd: 3+ with the same text area as above, double column style. Major Differences
Installation
5p: 5+ with text area of 522pt × 682pt or 18.35cm × 24cm or 7.22in ×
Usage
9.45in, double column style only.
Frontmatter
Following pages have the clippings of different parts of the first page of Floats
different journal models typeset in final format. Theorems
Lists
Clip 3: Upper part of first page of a single column article.
Cross-references
Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
This is a specimen titleI,II
Bibliography
Final Print
a River Valley Technologies, SJP Building, Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014
c Central Application Management, Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on the interface between
a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene micro-sphere placed on the slab. The evanescent field of
the resonant whispering gallery mode (WGM) of the micro sphere has a substantial gradient, and c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
therefore effectively couples with the quadrupole 1S excitons in cuprous oxide. This evanescent ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
polariton has a long life-time, which is determined only by its excitonic and WGM component. [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
The polariton lower branch has a well pronounced minimum. This suggests that this excitation under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
is localized and can be utilized for possible BEC. The spatial coherence of the polariton can be sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
improved by assembling the micro-spheres into a linear chain.
Key words: quadrupole exciton, polariton, WGM, BEC
PACS: 71.35.-y, 71.35.Lk, 71.36.+c
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on the interface between
a cuprous oxide slab and a polystyrene micro-sphere placed on the slab. The evanescent field of
elsarticle.cls
the resonant whispering gallery mode (WGM)A of better
the microway
sphereto
hasformat
a substantial
yourgradient,
therefore effectively couples with the quadrupole 1S excitons in cuprous oxide. This evanescent
and
submission
polariton has a long life-time, which is determined only by its excitonic and WGM component.
The polariton lower branch has a well pronounced minimum. This suggests that this excitation
is localized and can be utilized for possible BEC. The spatial coherence of the polariton can be
improved
Clip by assembling
4: Lower the micro-spheres
part of first into acolumn
page of a single linear chain.
article.
Key words: quadrupole exciton, polariton, WGM, BEC Introduction
PACS: 71.35.-y, 71.35.Lk, 71.36.+c
Major Differences
Installation
Usage
1. Introduction
Frontmatter
Floats
Although quadrupole excitons (QE) in cuprous oxide crystals are good candidates for BEC
Theorems
due to their narrow line-width and long life-time there are some factors impeding BEC Kavoulakis
and Baym (1996); Roslyak and Birman (2007). One of these factors is that due to the small but Lists
non negligible coupling to the photon bath, one must consider BEC of the corresponding mixed Cross-references
light-matter states called polaritons Frohlich et al. (2005). The photon-like part of the polariton
has a large group velocity and tends to escape from the crystal. Thus, the temporal coherence of
Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
the condensate is effectively broken Ell et al. (1998); Snoke (2002). One proposed solution to Bibliography
Final Print
II The second title footnote which is a longer longer than the first one and with an intention to fill in up more than one
line while formatting.
∗∗ Principal corresponding author
Email addresses: [email protected] (C.V. Radhakrishnan), [email protected] (K. Bazargan)

1 This is the specimen author footnote.
3 Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have any number of author footnotes.

Model 1+ and 3+ will have the same look and feel in the typeset copy when ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
presented in this document. That is also the case with the double column 3+ [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
and 5+ journal article pages. The only difference will be wider text width of under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
higher models. Therefore we will look at the different portions of a typical sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
single column journal page and that of a double column article in the final
format.
Clip 5: Upper part of first page of a typical double column article.

Introduction
Major Differences
Installation
C.V. Radhakrishnana,∗,1 , K. Bazargana,b,2 , S. Peppingc,∗∗,1,3 Usage
a River Valley Technologies, SJP Building, Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014 Frontmatter
c Central Application Management, Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX Floats
Theorems
Lists
Abstract
Cross-references
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on the interface between a cuprous oxide slab and Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
a polystyrene micro-sphere placed on the slab. The evanescent field of the resonant whispering gallery mode (WGM) Bibliography
of the micro sphere has a substantial gradient, and therefore effectively couples with the quadrupole 1S excitons
in cuprous oxide. This evanescent polariton has a long life-time, which is determined only by its excitonic and Final Print
WGM component. The polariton lower branch has a well pronounced minimum. This suggests that this excitation is
localized and can be utilized for possible BEC. The spatial coherence of the polariton can be improved by assembling
the micro-spheres into a linear chain.
Key words: quadrupole exciton, polariton, WGM, BEC
PACS: 71.35.-y, 71.35.Lk, 71.36.+c
1. Introduction proposed solution to this issue is to place the crystal into

a planar micro-cavity Kasprzak et al. (2006). But even
Although quadrupole excitons (QE) in cuprous oxide state-of-the-art planar micro-cavities can hold the light
crystals are good candidates for BEC due to their nar- no longer than 10 µs. Besides, formation of the polari-
row line-width and long life-time there are some factors tons in the planar cuprous oxide micro-cavity is not ef-
impeding BEC Kavoulakis and Baym (1996); Roslyak fective due to quadrupole origin of the excitons.
and Birman (2007). One of these factors is that due Therefore in this work we propose to prevent the po-
to the small but non negligible coupling to the pho-
lariton escaping by trapping it into a whispering gallery
ton bath, one must consider BEC of the correspond- mode (WGM)4 of a polystyrene micro-sphere (PMS).
ing mixed light-matter states called polaritons Frohlich We develop a model which demonstrates forma- [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
et al. (2005). The photon-like part of the polariton has a tion of a strongly localized polariton-like quasi-particle. under LATEX Project Public Licence, either version 1.2 or any later ver-
large group velocity and tends to escape from the crys- This quasi-particle is formed by the resonant interaction
tal. Thus, the temporal coherence of the condensate is
between the WGM in PMS and QE in the adjacent layer
effectively broken Ell et al. (1998); Snoke (2002). One of cuprous oxide. The QE interacts with the gradient of
the WGM evanescent field.
There are few experiments concerned with resonant
II The second title footnote which is a longer longer than the first interaction of the WGM and dipole allowed exciton
one and with an intention to fill in up more than one line while for- (DE) Xudong Fan (1999); Fan et al. (1999). But the DE
matting. has some disadvantages compared to QE when it comes
a River Valley Technologies, SJP Building, Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014
c Central Application Management, Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX
Clip 6: Lower part of first page a typical double column article.

Introduction
Abstract
Major Differences
In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of polariton on the interface between a cuprous oxide slab and
a polystyrene micro-sphere placed on the slab. The evanescent field of the resonant whispering gallery mode (WGM) Installation
of the micro sphere has a substantial gradient, and therefore effectively couples with the quadrupole 1S excitons Usage
in cuprous oxide. This evanescent polariton has a long life-time, which is determined only by its excitonic and
WGM component. The polariton lower branch has a well pronounced minimum. This suggests that this excitation is Frontmatter
localized and can be utilized for possible BEC. The spatial coherence of the polariton can be improved by assembling
the micro-spheres into a linear chain. Floats
Key words: quadrupole exciton, polariton, WGM, BEC Theorems
PACS: 71.35.-y, 71.35.Lk, 71.36.+c Lists
Cross-references
1. Introduction proposed solution to this issue is to place the crystal into Mathematical Symbols and Formulae
a planar micro-cavity Kasprzak et al. (2006). But even
Although quadrupole excitons (QE) in cuprous oxide state-of-the-art planar micro-cavities can hold the light Bibliography
crystals are good candidates for BEC due to their nar-
row line-width and long life-time there are some factors
no longer than 10 µs. Besides, formation of the polari- Final Print
tons in the planar cuprous oxide micro-cavity is not ef-
impeding BEC Kavoulakis and Baym (1996); Roslyak fective due to quadrupole origin of the excitons.
and Birman (2007). One of these factors is that due Therefore in this work we propose to prevent the po-
to the small but non negligible coupling to the pho- lariton escaping by trapping it into a whispering gallery
ton bath, one must consider BEC of the correspond- mode (WGM)4 of a polystyrene micro-sphere (PMS).
ing mixed light-matter states called polaritons Frohlich We develop a model which demonstrates forma-
et al. (2005). The photon-like part of the polariton has a tion of a strongly localized polariton-like quasi-particle.
large group velocity and tends to escape from the crys- This quasi-particle is formed by the resonant interaction
tal. Thus, the temporal coherence of the condensate is between the WGM in PMS and QE in the adjacent layer
effectively broken Ell et al. (1998); Snoke (2002). One of cuprous oxide. The QE interacts with the gradient of
the WGM evanescent field.
There are few experiments concerned with resonant
II The second title footnote which is a longer longer than the first interaction of the WGM and dipole allowed exciton
one and with an intention to fill in up more than one line while for- (DE) Xudong Fan (1999); Fan et al. (1999). But the DE
matting. has some disadvantages compared to QE when it comes
∗∗ Principal corresponding author to interaction with the WGM. First, the evanescent light c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-
Email addresses: [email protected] has small intensity. Therefore it is not effective for the ments shall be mailed to <[email protected]>. elsarticle.
(C.V. Radhakrishnan), [email protected] (K. Bazargan)
URL: http://www.elsevier.com (S. Pepping) [dtx,ins], related documentation and supporting packages are released
1 This is the specimen author footnote. 4 WGM occur at particular resonant wavelengths of light for a
given dielectric sphere size. At these wavelengths, the light under-
3 Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have any number of goes total internal reflection at the sphere surface and becomes trapped sion. This work has the LPPL maintenance status ‘author-maintained’.
author footnotes. within the particle for timescales of the order of ns.

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elsarticle.

cls A better way to format your submission

• elsarticle.cls is built upon article.cls while elsart.cls is not. elsart.cls redefines

\title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}

C.V. Radhakrishnana,∗,1 , K. Bazargana,b,2 , S. Peppingc,∗∗,1,3

\address{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,

to fill in up more than one line while formatting.

Email addresses: [email protected] (C.V. Radhakrishnan),

Preprint submitted to Elsevier February 14, 2008

7. Theorem and theorem like environments

\newtheorem command formats a theorem in LATEX’s default style with ital-

8. Enumerated and Itemized Lists

In electronic publications, articles may be internally hyperlinked. Hyperlinks

• Parenthetical: \citep{WB96} produces (Wettig & Brown, 1996).

In the numbered scheme of citation, \cite{<label>} is used, since \citep

Displayed equations and double column journals

Clip 2: See equation (6) overprints into second column.

semantically = 124 µeV) is resonantly

3p: 3+ journals with a text area of 468pt × 622pt or 16.45cm × 21.9cm or

Email addresses: [email protected] (C.V. Radhakrishnan), [email protected] (K. Bazargan)

Preprint submitted to Elsevier February 14, 2008

c 2009, Elsevier Ltd. Bugs, feature requests, suggestions and com-

Clip 5: Upper part of first page of a typical double column article.

1. Introduction proposed solution to this issue is to place the crystal into

Clip 6: Lower part of first page a typical double column article.

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