PDHonline Course C129 (2 PDH)

Water Supply: Water Storage

Instructor: John C. Huang, Ph.D., PE

2012

PDH Online | PDH Center

5272 Meadow Estates Drive
Fairfax, VA 22030-6658
Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088
www.PDHonline.org
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 UFC 3-230-09A
16 January 2004

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

WATER SUPPLY: WATER STORAGE

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

 UFC 3-230-09A
16 January 2004

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

WATER SUPPLY: WATER STORAGE

Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.
Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the
copyright holder.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (Preparing Activity)

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND

AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY

Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/)

Change No. Date Location

This UFC supersedes TM 5-813-4, dated 20 September 1985. The format of this UFC does not
conform to UFC 1-300-01; however, the format will be adjusted to conform at the next revision.
The body of this UFC is the previous TM 5-813-4, dated 20 September 1985.

1
 UFC 3-230-09A
16 January 2004
FOREWORD
\1\
The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides
planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies
to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance
with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and
work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is
also governed by Status of forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction
Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.)
Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the more stringent of the UFC, the
SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable.

UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to
users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military
construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities
Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) are
responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the
preparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is
the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting
rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic
form: Criteria Change Request (CCR). The form is also accessible from the Internet sites listed
below.

UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the following
source:

• Whole Building Design Guide web site http://dod.wbdg.org/.

Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current
electronic version prior to use to ensure that they are current.

AUTHORIZED BY:

______________________________________ ______________________________________
DONALD L. BASHAM, P.E. DR. JAMES W WRIGHT, P.E.
Chief, Engineering and Construction Chief Engineer
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Naval Facilities Engineering Command

______________________________________ ______________________________________
KATHLEEN I. FERGUSON, P.E. Dr. GET W. MOY, P.E.
The Deputy Civil Engineer Director, Installations Requirements and
DCS/Installations & Logistics Management
Department of the Air Force Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense
(Installations and Environment)

2
 ARMY TM 5-813-4
AIR FORCE AFM 88-10, VOL. 4

WATER SUPPLY, WATER STORAGE

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY AND THE AIR FORCE

20 SEPTEMBER 1985
This manual has been prepared Reprints or republications of
by or for the Government and is this manual should include a
public property and not subject credit substantially as follows:
to copyright. “Joint Departments of the
Army and Air Force USA, Tech-
nical Manual TM 5-813-4/AFM
88-10, Volume 4, Water Supply,
Water Storage.
 HEADQUARTERS
TECHNICAL M A N U A L DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY
No. 5-813-4 AND
A IR F ORCE M ANUAL THE AIR FORCE
No. 88-10, VOLUME 4 WASHINGTON , DC, 20 September 1985

WATER SUPPLY, WATER STORAGE

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL Paragraph
1-1 1-1
1-2 1-1
2. TYPES OF STORAGE
2-1 2-1
2-2 2-1
2-3 2-1
3. DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS
3-1 3-1
3-2 3-2
3-3 3-2
4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATER
STORAGE FACILITIES
4-1 4-1
4-2 4-1
4-3 4-1
4-4 4-1
4-5 4-1
A PPENDIX A. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

BIBIOLO-
GRAPHY B. TYPICAL DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ôñ}B-1

FIGURES
F IGURE 1-1. 1-3

2-. 2-2

2-. 2-3

*This manual supersedes TM 5-813-4/AFM 88-10, Chap. 4, 2 July 1958.

i
 CHAPTER 1
GENERAL

1-1. Purpose those requiring supplies of cooling water, experi-

This manual provides design criteria for water ence greater evaporation on hot days, thus requir-
storage requirements at military facilities, gives a ing more water. The water treatment plant can
typical design analysis for tanks and reservoirs, operate at a relatively uniform rate throughout
and provides guidance on the procedures to be fol- the day of maximum demand if enough storage is
lowed in selecting sites for such storage works. available to handle variations in water use. The
The manual covers requirements for treated water necessary storage can be provided in elevated,
storage in the distribution system, but not the ground, or a combination of both types of storage.
storage requirements for raw water supplies or d. Distribution system pressures.
fire deluge systems. This manual is applicable to (1) System pressure requirements.
all elements of the Army and Air Force planning
(a) Minimum pressures. Water distribution
and designing water storage facilities at fixed in-
system, including pumping facilities and storage
stallations. tanks or reservoirs, should be designed so that
2
1-2. Objectives of Storage water pressures of at least 40 lb/in at ground
level will be maintained at all points in the
a. Flow requirements. Storage should meet peak
system, including the highest ground elevations in
flow requirements, equalize system pressures, and 2
the service area. Minimum pressures of 30 lb/in ,
provide emergency water supply. The water supply
under peak domestic flow conditions, can be toler-
system must provide flows of water sufficient in
ated in small areas as long as all peak flow re-
quantity to meet all points of demand in the distri-
quirements can be satisfied. During firefighting
bution system. To do so, the source must produce
flows, water pressures should not fall below 20 lb/
the required quantity and quality, pressure levels
in2 at the hydrants, in new systems. This require-
within the distribution system must be high
ment does not constitute justification for changing
enough to provide suitable pressure, and water dis-
existing storage facilities solely for the purpose of
tribution mains must be large enough to carry
increasing residual pressures to 20 psi. Refer to
these flows. It is usually inefficient and uneco-
TM 5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6 for additional
nomical to construct the treatment plant and
guidance on minimum residual pressures for fire
pumping stations sufficiently large to meet the
flow.
largest anticipated water demands. A water treat-
ment plant is less efficient if flow rates through (b) Maximum pressure. Maximum water
the plant are rapidly varied. Water storage facili- pressures in distribution mains and service lines
2
ties are constructed within a distribution network should not normally exceed 75 lb/in at ground
2
to meet the peak flow requirements exerted on the elevation. Static pressures up to 100 lb/in can be
system and to provide emergency storage. tolerated in distribution systems in small, low-
lying areas. Higher pressures require pressure re-
b. Cost. At times it is desirable to know the cost
ducing valves on feeder mains or individual serv-
of constructing water storage for fire protection. In
ice lines to restrict maximum service pressures to
such cases only the actual fire flow for the fire
75 lb/in2.
period will be used in establishing the proportion-
ate share of the total cost of storage. Cost of that (c) Multiple pressure levels. If an extensive
2
portion of the storage required for concurrent do- area has pressures higher than 75 lb/in or lower
2
mestic, industrial, or special demands that cannot than 40 lb/in under a single pressure level config-
be curtailed during the fire period will not be uration, it may be appropriate to divide the system
charged to fire protection. into two or more separate areas, each having dif-
ferent pressure levels. Within each level, pressures
c. Meeting peak flow requirements. Water supply
within the distribution system should range from
systems must be designed to satisfy maximum an-
40 to 75 lb/in2 at ground elevation.
ticipated water demands. The peak demands usu-
ally occur on hot, dry, summer days when larger (2) Pressure distribution with elevated storage.
than normal amounts of water are used for water- (a) Elevated storage within the distribution
ing lawns and washing vehicles and equipment. In system permits distribution pumps at the treat-
addition, most industrial processes, especially ment plant to operate at uniform rates.

1-1
 (b) The usefulness of elevated storage is is hydraulically connected to the distribution
shown in figure 1-1. The system illustrated in system, and the volume of water in the tank tends
figure 1-1 (A) (without elevated storage) requires to maintain system pressures at a uniform level.
storage at the plant sufficient to provide for When water use is high and pumping facilities
system demand rates in excess of the plant produc- cannot maintain adequate pressures, water is dis-
tion rate, assuming the plant is operated at a uni- charged from elevated tanks. Conversely, when
form rate. The pump station forces water into the water use is low, the pumps, which operate within
service main, through which it is carried to three a reasonably uniform head-capacity range, supply
load areas: A, B, and C. Since all loads on the excess water to the system and the elevated stor-
system are met without the use of elevated stor- age is refilled.
age, the pump station must be capable of supply-
e. Provision of emergency water supplies.
ing the peak rates of water use to Areas A, B, and
C, simultaneously, while maintaining the water (1) Firefighting flows. This demand can occur
pressure to Area C at a sufficient level. The mini- at any time, but may well coincide with other
mum recommended pressure in the distribution large water demands on the system. Necessary
system under peak nonemergency flow conditions flows for firefighting purposes are as given in TM
2
is 40 lb/in . Figure l-l(B) assumes the construc- 5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6, and TM 5-813-7/AFM
tion of an elevated storage tank on the service 88-10, Vol. 7. Storage and distribution facilities
main between Areas B and C, with peak loads in will include capacity for required firefighting flows
Area C and part of the peak load in Area B being at adequate pressures at any point of the installa-
satisfied from this tank. The elevation of the tank tion.
ensures adequate pressures within the system. The (2) Other emergencies. Water storage must pro-
storage in the tank is replenished when water de- vide an emergency supply of water in the event
mands are low and the pump station can fill the the water treatment plant, distribution pumps, or
tank while still meeting all flow and pressure re- . .
a principal transmission main is out of service.
quirements in the system. The figure 1-1 (B) ar- The amount of emergency storage required de-
rangement reduces required capacity of the distri-
pends on the reliability of the system and the
bution pumps.
extent of other safeguards incorporated into the
(c) Most elevated storage tanks “float” on system, i.e., finished water interconnections with a
the distribution system. That is, the elevated tank municipality (for either normal or emergency use).

1-2
 I

WATER
PRESSURE

WATER

(B) WATER FLOWS AND PRESSURES WITH ELEVATED STORAGE

1-3
 TYPES OF STORAGE
2-1. General zones filling the tanks and being passed to higher
Required storage capacity at military installations pressure zones through adjacent pump stations.
is met by use of elevated or ground storage. Ele- 2-3. Elevated Storage
vated storage, feeds the water distribution system
by gravity flow. Storage which must be pumped a. General. Elevated storage is provided within
into the system is generally in ground storage distribution system to supply peak demand rates
tanks. Clearwell storage, which is usually part of a and equalize system pressures. In general, elevated
water treatment plant, is not included in comput- storage is more effective and economical than
ing storage unless sufficient firm pumping capac- ground storage because of the reduced pumping re-
ity is provided to assure that the storage can be quirements, and the storage can also serve as a
utilized under emergency conditions, and then source of emergency supply since system pressure
only to the extent of storage in excess of the 24- requirements can still be met temporarily when
hour requirements of the treatment plant. Clear- pumps are out of service.
well storage is used to supply peak water demand b. Type. The most common types of elevated
rates in excess of the production rate, and to pro- storage are elevated steel tanks, and standpipes.
vide a reservoir for plant use, filter backwash An example of a conventional elevated steel tank
supply, and water supply to the system for short is given in figure 2–1. In recent years, elevated
periods when plant production is stopped because tanks supported by single pedestals, such as shown
of failure or replacement of some component or in figure 2–2, have been constructed where esthet-
unit of treatment. ic considerations are an important part of the
design process. (See American Water Works Asso-
2-2. Ground Storage ciation D100, Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for
Water Storage (app A).)
— a. General. Ground storage is usually located
c. Standpipe. A standpipe is a tall cylindrical
remote from the treatment plant but within the
tank normally constructed of steel or reinforced
distribution system. Ground storage is used to
concrete. Only the portion of the storage volume of
reduce treatment plant peak production rates and
a standpipe that meets the requirements of d
also as a source of supply for repumping to a
below is considered useful storage for pressure
higher pressure level. Such storage for repumping
equalization purposes. The lower portion of the
is common in distribution systems covering a large
storage acts to support the useful storage and to
area, because the outlying service areas are
provide a source of emergency water supply.
beyond the range of the primary pumping facili-
ties. d. Elevated storage. Elevated storage tanks
b. Type. Ground storage tanks or reservoirs, should be located in the areas having the lowest
below ground, partially below ground, or con- system pressures during intervals of high water
structed above ground level in the distribution use to be effective in maintaining adequate system
system, may be accompanied by pump stations if pressures and flows during periods of peak water
not built at elevations providing the required demand. These are those of greatest water demand
system pressure by gravity. However, if the ter- or those farthest from pump stations. Elevated
rain permits, this design location of ground tanks tanks are generally located at some distance from
at elevation sufficient for gravity flow is preferred. the pump station(s) serving a distribution pressure
Concrete reservoirs are generally built no deeper level, but not outside the boundaries of the service
than 20-25 feet below ground surface. If rock is area, unless the facility can be placed on a nearby
present, it is usually economical to construct the hill. Additional considerations for siting of elevat-
storage facility above the rock level. In a single ed storage are conditions of terrain, suitability of
pressure level systems, ground storage tanks subsurface soil and/or rock for foundation pur-
should be located in the areas having the lowest poses, and hazards to low-flying aircraft. Elevated
system pressures during periods of high water use. tanks are built on the highest available ground, up
2
In multiple pressure level systems, ground storage to static pressures of 75 lb/in in the system, so as
tanks are usually located at the interface between to minimize the required construction cost and
pressure zones with water from the lower pressure heights.

2-1
 R /SER

2-2
ACCESS

s’ RINGS

PIPE

ELEVATED STORAGE TANK

(ALTERNATIVE DESIGN)

2-3
 CHAPTER 3
DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS

3-1. Total Storage Requirements water in storage below the fire demand
quantity. Water storage greater than the
The amount of water storage provided will con-
amount determined by the largest of
form to the requirements set forth herein. Request
Items 1, 2, or 3 may be required because
for waivers to depart from these requirements will
of appropriate adjustments for emergency
be forwarded to HQDA (DAEN-ECE-G) WASH DC
water quantity or other applicable factors;
20314 for Army projects and to HQ USAF/LEEEU
however, this must be substantiated by
WASH DC 20332 for Air Force projects.
actual data on a repeated annual basis
a. All military installations. In general, total documenting the low storage levels occur-
storage capacity, including elevated and ground ring during normal peak demand.
storage, will be provided in an amount not less Item 3: The sum of Items 1 and 2
than the greatest of the following items (para. 3-
above, that is, the sum of fifty percent of
2).
the average total daily domestic require-
Item 1: Fifty percent of the average ments, all industrial requirements for an
total daily domestic requirements plus all average day which cannot be shut off
industrial requirements. This will provide during emergency conditions, and the re-
minimum operational storage needed to quired fire demand. The sum of the above
balance average daily peak demands on items will be reduced by the amount of
the system and to provide an emergency water available in 24 hours under emer-
supply to accommodate essential water gency conditions. This will provide maxi-
needs during minor supply outages of up mum storage where emergency water
to a one-day duration. For the purposes of supply is a minimum over a 24-hour
this item, essential water needs do not in- period or a supply main outage would sig-
clude the fire demand. nificantly affect overall supply conditions.
Item 2: The fire demand. The fire The most economical alternative for meet-
demand is the required fire flow needed to ing the water storage requirements will
fight a fire in the facility (including water be selected in all cases. Installation of ad-
required to support fire suppression sys- ditional emergency pumping facilities, ad-
tems) which constitutes the largest re- ditional water supply connections, drilling
quirement for any facility served by the additional wells or other modifications to
water supply system (calculated IAW TM the water system which will be more cost
5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6); plus 50 per- effective than increasing storage capacity
cent of the average domestic demand rate will be developed.
plus any industrial or other demand that b. Special considerations. The amount of storage
cannot be reduced during a fire period. required for plant and special projects will be
This amount will be reduced by the based on industrial, domestic, and fire-protection
amount of water available under emer- requirements. Each project will be considered on
gency conditions during the period of the the basis of specific need. Hospital storage facili-
fire (TM 5-813-l/AFM 88-10, Vol. 1). ties will be designed in accordance with the latest
NOTE edition of the Joint Commission Accreditation
Manual for Hospitals, American Hospital Associa-
The fire demand quantity must be main-
tained in storage for fire protection at all tion.
times except following a fire fighting opera- c. Amount of water available under emergency
tion when the fire demand quantity would conditions.
be depleted. It is recognized that during (1) The amount of water available under emer-
daily periods of peak consumption due to gency conditions is considered to be that available
seasonal demands, the amount of water in from auxiliary-powered pumps during electric-cur-
storage will be less than full storage ca- rent outage, from electric-motor-driven pumps
pacity; however, conservation methods with the largest pump out of service, from one or
will be instituted to prevent drawdown of more supply mains with the main of greatest ca-

3-1
 pacity out of service, or from the water-treatment rate to sustain lawn-type turf. Irrigation require-
plant with one filter out of service. Normally the ments for Air Force installations should be sub-
capacity of the clearwell storage at the treatment stantiated by a local or regional Soil Conservation
plant will not be considered part of the required Service or recognized local authority as the mini-
storage. mum rate to sustain lawn-type turf.
(2) Where the water supply is obtained from
wells, all of which are equipped with standby 3-2. Elevated Storage Capacity
power and located within the distribution system, The total elevated storage capacity at all military
the emergency supply will be considered as the installations, except plant and special projects,
quantity available from all but one of the wells. should not be less than the amount determined in
Where one well has a capacity greater than the paragraph 3-la Item 2, nor less than 50 percent of
others, that one will be assumed out of service. the total required storage, unless special condi-
Where only 50 percent of the wells have standby tions prevail which would negate the need for such
power, the emergency supply will reconsidered as storage. For projects with design populations of
the quantity available from the wells having 10,000 or less, consideration will be given to pro-
standby power. viding all elevated storage where the storage will
(3) Where the project is supplied from a de- result in an economical and reliable system. For
pendable existing source, such as a municipal projects such as storage depots or aircraft hangers
system with adequate storage and standby facili- with deluge sprinkler systems, ground storage res-
ties, through supply lines not subject to damage by ervoirs with booster pumps will generally be the
floods, high pressure, or other unusual conditions, more economical method of supplying large vol-
the amount of water available under emergency umes of water for fire protection. Elevated tanks
conditions is that obtainable with the largest con- will normally be provided for initial sprinkler
nection inoperative. demand in storage warehouses. Water storage can
be most economically provided by constructing
(4) Where the supply is delivered through a
ground storage reservoirs on high ground. Howev-
single supply main, the maximum amount of stor-
er, in the absence of suitable terrain, elevated
age as determined in paragraph 3-la will be pro-
vided. tanks will be required.
(5) Where the peak demand for water is avail- 3-3. Economic Analyses
able at adequate residual pressure through two or a. General. Economic analyses of storage re-
more lines while the line having the greatest ca- quirements could guide decisions on the imple-
pacity is out of service, no storage will be required. menting or postponing of expenditures for new
(6) Where the peak demand for water is avail- transmission mains, the constructing of booster
able through two or more lines but is not available pumping facilities to increase transmission main
if the line having the greatest capacity is out of capacities instead of adding new mains, the in-
service, storage will be required. The quantity of creasing of the quantity of storage within a distri-
water available under emergency conditions with bution system, and the providing of elevated stor-
the line of greatest capacity out of service will be age or ground storage with booster pumping facili-
considered in calculating the amount of storage re- ties.
quired. b. Distribution storage. Distribution storage is in-
d. Irrigation requirements. Where irrigation re- tended to meet peak flow requirements or emer-
quirements, are justified in arid or semi-arid re- gency needs, maintain system pressures, and thus
gions, such irrigation quantities will be included as reduce the required capacities of the treatment
an industrial requirement of Items 1, 2, and 3 of plant and pump stations. The design of storage fa-
subparagraph 3-la and not as a domestic require- cilities, in accordance with paragraphs 3-1 and 3–
ment. Water requirements may be increased above 2, will be determined by feasibility studies which
those indicated in TM 5-630 for Army installations take into account all engineering, economic,
provided that the increased rates can be substanti- energy, and environmental factors. Analysis will
ated by a local or regional Soil Conservation Serv- be in accordance with AFR 178-1 for Air Force
ice or recognized local authority as the minimum projects and AR 11-28 for Army projects.

3-2
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATER STORAGE FACILITIES

4-1. Reservoir Covers tuated instruments. The direct pressure measure-

All treated water reservoirs must be covered to ments of elevated tanks will be suppressed to read-
prevent contamination by dust, birds, leaves, and out only the water depth in the elevated bowl.
insects. These covers will be, insofar as possible, High and low level pressure sensitive switches will
watertight at all locations except vent openings. be used for alarm status monitoring and for pump
Special attention should be directed toward cut-off controls. Intermediate level switches, pres-
making all doors and manholes watertight. Vent sure or float actuated, will be used for normal
openings must be protected to prevent the entry of pump controls. Metering, monitoring, and pump
birds and insects; and vent screens should be kept control requirements at some point remote from
free of ice or debris so that air can enter or leave storage must use level telemetering instruments.
the reservoir area as temperature and water levels Telemetering over local direct wire communica-
vary. All overflows or other drain lines must be tions facilities will use 15 second time duration or
designed so as to eliminate the possibility of flood impulse duration telemetering equipment. Teleme-
waters or other contamination entering the reser- tering over leased telephone lines often requires
voir. Reservoir covers also protect the stored water the introduction of a tone transmitter and receiver
from sunlight, thus inhibiting the growth of algae. keyed by the time-impulse telemetering equip-
Further prevention of algae growth or bacterial ment. High storage level will initiate the shut-
contamination, due to the depletion of the chlorine down of supply pumping units and actuation of an
residual, can be obtained by maintaining sufficient overflow alarm in that order. Low storage level
flow through the reservoir so that water in the will initiate startup of supply pumping or well
reservoir does not become stagnant. Minimal flows pumping units or distribution pumping unit shut-
through the reservoir also help to prevent ice down.
buildup during cold periods.
4-4. Disinfection
4-2. Altitude Valves Potable water storage facilities, associated piping,
All storage tanks will be provided with altitude and ancillary equipment must be disinfected
valves to prevent overflows. These altitude valves before use. Disinfection will be accomplished fol-
will be installed in concrete pits having provision lowing procedures and requirements of American
for draining either by gravity or pumping. Drains Water Works Standard D105. In no event will any
will not be connected to sanitary sewers. Every of the above equipment or facilities be placed in
precaution will be taken to prevent the collection service prior to verification by the supporting med-
of water from any source in valve pits. ical authority, by bacteriological tests, that disin-
fection has been accomplished.
4-3. Instrumentation and Control
Storage measurements are used for monitoring, in- 4-5. Design Analyses
ventory, and system controls. Elevated and ground The design analyses will set forth the basis by
storage measurements will be made by pressure which storage capacities and locations have been
sensitive instruments directly connected by static determined. Except where standard specifications
pressure lines at points of no flow. Underground for tanks or towers are used, the analyses will
storage measurements will be made by air bubbler show the method by which the structural adequa-
back pressure sensitive instruments or by float ac- cy of the unit has been determined.

4-1
 APPENDIX A
REFERENCES

A-1. Government Publications

a. Department of the Army.
AR 11-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Analysis and Program Evaluation for Re-
source Management.
TM 5-630 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repairs and Utilities, Ground Maintenance and
Land Management.
b. Department of the Air Force.
AFR 178-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Analysis and Program Evaluation for Re-
source Management.
c. Departments of the Army and Air Force.
TM 5-813-l/AFM 88-10, Vol. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Sources and General Considerations.
TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Water Distribution Systems.
TM 5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Water Supply for Fire Protection.
TM 5-813-7/AFM 88-10, Vol. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Water Supply for Special Projects.

A-2. Nongovernment Publications

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60661
Accreditation Manual for Hospital, 1979
American Water Works Association Standard, (AWWA) American Water Works Association, 6666 W.
Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235
Standards:
D100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage.
D105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disinfection of Water Storage Facilities.

A-1
 APPENDIX B
TYPICAL DESIGN EXAMPLES

B-1. General
The following typical design examples illustrate procedures to be followed in the determination of total
capacity requirements for water storage facilities at Army or Air Force installations.

B-2. Example No. 1: Communications base; permanent construction

a. Effective population.

b. Water source. Wells on post; average yield 150 gal/rein each.

c. Treatment. Chlorination.

e. Well requirements.
Total well yield: Assuming 24-hour/day well operation, one well has sufficient yield to meet the required
daily demand rate of 130 gal/rein. However, for firm production capability, it is necessary to have two
wells, each capable of 130 gal/rein.
Minimum pump requirement: The dependable output of the source of Supply, i.e. the two wells, must be
equal to, or greater than, the required daily demand. ‘l?hus, each well Should be equipped with a 150-gal/
pump. Two reliable sources of electric service should be provided, or one pump should be equipped with
both an electric motor and standby internal combustion engine. The size and number of distribution
pumps required are related to the type, size, and location of storage facilities. Provisions of elevated stor-
age will reduce the required pump capacity.
f. Storage requirement.

B-1
 g. Water main sizes. The water distribution system will have mains of adequate size to meet peak domes-
tic demand (see TM 5-813-l/AFM 88-10, Vol. 1) and pressure requirements at all locations. General design
criteria for water mains is given in TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol. 5.

B-3. Example No. 2: Permanent camp.

a. Effective population.
Nonresident: Negligible
Resident: 20,000
b. Water source. Surface supply from river.
c. Treatment. Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.
d. Required daily demand and fire flows.

e.

B-2
B-4. Example No. 3: A barracks, Type 1, Fire resistive construction unsprinkled facilities, floor area 125,000 sq. ft.

B-3
B-4
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Iron and Steel Institute. Steel the Engineering Institute for Water Storage Facili-
Tanks for Liquid Storage. New York, New York: ties. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-
American Iron and Steel Institute (no date given). Extension, October 16, 1965.
American Water Works Association. Proudfit, D. P. “Storage Consideration in
AWWA Manual M8, A Training Course in Water Relation to Source, Capacity and Peak Demands,”
Distribution. Denver, Colorado: American Water a paper presented at the Sanitary Engineering In-
Works Association, 1962. stitute. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wiscon-
Brock, Dan A. “Determination of Opti- sin, March 1, 1965.
. mum Storage in Distribution System Design.” Proudfit, D. P. and J. B. Lorenz. “Param-
Journal of the American Water Works Association
eters for Determining Adequacy of Storage Capac-
(1963) 55:1027.
ity for Large and Small Systems on the Basis of
Clark, J. W., Warren Viessman, Jr., and Peak Demands and Fire Flow Requirements,” Pro-
M. J. Hammer. Water Supply and Pollution Con- ceedings AWWA 95th Annual Conference, Minne-
trol. 2nd ed. Scranton, Pennsylvania: International
apolis, Minn., June 9-12, 1975, Paper No. 7-3.
Textbook Company, 1971.
Denver, Colorado: American Water Works Associa-
Fair, G. M., J. C. Geyer, and D. A. Okun. tion, 19750
Elements of Water Supply and Wastewater Dispos-
al. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Twort, A. C., R. C. Heather, and F. M.
1971. Law. Water Supply, 2nd ed. New York, New York:
American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
Lorenz, J. B. “Storage Considerations for
Water Distribution Systems,” a paper presented at

B-5
 The proponent agency of this publication is the Office of the Chief of Engineers,
United States Army. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improve-
ments on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms)
direct to HQDA (DAEN-ECE-G), WASH DC 20314-1000.

By Order of the Secretaries of the Army and the

Air Force:

JOHN A. WICKHAM, JR.

General, United States Army
Official: Chief of Staff
ROBERT M. JOYCE
Major General, United States Army
The Adjutant General
CHARLES A. GABRIEL, General, USAF
Official: Chief of Staff
JAMES H. DELANEY, Colonel, USAF
- Director of Administration
Distribution:
Army: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34B, requirements for TM 5-800 Series: Engi-
neering and Design for Real Property Facilities.
Air Force: F.

B-7