EN BANC

G.R. No. 158885 October 2, 2009

FORT BONIFACIO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Petitioner,

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G.R. No. 170680

FORT BONIFACIO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Petitioner,

RESOLUTION

LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.:

Before us is respondents’ Motion for Reconsideration of our Decision dated April 2, 2009 which granted the
consolidated petitions of petitioner Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation, the dispositive portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, the petitions are GRANTED. The assailed decisions of the Court of Tax Appeals and the Court of Appeals
are REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Respondents are hereby (1) restrained from collecting from petitioner the amount of
₱28,413,783.00 representing the transitional input tax credit due it for the fourth quarter of 1996; and (2) directed to
refund to petitioner the amount of ₱347,741,695.74 paid as output VAT for the third quarter of 1997 in light of the
persisting transitional input tax credit available to petitioner for the said quarter, or to issue a tax credit corresponding
to such amount. No pronouncement as to costs.

The Motion for Reconsideration raises the following arguments:

SECTION 100 OF THE OLD NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE CODE (OLD NIRC), AS AMENDED BY REPUBLIC ACT (R.A.)
NO. 7716, COULD NOT HAVE SUPPLIED THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE TREATMENT OF REAL PROPERTIES OR REAL
ESTATE DEALERS ON THE ONE HAND, AND THE TREATMENT OF TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING OTHER COMMERCIAL
GOODS ON THE OTHER HAND, AS SAID DISTINCTION IS FOUND IN SECTION 105 AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, REVENUE
REGULATIONS NO. 7-95 WHICH DEFINES THE INPUT TAX CREDITABLE TO A REAL ESTATE DEALER WHO BECOMES
SUBJECT TO VAT FOR THE FIRST TIME.

II

SECTION 4.105.1 AND PARAGRAPH (A) (III) OF THE TRANSITORY PROVISIONS OF REVENUE REGULATIONS NO. 7-95
VALIDLY LIMIT THE 8% TRANSITIONAL INPUT TAX TO THE IMPROVEMENTS ON REAL PROPERTIES.

III

REVENUE REGULATIONS NO. 6-97 DID NOT REPEAL REVENUE REGULATIONS NO. 7-95.

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The instant motion for reconsideration lacks merit.

The first VAT law, found in Executive Order (EO) No. 273 [1987], took effect on January 1, 1988. It amended several
provisions of the National Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (Old NIRC). EO 273 likewise accommodated the potential
burdens of the shift to the VAT system by allowing newly VAT-registered persons to avail of a transitional input tax
credit as provided for in Section 105 of the Old NIRC. Section 105 as amended by EO 273 reads:

Sec. 105. Transitional Input Tax Credits. — A person who becomes liable to value-added tax or any person who elects
to be a VAT-registered person shall, subject to the filing of an inventory as prescribed by regulations, be allowed input
tax on his beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies equivalent to 8% of the value of such inventory or the
actual value-added tax paid on such goods, materials and supplies, whichever is higher, which shall be creditable
against the output tax.

RA 7716 took effect on January 1, 1996. It amended Section 100 of the Old NIRC by imposing for the first time value-
added-tax on sale of real properties. The amendment reads:

Sec. 100. Value-added-tax on sale of goods or properties. — (a) Rate and base of tax. — There shall be levied,
assessed and collected on every sale, barter or exchange of goods or properties, a value-added tax equivalent to 10%
of the gross selling price or gross value in money of the goods, or properties sold, bartered or exchanged, such tax to
be paid by the seller or transferor.1avvph!1

(1) The term 'goods or properties' shall mean all tangible and intangible objects which are capable of pecuniary
estimation and shall include:

(A) Real properties held primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business;
xxx

The provisions of Section 105 of the NIRC, on the transitional input tax credit, remain intact despite the enactment of
RA 7716. Section 105 however was amended with the passage of the new National Internal Revenue Code of 1997
(New NIRC), also officially known as Republic Act (RA) 8424. The provisions on the transitional input tax credit are now
embodied in Section 111(A) of the New NIRC, which reads:

Section 111. Transitional/Presumptive Input Tax Credits. –

(A) Transitional Input Tax Credits. - A person who becomes liable to value-added tax or any person who elects to be a
VAT-registered person shall, subject to the filing of an inventory according to rules and regulations prescribed by the
Secretary of finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, be allowed input tax on his beginning inventory of
goods, materials and supplies equivalent for 8% of the value of such inventory or the actual value-added tax paid on
such goods, materials and supplies, whichever is higher, which shall be creditable against the output tax. [Emphasis
ours.]

The Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) disallowed Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation’s (FBDC) presumptive
input tax credit arising from the land inventory on the basis of Revenue Regulation 7-95 (RR 7-95) and Revenue
Memorandum Circular 3-96 (RMC 3-96). Specifically, Section 4.105-1 of RR 7-95 provides:

Sec. 4.105-1. Transitional input tax on beginning inventories. – Taxpayers who became VAT-registered persons upon
effectivity of RA No. 7716 who have exceeded the minimum turnover of ₱500,000.00 or who voluntarily register even if
their turnover does not exceed ₱500,000.00 shall be entitled to a presumptive input tax on the inventory on hand as of
December 31, 1995 on the following: (a) goods purchased for resale in their present condition; (b) materials purchased
for further processing, but which have not yet undergone processing; (c) goods which have been manufactured by the
taxpayer; (d) goods in process and supplies, all of which are for sale or for use in the course of the taxpayer’s trade or
business as a VAT-registered person.
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However, in the case of real estate dealers, the basis of the presumptive input tax shall be the improvements, such as
buildings, roads, drainage systems, and other similar structures, constructed on or after the effectivity of EO 273
(January 1, 1988).

The transitional input tax shall be 8% of the value of the inventory or actual VAT paid, whichever is higher, which
amount may be allowed as tax credit against the output tax of the VAT-registered person.

In the April 2, 2009 Decision sought to be reconsidered, the Court struck down Section 4.105-1 of RR 7-95 for being in
conflict with the law. It held that the CIR had no power to limit the meaning and coverage of the term "goods" in
Section 105 of the Old NIRC sans statutory authority or basis and justification to make such limitation. This it did
when it restricted the application of Section 105 in the case of real estate dealers only to improvements on the real
property belonging to their beginning inventory.

A law must not be read in truncated parts; its provisions must be read in relation to the whole law. It is the cardinal
rule in statutory construction that a statute’s clauses and phrases must not be taken as detached and isolated
expressions, but the whole and every part thereof must be considered in fixing the meaning of any of its parts in order
to produce a harmonious whole. Every part of the statute must be interpreted with reference to the context, i.e., that
every part of the statute must be considered together with other parts of the statute and kept subservient to the
general intent of the whole enactment.1

In construing a statute, courts have to take the thought conveyed by the statute as a whole; construe the constituent
parts together; ascertain the legislative intent from the whole act; consider each and every provision thereof in the
light of the general purpose of the statute; and endeavor to make every part effective, harmonious and sensible. 2

The statutory definition of the term "goods or properties" leaves no room for doubt. It states:

Sec. 100. Value-added tax on sale of goods or properties. – (a) Rate and base of tax. – xxx.

(1) The term ‘goods or properties’ shall mean all tangible and intangible objects which are capable of pecuniary
estimation and shall include:

(A) Real properties held primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business;
xxx.

The amendatory provision of Section 105 of the NIRC, as introduced by RA 7716, states:

Sec. 105. Transitional Input tax Credits. – A person who becomes liable to value-added tax or any person who elects
to be a VAT-registered person shall, subject to the filing of an inventory as prescribed by regulations, be allowed input
tax on his beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies equivalent to 8% of the value of such inventory or the
actual value-added tax paid on such goods, materials and supplies, whichever is higher, which shall be creditable
against the output tax.

The term "goods or properties" by the unambiguous terms of Section 100 includes "real properties held primarily for
sale to costumers or held for lease in the ordinary course of business." Having been defined in Section 100 of the
NIRC, the term "goods" as used in Section 105 of the same code could not have a different meaning. This has been
explained in the Decision dated April 2, 2009, thus:

Under Section 105, the beginning inventory of "goods" forms part of the valuation of the transitional input tax credit.
Goods, as commonly understood in the business sense, refers to the product which the VAT-registered person offers
for sale to the public. With respect to real estate dealers, it is the real properties themselves which constitute their
"goods." Such real properties are the operating assets of the real estate dealer.

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Section 4.100-1 of RR No. 7-95 itself includes in its enumeration of "goods or properties" such "real properties held
primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business." Said definition was taken
from the very statutory language of Section 100 of the Old NIRC. By limiting the definition of goods to "improvements"
in Section 4.105-1, the BIR not only contravened the definition of "goods" as provided in the Old NIRC, but also the
definition which the same revenue regulation itself has provided.

Section 4.105-1 of RR 7-95 restricted the definition of "goods", viz:

However, in the case of real estate dealers, the basis of the presumptive input tax shall be the improvements, such as
buildings, roads, drainage systems, and other similar structures, constructed on or after the effectivity of EO 273
(January 1, 1988).

As mandated by Article 7 of the Civil Code,3 an administrative rule or regulation cannot contravene the law on which it
is based. RR 7-95 is inconsistent with Section 105 insofar as the definition of the term "goods" is concerned. This is a
legislative act beyond the authority of the CIR and the Secretary of Finance. The rules and regulations that
administrative agencies promulgate, which are the product of a delegated legislative power to create new and
additional legal provisions that have the effect of law, should be within the scope of the statutory authority granted by
the legislature to the objects and purposes of the law, and should not be in contradiction to, but in conformity with,
the standards prescribed by law.

To be valid, an administrative rule or regulation must conform, not contradict, the provisions of the enabling law. An
implementing rule or regulation cannot modify, expand, or subtract from the law it is intended to implement. Any rule
that is not consistent with the statute itself is null and void. 4

While administrative agencies, such as the Bureau of Internal Revenue, may issue regulations to implement statutes,
they are without authority to limit the scope of the statute to less than what it provides, or extend or expand the
statute beyond its terms, or in any way modify explicit provisions of the law. Indeed, a quasi-judicial body or an
administrative agency for that matter cannot amend an act of Congress. Hence, in case of a discrepancy between the
basic law and an interpretative or administrative ruling, the basic law prevails. 5

To recapitulate, RR 7-95, insofar as it restricts the definition of "goods" as basis of transitional input tax credit under
Section 105 is a nullity.

On January 1, 1997, RR 6-97 was issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. RR 6-97 was basically a reiteration
of the same Section 4.105-1 of RR 7-95, except that the RR 6-97 deleted the following paragraph:

However, in the case of real estate dealers, the basis of the presumptive input tax shall be the improvements, such as
buildings, roads, drainage systems, and other similar structures, constructed on or after the effectivity of E.O. 273
(January 1, 1988).

It is clear, therefore, that under RR 6-97, the allowable transitional input tax credit is not limited to improvements on
real properties. The particular provision of RR 7-95 has effectively been repealed by RR 6-97 which is now in
consonance with Section 100 of the NIRC, insofar as the definition of real properties as goods is concerned. The
failure to add a specific repealing clause would not necessarily indicate that there was no intent to repeal RR 7-95.
The fact that the aforequoted paragraph was deleted created an irreconcilable inconsistency and repugnancy between
the provisions of RR 6-97 and RR 7-95.

We now address the points raised in the dissenting opinion of the Honorable Justice Antonio T. Carpio.

At the outset, it must be stressed that FBDC sought the refund of the total amount of ₱347,741,695.74 which it had
itself paid in cash to the BIR. It is argued that the transitional input tax credit applies only when taxes were previously
paid on the properties in the beginning inventory and that there should be a law imposing the tax presumed to have
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been paid. The thesis is anchored on the argument that without any VAT or other input business tax imposed by law
on the real properties at the time of the sale, the 8% transitional input tax cannot be presumed to have been paid.

The language of Section 105 is explicit. It precludes reading into the law that the transitional input tax credit is limited
to the amount of VAT previously paid. When the aforesaid section speaks of "eight percent (8%) of the value of such
inventory" followed by the clause "or the actual value-added tax paid on such goods, materials and supplies," the
implication is clear that under the first clause, "eight percent (8%) of the value of such inventory," the law does not
contemplate the payment of any prior tax on such inventory. This is distinguished from the second clause, "the actual
value-added tax paid on the goods, materials and supplies" where actual payment of VAT on the goods, materials and
supplies is assumed. Had the intention of the law been to limit the amount to the actual VAT paid, there would have
been no need to explicitly allow a claim based on 8% of the value of such inventory.

The contention that the 8% transitional input tax credit in Section 105 presumes that a previous tax was paid, whether
or not it was actually paid, requires a transaction where a tax has been imposed by law, is utterly without basis in law.
The rationale behind the provisions of Section 105 was aptly elucidated in the Decision sought to be reconsidered,
thus:

It is apparent that the transitional input tax credit operates to benefit newly VAT-registered persons, whether or not
they previously paid taxes in the acquisition of their beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies. During that
period of transition from non-VAT to VAT status, the transitional input tax credit serves to alleviate the impact of the
VAT on the taxpayer. At the very beginning, the VAT-registered taxpayer is obliged to remit a significant portion of the
income it derived from its sales as output VAT. The transitional input tax credit mitigates this initial diminution of the
taxpayer’s income by affording the opportunity to offset the losses incurred through the remittance of the output VAT
at a stage when the person is yet unable to credit input VAT payments.

As pointed out in Our Decision of April 2, 2009, to give Section 105 a restrictive construction that transitional input tax
credit applies only when taxes were previously paid on the properties in the beginning inventory and there is a law
imposing the tax which is presumed to have been paid, is to impose conditions or requisites to the application of the
transitional tax input credit which are not found in the law. The courts must not read into the law what is not there. To
do so will violate the principle of separation of powers which prohibits this Court from engaging in judicial legislation. 6

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Motion for Reconsideration is DENIED WITH FINALITY for lack of merit.

SO ORDERED.

TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO

FACTS:

Petitioner was a real estate developer that bought from the national government a parcel of land that used to be the
Fort Bonifacio military reservation. At the time of the said sale there was as yet no VAT imposed so Petitioner did not
pay any VAT on its purchase. Subsequently, Petitioner sold two parcels of land to Metro Pacific Corp. In reporting the
said sale for VAT purposes (because the VAT had already been imposed in the interim), Petitioner claimed transitional
input VAT corresponding to its inventory of land. The BIR disallowed the claim of presumptive input VAT and thereby
assessed Petitioner for deficiency VAT.

ISSUE:

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Is Petitioner entitled to claim the transitional input VAT on its sale of real properties given its nature as a real estate
dealer and if so (i) is the transitional input VAT applied only to the improvements on the real property or is it applied
on the value of the entire real property and (ii) should there have been a previous tax payment for the transitional
input VAT to be creditable?

HELD:

YES. Petitioner is entitled to claim transitional input VAT based on the value of not only the improvements but on the
value of the entire real property and regardless of whether there was in fact actual payment on the purchase of the
real property or not.

The amendments to the VAT law do not show any intention to make those in the real estate business subject to a
different treatment from those engaged in the sale of other goods or properties or in any other commercial trade or
business. On the scope of the basis for determining the available transitional input VAT, the CIR has no power to limit
the meaning and coverage of the term "goods" in Section 105 of the Tax Code without statutory authority or basis.
The transitional input tax credit operates to benefit newly VAT-registered persons, whether or not they previously paid
taxes in the acquisition of their beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies.

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