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    Proc Imagini

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    Alexandru Eugen
    This document provides an overview of various image processing techniques: - It describes how images can be represented as functions and how color images have three color channels. - Common image processing operations include point operations that change pixel intensities, neighborhood operations like filters that consider neighboring pixels, and geometric operations like warping and scaling images. - Filters like Gaussian and median filters are used to reduce noise in images. Edge detection filters find edges by looking for intensity changes. - Downsampling images by discarding pixels can reduce image size but can cause aliasing artifacts unless a low-pass filter is applied first to remove high frequencies. - Images can be warped by applying a displacement field to move each pixel to a

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    Proc Imagini

    Uploaded by

    Alexandru Eugen
    18 views54 pages
    This document provides an overview of various image processing techniques: - It describes how images can be represented as functions and how color images have three color channels. - Common image processing operations include point operations that change pixel intensities, neighborhood operations like filters that consider neighboring pixels, and geometric operations like warping and scaling images. - Filters like Gaussian and median filters are used to reduce noise in images. Edge detection filters find edges by looking for intensity changes. - Downsampling images by discarding pixels can reduce image size but can cause aliasing artifacts unless a low-pass filter is applied first to remove high frequencies. - Images can be warped by applying a displacement field to move each pixel to a

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    This document provides an overview of various image processing techniques: - It describes how images can be represented as functions and how color images have three color channels. - Common image processing operations include point operations that change pixel intensities, neighborhood operations like filters that consider neighboring pixels, and geometric operations like warping and scaling images. - Filters like Gaussian and median filters are used to reduce noise in images. Edge detection filters find edges by looking for intensity changes. - Downsampling images by discarding pixels can reduce image size but can cause aliasing artifacts unless a low-pass filter is applied first to remove high frequencies. - Images can be warped by applying a displacement field to move each pixel to a

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views54 pages

    Proc Imagini

    Uploaded by

    Alexandru Eugen
    This document provides an overview of various image processing techniques: - It describes how images can be represented as functions and how color images have three color channels. - Common image processing operations include point operations that change pixel intensities, neighborhood operations like filters that consider neighboring pixels, and geometric operations like warping and scaling images. - Filters like Gaussian and median filters are used to reduce noise in images. Edge detection filters find edges by looking for intensity changes. - Downsampling images by discarding pixels can reduce image size but can cause aliasing artifacts unless a low-pass filter is applied first to remove high frequencies. - Images can be warped by applying a displacement field to move each pixel to a

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 54

    Overview

    Images Pixel Filters

    Neighborhood Filters Dithering


    Image as a Function
    • We can think of an image as a function, f,
    • f: R2  R
    – f (x, y) gives the intensity at position (x, y)
    – Realistically, we expect the image only to be
    defined over a rectangle, with a finite range:
    • f: [a,b]x[c,d]  [0,1]

    • A color image is just three functions pasted


    together. We can write this as a “vector-
    valued” function:  r ( x, y ) 
    f ( x, y )   g ( x, y ) 
     
     b( x, y ) 
    Image as a Function
    Image Processing

    • Define a new image g in terms of an existing


    image f
    – We can transform either the domain or the range of f
    • Range transformation:

    What kinds of operations can this perform?


    Image Processing

    • Some operations preserve the range but change


    the domain of f :

    What kinds of operations can this perform?

    • Still other operations operate on both the


    domain and the range of f .
    Point Operations
    Point Processing
    Nonlinear Lower
    Original Darken Lower Contrast Contrast

    Nonlinear Raise
    Invert Lighten Raise Contrast Contrast
    Point Processing
    Nonlinear Lower
    Original Darken Lower Contrast Contrast

    x x - 128 x/2 ((x / 255.0) ^ 0.33) * 255.0

    Nonlinear Raise
    Invert Lighten Raise Contrast Contrast

    255 - x x + 128 x*2 ((x / 255.0) ^2) * 255.0


    Gamma correction
    Monitors have a intensity to voltage response curve which is roughly a 2.5 power function
    Send v  actually display a pixel which has intensity equal to v2.5

    = 1.0; f(v) = v = 2.5; f(v) = v1/2.5 = v0.4


    Neighborhood Operations
    Convolution

    0.2 0.1 -1.0


    0.3 0.0 0.9
    0.1 0.3 -1.0
    Properties of Convolution

    • Commutative
    a b  b  a
    • Associative

    a  b c  a  b  c
    • Cascade system

    f h1 h2 g

     f h1  h2 g

     f h2  h1 g
    Convolution
    Convolution is linear and shift invariant


    g x    f  hx   d g  f h
    

    f  

    x 
    h  h  

    kernel h
     
    Convolution - Example

    f
    g
    f g
    Eric Weinstein’s Math World
    Convolution - Example

    a x  b x 
    1 1

    -1 1 -1 1

    c  a b
    c x 
    1

    -2 -1 1 2
    Point Spread Function

    Optical
    scene System
    image

    • Ideally, the optical system should be a Dirac delta function.

    • However, optical systems are never ideal.

     x  Optical
    System
    PSF x 
    point source point spread function

    • Point spread function of Human Eyes


    Point Spread Function

    normal vision myopia hyperopia

    astigmatism
    Images by Richmond Eye Ass
    Original Image
    Blurred Image
    Gaussian Smoothing

    by Charles Allen Gillbert by Harmon & Julesz

    http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/cog_blureffects
    Gaussian Smoothing

    http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/cog_blureffects
    Original Image
    Sharpened Image
    Sharpened Image
    Original Image
    Noise
    Blurred Noise
    Median Filter
    • Smoothing is averaging (a)

    (a) Blurs edges


    (b) Sensitive to outliers (b)

    • Median filtering
    – Sort N 2  1 values around the pixel
    – Select middle value (median)

    sort median

    – Non-linear (Cannot be implemented with convolution)


    Median Filter

    Can this be described as a convolution?


    Original Image
    Example: Noise Reduction

    Image with noise Median filter (5x5)


    Salt and pepper noise Gaussian noise

    3x3

    5x5

    7x7
    Example: Noise Reduction

    Original image Image with noise Median filter (5x5)


    Original Image
    X-Edge Detection
    Y-Edge Detection
    General Edge Detection

    Can this be described as a convolution?


    Image Processing

    • Some operations preserve the range but change


    the domain of f :

    What kinds of operations can this perform?

    • Still other operations operate on both the


    domain and the range of f .
    Image Scaling

    This image is too big to


    fit on the screen. How
    can we reduce it?

    How to generate a half-


    sized version?
    Image Sub-Sampling

    1/8
    1/4

    Throw away every other row and


    column to create a 1/2 size image
    - called image sub-sampling
    Image Sub-Sampling

    1/2 1/4 (2x zoom) 1/8 (4x zoom)


    Good and Bad Sampling

    Good sampling:
    •Sample often or,
    •Sample wisely

    Bad sampling:
    •see aliasing in action!
    Aliasing
    Alias: n., an assumed name
    Input signal:

    Matlab output:
    Picket fence receding
    into the distance will
    produce aliasing…

    WHY? x = 0:.05:5; imagesc(sin((2.^x).*x))

    Alias!

    Not enough samples


    Really bad in video
    Sub-Sampling with Gaussian Pre-Filtering

    G 1/8
    G 1/4

    Gaussian 1/2
    • Solution: filter the image, then subsample
    – Filter size should double for each ½ size reduction. Why?
    Sub-Sampling with Gaussian Pre-Filtering

    Gaussian 1/2 G 1/4 G 1/8


    Compare with...

    1/2 1/4 (2x zoom) 1/8 (4x zoom)


    Canon D60 (w/ anti-alias filter) Sigma SD9 (w/o anti-alias filter)

    From Rick Matthews website, images by Dave Etchells


    Figure from David Forsyth
    Original Image
    Warped Image
    Warped Image

    + =

    orig vector field warped

    how?
    Advection (just like a fluid)

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