Indeterminate Forms and Improper Integrals: Review and Preview Problems

CHAPTER 8 Indeterminate Forms and
Improper Integrals
Review and Preview Problems 12. lim e 2 x lim e 2u f
x o f (u x ) u o f
x2 1 22 1 5 (has no finite value)
1. lim
x o2 x 2 1 2 1
2 3
S
13. lim tan 1 x
2x 1 2(3) 1 7 x of 2
2. lim
x o3 x 5 35 8
14. Note that, if T sec 1 x, then
x2 9 ( x 3)( x 3) 1 1
3. lim lim se c T x cos T T cos 1 . Hence
x o3 x 3 x o3 x3 x x
lim ( x 3) 3 3 6 1
x o3 lim sec1 x lim cos 1 1
x of x of x
x2 5x 6 ( x 2)( x 3)
4. lim
xo2 x2
lim
x o2 x2 15. f x xe x
y
lim ( x 3) 2 3 1
xo2
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x 2

5. lim lim
x o0 x x o0 x
§ sin x ·
lim 2 ¨ ¸ cos x 2(1)(1) 2
x o0 © x ¹ 5 10 x
tan 3x § sin 3 x · § 3 ·
6. lim lim ¨ ¸¨ ¸ 2
x o0 x x o0 © cos 3 x ¹ © 3 x ¹
§ sin 3x · § 1 ·
lim 3 ¨ ¸¨ ¸ 3(1)(1) 3 We would conjecture lim xe x 0.
x o0 © 3 x ¹ © cos 3 x ¹ x of
1 16. f x x 2 e x
1
x 1
2
x2 1 0 y
7. lim lim 1 or:
x of x 2 1 x of
1
1 1 0
x2 2
x2 1 2
lim lim 1 1 0 1
x of x 2 1 x of x2 1
5 10 x
1
2
2x 1 x 20
8. lim lim 2
x of x 5 x of 5 1 0 2
1
x
We would conjecture lim x 2 e x 0.
x 1 x of
9. lim e lim 0
x of x of e x
2 1
10. lim e x lim 0
x of x of x 2
e
11. lim e 2 x f (has no finite value)

x of
474 Chapter 8 Review and Preview Instructor's Resource Manual

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17. f x x3e x 1ª 2º ea
2
x2
«e x » 1
a
y 22. ³0 xe dx
u x2 2¬ ¼ 2
du 2 x dx
5
1
a 1
2
2 ea
1 0.81606028
5 2 0.93233236
10 x
4 0.999999944
8 1 (8.02u1029 )
16 1
5
We would conjecture lim x3e x 0. a

ln §¨ 1 a 2 ·¸
1ª
ln(1 x 2 ) º
x of a x
23. ³0 1 x2
dx
2 ¬« ¼» 0 © ¹
18. f x x 4 e x u x2
y du 2 x dx
a 1 2 4 8 16
§ ·
ln ¨ 1 a 2 ¸ 0.3466 0.8047 1.4166 2.0872 2.7745
2 © ¹
1
³0 1 x dx >ln(1 x)@0
a
ln 1 a
a
24.
5 10 x
a 1 2 4 8 16
ln 1 a 0.6931 1.0986 1.6094 2.1972 2.8332
2
a
We would conjecture lim x10 e x
a 1 ª 1º 1
x of
0. 25. ³1 x 2
dx « x »
¬ ¼1
1
a
19. y x10 e x a 2 4 8 16
y 1
1 0.5 0.75 0.875 0.9375
a
480,000
a
a 1 ª 1 º 1ª 1 º
26. ³1 x 3
dx « 2 »
¬ 2 x ¼1
1
2 «¬ a 2 »¼
240,000 a 2 4 8 16
1ª 1 º
«1 » 0.375 0.46875 0.4921875 0.498046875
2 ¬ a2 ¼
4 1 4
10 20 x 27. ³a x
dx ª2 x º
¬ ¼a 42 a
2 x
We would conjecture lim x e 0.
x of a 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 8 16
4 2 a 2 2.58579 3 3.29289 3.5
20. Based on the results from problems 15-19, we
would conjecture
lim x n e x 0 1 4
³a x dx >ln x @a
4 4
28. ln
x of a
a 1 1 1 1 1
a x a 2 4 8 16
ª e x º a
21. ³0
e dx
¬ ¼0
1 e
ln
4
1.38629 2.07944 2.77259 3.46574 4.15888
a
a 1 2 4 8 16
1e a 0.632 0.865 0.982 0.9997 0.9999
Instructor’s Resource Manual Chapter 8 Review and Preview 475

8.1 Concepts Review 0
7. The limit is not of the form .
0
1. lim f ( x); lim g ( x)
xoa x oa As x o 1– , x 2 – 2 x 2 o 1, and x 2 – 1 o 0 – so
x2 – 2 x 2
f c( x) lim –f
2. x o1– x2 1
g c( x )
0
3. sec2 x; 1; lim cos x z 0 8. The limit is of the form .
x o0 0
1 2x
ln x 2 x2 1
4. Cauchy’s Mean Value lim lim lim 1
x o1 x 2 –1 x o1 2x x o1 x 2
0
Problem Set 8.1 9. The limit is of the form .
0
1 3sin 2 x cos x
1. The limit is of the form .
0 ln(sin x)3 sin 3 x
lim lim
0 x oS / 2 S / 2 – x x oS / 2 –1
2 x – sin x 2 – cos x 0
lim lim 1 0
x o0 x x o0 1 –1
0 0
2. The limit is of the form . 10. The limit is of the form .
0 0
cos x – sin x ex – e– x ex e– x 2
lim lim 1 lim lim 1
x oS / 2 S / 2 – x x oS / 2 –1 x o0 2sin x x o0 2 cos x 2
0 0
3. The limit is of the form . 11. The limit is of the form .
0 0
x – sin 2 x 1 – 2 cos 2 x 1– 2 1 – 2t
lim lim –1 t – t2 – 32 3
x o0 tan x x o0 sec x 2 1 lim lim 2 t –
t o1 ln t t o1 1 1 2
t
0
0 0
3 0
tan –1 3 x 1 9 x 2 3
lim lim 3 7 x ln 7
x o0 –1 x o0 1 1
sin x 7 x –1 2 x 7 x ln 7
1– x 2 lim lim lim
x o0 2 x –1 x o0 2 x ln 2 x o0 2 x ln 2
2 x
0
5. The limit is of the form . ln 7
0 | 2.81
ln 2
x2 6 x 8 2x 6
lim lim
x o –2 x 2 – 3x – 10 x o –2 2 x – 3 0
13. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
2 2 0
–
–7 7 Rule twice.)
–2sin 2 x
ln cos 2 x –2sin 2 x
0 lim lim cos 2 x lim
6. The limit is of the form . x o0 7 x 2 x o0 14 x x o0 14 x cos 2 x
0
–4 cos 2 x –4 2
x3 – 3 x 2 x 3x2 6 x 1 1 1 lim –
lim lim – x o0 14 cos 2 x – 28 x sin 2 x 14 – 0 7
x o0 3 x o0 2 –2 2
x – 2x 3x – 2
476 Section 8.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

0 0
14. The limit is of the form . 19. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0 0
3sin x 3cos x Rule twice.)
lim lim –2 x
– – – 1 1
x o0 –x x o0 –1
2 –x tan –1 x – x 1 x 2 (1 x 2 ) 2
lim lim lim
lim – 6 – x cos x 0 x o0 8 x3 x o0 24 x 2 x o0 48 x
x o0 – 1 1
lim – –
0
x o0 24(1 x 2 ) 2 24
0
0
Rule three times.) 20. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0
tan x – x sec2 x – 1 Rule twice.)
lim lim
x o0 sin 2 x – 2 x x o0 2 cos 2 x – 2 cosh x –1 sinh x cosh x 1
lim lim lim
2sec 2 x tan x 2sec 4 x 4sec2 x tan 2 x x o0 x 2` x o0 2x x o0 2 2
lim lim
x o0 –4sin 2 x x o0 –8cos 2 x
20 1 21. The limit is of the form
0
. (Apply l’Hôpital’s
–
–8 4 0
Rule twice.)
0 1 cos x x sin x
16. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s lim
x o0 2 2 cos x sin x
2
0
Rule three times.) x cos x
lim
2sin x 2 cos x sin s
sin x – tan x cos x – sec2 x x o0
lim lim
x o0 x 2 sin x x o0 2 x sin x x 2 cos x x sin x – cos x
lim

x o0 2 cos x – 2 cos x 2sin x
2 2
– sin x – 2sec2 x tan x
lim
x o0 2sin x 4 x cos x – x 2 sin x 0
This limit is not of the form .
0
– cos x – 2sec4 x – 4sec2 x tan 2 x
lim As x o 0 , x sin x – cos x o 1 and
x o0 6 cos x – x 2 cos x – 6 x sin x
–1 – 2 – 0 1 2 cos x – 2 cos 2 x 2sin 2 x o 0 , so
–
6–0–0 2 x sin x – cos x
lim –f
2 cos x – 2 cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
x o0
0
0 0
Rule twice.) 0
x2 2x 2 sin x tan x cos x sec2 x
lim lim lim lim lim
sin x
x o0 sin x – x x o0 cos x – 1
x o0 x o0 – ex e– x – 2 ex – e– x
x o0 –
0 0
This limit is not of the form . As This limit is not of the form .
0 0
x o 0 , 2 o 2, and sin x o 0 , so As x o 0 – , cos x sec 2 x o 2, and
2
f. cos x sec2 x
lim e x – e – x o 0 – , so lim – f.
x o0 sin x x o0 – ex – e– x
0 0
18. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s 23. The limit is of the form .
0 0
Rule twice.) x
x
³
lim 0
1 sin t dt
lim 1 sin x 1
e – ln(1 x) –1
x e – 11x x o0 x x o0
lim lim
x o0 x2 x o0 2x
e x 1
(1 x )2 11
lim 1
x o0 2 2
Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.1 477

0 26. Note that sin 1 0 is undefined (not zero), so
0 l'Hôpital's Rule cannot be used.
x 1 §1·
lim
³0 t cos t dt
lim
x cos x As x o 0, o f and sin ¨ ¸ oscillates rapidly
x © x¹
2 2x
x o0 x x o0 between –1 and 1, so
lim
x o0
cos x
2 x
=ũ
lim
d lim
x 2 sin 1x x2
.
x o0 tan x x o0 tan x
25. It would not have helped us because we proved
sin x x2 x 2 cos x
lim 1 in order to find the derivative of tan x sin x
x o0 x
sin x. x 2 cos x ª§ x · º
lim lim «¨ ¸ x cos x » 0.
x o0 sin x x o0 ¬© sin x ¹ ¼
Thus, lim
x 2 sin
0.
1x
x o0 tan x
A table of values or graphing utility confirms
this.
1
27. a. OB cos t , BC sin t and AB 1 – cos t , so the area of triangle ABC is sin t (1 – cos t ).
2
1 1
The area of the sector COA is t while the area of triangle COB is cos t sin t , thus the area of the curved
2 2
1
region ABC is (t – cos t sin t ).
2
1 sin t (1 – cos t )
area of triangle ABC 2
lim lim
area of curved region ABC 1 (t – cos t sin t )
t o0 t o0 2
sin t (1 – cos t ) cos t – cos t sin t 2 2

4sin t cos t – sin t 4 cos t – 1 3
lim lim lim lim
t o0 t – cos t sin t t o0 1 – cos t sin t t o0 t o0
2 2 4 cos t sin t 4 cos t 4
(L’Hôpital’s Rule was applied twice.)
1 1 1
b. The area of the sector BOD is t cos 2 t , so the area of the curved region BCD is cos t sin t – t cos 2 t.
2 2 2
1 cos t (sin t – t cos t )
area of curved region BCD
lim lim 2
area of curved region ABC
t o0
1 (t – cos t sin t )
t o0 2
cos t (sin t – t cos t ) sin t (2t cos t – sin t ) 2t (cos 2 t – sin 2 t ) t (cos 2 t – sin 2 t )
lim lim lim lim

t o0 t – sin t cos t t o0 1 – cos 2 t sin 2 t t o0 4 cos t sin t t o0 2 cos t sin t
2 2
cos t – 4t cos t sin t – sin t
1– 0 – 0 1
lim
2 2
2–0 2
t o0 2 cos t – 2sin t
(L’Hôpital’s Rule was applied three times.)

28. a. Note that DOE has measure t radians. Thus the coordinates of E are (cost, sint).
Also, slope BC = slope CE . Thus,
0 y sin t 0
(1 t ) 0 cos t (1 t )
(1 t ) sin t
y
cos t t 1
(t 1) sin t
y
cos t t –1
(t – 1) sin t
lim y lim
cos t t – 1
t o0 t o0
0
This limit is of the form .
0
(t – 1) sin t sin t (t – 1) cos t 0 (–1)(1)
lim lim –1
t o0 cos t t – 1 t o0 – sin t 1 –0 1
b. Slope AF = slope EF . Thus,

t t sin t
1 x 1 cos t
t (1 cos t )
1 x
t sin t
t (1 cos t )
x 1
t sin t
t cos t – sin t
x
t – sin t
t cos t – sin t
lim x lim
t – sin t
t o0 t o0
0
The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s Rule three times.)
0
t cos t – sin t –t sin t
lim lim
t – sin t
t o0 t o0 1 – cos t
– sin t – t cos t t sin t – 2 cos t 0 – 2
lim lim –2
t o0 sin t t o0 cos t 1
§0· ex 1 ex
29. By l’H pital’s Rule ¨ ¸ , we have lim f ( x) lim lim 1 and
©0¹ x o0 x o0 x x o0 1
ex 1 ex
lim f ( x) lim lim 1 so we define f (0) 1 .
x o0 x o0 x x o0 1
1
§0· ln x
30. By l’H pital’s Rule ¨ ¸ , we have lim f ( x) lim lim x 1 and
©0¹ x o1 x o1 x 1 x o1 1
1
ln x
lim f ( x) lim lim x 1 so we define f (1) 1 .
x o1 x o1 x 1 x o1 1

31. A should approach 4Sb 2 , the surface area of a sphere of radius b.
ª 2 2 º a 2 – b2
« 2Sa 2 b arcsin a a– b » a 2 arcsin
lim « 2Sb
2
» 2Sb 2Sb lim
2 a
a ob « a 2 – b2 » a ob a2 – b 2
¬ ¼
Focusing on the limit, we have
a 2 – b2 § ·
2 a 2 – b2 2a arcsin a2 ¨ b
¸ § ·
a arcsin a
©a a 2 – b2 ¹ a 2 – b2
lim a
lim lim ¨ 2 a 2 – b 2 arcsin b¸ b.
a ob a ob a ob ¨ ¸
a a
a2 – b 2
2 2 © ¹
a –b
Thus, lim A 2Sb 2Sb(b)

2
4Sb . 2
a ob
32. In order for l’Hôpital’s Rule to be of any use, a(1)4 b(1)3 1 0, so b = –1 – a.

Using l’Hôpital’s Rule,
ax 4 bx3 1 4ax3 3bx 2
lim lim
x o1 ( x –1) sin Sx x o1 sin Sx S( x –1) cos Sx
To use l’Hôpital’s Rule here,
4a(1)3 3b(1)2 0, so 4a + 3b = 0, hence a = 3, b = –4.
3 x 4 – 4 x3 1 12 x3 –12 x 2 36 x 2 – 24 x 12 6
lim lim lim –
x o1 ( x –1) sin Sx x o1 sin Sx S( x –1) cos Sx x o1 2S cos Sx – S2 ( x –1) sin Sx –2S S
6
a = 3, b = –4, c –
S
33. If f c(a ) and g c(a ) both exist, then f and g are 38.
both continuous at a. Thus, lim f ( x) 0 f (a )
x oa
and lim g ( x ) 0 g (a ).
x oa
f ( x) f ( x) – f (a )
lim lim
xoa g ( x) xoa g ( x) – g (a )
f ( x )– f ( a ) f ( x )– f ( a )
lim
x–a x oa x–a f c(a)
lim
x o a g ( x )– g ( a ) lim
g ( x )– g ( a ) g c(a )
x–a o
x a x–a
cos x – 1 x2
2 1
34. lim
x o0 4 24
x
ex – 1 – x – x2 – x3
2 6 1
35. lim
x o0 4 24
x
1 – cos( x 2 ) 1
36. lim The slopes are approximately 0.02 / 0.01 2 and
x o0 3 2
x sin x 0.01/ 0.01 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 2 /1 2 , indicating that the limit of the
tan x x sec2 x 1 ratio should be about 2. An application of
37. lim lim 2
x o0 arcsin x x x o0 1
1 l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
2
1 x

39. 41.
The slopes are approximately 0.005 / 0.01 1/ 2 The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 1 and
and 0.01/ 0.01 1 . The ratio of the slopes is 0.01/ 0.01 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the therefore 1/1 1 , indicating that the limit of
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of the ratio should be about 1 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this. l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
40. 42. If f and g are locally linear at zero, then, since

lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) 0 , f ( x) | px and
x o0 x o0
g ( x) | qx , where p f '(0) and q g '(0) .
Then f ( x) / g ( x) | px / px p / q when x is
near 0.
The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 1 and

0.02 / 0.01 2 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.

8.2 Concepts Review f
f
f c( x) 3sec x 5
1. 3sec x tan x
g c( x ) lim lim
xo S tan x xo S sec 2 x
2 2
f ( x) g ( x) 3 tan x
2. lim or lim lim lim 3sin x 3
x oa 1 x oa 1 xo S sec x xo S
2 2
g ( x) f ( x)
3. f – f, 0q, fq, 1f –f
–f
4. ln x 1 2sin x cos x
ln sin 2 x sin 2 x
lim lim
x o0 3ln tan x x o0 3 sec 2 x
tan x
2 cos 2 x 2
Problem Set 8.2 lim
3 3
x o0
f
1. The limit is of the form . f
f 7. The limit is of the form .
f

1 1000 x999
ln x1000 x1000 1 1 1000 x999
lim lim ln(ln x1000 ) ln x1000 x1000
x of x x of 1 lim lim
x of ln x x of 1
1000 x
lim 0
x of x 1000
lim 0
x of x ln x1000
f
f –f
Rule twice.) f
(ln x)2 2(ln x) 1x Rule twice.)
lim lim 1 2(4 – 8 x)(–8)
x of x x of x
2 2 ln 2 ln(4 – 8 x) 2 (4–8 x )2

lim lim
2 1x tan Sx
2 2 S sec2 Sx
– –
2 ln x xo 1 xo 1
lim lim
x of x 2 x ln 2 x of 2 x ln 2(1 x ln 2)
–16 cos 2 Sx 32S cos Sx sin Sx
2 lim lim
S(4 – 8 x) –8S

lim 0 – –
xo 1 xo 1
x of x 2 x ln 2(1 x ln 2) 2 2
lim – 4 cos Sx sin Sx 0
2
–
x 10000 xo 1
3. lim 0 (See Example 2).
x of ex
f
f f
f cot x – csc2 x
Rule three times.) lim lim

x o0 –
1
x o0 – ln x
3x 3 2 x – ln x
lim lim
x of ln(100 x e ) x of
x 1 (100 e x ) 2 x – ln x
x
100 x e lim
sin 2 x
x o0
300 x 3e x
300 3e x
ª 2x º
lim lim lim « csc x – ln x » f
x of 100 e x x of ex x o0 ¬ sin x ¼
x
3e x
lim 3 since lim 1 while lim csc x f and
x of ex x o0 sin x
x o0
lim – ln x f.
x o0

f 15. The limit is of the form 00.
10. The limit is of the form , but the fraction can
f 2
be simplified. Let y (3 x) x , then ln y x 2 ln 3x
2 csc2 x ln 3 x
lim lim
2 2
2 lim x 2 ln 3 x lim
1
2
x o0 cot x x o0 cos 2 x 12 x o0 x o0
x2
f
ln x1000 The limit is of the form .
11. lim ( x ln x 1000
) lim f
x o0 x o0 1
1 3
x ln 3 x 3x x2
f lim lim lim – 0
x o0 x o0 – 3 x o0
1 2 2
The limit is of the form .
f x2 x
2
1 1000 x999 lim (3x) x lim eln y 1
ln x1000 1000
lim lim x x o0 x o0
x o0 1 x o0 – 1
x x2
lim – 1000 x 0 16. The limit is of the form 1f.
x o0 Let y (cos x)csc x , then ln y = csc x(ln(cos x))
2 ln(cos x)
§ x · lim csc x(ln(cos x)) lim
12. lim 3 x 2 csc2 x lim 3 ¨ ¸ 3 since x o0 x o0 sin x
x o0 x o0 © sin x ¹
0
x The limit is of the form .
lim 1 0
x o0 sin x 1 (– sin x )
ln(cos x)
lim lim cos x
1 – cos 2 x x o0 sin x x o0 cos x
13. lim (csc2 x – cot 2 x) lim
x o0 x o0 sin 2 x sin x 0
lim – – 0
x o0 cos 2 x 1
sin 2 x
lim 1
x o0 sin 2 x lim (cos x)csc x lim eln y 1
x o0 x o0
sin x – 1
14. lim (tan x – sec x) lim 17. The limit is of the form 0f , which is not an
xo S x o S cos x
2 2
indeterminate form. lim (5cos x) tan x 0
x oS / 2
0 –
0
sin x – 1 cos x 0
lim lim 0
xo S cos x xo S – sin x –1
2 2
2
§ 1 ·
2
§ 1 1 ·
2
§ x 2 – sin 2 x ·
18. lim ¨ csc2 x – ¸ lim ¨ – ¸ lim ¨ ¸
x o0 © x2 ¹ x o0 © sin x x 2 ¹
2 x o0 ¨© x 2 sin 2 x ¸¹
x 2 – sin 2 x 0
Consider lim . The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s Rule four times.)
x o0 2 2 0
x sin x
2 2
x – sin x 2 x – 2sin x cos x x – sin x cos x
lim lim lim
x o0 2
x sin x 2 x o0 2 x sin 2
x 2 x sin x cos x
2 x o0 x sin x x 2 sin x cos x
2
1 – cos 2 x sin 2 x 4sin x cos x

lim lim
x o0 sin 2
x 4 x sin x cos x x cos x – x sin x 2 2 2 2 x o0 6 x cos x 2 6 cos x sin x 4 x 2 cos x sin x 6 x sin 2 x
4 cos 2 x – 4sin 2 x 4 1
lim
x o0 12 cos 2 x – 4 x cos x – 32 x cos x sin x – 12sin x 4 x sin x
2 2 2 2 2 12 3
2
§ x – sin 2 x ·
2
§1·
2
1
Thus, lim ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
x o0 ¨© x 2 sin 2 x ¸¹ © 3¹ 9
Instructor's Resource Manual Section 8.2 483

19. The limit is of the form 1f. 24. The limit is of the form 1f.
3 2 1
Let y ( x e x / 3 )3 / x , then ln y ln( x e x / 3 ). Let y (cos x)1/ x , then ln y ln(cos x) .
x x2
3 3ln( x e x / 3 ) 1 ln(cos x)
lim ln( x e x / 3 ) lim lim ln(cos x ) lim
x o0 x x o0 x x o0 x 2 x o0 x2
0 0
The limit is of the form . The limit is of the form .
0 0
3ln( x e x / 3 )
3
x e x / 3
1 13 e x / 3 (Apply l’Hôpital’s rule twice.)
1 (– sin x )
lim lim ln(cos x) tan x
x o0 x x o0 1 lim lim cos x lim
x o0 x2 x o0 2x x o0 2 x
3 ex / 3 4
lim 4 sec 2 x 1 1
x o0 xe x/3 1 lim
x o0 2 2 2
lim ( x e x / 3 )3 / x lim eln y e4 2 1
x o0 x o0 lim (cos x)1/ x lim eln y e1/ 2
x o0 x o0 e
20. The limit is of the form (–1)0 .
The limit does not exist. 25. The limit is of the form 0f , which is not an
indeterminate form.
21. The limit is of the form 10 , which is not an lim (tan x) 2 / x 0
x o0
indeterminate form.
lim (sin x)cos x 1 26. The limit is of the form ũ + ũ, which is not an
xo S indeterminate form.
2
lim (e – x – x) lim (e x x) f
f xo – f x of
22. The limit is of the form f , which is not an
indeterminate form.
27. The limit is of the form 00. Let
lim x x f
x of y (sin x) x , then ln y x ln(sin x).
ln(sin x)
23. The limit is of the form f 0 . Let lim x ln(sin x) lim
1
x o0 x o0 x
1
y x1/ x , then ln y ln x. –f
f
1 ln x
lim ln x lim 1 cos x
x of x x of x ln(sin x) sin x
lim lim

x o0
1 1
–f x o0 –
The limit is of the form . x x2
f
ª x º
1 lim « (– x cos x) » 1 0 0
ln x x 1 x o0 ¬ sin x ¼
lim lim lim 0
x of x x of 1 x of x
lim (sin x ) x lim eln y 1
lim x 1/ x
lim eln y 1 x o0 x o0
x of x of
28. The limit is of the form 1f. Let
1
y (cos x – sin x)1/ x , then ln y ln(cos x – sin x).
x
1 ln(cos x sin x)
lim ln(cos x sin x ) lim
x o0 x x o0 x
1( sin x cos x)
lim cos x sin x
x o0 1
sin x cos x
lim 1
x o0 cos x sin x
lim (cos x sin x )1/ x lim eln y e 1
x o0 x o0
484 Section 8.2 Instructor's Resource Manual

29. The limit is of the form ũ – ũ. 33. The limit is of the form 1f.
§ 1· § 1 1· x – sin x 1
lim ¨ csc x – ¸ lim ¨ – ¸ lim Let y (cos x)1/ x , then ln y ln(cos x).
x o0 © x ¹ x o0 © sin x x ¹ x o0 x sin x x
0 1 ln(cos x)
The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s lim ln(cos x) lim
0 x o0 x x o0
x
Rule twice.) 0
x – sin x 1 – cos x The limit is of the form .
lim lim 0
x o0 x sin x x o0 sin x x cos x 1 (– sin x )
sin x 0 ln(cos x) cos x sin x
lim 0 lim lim lim – 0
x o0 x x o0 1 x o0 cos x
x o0 2 cos x – x sin x 2
lim (cos x)1/ x lim eln y 1
f x o0 x o0
30. The limit is of the form 1 .
x
§ 1· § 1· 34. The limit is of the form 0 – f.
Let y ¨1 ¸ , then ln y x ln ¨ 1 ¸ .
© x¹ © x¹ lim ( x1/ 2 ln x) lim
ln x
§ 1·
lim x ln ¨ 1 ¸ lim

ln 1 1x x o0 x o0
1
x
x of © x¹ x of 1 –f
0 f
The limit is of the form . 1
0 ln x x
lim lim lim – 2 x 0
x o0 x o0 x o0
1 – 1

1 1
– x 2 x3/ 2
ln 1 1x 1 1 x2
x
lim lim
x of 1 x of – 1 35. Since cos x oscillates between –1 and 1 as
x x2
x o f, this limit is not of an indeterminate form
1 previously seen.
lim 1
x of 1 1
x Let y ecos x , then ln y = (cos x)ln e = cos x
x
§ 1· lim cos x does not exist, so lim ecos x does not
lim ¨1 ¸ lim eln y e1 e x of x of
x of © x¹ x of
exist.
31. The limit is of the form 3f , which is not an 36. The limit is of the form ũ – ũ.
indeterminate form. x 1
lim [ln( x 1) – ln( x –1)] lim ln
lim (1 2e ) x 1/ x
f x of x of x –1
x o0
x 1 1 1
x x 1
lim lim 1, so lim ln 0
32. The limit is of the form ũ – ũ. x of x –1 x of 1 – 1 x of x –1
x
§ 1 x · ln x – x 2 x
lim ¨ – ¸ lim
x o1 © x – 1 ln x ¹ x o1 ( x – 1) ln x 0
37. The limit is of the form , which is not an
0 –f
The limit is of the form . indeterminate form.
0
Apply l’Hôpital’s Rule twice. x
lim 0
1 2x 1 ln x
x o0
ln x x 2 x
lim lim x
x o1 ( x 1) ln x x o1 ln x x 1 38. The limit is of the form – f f, which is not an
x
1 2x x 2
4 x 1 3 3 indeterminate form.
lim lim lim (ln x cot x) – f
x o1 x ln x x 1 x o1 ln x 2 2 2 x o0

1 et ! 1 for all t, so
n n 1 n 1
n
39. d. lim n lim
n of n of 1
1 et dt ! ³ dt
x x
³1 1
x 1 . n
0
f This limit is of the form ,
The limit is of the form . 0
f n
since lim n 1 by part b.
1 et dt
x
³1 1 e x n of
lim
x of x
lim
x of 1
1
lim
n
n 1
lim
n
n (1 ln n)
1
n2
0 n of 1 n of 1
40. This limit is of the form . n n2
0
lim n
n (ln n 1) f
x nof
lim
³1 sin t dt
lim
sin x
sin(1)
x o1 x 1 x o1 1 42. a. The limit is of the form 00.
Let y x x , then ln y = x ln x.
n 1
41. a. Let y a , then ln y ln a. ln x
n lim x ln x lim
1
1 x o0 x o0 x
limln a 0
n of n –f
lim n
a lim eln y 1 f
n of n of 1
ln x x
lim lim lim – x 0
x o0 x o0 – 2 x o0
1 1
b. The limit is of the form f 0 . x x
1
Let y n n , then ln y ln n . lim x x lim e ln y
1
n x o0 x o0
1 ln n
lim ln n lim
n of n n of n b. The limit is of the form 10 , since
f lim x x 1 by part a.
f x o0
ln n
1 Let y ( x x ) x , then ln y x ln( x x ).
n
lim lim 0
n of n nof 1 lim x ln( x x ) 0
n ln y x o0
lim n lim e 1
n of n of lim ( x x ) x lim eln y 1
x o0 x o0
n a 1 a 1 Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.

n
c. lim n lim
n of n of 1
n
c. The limit is of the form 01 , since
0
This limit is of the form , lim x x 1 by part a.
0 x o0
n
since lim a 1 by part a. x
n of Let y x ( x ) , then ln y x x ln x
1 n a ln a lim x x ln x –f
n
a 1 n2
lim lim x o0
n of 1 nof 1
x
n n2 lim x( x )
lim eln y 0

n x o0 x o0
lim a ln a ln a
n of Note that 01 is not an indeterminate form.

d. The limit is of the form 10 , since ln x
1
x x
lim lim x
0, so lim x1/ x lim eln y 1
lim ( x ) 1 by part b. x of x x of 1 x of x of
x o0 1 ln x
x x x x x y x1/ x ex
Let y (( x ) ) , then ln y x ln(( x ) ).
§ 1 ln x · 1x ln x
lim x ln(( x ) ) x x
0 yc ¨ ¸e
x o0 © x2 x2 ¹
lim (( x x ) x ) x lim eln y 1 y c = 0 when x = e.
x o0 x o0 y is maximum at x = e since y c ! 0 on (0, e) and
Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.
y c 0 on (e, ũ). When x = e, y e1/ e .
e. The limit is of the form 00 , since
44. a. The limit is of the form (1 1)f 2f , which
(xx )
lim ( x ) 0 by part c. is not an indeterminate form.
x o0
x lim (1x 2 x )1/ x f
Let y x ( x( x ) )
, then ln y x (xx )
ln x. x o0
x ln x
lim x ( x ) ln x lim b. The limit is of the form (1 1) – f 2 – f ,
1
x o0 x o0 x
x( x )
which is not an indeterminate form.
–f lim (1x 2 x )1/ x 0
The limit is of the form . x o0 –
f
1
ln x x c. The limit is of the form f0 .
lim lim
1 ª xº
x o0 x x o0 – x ( x x ) « x x (ln x 1) ln x x » Let y (1x 2 x )1/ x , then
x( x ) ¬ x ¼
x 1
( x( x ) )2 ln y ln(1x 2 x )
x
x
– x( x )
1 ln(1x 2 x )
lim lim ln(1x 2 x ) lim

x o0 x x(ln x) x x ln x x
x 2 x x
x of x x of x
0 f
0 The limit is of the form . (Apply
1 0 1 0 1 f
(ln x)2 l’Hôpital’s Rule twice.)
Note: lim x(ln x )2 lim 1 (1x ln1 2 x ln 2)
x o0 x o0
1
x ln(1x 2 x ) 1x 2 x
lim lim
2 ln x x of x x of 1
x
lim
– 1
lim – 2 x ln x 0 2 x ln 2 2 x (ln 2)2
x o0 x o0 lim lim ln 2
x2 x of 1x 2x x of 1x ln1 2 x ln 2
( xx )
lim x( x )
lim eln y 1 lim (1x 2 x )1/ x lim eln y eln 2 2
x of x of
x o0 x o0
43. d. The limit is of the form 10 , since 1x 1 for

all x. This is not an indeterminate form.
lim (1x 2 x )1/ x 1
x of
ln x
ln y
x
ln x
lim f, so lim x1/ x lim eln y 0
x o0 x x o0 x o0

1k 2k " n k §1 9 ·
1/ t
10 9
45. lim c. lim ¨ 2t 5t ¸ 10
2 5 | 4.562
n of n k 1 t o0 © 10 10 ¹
1 ª§ 1 · § 2 · §n· º
k k k
lim «¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ " ¨ ¸ » 48. a.
n of n «© n ¹ ©n¹ © n ¹ ¼»
¬
k
n
1 §i·
lim ¦ ¨ ¸
i 1 n ©n¹
n of
The summation has the form of a Reimann sum

for f x x k on the interval > 0,1@ using a
regular partition and evaluating the function at
1 i
each right endpoint. Thus, 'xi , xi , and
n n
n2 x f
k b. n 2 xe nx , so the limit is of the form .
§i· f
f xi
nx
¨ ¸ . Therefore, e
©n¹ n x 2
2nx
k lim lim
1k 2k " n k 1 §i·
n
lim k 1
lim ¦ ¨ ¸ n of e nx n of xenx
i 1 n ©n¹
n of n of
n f
1 k ª 1 k 1 º
1
f
³0 x dx « k 1 x »
¬ ¼0 lim
2nx
lim
2x
0
n of nx n of x 2 enx
1 xe
k 1 1 x ª xe x e x º
1 2
c. ³0 xe dx
¬ ¼0
1
e
1/ t
§ n t· 1 § n · 2 x 1 3
¨¨ ¦ ci xi ¸¸ ln ¨ ¦ ci xit ¸ .
1
ª 2 xe2 x e2 x º
46. Let y , then ln y
¨
t ©i 1 ¸ ³0 4 xe dx
¬ ¼0
1
e2
©i 1 ¹ ¹
3 x 1 4
1
ª 3xe3 x e3 x º
§ n ·
ln ¨ ¦ ci xit ¸ ³0 9 xe dx
¬ e3 ¼0
1
1 § ·n ¨ ¸
lim ln ¨ ¦ ci xit ¸ lim © i 1 ¹ 1 4 x 4 x 4 x 1 5
t o0 t ¨
©i 1
¸
¹ t o0 t ³016 xe dx ª¬ 4 xe e º¼ 0 1 e4
n 1
0 6
¦ ci 5 x ª
5 xe5 x e5 x º 1
1
The limit is of the form
0
, since 1. ³0 25 xe ¬ ¼0 e5
i 1
§ n · 1 6 x 6 x 6 x 1 7
ln ¨ ¦ ci xit ¸
¨ ¸
³0 36e dx ª¬ 6 xe e º¼ 0 1 e6
n
lim © i 1 ¹ 1
lim ¦ ci xit ln xi
xe nx dx 1
1 2
³n
t n
t o0 t o0 d. Guess: lim
¦ ci xit i 1
n of 0
i 1 1
xe nx dx ª nxe nx e nx º
1 2
n n ³0 n ¬ ¼0
¦ ci ln xi ¦ ln xi ci
n 1
i 1 i 1
(n 1)e n 1 1
§ n ·
1/ t en
lim ¨ ¦ ci xi t ¸ lim eln y § n 1·
¨ ¸ lim ³ n 2 xe nx dx lim ¨1
1
t o0 © i 1 ¹ t o0 ¸
n
n of 0 n of © en ¹
¦ ln xici n n 1
1 lim if this last limit exists. The
ei 1 x1c1 x2c2 } xncn xici n of e n
i 1
f
limit is of the form .
1/ t f
§1 1 ·
47. a. lim ¨ 2t 5t ¸ 2 5 | 3.162 n 1 1
©2 2 ¹ lim lim 0, so
t o0
n of e n n of en
1/ t
§1 4 ·
n xe nx dx 1 .
1 2
³
5
b. lim ¨ 2t 5t ¸ 5
2 54 | 4.163 lim
©5 5 ¹ n of 0
t o0

49. Note f(x) > 0 on [0, ũ). f
f ª
dx 1 º
§ x 25 x3 § 2 · x · 7. ³1 x1.00001 «¬ – 0.00001x0.00001 »¼
lim f ( x) lim ¨ ¸ 0
x ¨© e ¸¹ ¸
1
x of x of ¨ e x e
© ¹ § 1 · 1
0–¨– ¸ 100, 000
Therefore there is no absolute minimum. © 0.00001 ¹ 0.00001
f c( x) (25 x 24 3 x 2 2 x ln 2)e x
f x 1ª f
( x 25 x3 2 x )e x 8. ³10 1 x2 dx ln(1 x 2 ) º
2¬ ¼10
( x 25 25 x 24 x3 3 x 2 2 x 2 x ln 2)e x 1
f – ln 101 f
Solve for x when f c( x) 0 . Using a numerical 2
method, x ū 25. The integral diverges.
A graph using a computer algebra system verifies f
that an absolute maximum occurs at about x = 25. f dx ª x 0.00001 º
9. ³1 x0.99999 «« 0.00001 »» f –100, 000 f
¬ ¼1
The integral diverges.
8.3 Concepts Review
f
1. converge f x ª 1 º
10. ³1 (1 x 2 ) 2
dx «– »
«¬ 2(1 x ) »¼1
2
b
2. lim
b of 0
³ cos x dx
§ 1· 1
0–¨– ¸
© 4¹ 4
0 f
3. ³– f f ( x)dx; ³0 f ( x)dx
f 1
11. ³e dx [ln(ln x)]ef f–0 f
4. p > 1 x ln x
Problem Set 8.3 f

f ln x ª1 º 1
In this section and the chapter review, it is understood
12. ³e x
dx
«
¬2
(ln x)2 »
¼e
f–
2
f
f b The integral diverges.

that [ g ( x)] means lim [ g ( x)] and likewise for
a b of a
1 1 1
similar expressions. 13. Let u = ln x, du dx, dv dx, v .
x 2 x
x
f f f ln x b ln x
1. ³100 e
xªe x º
dx
¬ ¼100
f – e100 f ³2 x2
dx lim ³ 2 dx
b of 2 x
The integral diverges. ª ln x º
b
b 1
lim lim ³ 2 dx
–5 b of «
¬ x ¼2
» b of 2 x
5 dx ª 1 º 1 1
2. ³– f x 4 «– 3 »
¬ 3x ¼ – f
–
3(–125)
–0
375 ª ln x 1 º
lim « »
b
ln 2 1
b of ¬ x x ¼2 2
f
f 2 ª – e – x2 º 1
3. ³1 2 xe – x dx «¬ »¼
1
0 – (– e –1 )
e 14.
f
³1 xe – x dx
u = x, du = dx
1
1 ª 1 4x º 1 4 1 4 e – x dx, v –e– x
³– f e dv
4x
4. dx «4 e » e –0 e
¬ ¼ –f 4 4 f f
ª – xe – x º f e – x dx
³1 xe – x d
¬ ¼1 ³1
f f
x dx ª 1 x2 º f
5. ³9 «¬ »¼ 9
f – 82 f ª – xe – x – e – x º
¬ ¼1
0 – 0 – (– e –1 – e –1 )
2
1 x 2
e
1
1 dx ª 1 º
f ª xº
dx 2
f 15. ³– f (2 x – 3)3 «– 2
»
6. ³1 «2 » f– f ¬« 4(2 x – 3) ¼» – f
Sx ¬ S ¼1 S
1 1
The integral diverges. – – (–0)
4 4

f dx f
ª 3 S x 1/ 3 º
16. ³4 S x 2 / 3 ¬ ¼4
f 33 S 4 f
f f 0 f
x 0 x x ª x2 9 º ª x2 9 º
17. ³– f dx ³– f dx ³
0
dx
«¬ »¼ – f «¬ »¼ 0
(3 – f) (f – 3)
x2 9 x2 9 x2 9
0 x f x
The integral diverges since both ³– f dx and ³
0
dx diverge.
x 9
2
x 9
2
f dx 0 dx f dx
18. ³– f ( x2 16)2 ³– f ( x2 16)2 ³0 ( x 16) 2
2
dx 1 x x
³ ( x 2 16)2 128
tan –1
4 32( x 16)
2
by using the substitution x = 4 tan T.
0
0 dx ª 1 x x º ª 1 § S· º S
³– f ( x2 16)2 « tan –1 »
4 32( x 16) ¼»
2
0–« ¨ – ¸ 0»
¬128 © 2 ¹ ¼
¬«128 –f
256
f
f dx ª 1 –1 x x º 1 § S· S
³0 ( x2 16)2 ««128 tan 4 32( x2 16) »» ¨ ¸ 0 – (0)
128 © 2 ¹ 256
¬ ¼0
f dx S S S
³– f ( x 2 16)2 256 256 128
f 1 f 1 0 1 f 1
19. ³– f x 2 2 x 10 dx ³– f ( x 1)2 9 dx ³– f ( x 1)2 9 dx ³0 ( x 1)2 9
dx
1 1 x 1
³ ( x 1)2 9 dx 3
tan –1
3
by using the substitution x + 1 = 3 tan T
0
0 1 ª1 –1 x 1 º 1 1 1§ S· 1§ –1 1 ·
³– f ( x 1)2 9 dx « 3 tan
¬ 3 »¼ – f 3
tan –1 – ¨ – ¸
3 3© 2¹
¨ S 2 tan
6© 3¹
¸
f
f 1 ª1 –1 x 1 º 1§ S· 1 –1 1 1§ –1 1 ·
³0 ( x 1) 9 2
dx « 3 tan
¬ 3 »¼ 0
¨ ¸ – tan
3© 2 ¹ 3 3
¨ S – 2 tan
6© 3¹
¸
f 1 1§ –1 1 · 1 § –1 1 · S
³– f x2 2 x 10 dx ¨ S 2 tan
6©
¸ ¨ S – 2 tan
3¹ 6 © 3¹
¸
3
f x 0 x f x
20. ³– f 2x
dx ³– f e –2 x dx ³0 e 2x
dx
e
0 x 0 1 2x
³– f e –2 x dx ³– f xe e2 x dx, v
2x
For dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv e .
2
0 0
0 ª 1 2x º 1 0 2x ª 1 2x 1 2x º 1 1
³– f xe2 x dx « 2 xe » – 2 ³– f e dx
¬ ¼ –f
« 2 xe – 4 e »
¬ ¼ –f
0–
4
– (0) –
4
f x f 1
For ³0 e 2x
dx ³0 xe –2 x dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv e –2 x dx, v – e –2 x .
2
f f
f ª 1 –2 x º 1 f –2 x ª 1 –2 x 1 –2 x º § 1· 1
³0 xe –2 x dx « – 2 xe » 2 ³0 e dx
¬ ¼0
« – 2 xe
¬
– e »
4 ¼0
0 – ¨0 – ¸
© 4¹ 4
f x 1 1
³– f 2x
dx –
4 4
0
e

f 0 f 25. The area is given by
21. ³– f sech x dx ³– f sech x dx ³0 sech x dx f 2 f§ 1 1 ·
[tan –1 (sinh x)]0– f [tan –1 (sinh x)]f
³1 4 x 2 1dx ³1 ¨© 2 x –1 – 2 x 1 ¸¹ dx
0
f
ª § S ·º ª S º 1 f 1 ª 2x 1 º
«0 – ¨ – 2 ¸ » « 2 – 0 » S ª ln 2 x 1 ln 2 x 1 º¼
2 ¬« 2 x 1 ¼»1
¬ ln
¬ © ¹¼ ¬ ¼ 2 1
1§ § 1 ·· 1
f f 1 f 2 ¨ 0 ln ¨ ¸ ¸ ln 3
22. ³1 csch x dx ³1 sinh x
dx ³1 ex – e– x
dx 2© © 3 ¹¹ 2
2x 1
f 2e x Note:. lim ln 0 since
³1 e 2x
–1
dx x of 2x 1
§ 2x 1 · .
Let u e x , du e x dx . lim ¨ ¸ 1
x of © 2 x 1 ¹
f 2e x f 2 f§ 1 1 ·
³1 e 2x
–1
dx ³e 2
u –1
du ³e ¨ – ¸ du
© u –1 u 1 ¹
26. The area is
f 1 f§ 1 1 ·
[ln(u –1) – ln(u 1)]ef
ª u –1 º
f
³1 x 2 x dx ³1 ¨ – ¸ dx
© x x 1¹
«ln u 1 »
¬ ¼e f
f ª x º 1
e –1 ª¬ln x ln x 1 º¼ «ln x 1 » 0 ln ln 2
0 – ln | 0.7719 1
¬ ¼1 2
e 1
§ b –1 b –1 · .
¨ lim ln 0 since lim 1¸
© bof b 1 b of b 1 ¹ 27. The integral would take the form
f 1 f
f k³ dx > k ln x @3960 f
f x ª 1 º 3960 x
23. ³0
e cos x dx « x (sin x cos x) »
¬ 2e ¼0 which would make it impossible to send anything
out of the earth's gravitational field.
1 1
0 (0 1)
2 2 28. At x = 1080 mi, F = 165, so
(Use Formula 68 with a = –1 and b = 1.)
k 165(1080) 2 | 1.925 u 108 . So the work done
f in mi-lb is
f x ª 1 º
24. ³
0
e sin x dx « x (cos x sin x) »
¬ 2e ¼0 1.925 u 108 ³
f 1
dx 1.925 u 108 ª x 1 º
f
1080 x 2 ¬ ¼1080
1 1
0 (1 0) 1.925 u 108
2 2 | 1.782 u 105 mi-lb.
1080
(Use Formula 67 with a = –1 and b = 1.)
f rt f 0.08t
29. FP ³0 e f (t ) dt ³0 100, 000e
f
ª 1 0.08t º
« 0.08 100, 000e » = 1,250,000
¬ ¼0
The present value is $1,250,000.
f 0.08t
30. FP ³0 e (100, 000 1000t )dt
f
ª 1, 250, 000e0.08t 12,500te0.08t 156, 250e0.08t º = 1,406,250
¬ ¼0
The present value is $1,406,250.
31. a. f a b 1 f
³f f ( x) dx ³f 0 dx ³a b a dx ³b 0 dx
1 1
0 > x @ba 0 b a
ba ba

b. f
P ³f x f ( x) dx
a b 1 f
³f x 0 dx ³a x b a dx ³b x 0 dx
b
1 ª x2 º
0 « » 0
b a ¬« 2 ¼»
a
b a
2 2
2(b a)
(b a)(b a )
2(b a)
ab
2
f
V2 ³f ( x P )
2
dx
a b 1 f
³f ( x P ) 0 dx ³ ( x P )2 dx ³ ( x P )2 0 dx
2
a ba b
b
1 ª x P º
3
0 « » 0
ba « 3 »
¬ ¼a
1 b P a P
3 3
ba 3
1 b3 3b 2 P 3bP 2 a3 3a 2 P 3a P 2
ba 3
Next, substitute P (a b) / 2 to obtain
1 ª 1 b3 3 b 2 a 3 ba 2 1 a3 º
V2
3b a ¬ 4 4 4 4 ¼
1
b a 3
12 b a
b a 2
12
c. 2
P ( X 2) ³f f ( x) dx
0 2 1
³f 0 dx ³0 10 0 dx
2 1
10 5
x
32. a. f 0 fE E 1 ( x / T ) E
³f f ( x) dx ³f 0 dx ³0 T T
e dx
In the second integral, let u ( x / T ) E . Then,

du ( E / T )(t / T ) E 1 dt . When x 0, u 0 and when
x o f, u o f . Thus,
T T
f fE E 1 ( x / T ) E
³f f ( x) dx ³0 x e dx
f u f
ª e u º
³0 e du
¬ ¼0
0 e0 1

b. E 1
f f E § x·
e( x / T ) dxw
0
P ³f xf ( x) dx ³f x 0 dx ³
0 T
x¨ ¸
©T ¹
2 f 2 ( x / 3)2 3
3 ³0
x e dx S
2
f 2 f 2
( x P )2 xe( x / 9) dx
0
V2 ³f ( x P ) ³f ( x P ) 0 dx ³
2 2
f ( x) dx
9 0
3 3 3
S P S S 0
2 2 2
c. The probability of being less than 2 is
2

E 1 ( x / T ) E E
0 ª« e ( x / T ) º»
2 0 2E
³f f ( x ) dx ³f 0 dx ³0 T Tx e dx
¬ ¼0
E
1 e(2 / T )
2
1 e(2 / 3) | 0.359
33.
x–P
e –( x – P ) / 2V
2 2
f c( x) –
V 3
2S
1 ( x – P ) –( x – P )2 / 2V 2 2
e –( x – P ) / 2V
2 2
f cc( x) – e
V 3 2S V 5 2S
§ ( x – P )2 1 · –( x – P )2 / 2V 2
¨ 5 – ¸e
¨ V 2S V 3 2S ¸
© ¹
1 2 –( x – P )2 / 2V 2
[( x P ) V ]e
2
V 5 2S
f cc( x) 0 when ( x – P )2 V 2 so x P r V and the distance from P to each inflection point is V
f
f f CM k ª 1 º § 1 · C C
34. a. ³– f f ( x)dx ³M x k 1
dx CM k « –
¬ kx k
»
¼M
CM k ¨ 0
©
¸
kM k ¹ k
. Thus,
k
1 when C = k.
f f kM k f 1 § b 1 ·
b. P ³– f xf ( x)dx
x
³M x
x
k 1
dx kM k ³
M k
dx kM k ¨ lim ³
© bof M x k
dx ¸
¹
This integral converges when k > 1.
§ ª º
b · § ·
k¨ 1 ¸ 1 kM
When k > 1, P kM lim « – » kM k ¨ –0 ¸
¨¨ bof « (k – 1) x k –1 » ¸¸ ¨ k –1 ¸ k –1
© ¬ ¼M ¹ © (k – 1) M ¹
The mean is finite only when k > 1.

c. Since the mean is finite only when k > 1, the variance is only defined when k > 1.
f f§
2
kM · kM k k f
§ 2 2kM k 2M 2 · 1
V 2 ³ ( x – P ) 2 f ( x)dx ³ ¨ x – ¸ dx kM ³M ¨¨ x – x ¸ dx
–f M© k – 1 ¹ x k 1 © k –1 (k – 1)2 ¸¹ x k 1
f 1 2k 2 M k 1 f 1 k 3M k 2 f 1
kM k ³ dx – ³ dx ³ dx
M x k –1 k –1 M xk (k – 1) 2 M x k 1
The first integral converges only when k – 1 > 1 or k > 2. The second integral converges only when k > 1,
which is taken care of by requiring k > 2.
f f f
ª 1 º 2k 2 M k 1 ª 1 º k 3M k 2 ª 1 º
V 2 k
kM « – » – « – » «– »
«¬ (k – 2) x k –2 »¼ M k – 1 «¬ (k – 1) x k –1 »¼
M (k – 1)2 ¬ kx k ¼M
§ 1 · 2k 2 M k 1 § 1 · k 3M k 2 § 1 ·
kM k ¨ –0 ¸ – ¨ –0 ¸ ¨ –0 ¸
¨ k –2 ¸ ¨ k –1 ¸ 2
kM k ¹
© (k – 2) M ¹ k –1 © (k – 1) M ¹ (k – 1) ©
kM 2 2k 2 M 2 k 2 M 2
–
k – 2 (k – 1) 2 (k – 1) 2
§ 1 k · § k 2 – 2k 1 – k 2 2k · kM 2
kM 2 ¨ kM 2 ¨ ¸
¨ k – 2 (k – 1)2 ¸¸
–
¨ (k – 2)(k – 1) 2 ¸ (k – 2)(k – 1)2
© ¹ © ¹
35. We use the results from problem 34: f dx

36. u Ar ³
a. To have a probability density function (34 a.)
a ( r x 2 )3 / 2
2
we need C k ; so C = 3. Also, f
Aª x º A§ a ·
kM « » ¨1 ¸
P (34 b.) and since, in our problem, r ¬« r x 2 »¼ a ¨
r© ¸
k 1
2
r a2
2
¹
P 20, 000 and k =3, we have dx x
Note that ³ ( r 2 x 2 )3 / 2 by using
3 4 u 104 r 2 r 2 x2
20000 M or M .
2 3 the substitution x r tan T .
f 0 f
b. By 34 c., V 2
kM 2
so that
37. a. ³f sin x dx ³f sin x dx ³0 sin x dx
(k 2)(k 1) 2
lim > cos x @0 lim > cos x @a
a 0
4 ·2 a of a of
3 § 4 u 10 4 u 108
V2 ¨ ¸ Both do not converge since –cos x is
4 ¨© 3 ¸¹ 3 oscillating between –1 and 1, so the integral
diverges.
3
f § 4 u 104 · t 3
c. ³105 ¨ 3 ¸ t of ³105 x 4
f ( x) dx ¨ ¸ lim dx b. lim
a
³ sin x dx lim [ cos x]a a
© ¹ a of a a of
§ 4 u 104
3
· t lim [ cos a cos(a)]
ª1º a of
¨ ¸ lim « 3 »
¨ 3 ¸ t of ¬ x ¼ 5 lim [ cos a cos a] lim 0 0
© ¹ 10 a of aof
3
§ 4 u 104 · ª 1 1º 64
¨ ¸ lim « 15 3 » 38. a. The total mass of the wire is
¨ 3 ¸ t of ¬10 t ¼ 27 u 103
© ¹ f 1 S
| 0.0024 ³0 1 x2 dx 2 from Example 4.
Thus 6 of one percent earn over f
f x ª1 2 º
³0 1 x2
25
$100,000.
b. « 2 ln 1 x » which
dx
¬ ¼0
diverges. Thus, the wire does not have a
center of mass.

1 ª 1 º ª 1 º
39. For example, the region under the curve y
x « n, n 2 » and « n 1 – , n 1»
¬ 2n ¼ «¬ 2(n 1) 2
¼»
to the right of x = 1.
Rotated about the x-axis the volume is 1 1
will never overlap since d and
f 1 2 2
2n
S³ dx S . Rotated about the y-axis, the
1 x2 1 1
d .
f 1 2(n 1) 2 8
volume is 2S ³ x dx which diverges.
1 x The graph of f consists of a series of isosceles
triangles, each of height 1, vertices at
40. a. Suppose lim f ( x) M z 0, so the limit § 1 · § 1 ·
x of ¨ n – 2 , 0 ¸ , (n, 1), and ¨ n 2 , 0 ¸ ,
exists but is non-zero. Since lim f ( x) M, © 2n ¹ © 2n ¹
x of based on the x-axis, and centered over each
there is some N > 0 such that when x Ů N, integer n.
M lim f ( x) does not exist, since f(x) will be 1
f ( x) – M d , or x of
2
at each integer, but 0 between the triangles.
M M Each triangle has area
M– d f ( x) d M
2 2 1 1ª 1 § 1 ·º
Since f(x) is nonnegative, M > 0, thus bh « n 2 – ¨ n – 2 ¸ » (1)
M
2 2¬ 2n © 2n ¹ ¼
! 0 and
2 1§ 1 · 1
f f
¨ ¸
N 2 © n2 ¹ 2n 2
³0 f ( x )dx ³0 f ( x)dx ³
N
f ( x)dx
f
N M f N ª Mx º
f ³0 f ( x)dx is the area in all of the triangles,
t³ f ( x)dx ³ dx ³ f ( x)dx « » f thus
0 N 2 0 ¬ 2 ¼N
f
f 1 1 f 1
so the integral diverges. Thus, if the limit
exists, it must be 0. ³0 f ( x)dx ¦ 2n 2 ¦
2 n 1 n2
n 1
1 1 f 1 1 1 f 1
b. For example, let f(x) be given by ¦
2 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 ³1 x 2
d dx
2 1
°2n x – 2n 1 if n – 2 d x d n
3
f
° 2n 1 1 ª 1º 1 1
– (–0 1) 1
°
f ( x) ® –2n x 2n 1 if n x d n
2 3 1 2 2 «¬ x »¼1 2 2
° 2n 2 f
1
°0
°
otherwise (By viewing ¦ n2 as a lower Riemann sum
n 2
¯
for every positive integer n. 1
for )
§ 1 · § 1 · x2
2n 2 ¨ n – ¸ – 2n 1
3
f ¨n –
2¸ f
© 2n ¹ © 2n 2 ¹ Thus, ³0 f ( x )dx converges, although
2n – 1 – 2n 1 0
3 3
lim f ( x) does not exist.
x of
f ( n) 2 n 2 ( n ) – 2 n3 1 1
lim f (n) lim (–2n 2 x 2n3 1) 1 f ( n)
xon x on
§ 1 · § 1 ·
f ¨n ¸ –2n 2 ¨ n 2 n3 1
2¸
© 2n 2 ¹ © 2n ¹
–2n3 –1 2n3 1 0
Thus, f is continuous at
1 1
n– , n, and n .
2
2n 2n 2
Note that the intervals

100 1 ª 1º
100 Problem Set 8.4
41. ³1 x 2
dx «– x »
¬ ¼1
0.99
3
3 dx ª 3( x – 1) 2 / 3 º
³1 ( x – 1)1/ 3
100
100 1 ª 1 º 1. lim « »
³1 x 1.1
dx «– »
¬ 0.1x 0.1 ¼1
| 3.69 b o1 «¬ 2 »¼ b
100 33 2 3(b – 1) 2 / 3 3 3
100 1 ª 1 º 2 – lim –0
³1 x1.01
dx «–
¬ 0.01x 0.01 »
¼1
| 4.50 2 bo1 2 3
2 3
2
100 1 3
ª º
³1 x
dx [ln x]100
1 ln100 | 4.61
2. ³
3 dx
lim « –
3
»
1 ( x – 1) 4 / 3 b o1 1/ 3
100 «¬ ( x – 1) »¼ b
100 1 ª x 0.01 º
³1 x 0.99
dx « »
«¬ 0.01 »¼1
| 4.71
–
3
lim
3
–
3
f
3
2 bo1 ( x –1)1/ 3 3
2
10 1 1 ª 1 º10
42. ³0 S(1 x ) 2
dx
S¬
tan x
¼0 10 dx 10
1.4711
3. ³3 x–3
lim ª¬ 2 x – 3 º¼
b o3 b
| | 0.468
S 2 7 – lim 2 b – 3 2 7
50 1 1 ª 1 º 50 b o3
³0 S(1 x2 ) dx S¬
tan x
¼0
9 dx b
|
1.5508
| 0.494
4. ³0 9– x
lim ª¬ 2 9 – x º¼
b o9 – 0
S
lim 2 9 – b 2 9 6
100 1 1 ª 1 º100 b o9 –
³0 S(1 x2 ) dx S¬
tan x
¼0
1 dx b
1.5608 5. ³0 lim ªsin –1 x º
| | 0.497 b o1–
¬ ¼0
S 1 – x2
S S
1 1 lim sin –1 b – sin –1 0 –0
³0 exp(–0.5 x )dx | 0.3413
2
43. b o1 – 2 2
2S
2 1 f b
³0 lim ª 1 x 2 º
exp(–0.5 x 2 )dx | 0.4772 x
2S
6. ³100 dx
b of «¬ »¼100
1 x2
3 1
³0 2S
exp(–0.5 x 2 )dx | 0.4987 lim 1 b 2 10, 001
b of
f
4 1 The integral diverges.
³0 2S
exp(–0.5 x 2 )dx | 0.5000
3 1 b 1 3 1
7. ³–1 x3 dx lim
b o0
³
– –1 x3
dx lim
bo0 b ³ x3
dx
b 3
8.4 Concepts Review ª 1 º ª 1 º
lim « – » lim « –
2»
b o0 – ¬ 2 x ¼ –1 b o0 ¬ 2 x ¼ b
2
1. unbounded
2. 2 § 1 1· § 1 1 ·
¨ lim– – 2 ¸ ¨ – lim 2 ¸
© bo0 2b 2 ¹ © 18 bo0 2b ¹
b 1
3. lim³
bo4 – 0 4– x
dx § 1 · § 1
¨ f ¸ ¨ – f ¸
·
© 2¹ © 8 ¹
4. p < 1 The integral diverges.

–5 1 b 1 –5 1 128 –5 / 7
8. ³5 x2 / 3
dx lim ³ 2 / 3 dx blim
b o0 5 x
³
o0– b x2 / 3
dx 9. ³–1 x dx
b 128 –5 / 7
³ x dx lim ³
b –5 –5 / 7
lim ª3x1/ 3 º lim ª3 x1/ 3 º
lim x dx
¬ ¼ 5 bo0 – ¬ ¼b b o0 – –1 b o0 b
b o0
b 128
lim 3b1/ 3 – 33 5 33 –5 – lim 3b1/ 3 ª7 º ª7 º
lim « x 2 / 7 » lim « x 2 / 7 »
b o0 b o0 – b o0 – ¬2 ¼ –1 b o0
¬2 ¼b
0 – 3 5 33 5 – 0 33 5 3 5
3 3
6 3 5 7 7 7 7
lim b 2 / 7 – (–1)2 / 7 (128) 2 / 7 – lim b 2 / 7
– 2 2 2
b o0 b o0 2
7 7 21
0 – (4) – 0
2 2 2
1 x b x
10. ³0 3 2
dx lim ³
b o1– 0 3
dx
1– x 1 – x2
b
ª 3 º
lim « – (1 – x 2 )2 / 3 »
–¬ 4 ¼0
b o1
3 3 3 3
lim (1 – b 2 ) 2 / 3 –0
– 4 4 4 4
b o1
b 4
4 dx b dx 4 dx ª 1 º ª 1 º
11. ³ lim ³ lim ³ lim « – (2 – 3 x)2 / 3 » lim « – (2 – 3x )2 / 3 »
0 (2 – 3x)1/ 3 bo 2
– 0
(2 – 3 x)1/ 3 bo 2
b
(2 – 3 x)1/ 3 bo 2 – ¬ 2 ¼ 0 bo 2 ¬ 2 ¼b
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
lim (2 – 3b) 2 / 3 (2)2 / 3 – (–10) 2 / 3 lim (2 – 3b)2 / 3
2 2 2
bo 2 2
–
bo 2
3 3
1 1 1 2/3
0 22 / 3 102 / 3 0 (2 102 / 3 )
2 2 2
b
8 x ª 3 º 3 3 33
12. ³ 5 (16 2 x ) 2 2/3
dx lim « (16 2 x 2 )1/ 3 »
¬ 4 ¼
lim (16 2b 2 )1/ 3 3 6
4 4 4
6
bo 8 5 bo 8
–4 x b x –4 x
13. ³0 16 – 2 x 2
dx lim ³
0
16 – 2 x 2
dx lim
– b ³ 16 – 2 x 2
dx
bo – 8 bo – 8
b –4
ª 1 º ª 1 º
lim – ln 16 – 2 x 2 » lim « – ln 16 – 2 x 2 »
«
¬ 4 ¼ –¬ 4 ¼b
bo – 8 0 bo – 8
1 1 1 1
lim ln 16 – 2b 2 ln16 – ln16 lim ln 16 – 2b 2
4 4 4 – 4
bo – 8 bo – 8
ª 1 º ª 1 º
« –(– f) 4 ln16 » « – 4 ln16 (– f) »
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
b
lim ª – 9 – x 2 º
3 x
14. ³0 2
dx
«
b o3 – ¬ ¼» 0
lim 9 – b 2 9
b o3 –
3
9– x
b
–1 dx ª 3 º 3 3
15. ³–2 ( x 1)4 / 3 lim « –
b o –1– ¬« ( x 1)
1/ 3
» lim –
(b 1) 1/ 3

(–1)1/ 3
–(– f) – 3
¼» –2
–
b o –1

dx dx ª 1 1 º
16. Note that ³ x2 x 2 ³ ( x 1)( x 2) ³ «¬ 3( x 1) 3( x 2) »¼ dx by using a partial fraction decomposition.
3 dx b dx 3 dx
³0 x2 x – 2 lim ³ 2 lim ³
b o1– 0 x x – 2 bo1 b x x – 2
2
b 3
ª1 1 º ª1 1 º
lim « ln x –1 – ln x 2 » lim « ln x –1 – ln x 2 »
– ¬3 3 ¼ ¬3 3 ¼b
b o1 0 b o1
b 3
ª1 x –1 º ª1 x –1 º 1 b –1 1 1 1 2 1 b –1
lim « ln lim « ln – ln ln – lim ln
x 2 ¼ 0 bo1 ¬ 3 x 2 »¼ b
» lim ln
b o1 ¬
– 3
bo1 – 3 b 2 3 2 3 5 bo1 3 b 2

§ 1 1· §1 2 ·
¨ – f – ln ¸ ¨ ln f ¸
© 3 2 ¹ © 3 5 ¹
1 1 1 1
17. Note that
x x x 1 2( x 1)
3 2 2 4( x 1) 4( x 1)
3 dx b dx 3 dx
³0 x3 – x2 – x 1 blim
o1 – ³0 x3 – x 2 – x 1
lim ³
bo1 b x3 – x 2 – x 1
b 3
ª 1 1 1 º ª 1 1 1 º
lim « – – ln x 1 ln x 1 » lim « – – ln x 1 ln x 1 »
b o1– ¬ 2( x –1) 4 4 ¼ 0 bo1 ¬ 2( x –1) 4 4 ¼b
ª§ 1 1 b 1 · § 1 ·º ª 1 1 § 1 1 b 1 ·º
lim «¨ – ln ¸ ¨ – 0 ¸ » lim « – ln 2 – ¨ – ln ¸»
b o1– ¬© 2(b –1) 4 b 1 ¹ © 2 ¹ ¼ bo1 ¬ 4 4 © 2(b –1) 4 b 1 ¹ ¼
§ 1· § 1 1 ·
¨ f f – ¸ ¨ – ln 2 f – f ¸
© 2¹ © 4 4 ¹
x1/ 3 1 9
18. Note that .
x 2/3
9 1/ 3
x 1/ 3
x ( x 2 / 3 9)
b
27 x1/ 3 ª3 27 º §3 27 · § 27 ·
³0 x 2/3
–9
dx lim « x 2 / 3 ln x 2 / 3 – 9 »
b o27 – ¬2 2 ¼0
lim ¨ b 2 / 3 ln b 2 / 3 – 9 ¸ – ¨ 0 ln 9 ¸
b o 27 –©2 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
27 27
– f – ln 9
2 2
b S/2 S/2
ª 1 º
19.
S/4
³0 tan 2 xdx lim « – ln cos 2 x »
–¬ 2
20. ³0 csc xdx lim ¬ªln csc x – cot x º¼
b o0
b
bo S ¼0
4 ln 1 – 0 – lim ln csc b – cot b
1 1 b o0
lim ln cos 2b ln1 = –(–ũ) + 0
– 2 2 1 – cos b
bo S 0 – lim ln
b o0
4
sin b
1 – cos b 0
lim is of the form .
sin b 0
b o0
1 – cos b sin b 0
lim lim 0
sin b cos b 1
b o0 b o0
1 – cos b
Thus, lim ln – f and the integral
sin b
b o0
diverges.

S/2 sin x S/ 2 1 cos x x
21. ³0 1 – cos x
dx
b o0
lim ª¬ ln 1 – cos x º¼
b
25. Since
2
sin 2 ,
2
ln1 – lim ln 1 – cos b 0 – (– f) 1 1 x
csc 2 .
b o0 cos x 1 2 2
The integral diverges. S
Sdx ª xº
S/2 ³0 cos x – 1 lim « cot »
b o0 ¬ 2 ¼b
S/2 cos x ª3 º
22. ³0 3
lim « sin 2 / 3 x »
dx
b o0 ¬ 2
¼b S b
sin x cot – lim cot 0–f
3 2/3 3 2/3 3 2 b o0 2
(1) – (0) The integral diverges.
2 2 2
–1 dx b
S/2 ª1 º
b 26. ³–3 x lim ª¬ 2 ln(– x) º¼
³0
2 2
23. tan x sec x dx lim « tan 3 x » ln(– x) b o –1– –3
S – ¬3 ¼0
bo
2 lim 2 ln(–b) – 2 ln 3 0 – 2 ln 3
1 1 b o1–
lim tan 3 b – (0)3 f
– 3 3 –2 ln 3
bo S
2
The integral diverges. e x dx ln 3
lim ª 2 e x –1 º
ln 3
27. ³0 «
b o0 ¬
»¼ b
sec2 x
b e x –1
S/4 ª 1 º
24. ³0 (tan x – 1)2
dx lim « –
S – ¬ tan x – 1 »
¼0 2 3 – 1 – lim 2 eb – 1 2 2 –0 2 2
bo
4 b o0
1 1
lim –(– f) – 1
bo S
– tan b – 1 0 – 1
4
28. Note that 4 x x2 4 ( x 2 4 x 4) 22 ( x 2)2 . (by completing the square)

b
4 dx b dx ª x – 2º b–2 S S
³2 bo4
lim ³
– 2
lim «sin –1
bo4 –¬ 2 »¼ 2
lim sin –1
b o4 – 2
– sin –1 0
2
–0
2
4 x – x2 4 x – x2
e dx
29. ³1 x ln x lim [ln(ln x)]be
b o1
ln(ln e) – lim ln(ln b) = ln 1 – ln 0 = 0 + ũ
b o1
10
10 dx ª 1 º 1 1 1
30. ³1 x ln100 x blim «
–
99 »
o1 ¬ 99 ln x ¼ b
–
99
99 ln 10
lim
b o1
99 ln 99
b
–
99 ln 99 10
f
4c
4c dx ª º
31. ³2c lim «ln x x 2 4c 2 » ln ª¬ (4 2 3)c º¼ lim ln b b 2 4c 2
¬ ¼b
x 4c
2 2 b o 2c b o 2c
ln ¬ (4 2 3)c º¼ ln 2c
ª ln(2 3)

2c x dx 2c x dx 2c x 2c dx c 2c dx
32. ³c ³c ³c ³
x 2c x 2c 94 c2 2 x 2c 94 c2
0
x 2 xc – 2c 2 2
– 94 c 2
2 2
2c
ª c c º
lim « x 2 xc – 2c 2 ln x x 2 xc – 2c 2 »

b oc ¬ 2 2 ¼b
c 5c ª c c º
4c 2 ln 4c 2 – lim « b 2 bc – 2c 2 ln b b 2 bc – 2c 2 »

2 2 b oc ¬ 2 2 ¼
c 9c § c 3c · c 9c c 3c c
2c ln – ¨ 0 ln 0 ¸ 2c ln ln 2c ln 3
2 2 © 2 2 ¹ 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
33. For 0 < c < 1, is continuous. Let u , du – dx .
x (1 x) 1 x (1 x) 2
1
dv dx, v 2 x.
x
1
1 1 ª2 x º 1 xdx 2 2 c 1 xdx 2 c 1 xdx
³c x (1 x)
dx «
1 x
» 2 ³c
(1 x) 2
–
2 1 c
2³
c (1 x) 2
1–
1 c
2³
c (1 x) 2
¬ ¼c
1 1 ª 2 c 1 xdx º 1 xdx
Thus, lim ³ lim «1 – 2³
dx » 1 – 0 2³
c o0 c x (1 x) c o0 ¬« 1 c c (1 x ) 2
¼»
0 (1 x) 2
This last integral is a proper integral.
1 1
34. Let u , du – dx
1 x 2(1 x)3 / 2
1
dv dx, v 2 x.
x
1
1 dx ª 2 x º 1 x 2 1 2 c 1 x
For 0 < c < 1, ³c x(1 x)
« » ³c dx –
1 c
³ dx
¬ 1 x ¼c (1 x)3 / 2 (1 x)3 / 2
2 c
1 dx 1 dx ª 2 c 1 x º 1 x
Thus, ³0 x(1 x)
lim ³
c o0 c x(1 x)
lim « 2 –
c o0 ¬«
³
1 c c (1 x) 3 / 2
dx »
»¼
2 –0³
0 (1 x )3 / 2
dx
This is a proper integral.
0 b
lim ª – 9 – x 2 º lim ª – 9 – x 2 º
3 x 0 x 3 x
35. ³–3 dx ³–3 dx ³
0
dx
«
bo –3 ¬
»¼ b bo3– «¬ »¼ 0
9 – x2 9 – x2 9 – x2
– 9 lim 9 – b 2 – lim 9 – b 2 9 = –3 + 0 – 0 + 3 = 0
–
b o –3 b o3
0 b
3 x 0 x 3 x ª 1 º ª 1 º
³3 9 x2 ³3 9 x2 dx ³ lim « ln 9 x 2 » lim « 2 ln 9 x
2
36. dx dx »
9 x2 0 ¬ 2 ¼b bo3 ¬ ¼0
b o3
1 1
ln 3 lim ln 9 b 2 lim ln 9 b 2 ln 3 ( ln 3 f) (f ln 3)
2 2
b o3 b o3

0 b
4 1 0 1 4 1 ª1 x 4 º ª1 x 4 º
37. ³–4 16 – x2 dx ³–4 16 – x2 dx ³
0 16 – x 2
dx lim « ln
8
b o –4 ¬ x – 4 » lim– « 8 ln x – 4 »
¼ b b o4 ¬ ¼0
1 1 b4 1 b4 1
ln1 – lim ln lim ln – ln1 = (0 + ũ) + (ũ – 0)
8
bo –4 8 b – 4 bo4 8 b – 4 8
–
1 1 1 2 1 0 1 12 1 1 1
38. ³1 x ln x
dx ³1 x ln x
dx ³
1 2 x ln x
dx ³
0 x ln x
dx ³
12 x ln x
dx
1 2 b 12 b
lim ª 2 ln x º lim ª 2 ln x º lim ª 2 ln x º lim ª 2 ln x º
b o1
¬ ¼b b o0
¬ ¼ 1 2 bo0 ¬ ¼b bo1
¬ ¼1 2
(2 ln 2 0) (f 2 ln 2) (2 ln 2 f) (0 2 ln 2)
f 1 1 1 f 1 1 2 / 3 1
39. ³0 dx ³0 x p dx ³1 dx 43. a. ³0 x dx lim ª3x1/ 3 º 3
x p
x p
b o0
¬ ¼b
1
1 1 ª 1 p 1 º
If p > 1, ³0 xp
dx « p 1 x
¬
» diverges
¼0 b. V S³ x 4 / 3 dx
1
lim S ª 3x 1/ 3 º
1
0 b o0
¬ ¼b
p 1
since lim x f. 3S 3S lim b 1/ 3
x o0 b o0
f
f 1 ª 1 p 1 º The limit tends to infinity as b o 0, so the
If p < 1 and p Ŭ 0, ³1 xp
dx « p 1 x
¬
»
¼1 volume is infinite.
diverges since lim x p 1 f. 44. Since ln x < 0 for 0 < x < 1, b > 1
x of b 1 b
f ³0 ln x dx lim ³ ln x dx ³ ln x dx
If p = 0, ³0 dx f. c o0 c 1
lim > x ln x x @c > x ln x x @1

1 b
1 1 f1
If p = 1, both ³0 x
dx and ³1 x
dx diverge. c o0
1 lim (c ln c c) b ln b b 1
c o0
f
b ln b b
40. ³0 f ( x)dx
Thus, b ln b – b = 0 when b = e.
b c b
b o1
lim
0³ f ( x)dx lim
bo1 b ³ f ( x)dx lim ³
b of c
f ( x)dx
1 sin x
where 1 c f.
45. ³0 x
dx is not an improper integral since
sin x
8 2 / 3 b is bounded in the interval 0 ŭ x ŭ 1.
41. ³0 ( x 8) dx lim ª3( x 8)1/ 3 º x
b o8
¬ ¼0
= 3(0) – 3(–2)= 6 1 1 1
46. For x Ů 1, 1 so .
1 x 4
x (1 x )
4 4
x4
1§ 1 1 ·
42. ³0 ¨© x x3 x ¸¹ dx f 1 ª 1 º
b
1 1
1
³1 x 4
dx lim « – »
b of ¬ 3 x3 ¼1
– lim
bof 3b3

3
1 x ª1 º
³ 2 dx
lim
b o0 b x 1
lim « ln x 2 1 »
b o0 ¬2 ¼b –0
1 1
1 1 1 3 3
ln 2 lim ln b 2 1 ln 2 f 1
2 b o0 2 2 Thus, by the Comparison Test ³1 x (1 x 4 )
4
dx
converges.

47. For x Ů 1, x 2 t x so – x 2 d – x, thus xa
51. a. From Example 2 of Section 8.2, lim 0
2 x of e x
e– x d e– x .
for a any positive real number.
f –x 1
³1
e dx
bof
lim [– e – x ]1b – lim
b of eb
e –1
Thus lim
x n 1
0 for any positive real
x of e x
1 1
–0 number n, hence there is a number M such
e e
f – x2
x n 1
that 0 d 1 for x Ů M. Divide the
Thus, by the Comparison Test, ³1 e dx ex
converges. x n –1 1
inequality by x 2 to get that 0 d
x
e x2
48. Since x 2 1 d x 2 we know that
for x Ů M.
1 1 f 1
t . Consider ³ dx
x 2 1 x2 0 x2 f 1 ª 1º
b
1 1
f 1 b 1 b. ³1 dx lim « – »
b of ¬ x ¼1
– lim
³2 x 2 dx blim ³
2 b of b 1
dx x
of 2 x 2 –0 1 1

f f n –1 – x f
lim ª 2 x 2 º¼ b2 2 f M
b of ¬ 2
lim 2
b of ³1 x e dx ³1 x n –1e – x dx ³ x n –1e – x dx
M
M f 1
Thus, by the Comparison Test of Problem 46, we d³ x n –1e – x dx ³ dx
1 1 x2
f 1
conclude that ³ dx diverges. M
0 x2 1 ³ x n –1e – x dx
1
by part a and Problem 46. The remaining
49. Since x 2 ln x 1 t x 2 , we know that f n –1 – x
f
integral is finite, so ³1 x e dx
1 1 f 1 ª 1º converges.
d . Since ³ dx 1 « x »
x 2 ln x 1 x 2 1 x2 ¬ ¼1
1 –x 1 1
ª –e– x º
we can apply the Comparison Test of Problem 46
f 1
52. ³0 e dx
¬ ¼0
– e –1 1 1 – , so the
e
to conclude that ³ dx converges. integral converges when n = 1. For 0 ŭ x ŭ 1,

1 x 2 ln x 1
0 d x n –1 d 1 for n > 1. Thus,
50. If 0 ŭ f(x) ŭ g(x) on [a, b] and either x n –1
x n –1e – x d e – x . By the comparison test
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) f or ex
xoa xoa
1 n 1 – x
lim f ( x)
x ob
lim g ( x)
x ob
f, then the convergence from Problem 50, ³0 x e dx converges.
b
of ³a g ( x)dx implies the convergence of f 0 x
ª e x º
f
b b
53. a. *(1) ³0 x e dx
¬ ¼0
1
³a f ( x)dx and the divergence of ³a f ( x)dx
f n x
b b. *(n 1) ³0 x e dx
implies the divergence of ³a g ( x)dx.
Let u x n , dv e x dx,
du nx n 1dx, v e x .
f
*(n 1) [ x n e x ]f
0 ³ nx
n 1 x
e dx
0
f
0 n ³ x n 1e x dx n*(n)
0
c. From parts a and b,

*(1) 1, *(2) 1 *(1) 1,
*(3) 2 *(2) 2 1 2! .
Suppose *(n) (n 1)!, then by part b,
*(n 1) n*(n) n[(n 1)!] n ! .

f –x
54. n = 1, ³0 e dx 1 0! (1 –1)!
f
n = 2, ³0 xe – x dx 1 1! (2 –1)!
f 2 –x
n = 3, ³0 x e dx 2 2! (3 –1)!
f 3 –x
n = 4, ³0 x e dx 6 3! (4 –1)!
f 4 –x
n = 5, ³0 x e dx 24 4! (5 –1)!
f f D –1 – E x
55. a. ³– f f ( x)dx ³0 Cx e dx
y 1
Let y = Ex, so x and dx dy .
E E
D –1
f f § y· 1 C f D –1 – y
³0 CxD –1e – E x dx ³0 C¨ ¸ e– y dy ³ y e dy C E –D *(D )
©E¹ E ED 0
1 ED
C E –D *(D ) 1 when C .
E –D *(D ) *(D )
f f E D D –1 – E x ED f D –E x
b. P ³– f xf ( x)dx ³0 x
*(D )
x e dx
*(D ) ³0
x e dx
y 1
Let y = Ex, so x and dx dy.
E E
D
ED f§ y · – y 1 1 f D –y 1 1 D
P ³ ¨ ¸ e
*(D ) © E ¹
0 E
dy
E*(D ) ³0
y e dy
E*(D )
*(D 1)
E*(D )
D*(D )
E
(Recall that *(D + 1) = D*(D) for D> 0.)
D · E D D –1 – E x E D f § 2 2D D 2 · D –1 – E x
2
f f§
³– f ³0 *(D ) ³0 ¨©
c. V2 ( x – P )2 f ( x)dx ¨ x – ¸ x e dx ¨ x – x ¸x e dx
© E ¹ *(D ) E E 2 ¸¹
E D f D 1 – E x 2DE D –1 f D – E x D 2 E D –2 f D –1 – E x
³
*(D ) 0
x e dx –
*(D ) 0³ x e dx
*(D ) ³0 x e dx
y 1
In all three integrals, let y = Ex, so x and dx dy .
E E
D 1 D D –1
ED f§ y · 1 2DE D –1 f § y · – y 1 D 2 E D –2 f§ y· 1
*(D ) ³0 © E ¹ ³ ³0 ¨© E ¸¹
V2 ¨ ¸ e– y dy – ¨ ¸ e dy e– y dy
E *(D ) 0 © E ¹ E *(D ) E
1 f D 1 – y 2D f D –y D2 f D –1 – y
³
E 2 *(D ) 0
y e dy – ³
E 2 *(D ) 0
y e dy
E 2 ³
*(D ) 0
y e dy
1 2D D2 1 2D D2
*(D 2) – *(D 1) *(D ) (D 1)D*(D ) – D*(D )
E 2 *(D ) E 2 *(D ) E 2 *(D ) E 2 *(D ) E 2 *(D ) E2
D 2 D 2D 2 D2 D
–
E 2
E 2
E 2
E2

f D – st
56. a. L{tD }( s ) ³0 t e dt
x 1
Let t , so dt dx, then
s s
D
f D – st f§x · –x 1 f 1 *(D 1)
³ t e dt ³0 ¨© s ¸¹ e s dx ³0 xD e – x dx .
D 1
0 s sD 1
If s d 0 , tD e st o f as t o f, so the integral does not converge. Thus, the transform is defined only when
s > 0.
f
f D t – st f (D – s )t ª 1 (D – s )t º 1 ª
b. L{eD t }( s ) ³ e e dt ³ e dt «D – s e » lim e(D – s )b –1º»
0 0 ¬ ¼0 D – s «¬bof ¼
f if D ! s
lim e(D – s )b ®
b of ¯0 if s ! D
1 1
Thus, L{eD t }( s ) when s > D. (When s d D , the integral does not converge.)
D – s s D
f
L{sin(D t )}( s ) ³0 sin(D t )e
– st
c. dt
f
³0 sin(D t )e dt and use integration by parts with u = sin(Dt), du = Dcos(Dt)dt,
– st
Let I
1
dv e – st dt , and v – e – st .
s
f
ª 1 – st º D f
« – s sin(D t )e » s ³0 cos(D t )e dt
– st
Then I
¬ ¼0
Use integration by parts on this integral with
1
u = cos(Dt), du = –D sin(Dt)dt, dv e – st dt , and v – e – st .
s
f f
ª 1 – st º D §ª 1 – st º D f ·
D ¨ D ³0 sin(D t )e dt ¸
– st
I –
« s sin( t ) e » « – cos( t ) e » –
¬ ¼ 0 s ¨© ¬ s ¼0 s ¸
¹
f
1ª § D ·º D2
– «e – st ¨ sin(D t ) cos(D t ) ¸ » – I
s¬ © s ¹¼0 s 2
Thus,
f
§ D2 · 1ª § D ·º
I ¨1 ¸ – «e – st ¨ sin(D t ) cos(D t ) ¸ »
¨ s 2 ¹¸ s¬ © s ¹¼0
©
f
1 ª – st § D ·º s ª § D · Dº
« e ¨ sin(D t ) s cos(D t ) ¸ » lim e – sb ¨ sin(D b) cos(D b) ¸ – »

I – – «
s 1 D2
2
¬ © ¹¼0 s 2
D 2 ¬bof © s ¹ s¼
s
§ D · 0 if s ! 0
lim e – sb ¨ sin(D b) cos(D b) ¸ ®
b of © s ¹ ¯f if s d 0
D
Thus, I when s > 0.
s D 2
2

57. a. The integral is the area between the curve 58. For 0 < x < 1, x p ! x q so 2 x p ! x p x q and
1– x
y2 and the x-axis from x = 0 to x =1. 1
!
1
. For 1 < x, x q ! x p so
x
x x
p q
2x p
1– x
y2 ; xy 2 1 – x; x( y 2 1) 1 1 1
x 2 x q ! x p x q and ! .
x x
p q
2 xq
1
x f 1 1 1 f 1
y 1
2
³0 x p xq dx ³0 x p xq dx ³1 x p xq dx
1– x Both of these integrals must converge.
As x o 0, y o f, while
x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1–1
³0 x p xq dx ! ³0 2 x p dx 2 ³0 x p dx which
when x = 1, y 0, thus the area is
1 converges if and only if p < 1.
f f 1 f 1 1 f 1
³0
1
dy lim [tan –1 y ]b0 ³1 x p xq dx ! ³1 2 x q dx 2 ³1 xq dx which
y 1
2 b of
converges if and only if q > 1. Thus, 0 < p < 1
S and 1 < q.
lim tan –1 b – tan –1 0
b of 2
b. The integral is the area between the curve 8.5 Chapter Review
1 x
y2 and the x-axis from x = –1 to
1– x Concepts Test
x = 1.
1 x 2 1. True: See Example 2 of Section 8.2.
y2 ; y – xy 2 1 x; y 2 –1 x( y 2 1);
1– x 2. True: Use l'Hôpital's Rule.
y2 – 1
x
y2 1 1000 x 4 1000 1000
3. False: lim 106
x of 0.001x 1 4 0.001
1 (–1) 0
When x = –1, y 0, while
f since e 1/ x o 1 and
1 – (–1) 2
4. False: lim xe1/ x
x of
1 x
as x o 1, y o f. x o f as x o f .
1– x
The area in question is the area to the right of 5. False: For example, if f(x) = x and
1 x ex ,
the curve y and to the left of the g ( x)
1– x
x
line x = 1. Thus, the area is lim 0.
x of e x
f§ y2 – 1 · f 2
³0 ¨ y 2 1 ¸¸ dy ³0 y 2 1 dy
¨ 1 –
6. False: See Example 7 of Section 8.2.
© ¹
b 7. True: Take the inner limit first.
lim ª 2 tan –1 y º
b of ¬ ¼0
8. True: Raising a small number to a large
§ S·
lim 2 tan –1 b – 2 tan –1 0 2¨ ¸ S exponent results in an even smaller
b of ©2¹ number.
9. True: Since lim f ( x) –1 z 0, it serves

xoa
only to affect the sign of the limit of
the product.

CHAPTER 9 Infinite Series
Review and Preview Problems 7. Original: f ( x) x 2 f c( x) 2 x (AT)
1. Original: If x ! 0 , then x 2 ! 0 (AT) Converse: f c( x) 2 x f ( x) x2

(Could have f ( x) x2 3 )
Converse: If x ! 0 , then x ! 0
2
Contrapositive: f c( x) z 2 x f ( x) z x 2 (AT)
Contrapositive: If x 2 d 0 , then x d 0 (AT)

8. Original: a b a 2 b 2
2. Original: If x 2 ! 0 , then x ! 0 Converse: a 2 b 2 a b
Contrapositive: a 2 t b 2 a t b
Converse: If x ! 0 , then x ! 0 (AT)
2
1 1 4 2 1 7
9. 1
Contrapositive: If x d 0 , then x d 0
2 2 4 4 4 4 4
3. Original: 1 1 1 1 1
10. 1
f differentiable at c f continuous at c (AT) 2 4 8 16 32
Converse: 32 16 8 4 2 1 63

f continuous at c f differentiable at c 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
Contrapositive:
f discontinuous at c f non-differentiable at c 4
1 1 1 1 1 12 6 4 3 25
(AT)
11. ¦i
1 2 3 4 12 12
i 1
4. Original:
f continuous at c f differentiable at c
4
(1) k 1 1 1 1
12. ¦ 2 k

2 4 8 16
Converse: k 1
f differentiable at c f continuous at c (AT) 8 4 2 1 5
Contrapositive: 16 16
f non-differentiable at c f discontinuous at c
§f·
13. By L’Hopital’s Rule ¨ ¸ :
5. Original: ©f¹
f right continuous at c f continuous at c x 1 1
Converse: lim lim
x of 2 x 1 x of 2 2
f continuous at c f right continuous at c
(AT) §f·
Contrapositive: 14. By L’Hopital’s Rule ¨ ¸ twice:
©f¹
f discontinuous at c f not right continuous at c
n2 2n 2 1
lim lim
6. Original: f c( x) { 0 f ( x) c (AT) n of 2n 2 1 nof 4n 4 2
Converse: f ( x) c f c( x) { 0 (AT)
§f·
Contrapositive: f ( x) z c f c( x) { 0 (AT) 15. By L’Hopital’s Rule ¨ ¸ twice:
©f¹
x2 2x 2
lim x
lim x
lim 0
x of e x of e x of ex
512 Chapter 9 Review and Preview Instructor’s Resource Manual

§f· 9.1 Concepts Review
16. By L’Hopital’s Rule ¨ ¸ twice:
©f¹
1. a sequence
n2 2n 2
lim lim lim 0
n of en n of en n of en 2. lim an exists (finite sense)
n of
f1 t 1
17. ³1 x
dx lim ³
t of 1 x
dx 3. bounded above
lim > ln x @ 4. –1; 1

t
lim ln t
1 t of > @ f
t of
Integral does not converge.

Problem Set 9.1
f 1 t 1
18. ³1 x2
dx lim ³
t of 1 x2
dx
1. a1
1
, a2
2
, a3
3
, a4
4
, a5
5
t 2 5 8 11 14
ª 1º ª 1º
lim « » lim «1 » 1 n 1 1
t of ¬ x ¼1 t of ¬ t¼ lim lim ; converges
n of 3n – 1 n of 3 – 1 3
n
Integral converges.
5 8 11 14 17
2. a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5
f 1 t 1 2 3 4 5 6
19. ³1 x1.001
dx lim ³
t of 1 x1.001
dx
3 n2
3n 2
t lim lim 3; converges
ª 1000 º ª 1000 º n of n 1 nof 1 1
lim « » lim «1000 » 1000
n
t of ¬ x 0.001 ¼1 t of ¬ t 0.001 ¼
6 18 38
3. a1 2, a2 2, a3 ,
Integral converges. 3 9 17
66 22 102 34
f x t x a4 , a5
20. ³1 x 12
dx lim ³
t of 1 x 12
dx 27 9 39 13
u x 2 1 4n 2 2 4 22
n
du 2 x dx lim lim 4; converges
n of n 2 3n – 1 n of 1 3 – 12
t 2 1 1 n n
1
lim ³ du f
2 t of 2 u
14 29 50 77
4. a1 5, a2 , a3 , a4 , a5
Integral does not converge (see problem 17). 3 5 7 9
3n 2 2 3n n2
f
21.
f x
³1 x 2 1 dx tlim ³
of 1 x 2 1
dx
t x 1
2

ln x 1
2
1
f
lim
n of 2n –1
lim
n of 2 – 1n
f; diverges
Integral does not converge.

7 26 63 124 215
5. a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5
f 1 t 1 8 27 64 125 216
22. ³2 x (ln x) 2
dx lim ³
t of 2 x(ln x) 2
dx
n3 3n 2 3n n3 3n 2 3n
u ln x lim lim
du 1 x dx
n of (n 1)3 n of n3 3n 2 3n 1
ln t 1 n3 3
ln t 1 ª 1º n2
lim ³
t of ln 2 u 2
du lim « »
t of ¬ u ¼ ln 2
lim
nof 1 3 3 1
1
n n2 n3
ª 1 1 º 1
lim « | 1.443
ln t »¼
t of ¬ ln 2 ln 2
Integral converges.

5 14 29 e2 e4
6. a1 , a2 , a3 , 11. a1 | 2.4630, a2 | 6.0665,
3 5 7 3 9
50 5 2 77 e6 e8
a4 , a5 a3 | 23.7311, a4 | 110.4059,
9 9 11 17 27
3 2 e10
3n 2 2 n2 3 a5 | 564.7812
lim lim ; converges 39
n of 2n 1 n of 2 1 2
n Consider
e2 x 2e2 x 4e2 x
1 2 1 3 4 2 lim lim lim f
7. a1 – , a2 , a3 – , a4 , x of x 2 3 x –1 x of 2 x 3 x of 2
3 4 2 5 6 3 by using l’Hôpital’s Rule twice. The sequence
5 diverges.
a5 –
7
n 1 e2 e4
lim lim 1, but since it alternates 12. a1 | 1.8473, a2 | 3.4124,
n of n 2 n of 1 2 4 16
n
between positive and negative, the sequence e6 e8
a3 | 6.3036, a4 | 11.6444,
diverges. 64 256
e10
2 3 4 5 a5 | 21.510
8. a1 –1, a2 , a3 – , a4 , a5 – 1024
3 5 7 9 n
1 for n odd e2n § e2 · e2
cos(nS) ® ¨ ¸ , ! 1 so the sequence diverges.
4n ¨ 4 ¸ 4
¯ 1 for n even © ¹
n 1 1
lim lim , but since cos(n S )
n of 2n –1 nof 2 – 1 2 S S2
n 13. a1 – | –0.6283, a2 | 0.3948,
alternates between 1 and –1, the sequence 5 25
diverges. S3 S4
a3 – | –0.2481, a4 | 0.1559,
125 625
1 1 1 1
9. a1 –1, a2 , a3
– , a4 , a5 – S5
2 3 4 5 a5 – | –0.0979
3125
1 cos(nS) 1
cos nS 1 , so – d
n
d . (– S)n § S· S
n
n n n ¨ – ¸ , – 1 – 1, thus the sequence
1 1 5 n © 5¹ 5
lim – lim 0, so by the Squeeze converges to 0.
n of n nof n
Theorem, the sequence converges to 0.
1 1
14. a1 3 | 1.9821, a2 3 3.0625,
4 16
10. a1 e –1 sin1 | 0.3096, a2 e –2 sin 2 | 0.1231,
1 1
a3 e –3 sin 3 | 0.0070, a4 e –4 sin 4 | –0.0139, a3 3 3 | 5.2118, a4 9 | 9.0039,
64 256
a5 e –5 sin 5 | –0.0065 1
a5 9 3 | 15.589
–1 d sin n d 1 for all n, so 1024
– e – n d e – n sin n d e – n . §1·
n
1
¨ ¸ converges to 0 since –1 1.
lim – e – n lim e – n 0, so by the Squeeze © ¹
4 4
n of n of
3
n
Theorem, the sequence converges to 0. 3n / 2 diverges since 3 | 1.732 ! 1 .
Thus, the sum diverges.
15. a1 2.99, a2 2.9801, a3 | 2.9703,

a4 | 2.9606, a5 | 2.9510
(0.99)n converges to 0 since –1 < 0.99 < 1, thus
2 (0.99)n converges to 2.

1 2100 § 2·
4/2
§3·
2
9
16. a1 | 0.3679, a2 | 1.72 u 1029 , a4 ¨1 ¸ ¨ ¸ ,
2
e e © 4¹ ©2¹ 4
100
3 4100 § 2· §7·
5/ 2 5/ 2
a3 | 2.57 u 1046 , a4 | 2.94 u 1058 , a5 ¨1 ¸ ¨ ¸ | 2.3191
3 4
e e © 5¹ ©5¹
5100 2
a5 | 5.32 u 1067 Let h, then as n o f, h o 0 and
e5 n
n/2
x100 § 2·
Consider lim . By Example 2 of lim ¨1 ¸ lim (1 h)1/ h e by
ex
x of n of © n¹ ho0
x100 n100 Theorem 6.5A; converges

Section 8.2, lim 0 . Thus, lim 0;
x of e x n of en
20. a1 21/ 2 | 1.4142, a2 41/ 4 21/ 2 | 1.4142,
converges
a3 61/ 6 | 1.3480, a4 81/ 8 23 / 8 | 1.2968,
ln1 ln 2
17. a1 0, a2 | 0.4901, a5 101/10 | 1.2589
1 2
ln 3 ln 4 Consider lim (2 x)1/ 2 x . This limit is of the form
a3 | 0.6343, a4 | 0.6931 , x of
3 2 1
ln 5 f0 . Let y (2 x)1/ 2 x , then ln y ln 2 x.
a5 | 0.7198 2x
5 1 ln 2 x
1
lim ln 2 x lim
ln x 2 x of 2 x x of 2 x
x
Consider lim lim lim 0 by
x of x x of 1 x of x f
2 x This limit is of the form .
f
ln n 1
using l’Hôpital’s Rule. Thus, lim 0; ln 2 x 1
n of n lim lim x lim 0
x of 2 x x of 2 x of 2 x
converges.
lim (2 x)1/ 2 x lim e ln y
1
1 x of x of
ln1 ln
18. a1 0, a2 2
| –0.3466, Thus lim (2n) 1/ 2 n
1; converges
2 2 n of
ln 13 ln 14
a3 | –0.4485, a4 | –0.4901, n 1
6 2 2 21. an or an 1 ;
n 1 n 1
ln 15 § 1 · 1
a5 | –0.5089 lim ¨ 1 ¸ 1 lim = 1; converges
10 n of © n 1¹ n of n 1
ln 1x ln x 1x
Consider lim lim lim n
x of 2x x of 2x x of 1 22. an
2x n 1
2
2 x x 1
lim 0 by using l’Hôpital’s Rule. Thus, Consider
x
. Now, lim lim 0
x of x 2 x of 2 x x of 2 x ln 2
ln 1n n
0; converges by l’Hôpital’s Rule. Thus, lim 0;
lim n of 2n 1
n of 2n
converges
1/ 2
§ 2·
¨1 ¸ 3 | 1.7321,
19. a1 n n
23. an (1)n ; lim
© 1¹ 2n 1 nof 2n 1
2/ 2
§ 2· 1 1
a2 ¨1 ¸ 2, lim , but due to (1)n , the terms of
© 2¹ n of 2 1 2
n
3/ 2 3/ 2
§ 2· §5· the sequence alternate between positive and
a3 ¨1 ¸ ¨ ¸ | 2.1517, negative, so the sequence diverges.
© 3¹ ©3¹

1 1 7 17 31
24. an n; 32. a1 ; a2 ; a3 ; a4
1 n 1 2 6 12 20
n
lim n f ; diverges 2n 2 1
n of an 2 for all n, and an an 1 for all
n2 n
2
n n n n since an 1 an , so ân ` converges
25. an ; n 2n
2
n 2 – (n – 1) 2 n 2 – (n 2 – 2n 1) 2n – 1
to a limit L d 2.
n 1 1
lim lim ; converges
n of 2n – 1 nof 2 – 1 2 3 § 3 ·§ 8 · 2
n 33. a2 ; a3 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ;
4 © 4 ¹© 9 ¹ 3
n n(n 1) n2 n § 3 · § 8 ·§ 15 · 5
26. an ; a4 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ;
(n 1) n11 (n 1)2 1 n 2 2n © 4 ¹ © 9 ¹© 16 ¹ 8
§ 3 ·§ 8 · § 15 · § 24 · 3
n2 n 1 1n a5 ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
lim lim 1; converges © 4 ¹© 9 ¹ © 16 ¹ © 25 ¹ 5
n of n 2 2n nof 1 2
n an ! 0 for all n and an 1 an since
§ 1 · 1
an ¨ 1 and 1 1, so
sin 1n ¨ (n 1) 2 ¸¸
1 1 an 1
27. an n sin ; lim n sin lim
1
1 since © ¹ (n 1)2
n nof n n of
n {an } converges to a limit L t 0.
sin x
lim 1; converges
x o0 x 3 5 41
34. a1 1; a2 ; a3 ; a4
2 3 24
n2 an 2 for all n since
28. an (–1)n ;
3n 1 1 1 1 1
1 " d "
n2 2n 2 2! n ! 20 21 n 1
lim lim 0lim 2
n of 3n n of 3n n of 3n (ln 3) 2 f k
ln 3 §1·
by using l’Hôpital’s Rule twice; converges ¦ ¨© 2 ¸¹ 2
k 0
the sum never reaches 2. an an 1 since each
2n
29. an ; term is the previous term plus a positive quantity,
n2
so ân ` converges to a limit L d 2.
2n 2n ln 2 2n (ln 2) 2
lim lim lim f;
n of n 2 n of 2n n of 2 1 3 1§3· 7
diverges 35. a1 1, a2 1 (1) , a3 1 ¨ ¸ ,
2 2 2©2¹ 4
n 1 – n 1 § 7 · 15
30. an
1
–
1 1
; a4 1 ¨ ¸
n n 1 n(n 1) n(n 1) 2©4¹ 8
1 1
lim
1
0; converges Suppose that 1 an 2, then an 1, so
2 2
n of n( n 1)
3 1 3
1 an 2, or an 1 2. Thus, since
1 5 9 13 2 2 2
31. a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 3
2 4 8 16 1 a2 2, every subsequent term is between
an is positive for all n, and an 1 an for all 2
and 2.
4n 7
n t 2 since an 1 an , so {an } an 2 thus
1 1
an 1, so an 1 an an 1
2n 1 2 2
converges to a limit L t 0. and the sequence is nondecreasing, so {an }
converges to a limit L d 2.

1§ 2· 3 un 1 3 un ! un if 3 un ! un 2 or
36. a1 2, a2¨2 ¸ ,
2© 2¹ 2
un 2 – un – 3 0. un 2 – un – 3 0 when
1 § 3 4 · 17 1 § 17 24 · 577
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸

a3 , a4 1
2 © 2 3 ¹ 12 2 © 12 17 ¹ 408 un 1 r 13 , thus un 1 ! un if
2
Suppose an ! 2 , and consider
1§ 2 · 2
1
2
1
1 – 13 un 1 13 ,
2
1
2
1 – 13 0
¨ an ¸ ! 2 an !2 2
2© an ¹ an 1

and 0 un 1 13 for all n, as shown
2
an 2 2 ! 2 2an an 2 2 2an 2 ! 0
above, so {un } is increasing. Hence, by Theorem
an 2
2
! 0 , which is always true. Hence, D, {un } converges.
an ! 2 for all n. Also,
39. If u lim un , then u 3 u or u 2 3 u;
1§ 2 · n of
an 1 d an ¨ an ¸ d an
2 ¨© an ¸¹ u 2 – u – 3 0 when u
1
2

1 r 13 so
1 1
d an 2 d an
an 2 u
1
2

1 13 | 2.3028 since u > 0 and
which is true. Hence, 2 an 1 d an and the
series converges to a limit L t 2.
1
2

1 – 13 0.
37. n un 1§ 2 ·
40. If a lim an where an 1 ¨ an ¸ , then
1 1.73205 n of 2© an ¹
2 2.17533 1§ 2·
a ¨ a ¸ or 2a
2
a 2 2; a 2 2 when
3 2.27493 2© a¹
4 2.29672 a r 2, so a 2, since a > 0.
5 2.30146
6 2.30249 41. n un
7 2.30271 1 0
8 2.30276 2 1
9 2.30277 3 1.1
10 2.30278 4 1.11053
11 2.30278 5 1.11165
lim un | 2.3028 6 1.11177
n of
7 1.11178
8 1.11178
38. Suppose that 0 un
1
2

1 13 , then lim un | 1.1118
n of
1
3 3 un
2
7 13 and
42. Since 1.1 > 1, 1.1a ! 1.1b if a > b. Thus, since
3 3 un un 1
1
2
7 13 1
2
1 13 u3 1.1 ! 1 u2 , u4 1.11.1 ! 1.11 u3 .
Suppose that un un 1 for all n d N. Then
§ 1
¨¨ 7 13
1

1 13 can be seen by u N 1 1.1u N ! 1.1u N –1 u N , since u N ! u N –1
© 2 2
by the induction hypothesis. Thus, un is
squaring both sides of the equality and noting
that both sides are positive.) Hence, since increasing.
1.1un 2 if and only if un ln1.1 ln 2;
0 u1
1

3 | 1.73 1 13 | 2.3028,
2
ln 2
un | 7.3. Thus, unless un ! 7.3,
1

3 un 1 13 for all n; {un } is bounded
2
ln1.1
un 1 1.1un 2. This means that {un } is
above.
bounded above by 2, since u1 0.

k 1 A – an ! H for all n, since if A – a N d H ,
43. As n o f, o 0; using 'x , an equivalent
n n A – an d H for n t N since {an } is
definite integral is nondecreasing and an d A for all n. However, if
1
³0 sin x dx [– cos x]10 – cos1 cos 0 1 – cos1
A – an ! H for all n, an A –
H
A for all n,
| 0.4597 2
which contradicts A being the least upper bound
k 1 for the set S. For the second part of Theorem D,
44. As n o f, o 0; using 'x , an equivalent suppose that {an } is a nonincreasing sequence,
n n
definite integral is and L is a lower bound for {an }. Then {– an } is
1 1 S a nondecreasing sequence and –L is an upper
³0 1 x2 dx [tan x]0 tan 1 – tan 0 4
–1 1 –1 –1
bound for {– an }. By what was just proven,
{– an } converges to a limit A d –L, so {an }
n n (n 1) 1 1 converges to a limit B = –A t L.
45. 1 ;
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
1 1 49. If {bn } is bounded, there are numbers N and M
H is the same as n 1. For any given with N d bn d M for all n. Then
n 1 H
1 an N d an bn d an M .
H ! 0 , choose N ! 1 then
H lim an N N lim an 0 and
n n of nof
ntN 1 H. lim an M M lim an 0, so lim an bn 0
n 1 n of nof n of
by the Squeeze Theorem, and by Theorem C,
n n n
46. For n > 0, . H is the lim an bn 0.
n2 1 n2 1 n2 1 n of
n2 1 1 1 50. Suppose {an bn } converges. Then, by

same as n ! .
n n H Theorem A
1 1 lim [(an bn ) – an ] lim (an bn ) – lim an .
Since n ! n , it suffices to take n ! . So for n of nof nof
n H
But since (an bn ) – an bn , this would mean
1
any given H ! 0 , choose N ! , then that {bn } converges. Thus {an bn } diverges.
H
n
ntN H. 51. No. Consider an (1)n and bn (1)n 1 . Both
n 1
2
ân ` and ^bn ` diverge, but
47. Recall that every rational number can be written an bn (1) n (1)n 1 (1) n (1 (1)) 0 so
as either a terminating or a repeating decimal.
Thus if the sequence 1, 1.4, 1.41, 1.414, … has a ân bn ` converges.
limit within the rational numbers, the terms of the
sequence would eventually either repeat or 52. a. f3 2, f 4 3, f5 5, f 6 8,
terminate, which they do not since they are the f7 13, f8 21, f9 34, f10 55
decimal approximations to 2, which is
irrational. Within the real numbers, the least b. Using the formula,
upper bound is 2. 1 ª1 5 1 5 º 1 ª 2 5 º
f1 « » « » 1
5¬ 2 2 ¼ 5¬ 2 ¼
48. Suppose that {an } is a nondecreasing sequence,
ª 2 2º
and U is an upper bound for {an }, so 1 «§ 1 5 · § 1 5 · »
f2 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
S {an : n `} is bounded above. By the 5 «¨© 2 ¸¹ ¨© 2 ¸¹ »
¬ ¼
completeness property, S has a least upper bound,
which we call A. Then A d U by definition and 1 ª1 2 5 5 (1 2 5 5) º
« »
an d A for all n. Suppose that lim an z A, i.e., 5¬ 4 ¼
n of
that {an } either does not converge, or does not 1 ª4 5 º
« » 1.
converge to A. Then there is some H > 0 such that 5¬ 4 ¼

f I n 1 (1)n 1I n 1 § 1·
x
lim n 1 lim 54. Let f ( x) ¨1 ¸ .
n of f n nof I n (1) n I n © x¹
n 1 n 1 x
I n 1 ( 1)n 1 I ( 1)
2 n 1
§ 1·
lim ¨1 ¸ lim (1 x )1/ x e, so
I I
lim lim I x of © x¹ x o0
I n ( 1)n ( 1)
n n
nof nof
1 § 1·
n
I I 2n lim ¨1 ¸ e.
n of © n¹
2
c.
ª1

I 2 I 1 « 1 5 » 1 5 1
¬2 ¼ 2
º 1
§ 1 ·
x
55. Let f ( x) ¨1 ¸ .
§3 5· §1 5· © 2x ¹
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ 1 0 x 1/ x
©2 2 ¹ ©2 2 ¹ § 1 · § x·
lim ¨1 ¸ lim ¨ 1 ¸
x of © 2x ¹ x o0 ©
2¹
Therefore I satisfies x 2 x 1 0 .
1/ 2
Using the Quadratic Formula on ª§ x · 2 / x º
lim «¨ 1 ¸ » e1/ 2 , so
x 2 x 1 0 yields x o0 «© 2¹ »
¬ ¼
1r 1 4 1r 5 n
x . § 1 ·
2 2 lim ¨ 1 ¸ e1/ 2 .
n of © 2n ¹
1 5
I ;
2 x
§ 1 ·
1 2 2(1 5) 1 5 56. Let f ( x) ¨1 2 ¸ .
© x ¹
I 1 5 1 5 2 1
§ 1 ·
x § § 1 · 2 ·1/ x
53. lim ¨ 1 2 ¸ lim ¨ 1 ¨ ¸ ¸
x of © x ¹ x of ¨ x ¸
© © ¹ ¹
§1·
Using the fact that lim f x lim f ¨ ¸ , we
x of x o 0 © x¹
can write
1
§ § 1 · 2 ·1/ x

1/ x
lim ¨ 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ lim 1 x 2 which leads
x of ¨ x ¸
© © ¹ ¹
x o0
From the figure shown, the sides of the triangle
have length n – 1 + 2x. The small right triangles to the indeterminate form 1f .
1 x . Then,
1/ x
marked are 30-60-90 right triangles, so x
3
; Let y 2
2
ln y ln 1 x
1/ x
thus the sides of the large triangle have lengths 2
3

2
n 1 3 and Bn n 1 3 ln 1 x
1 2
4 ln y
x
4
3 2

n 2 3n 2n 2 3 4 while lim ln y lim
ln 1 x 2
lim 1 x
2x
2
2 x o 0 x o 0 x x o 0 1
n(n 1) § 1 · S 2
An S¨ ¸ ( n n) 2x
2 ©2¹ 8 lim 0
x o 0 1 x2
S (n2 n)
An 8 This gives us
lim lim
n of Bn n of 3
(n 2
2 3n – 2n – 2 3 4) lim ln y 0
4 x o0

S 1 1n S ln §¨ lim y ·¸ 0
© x o0 ¹

lim
nof 2 3 1 2 n 3 – n2 – 2 3
4 2 3

1/ x
n2 n2 lim y e0 1 or lim 1 x 2 1
x o0 x o0
n
§ 1 ·
Thus, lim ¨ 1 2 ¸ 1.
n of © n ¹

x x
§ x 1 · § 2 x2 ·
57. Let f x ¨ ¸ . 58. Let f ( x) ¨ ¸ .
© x 1¹ ¨ 3 x2 ¸
© ¹
§1·
Using the fact that lim f x lim f ¨ ¸ , we Using the fact that lim f x
§1·
lim f ¨ ¸ , we
x of x o 0 ©x¹ x of x o0 ©x¹
can write can write
1/ x 1/ x
§ x 1 ·
x
§ 1 1 · § 1 x · x § 2 12 ·
1/ x
lim ¨ ¸ lim ¨ 1x ¸ lim ¨ 1xx ¸ § 2 x2 ·
x of © x 1 ¹ x o0 ¨ 1 ¸
©x ¹ x o0 ¨
© x ¹
¸ lim ¨ ¸ lim ¨ x ¸
x of ¨© 3 x 2 ¸
¹
¨
x o0 3 12 ¸
1/ x © x ¹
§ 1 x ·
lim ¨ ¸ which leads to the § 2 x221 ·
1/ x
1/ x
x o0 © 1 x ¹ § 2 x2 1 ·
lim ¨ x ¸ lim ¨ 2 ¸ which leads
indeterminate form 1f . x o0 ¨ 3 x 1 ¸ x o0 ¨ 3 x 1 ¸
2
© x2 ¹ © ¹
1/ x
§1 x ·
Let y ¨ ¸ . Then, to the indeterminate form 1f .
© 1 x ¹ 1/ x
§ 2 x2 1 ·
§ 1 x ·
1/ x Let y ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ . Then,
ln y ln ¨ ¸ © 3x 1 ¹
© 1 x ¹ 1/ x
1/ x § 2 x2 1 ·
1 §1 x · ln ¨ 2
¨ 3 x 1 ¸¸
ln y
ln y ln ¨ ¸
x © 1 x ¹ © ¹
1 §1 x · 1 § 2 x2 1 ·
lim ln y lim ln ¨ ¸ lim ln y lim ln ¨ ¸
x o0 x o0 x © 1 x ¹ x o0 xo0 x ¨© 3 x 2 1 ¸¹
ln ª« lim y º» lim
ln
1 x
1 x
ln ª« lim y º» lim
ln 2 x2 1
3 x 1 2
¬ x o0 ¼ x o0 x ¬ x o0 ¼ x o0 x
2
lim (l'Hopital's Rule) ª 4x 6x º
x o 0 1 x2 lim « » (l'Hopital's Rule)
x o 0 ¬ 2 x 2 1 3 x 2 1 ¼
2
This gives us, 0
This gives us,
ln ª« lim y º» 2
¬ x o0 ¼ ln ª« lim y º» 0
1/ x ¬ x o0 ¼
§ 1 x ·
lim y e2 or lim ¨ ¸ e2 § 1 x ·
1/ x
x o0 x o0 © 1 x ¹ lim y e0 1 or lim ¨ ¸ 1
x o0 x o0 © 1 x ¹
n
§ n 1 · Thus,
Thus, lim ¨ ¸ e 2 .
n of © n 1 ¹ n
§ 2 n2 ·
lim ¨ ¸¸ 1.
n of ¨ 3 n 2
© ¹

§ 2 x2 ·
x2 Problem Set 9.2
59. Let f x ¨¨ ¸¸
© 3 x
2
¹ f k 2
§1· 1 1 1 1§1·
§1·
1. ¦ ¨© 7 ¸¹ ¨ ¸ }; a geometric
7 7 7 7©7¹
Using the fact that lim f x lim f ¨ ¸ , we k 1
x of x o0 ©x¹ 1 1
1 1
1
7 7
can write series with a ,r ; S
7 7 1– 1 6 6
2 1/ x 2 7 7
§2 x 2 ·x § 2 12 ·
lim ¨ ¸ lim ¨ x ¸
f
x of ¨© 3 x 2 ¸¹
– k –2 –3 –4 –5
x o0 ¨ 3 12 ¸ § 1· § 1· § 1· § 1·
© x ¹ 2. ¦ ¨© – 4 ¸¹ ¨– ¸
© 4¹
¨– ¸
© 4¹
¨– ¸
© 4¹
}
1/ x 2
k 1
§ 2 x 2 1 · § 2x2 1 ·
1/ x 2
(–4)3 (–4)4 (–4)5 }; a geometric series
lim ¨ x2 ¸ lim ¨ 2 ¸ which
x o0 ¨ 3 x 2 1 ¸ x o0 ¨ 3 x 1 ¸ with
© x2 ¹ © ¹
a (–4)3 , r –4; r 4 ! 1 so the series diverges.
leads to the indeterminate form 1f .
1/ x 2
§ 2 x2 1 · f
§1·
k
1 §1·
2
Let y ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ . Then, 3. ¦ 2 ¨© 4 ¸¹ 2 2 2 ¨ ¸ }; a geometric
© 3x 1 ¹ k 0 4 ©4¹
1/ x 2 1 2 2 8
§ 2x 1 ·
2
series with a = 2, r ; S .
ln ¨ 2
¨ 3 x 1 ¸¸ 1 – 14
ln y 4 3 3
4
© ¹
f k 2
§ 1· 1 §1·
§ 2 x2 1 ·
lim 2 ln ¨ 2
1 ¦ 3 ¨© – 5 ¸¹ 3 – 3 3 ¨ ¸ }; a geometric
¨ 3x 1 ¸¸
lim ln y 5 ©5¹
x o 0 x o0 x k 0
© ¹

1
ln 2 x 2 1 series with a = 3, r – ;
ln ª« lim y º»
3 x 2 1 5
lim
¬ x o0 ¼ x o 0 x 2 3 3 5
S
ª º § 1· 6 2
1 1– ¨ – ¸ 5
lim « » (l'Hopital's Rule) © 5¹
x o0 «
¬«
2 x 1 3x 2 1
2
»
¼»
Thus, by Theorem B,
f ª
§ 1· º
k k
1 §1· 8 5 31
This gives us,
¦ ««2 ¨© 4 ¸¹ 3 ¨© – 5 ¸¹ »»
3 2 6
k 0¬ ¼
ln ª« lim y º» 1
¬ x o0 ¼ f k 2
§1· 5 5 1 5§1·
§ 1 x ·
1/ x 2 4. ¦ 5 ¨© 2 ¸¹ ¨ ¸ }; a geometric
2 2 2 2©2¹
lim y e1 or lim ¨ ¸ e 1 k 1
x o0 x o0 © 1 x ¹ 5 5
5 1 2 2
Thus, series with a ,r ; S 5.
n2
2 2 1 – 12 1
2
§ 2 n2 ·
lim ¨ ¸¸ e 1 . f k 1 2
n of ¨ 3 n 2 §1· 3 3 1 3 §1·
© ¹ ¦ 3 ¨© 7 ¸¹ ¨ ¸ }; a
49 49 7 49 © 7 ¹
k 1
3 1
9.2 Concepts Review geometric series with a ,r ;
49 7
3 3
1. an infinite series 49 49 1
S
1 – 17 6 14
2. a1 a2 } an 7
Thus, by Theorem B,
f ª k 1
§1· º
k
a §1· 1 69
3. r 1; ¦ ¨ ¸ ¨© 7 ¸¹ »»
« 2 – 3 5– .
1– r k 1 «¬ © 4 ¹ ¼
14 14
4. diverges

f f k 2
k –5 4 3 2 1 1 2 §9· 9 9 9 9§9·
5. ¦ k2 – – – – 0 };
3 4 5 6 8 9
6. ¦ ¨© 8 ¸¹ ¨ ¸ }; a geometric
8 8 8 8©8¹
k 1 k 1
k –5 1 – k5 9 9 9
lim lim 1 z 0; the series series with a ,r ; ! 1, so the series
k of k 2 k of 1 2 8 8 8
k
diverges.
diverges.
f
§1 1 · § 1 1· § 1 1 · § 1 1 ·
7. ¦ ¨© k – k – 1 ¸¹ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ };
© 2 1¹ © 3 2 ¹ © 4 3 ¹
k 2
§1 · §1 1· § 1 1 · §1 1 · 1
Sn ¨ – 1¸ ¨ – ¸ } ¨ – ¸¨ – ¸ –1 ;
© 2 ¹ © 3 2 ¹ © n – 1 n – 2 ¹ © n n –1¹ n
f
1 §1 1 ·
lim Sn
n of
lim –1
n of n
–1, so ¦ ¨© k – k – 1 ¸¹ –1
k 2
f f f
3 1 1
8. ¦k 3¦ which diverges since ¦ diverges.
k 1 k 1k k 1k
f
k! 1 2 6
9. ¦ 100k
100 10, 000 1, 000, 000
}
k 1
n 1 1
Consider {an }, where an 1 an , a1 . an ! 0 for all n, and for n >99, an 1 ! an , so the
100 100
sequence is eventually an increasing sequence, hence lim an z 0. The sequence can also be described by
n of
f
n! k!
an
100 n
, hence ¦ 100k diverges.
k 1
f f
2 2 2 2 §1 1 · §1 1 · § 1 1 · § 1 1 · § 1 1 ·
10. ¦ (k 2)k } ¦ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ }
k 1 3 8 15 k 1© k k 2 ¹ ©1 3 ¹ © 2 4 ¹ © 3 5 ¹ © 4 6 ¹
§ 1· §1 1· §1 1· § 1 1 · §1 1 ·
Sn ¨1 – ¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ } ¨ – ¸¨ – ¸
© 3¹ © 2 4¹ ©3 5¹ © n –1 n 1¹ © n n 2 ¹
1 1 1 3 2n 3 3 2n 3
1 – – – –
2 n 1 n 2 2 (n 1)(n 2) 2 n 3n 2
2
2 3 f
3 2n 3 3 3 2 3
, so ¦
n n2
lim Sn – lim – lim .
2 nof n 3n 2 2 nof 1 3 22 k 1 ( k 2) k
n of 2 2 2
n n
f k 1 2 2 2 2 2
§e· §e· §e· e §e· §e· §e· e
11. ¦ ¨© S ¸¹ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ }; a geometric series with a
©S¹ ©S¹ S ©S¹ ©S¹
¨ ¸ ,r
©S¹ S
1;
k 1
Se Se
2 2
e2
S | 5.5562
1 – Se S–e S(S – e)
S
f
4k 1
2
16 4 §4· 4 16 16 112
12. ¦ 7k –1 1
16 16 ¨ ¸ }; a geometric series with a = 16, r
7 ©7¹ 7
1; S
1 – 74 3 3
k 1 7

f § 3 3 · §3 3· § 3 3· §3 3 ·
13. ¦ ¨¨ (k – 1)2 – k 2 ¸¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ };
© 1 4 ¹ © 4 9 ¹ © 9 16 ¹
k 2© ¹
§ 3· § 3 1· §1 3 · § 3 3 · § 3 3 ·
Sn ¨ 3 – ¸ ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ } ¨¨ – ¸¸ ¨¨ – ¸¸
© 4 ¹ © 4 3 ¹ © 3 16 ¹ © (n – 2)
2
(n – 1)2 ¹ © (n – 1)
2
n2 ¹
3 3
3– ; lim Sn 3 – lim 3, so
n 2 nof n of n 2
f § 3 3 ·
¦ ¨¨ (k – 1)2 – k 2 ¸¸ 3.
k 2© ¹
f
36 f 71 § 1 ·
k –1
2 2 2 2 2
14. ¦ k –5 }
1 2 3 4
20. 0.36717171... ¦ ¨ ¸
100 k 1 10, 000 © 100 ¹
k 6
f f 71
1 1
2¦ which diverges since ¦ diverges. 36 10,000

727
k 1k k 1k 100 1 1 1980
100
f k –1
2§1· 21. Let s = 1 – r, so r = 1 – s. Since 0 < r < 2,
15. 0.22222 } ¦ 10 ¨© 10 ¸¹ –1 < 1 – r < 1, so
k 1
f f
2
10 2 s 1, and ¦ r (1 r )k ¦ (1 s)s k
1
1 – 10 9 k 0 k 0
f
1 s
f k –1
¦ (1 – s)s k –1 1 s
1
21 § 1 · k 1
16. 0.21212121} ¦ ¨ ¸
k 1 100 © 100 ¹ f f f
21
100 21 7
22. ¦ (1)k xk ¦ ( x)k ¦ (– x)k –1;
k 0 k 0 k 1
1
1 – 100 99 33 if –1 < x < 1 then
–1 < –x < 1 so x 1 ;
f k –1
13 § 1 · f
17. 0.013013013... ¦ 1000 ¨© 1000 ¸¹ ¦ (– x)k –1
1 1
k 1 k 1 1 ( x) 1 x
13
1000 13
1 1000
1 999
f k –1
125 § 1 ·
18. 0.125125125... ¦ 1000 ¨© 1000 ¸¹
k 1
125
1000 125
1 1000
1 999
4 f 9 §1·
k –1
19. 0.4999... ¦ ¨ ¸
10 k 1 100 © 10 ¹
9
4 1
100
10 1 1 2
10

k
23. ln ln k – ln(k 1)
k 1
Sn (ln1 – ln 2) (ln 2 – ln 3) (ln 3 – ln 4) } (ln(n – 1) – ln n) (ln n – ln(n 1)) ln1 – ln(n 1) – ln(n 1)
f
k
lim Sn
n of
lim – ln(n 1)
n of
– f, thus ¦ ln k 1 diverges.
k 1
§ 1 · k2 –1
24. ln ¨ 1 – ¸ ln ln(k 2 – 1) – ln k 2 ln[(k 1)(k – 1)] – ln k 2 ln(k 1) ln(k – 1) – 2 ln k
© k2 ¹ k2
Sn (ln 3 ln1 – 2 ln 2) (ln 4 ln 2 – 2 ln 3) (ln 5 ln 3 – 2 ln 4) }
(ln n ln(n – 2) – 2 ln(n – 1)) (ln(n 1) ln(n – 1) – 2 ln n)
n 1
= –ln 2 + ln(n + 1) – ln n – ln 2 ln
n
n 1 § n 1·
lim Sn – ln 2 lim ln – ln 2 ln ¨ lim ¸ – ln 2 ln1 – ln 2
n of n of n © nof n ¹
2
§2· §2· §2·
25. The ball drops 100 feet, rebounds up 100 ¨ ¸ feet, drops 100 ¨ ¸ feet, rebounds up 100 ¨ ¸ feet, drops
© ¹
3 © ¹
3 ©3¹
2
§2·
100 ¨ ¸ , etc. The total distance it travels is
©3¹
2 3 2 3
§2· §2· §2· §2· §2· §2·
100 200 ¨ ¸ 200 ¨ ¸ 200 ¨ ¸ ... 100 200 200 ¨ ¸ 200 ¨ ¸ 200 ¨ ¸ ...
© ¹
3 © ¹
3 ©3¹ © ¹
3 © ¹
3 ©3¹
f k –1
§2· 200
100 ¦ 200 ¨ ¸ 100 500 feet
k 1 ©3¹ 1 23
f k –1 1
1 1 1 1§1 1· 1§1· 1
26. Each gets ¨ ¸ ...
4 4 4 4©4 4¹
¦ 4 ¨© 4 ¸¹ 4
1 1 3
k 1 4
(This can be seen intuitively, since the size of the leftover piece is approaching 0, and each person gets the same
amount.)
f
$1 billion
27. $1 billion + 75% of $1 billion + 75% of 75% of $1 billion + ... = ¦ ($1 billion)0.75k –1 1 0.75
$4 billion
k 1
f
$1 billion
28. ¦ $1 billion (0.90)k –1 1 0.90
$10 billion
k 1
1
29. As the midpoints of the sides of a square are connected, a new square is formed. The new square has sides
2
1
times the sides of the old square. Thus, the new square has area the area of the old square. Then in the next step,
2
1
of each new square is shaded.
8
f k –1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1§1· 1
Area = 1 ... ¦ ¨ ¸ 8
8 8 2 8 4 k 18 © 2 ¹ 1 1
2
4
1
The area will be .
4

f k –1 1
1 1§8· 1§8 8· 1§8·
30. ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ " ¦ ¨ ¸ 9
1; the whole square will be painted.
9 9©9¹ 9©9 9¹ k 19 © 9 ¹ 1 89
f k –1 3
3 3 § 1 1 · 3 § 1 1 ·§ 1 1 · 3§ 1 · 4
31. ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ...
4 4 © 4 4 ¹ 4 © 4 4 ¹© 4 4 ¹
¦ 4 ¨© 16 ¸¹ 4
1 16
1 5
k 1
1
The original does not need to be equilateral since each smaller triangle will have area of the previous larger
4
triangle.
32. Ratio of inscribed circle to triangle is , so ¦

S
3§1·
¨ ¸
f
S
k –1 S
4 3 S
3 3 k 13 3 4 © 4 ¹ 1 14 3 3
(This can be seen intuitively, since every small triangle has a circle inscribed in it.)
33. a. We first note that, at each stage, the number of sides is four times the number in the previous stage and the
length of each side is one-third the length in the previous stage. Summarizing:
length/ perimeter
Stage # of sides
side (in.) pn
0 3 9 27
1 3(4) 9
1
3
36
# # # #

n
1 §4·
n 3(4n ) 9 27 ¨ ¸
3n ©3¹
n
§4· 4
The perimeter of the Koch snowflake is lim pn lim 27 ¨ ¸ which is infinite since ! 1 .
n of n of ©3¹ 3
b. We note the following:

3 2
1. The area of an equilateral triangle of side s is s
4
2. The number of new triangles added at each stage is equal to the number of sides the figure had at the
previous stage and
3
3. the area of each new triangle at a given stage is (side length at that stage)2 . Using results from part a. we
4
can summarize:
Stage Additional triangles Area of each new ' Additional area, An

(col 2, part a.) (see col 3, part a.)
0 original
4

3 2
9
4
3 2
9
1 3
4

3 2
3 36
# # # #
2 n2
n
3 4n 1 3§ 9 ·
¨ ¸
4 © 3n ¹
§4·
3 3¨ ¸
©9¹

Thus the area of the Koch snowflake is
f n 1
81 3 27 3 f §4·
¦ An 4

4
¦3 3 ¨ ¸
©9¹
n 0 n 1
81 3 27 3 § 3 3 ·
¨ ¸
4 4 ¨ 1 4 ¸
© 9 ¹
81 3 1 § 81 3 · 4 § 81 3 · 8 § 81 3 ·
¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
4 3 © 4 ¸¹ 15 ¨© 4 ¸¹ 5 ¨© 4 ¸¹
Note: By generalizing the above argument it can be shown that, no matter what the size of the original
8
equilateral triangle, the area of the Koch snowflake constructed from it will be times the area of the original
5
triangle.
34. We note the following:
1. Each triangle contains the angles 90,T ,90 T 2. The height of each triangle will be the hypotenuse of the
succeeding triangle. Summarizing:
# triangle base height area An
1 2
1 h cos T h sin T h sin T cos T
2
1 2 3
2 h sin T cos T h sin 2 T h sin T cos T
2
# # # #
h (sin n 1 T ) cos T
1 2 2 n 1
n h sin n T h sin T cos T
2
f
h 2 § cos T · f
Thus the total area of the small triangles is A ¦ An ¨ ¸ ¦ (sin T )
2 © sin T ¹n 2
2 n 1
n 1
f
1 1
Now consider the infinite geometric series S ¦ (sin 2 T )n1 1 sin T
2
cos 2 T
n 1
f
sin 2 T h 2 § cos T · § sin T ·
2
1 h2
then: ¦ (sin 2 T )n1 S 1
cos 2 T
1
cos 2 T
Therefore: A ¨
2 © sin T
¸ ¨¨
¹ © cos 2 T
¸
¸ 2
tan T
n 2 ¹
h2
In + ABC , height = h and base = h tan T ; thus the area of + ABC 1
(h tan T )h tan T , the same as A .
2 2
35. Both Achilles and the tortoise will have moved.

f k –1
1 1 §1·
100 10 1
10 100
... ¦ 100 ¨© 10 ¸¹
k 1
100 1
111 yards
1 10
1 9
d
Also, one can see this by the following reasoning. In the time it takes the tortoise to run yards, Achilles will
10
d 1000 1
run d yards. Solve d 100 .d 111 yards
10 9 9

36. a. Say Trot and Tom start from the left, Joel 39. Let X = number of rolls needed to get first 6 For
from the right. Trot and Joel run towards X to equal n , two things must occur:
each other at 30 mph. Since they are 60 1. Mary must get a non-6 (probability =
5
) on
miles apart they will meet in 2 hours. Trot 6
will have run 40 miles and Tom will have each of her first n-1 rolls, and
run 20 miles, so they will be 20 miles apart. 2. Mary rolls a 6 (probability =
1
) on the nth
Trot and Tom will now be approaching each 6
other at 30 mph, so they will meet after roll. Thus,
2/3 hour. Trot will have run another n 1
§5· §1·
40/3 miles and will be 80/3 miles from the Pr( X n) ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ and
©6¹ ©6¹
left. Joel will have run another 20/3 miles
and will be at 100/3 miles from the left, so f n 1 1
§5· §1·
they will be 20/3 miles apart. They will meet ¦ ¨© 6 ¸¹ ¨ ¸
©6¹
6
1 5 6
1
after 2/9 hour, during which Trot will have n 1
run 40/9 miles, etc. So Trot runs
f k –1
40 40 §1· 40
40 " ¦ 40 ¨© 3 ¸¹ f f
1 §5·
n 1
3 9 k 1 1 13 40. EV X ¦ n Pr X n ¦ n 6 ¨© 6 ¸¹
n 1 n 1
60 miles .
1§ 1 · f 1 § 6 ·§ 5/ 6 ·
¨ ¸¦n p ¨ ¸¨ ¸
n
b. Tom and Joel are approaching each other at 6© p ¹n 1 6 © 5 ¹ ¨ 1 5 / 6 2 ¸
20 mph. They are 60 miles apart, so they will © ¹
meet in 3 hours. Trot is running at 20 mph 1 § 6 · § 5 · § 36 ·
¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ 6
during that entire time, so he runs 60 miles. 6 © 5 ¹© 6 ¹© 1 ¹
37. Note that: f

41. (Proof by contradiction) Assume ¦ cak
1. If we let tn be the probability that Peter wins k 1
on his nth flip, then the total probability that 1
f converges, and c z 0. Then is defined, so
c
Peter wins is T ¦ tn f f
1 1 f
n 1
¦ ak ¦ c cak ¦ cak would also
ck 1
2. The probability that neither man wins in their k 1 k 1
k k converge, by Theorem B(i).
§2 2· §4 ·
first k flips is ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ .
©3 3¹ ©9 ¹ 1 1 1 1 f
1§1· 1 f 1
42. "
2 4 6 8
¦ 2 ¨© k ¸¹ ¦ diverges
2 k 1k
3. The probability that Peter wins on his nth flip k 1
requires that (i) he gets a head on the nth f
1
flip, and (ii) neither he nor Paul gets a head since ¦ diverges.
on their previous n-1 flips. Thus: k 1k
n 1 f n 1
§ 1 ·§ 4 · § 1 ·§ 4 ·
tn ¨ ¸¨ ¸
© 3 ¹© 9 ¹
and T ¦ ¨© 3 ¸¹ ¨© 9 ¸¹ 43. a. The top block is supported exactly at its
center of mass. The location of the center of
n 1
mass of the top n blocks is the average of the
§ 13 · 1 9 3
¨ ¸ locations of their individual centers of mass,
¨ 1 4 ¸ 3 5 5 so the nth block moves the center of mass
© 9 ¹
1
left by of the location of its center of
38. In this case (see problem 37), n
n 1
p ª1 p º 1 1 1
2
tn so mass, that is, or to the left. But
¬ ¼ n 2 2n
f
2 º n 1 p this is exactly how far the (n + 1)st block
¦ p ª¬1 p
1 1 p
T
n 1
¼ 2 underneath it is offset.
p 1 1 1 1 1 f 1
2 p p 2 2 p
b. Since ...
2 4 6
¦ , which
2 k 1k
diverges, there is no limit to how far the top
block can protrude.

44. N = 31; S31 | 4.0272 and S30 | 3.9950. f f
48. If ¦ kr k converges, so will r ¦ kr k , by
f k 1 k 1
45. (Proof by contradiction) Assume ¦ (ak bk ) Theorem B.
f f f
k 1
f rS r ¦ kr k ¦ kr k 1 ¦ (k – 1)r k while
converges. Since ¦ bk converges, so would
f
k 1 k 1
f
k 2
k 1
f f f S ¦ kr k r ¦ kr k so
¦ ak ¦ (ak bk ) (1) ¦ bk , by k 1
f
k 2
f
k 1 k 1 k 1
Theorem B(ii). S – rS r ¦ kr k – ¦ (k – 1)r k
k 2 k 2
f f f
46. (Answers may vary).

f
¦ an
f
1
¦ n and
r ¦ [k – (k – 1)]r k r ¦ rk ¦ rk
k 2 k 2 k 1
n 1 n 1
f
r
f f
1 Since r 1, ¦ r k , thus
¦ bn ¦ (1) n
both diverge, but
k 1 1– r
n 1 n 1
f
1 r
f
¦ (an bn )
f
§1 1·
¦ ¨© n n ¸¹ converges to 0.
S ¦ rk
1– r k 1 (1 – r )2
.
n 1 n 1
f f n –1
47. Taking vertical strips, the area is § 1 ·
f k –1
49. a. A ¦ Cenkt ¦ C ¨ ekt ¸
1 1 1 §1· n 1 © ¹
1 1 1 1 1 " ¦ ¨© 2 ¸¹ . n 0
2 4 8 k 1 C Cekt
Taking horizontal strips, the area is 1 1kt ekt 1
f e
1 1 1 1 k
1 2 3 4 " ¦ .
2 4 8 16 k
k 12 1 ln 2 4
b. e kt e6k k A C;
2 6 3
f f k –1 8
k §1· 1
a. ¦ 2k
¦ ¨© 2 ¸¹ 1 12
2 if C = 2 mg, then A
3
mg.
k 1 k 1
b. The moment about x = 0 is

f k f f
§1· k k
¦ ¨© 2 ¸¹ (1)k ¦ 2 k ¦ 2k 2.
k 0 k 0 k 1
moment 2
x 1
area 2
2k 1 1
50. Using partial fractions, –
k 1 k k k 1
(2 – 1)(2 – 1) 2 –1 2 –1
§ 1 1 · § 1 1 · § 1 1 · § 1 1 ·
Sn ¨ 1 – ¸¨ 2 – ¸ } ¨ n –1 – ¸¨ n –
n 1 ¸
© 2 –1 2 –1¹ © 2 –1 2 –1¹
2 3
©2 –1 2 –1¹ © 2 –1 2
n
–1¹
1 1 1
– 1–
n 1
2 –1 2 –1 2 1 –1
n
1
lim Sn 1 – lim 1– 0 1
n of n
n of 2 1 – 1

1 1 fk 2 – fk 1
51. –
f k f k 1 f k 1 f k 2 f k f k 1 f k 2 fk fk 2
since f k 2 f k 1 f k . Thus,
f f § ·
1 1 1
¦ ¦ ¨ – ¸ and
k 1 fk fk 2 k 1 © f k f k 1 f k 1 f k 2 ¹
§ 1 1 · § 1 1 · § 1 1 · § 1 1 ·
Sn ¨ – ¸¨ – ¸ " ¨ – ¸¨ – ¸
© f1 f 2 f 2 f3 ¹ © f 2 f3 f3 f 4 ¹ © f n –1 f n f n f n 1 ¹ © f n f n 1 f n 1 f n 2 ¹
1 1 1 1 1
– – 1–
f1 f 2 f n 1 f n 2 1 1 f n 1 f n 2 f n 1 f n 2
The terms of the Fibonacci sequence increase without bound, so
1
lim Sn 1 – lim 1– 0 1
n of n of f n 1 f n 2
9.3 Concepts Review 3

4. is continuous, positive, and
2x 12
1. bounded above
nonincreasing on [1, f) .
2. f(k); continuous; positive; nonincreasing f
f 3 ª 3 º
3. convergence or divergence
³1 2x2 1
dx «
¬ 2
tan –1 2 x »
¼1
3 §S 1 ·
4. p > 1 ¨ tan 2¸ f
2© 2 ¹
Problem Set 9.3 The series converges.
1 2
1. is continuous, positive, and nonincreasing 5. is continuous, positive, and
x3 x2
on [0, f) . nonincreasing on [1, f) .
f 1 f f f
³0 dx ª¬ ln x 3 º¼ f – ln 3 f 2
x3 0 ³1 x2
dx ª4 x 2 º
¬ ¼1 f–4 3 f
The series diverges. f
2
Thus
k
¦
2
diverges, hence
3 k 1
2. is continuous, positive, and nonincreasing
2x – 3 f f
–2 2
on [2, f) . ¦ k 2 – ¦ k 2 also diverges.
k 1 k 1
f
f 3 ª3 º 3
³2 2 x – 3 dx «¬ 2 ln 2 x – 3 »¼ 2 f – ln1 f
2 3
6. is continuous, positive, and
The series diverges. ( x 2) 2
x f
3. is continuous, positive, and nonincreasing f 3 ª 3 º 3 3
x 3 ³100 ( x 2)2 0 f
2 dx
«– x 2 »
on > 2, f . ¬ ¼100 102 102
f
The series converges.
f x ª1 º 1
³2 x2 3 «¬ 2 ln x 3 »¼ 2 f ln 7 f
2
dx
2
The series diverges.

7 1000
7. is continuous, positive, and 12. is continuous, positive, and
4x 2 x(ln x)2
nonincreasing nonincreasing on [5, f) .
on. [2, f) f
f 1000 ª 1000 º 1000
f 7 ª7 º
f
7 ³5 dx « – ln x » 0
³2 4 x 2 dx «¬ 4 ln 4 x 2 »¼ 2 f – ln10
4
f x(ln x ) 2 ¬ ¼5 ln 5
1000
The series diverges. f
ln 5
x2 The series converges.
8. is continuous, positive, and nonincreasing
ex 1 12
[2, f) . Using integration by parts twice, with k 2 1
13. lim lim k
1 z 0, so the series
i –x k of k 2 5 k of 1 52
u x , i = 1, 2 and dv e dx, k
f 2 –x f diverges.
³ x e dx [– x 2 e – x ]f
2 2 ³ xe – x dx
2 2
f k f k –1
§ f –x · §3· 3§3·
[– x 2 e – x ]f –x f
2 2 ¨ [– xe ]2 ³2 e dx ¸
© ¹
14. ¦ ¨© S ¸¹ ¦ S ¨© S ¸¹ ; a geometric series with
k 1 k 1
[– x 2 e – x – 2 xe – x – 2e – x ]f
2 3 3 3
a ,r ; 1 so the series converges.
2 S S S
0 4 e 4 e 2e
–2 2
10e –2
f
f k
§1· 1 1
3
15. ¦ ¨© 2 ¸¹ is a geometric series with r ; 1
2 2
9. is continuous, positive, and k 1
(4 3x)7 / 6 so the series converges.
nonincreasing on [1, f) . 1
f 1–
k –1 k –1 1
f 3 ª 6 º
f In ¦ , lim lim k z 0, so
k 1
³1 2 k 1 of 2 k of 1 2
dx «– » k 1 k
2
(4 3 x) 7/6
¬« (4 3 x) ¼»1
1/ 6
k
the series diverges. Thus, the sum of the series
6
0 6 7 –1/ 6 f diverges.
1/ 6
7
The series converges. 1
16. is continuous, positive, and nonincreasing on
x2
1000 x 2 f
10. is continuous, positive, and f 1 ª 1º
1 x3 [1, f) . ³1 x2
dx «– x »
¬ ¼1
0 1 1 f, so
f
f 1
f 1000 x 2 ª1000 º ¦ k2 converges.
³2 « 3 ln 1 x
3
dx »
1 x 3 ¬ ¼2 k 1
f f k
1 §1·
f–
1000
ln 9 f ¦ k ¦ ¨© 2 ¸¹ ; a geometric series with
3 k 12 k 1
The series diverges. 1 1
r ; 1, so the series converges. Thus, the
2
2 2
11. xe –3x is continuous, positive, and sum of the series converges.
f
f 2 ª 1 –3 x 2 º 1
³1 xe –3 x dx «– 6 e
¬
»
¼1
0 e –3
6
1
f
6e3

1 k 4 j 1 1 1
§ kS · ° 18. As k o f, o 0. Let y , then
17. sin ¨ ¸ ® –1 k 4 j 3, k k
© 2 ¹ °0 k is even 1 1 sin y
¯ lim k sin lim sin y lim 1 z 0, so
where j is any nonnegative integer. k of k y o0 y y o0 y
§ kS · the series diverges.

Thus lim sin ¨ ¸ does not exist, hence
k of © 2 ¹ 3
19. x 2 e – x is continuous, positive, and
§ kS ·
lim sin ¨ ¸ z 0 and the series diverges. nonincreasing on [1, f) .
k of © 2 ¹ f
f 2 – x3 ª 1 – x3 º 1
³
1
x e dx «– 3 e »
¬ ¼1
0 e –1 f, so
3
the series converges.
§1 1 · § 1 1 · § 1 1· §1 1 · 1
20. Sn ¨ – ¸ ¨ – ¸ } ¨ – ¸¨ – ¸ 1–
©1 2 ¹ © 2 3 ¹ © n –1 n ¹ © n n –1¹ n –1
1
lim Sn 1 – lim 1– 0 1
n of n of n –1
The series converges to 1.
tan –1 x 24.
1 1
is continuous, positive, and
21. is continuous, positive, and 3/ 2
1 x2 x x x
nonincreasing on [1, f) . nonincreasing on [5, f) .
f f f
f tan –1 x ª1 –1 2 º 1 f 1 ª 2 º 2
³1 dx « 2 (tan x) » E ¦k d³
3/ 2
dx «– » 0
1 x2 ¬ ¼1 k 6 k 5 x ¬ x ¼5 5
1§S·
2
1§S·
2
3S2 | 0.8944
¨ ¸ – ¨ ¸ f, so the series
2© 2¹ 2© 4¹ 32 1
converges. 25. is continuous, positive, and nonincreasing
1 x2
1 on [5, f) .
22. is continuous, positive, and f
1 4x 2 1 f 1
E ¦ 1 k 2 d ³5 1 x 2
dx [tan –1 x]5f
k 6
f S
f 1 ª1 º – tan –1 5 | 0.1974
³1
–1
dx « 2 tan (2 x ) »
1 4x 2 ¬ ¼1 2
1§S· 1
¨ ¸ – tan 2 f,
–1 1
2© 2¹ 2 26. is continuous, positive, and
x( x 1)
so the series converges.
f f§ 1
x 1 f 1 1 ·
23.
ex
is continuous, positive, and nonincreasing on E ¦ k (k 1) d ³5 x ( x 1)
dx ³5 ¨ –
© x x
¸ dx
1¹
k 6
[5, f) . f
f ª x º 5
f
k f x f ª¬ln x – ln x 1 º¼ « ln x 1 » 0 – ln
E ¦ k
d³
5 ex
dx [– xe – x ]5f ³ e – x dx
5
5
¬ ¼5 6
k 6e 6
| 0.1823
– e – x ]5f
ln
–x
[– xe 0 5e –5 e –5 6e –5 5
| 0.0404

f f f f
1 1 1 1 1
¦ ¦
A
27. En ³ dx ³lim dx 32. En ³ dx
k n 1 k
2 n x 2 Aof n x 2
k n 1 k ( k 1) n x( x 1)
ª1 1 º 1 A§ 1 1 ·
lim « » lim ³ ¨ ¸ dx
Aof ¬ n A¼ n Aof n © x x 1 ¹
1
0.0002 n ! 5000 ª § A · § n ·º § n ·
lim « ln ¨ ¸ ln ¨ ¸ » 0 ln ¨ ¸
n Aof ¬ © A 1 ¹ © n 1 ¹¼ © n 1¹
f
1 f 1 1 § n 1·
¦
A ln ¨
³ ¸
28. En
3 n x3
dx lim
Aof n
³ x3
dx © n ¹
k n 1 k
§ n 1· 1
¸ 0.0002 1 e | 1.0002
0.0002
ª 1 1 º 1 ln ¨
lim « » © n ¹ n
2
Aof ¬ 2n 2 A ¼ 2n 2
2
1
1 1 n! 5000
0.0002 n ! 50 0.0002
2 0.0004
2n
f 1
f
1 f 1 33. Consider ³2 dx. Let u = ln x,
29. En ¦ ³ dx x(ln x) p
k n 1 1 k 1 x2
2 n
1
A 1 du dx.
lim ³ dx lim ª tan 1 A tan 1 n º x
Aof n 1 x 2 Aof ¬ ¼
f 1 f 1
S
2
tan 1 n ³2 x(ln x) p
dx ³ln 2 u p du which converges for
S tan 1 n 0.0002 tan 1 n ! S 0.0002 p > 1.
2 2
2
n ! tan S 0.0002 | 5000 34.
1
is continuous, positive, and
x ln x ln(ln x )
f
k f x nonincreasing on [3, f) .
30. En ¦ 2
³
n x2
dx
f
k n 1 e k 1
³3
e dx
u x2 x ln x ln(ln x)
du 2 x dx
1
1 A 1 Let u = ln(ln x), du dx.
2 ³n eu
lim 2 du x ln x
Aof
f f
[ln u ]f
1 1
§ 1· ª 1 1 º 1 ³3 dx ³ln(ln 3) u du ln(ln 3)
¨ ¸ lim « A 2 » x ln x ln(ln x)
© 2 ¹ Aof «¬ e en »¼ 2e n
2
f – ln(ln(ln 3)) f
1 1 The series diverges.
0.0002 n ! ln
n2 0.0004
2e 35.
| 2.797 ?n ! 2
f f
k x 1 A du
31. En ¦ ³ dx lim
2 ³n 1 u 2
2
k n 1 1 k 1 x
4 n 4 Aof
u x2
du 2 xdx
1 ªS
1
lim ª tan 1 A tan 1 n 2 º
2 Aof ¬ ¼ 2 «¬ 2
º
tan 2 n 2 »
¼

The upper rectangles, which extend to n + 1 on
1 ªS
«
2¬2
º
tan 2 n 2 » 0.0002
¼
1 1 1
the right, have area 1 } . These
2 3 n
S

2

tan 2 n 2 0.0004 tan 1 n 2 ! 1.5703963 rectangles are above the curve y
1
from x = 1
x
n ! tan 1.5703963 | 50 to x = n + 1. Thus,
n 1 1 n 1
³1 x dx [ln x]1 ln(n 1) – ln1 ln(n 1)

1 1 1 b. The leftmost rectangle has area
1 } . 1 f (1) f (1). If each shaded region to the
2 3 n
The lower (shaded) rectangles have area right of x = 2 is shifted until it is in the
1 1 1 leftmost rectangle, there will be no overlap
} . These rectangles lie below the of the shaded area, since the top of each
2 3 n
rectangle is at the bottom of the shaded
1 region to the left. Thus, the total shaded area
curve y from x = 1 to x = n. Thus
x is less than or equal to the area of the
1 1 1 n1 leftmost rectangle, or Bn d f (1).
} ³ dx ln n, so
2 3 n 1 x c. By parts a and b, {Bn } is a nondecreasing
1 1 1 sequence that is bounded above, so lim Bn
1 } 1 ln n.
2 3 n n of
exists.
36. From Problem 35, Bn is the area of the region 1
within the upper rectangles but above the curve d. Let f ( x) , then
x
1 n 1 n 1 1
. Each time n is incremented by 1, the
³1 f ( x)dx ³1 x dx ln(n 1) and
y
x
added area is a positive amount, thus Bn is lim Bn J as defined in Problem 37.
increasing. n of
From the inequalities in Problem 35, 41. Every time n is incremented by 1, a positive
1 1 1 amount of area is added, thus { An } is an
0 1 } – ln(n 1) 1 ln n – ln(n 1)
2 3 n increasing sequence. Each curved region has
n horizontal width 1, and can be moved into the
1 ln
n 1 heavily outlined triangle without any overlap.
n n This can be done by shifting the nth shaded
Since 1, ln 0, thus Bn 1 for all n, region, which goes from (n, f(n)) to
n 1 n 1 (n + 1, f(n + 1)), as follows:
and Bn is bounded by 1. shift (n + 1, f(n + 1)) to (2, f(2)) and (n, f(n)) to
(1, f(2)–[f(n + 1) – f(n)]).
37. {Bn } is a nondecreasing sequence that is The slope of the line forming the bottom of the
bounded above, thus by the Monotonic Sequence shaded region between x = n and x = n + 1 is
Theorem (Theorem D of Section 9.1), lim Bn f (n 1) – f (n)
n of f (n 1) – f (n) ! 0
(n 1) – n
exists. The rationality of J is a famous unsolved
since f is increasing.
problem. By the Mean Value Theorem,
n f (n 1) – f (n) f c(c) for some c in (n, n + 1).
1
38. From Problem 35, ln(n 1) ¦ k 1 ln n, thus Since f is concave down, n < c < n + 1 means that
k 1 f c(c) f c(b) for all b in [1, n]. Thus, the nth
10,000,000 shaded region will not overlap any other shaded
1
ln(10, 000, 001) | 16.1181 ¦ k region when shifted into the heavily outlined
k 1
triangle. Thus, the area of all of the shaded
1 ln(10, 000, 000) | 17.1181 regions is less than or equal to the area of the
heavily outlined triangle, so lim An exists.
39. J ln(n 1) ! 20 ln(n 1) ! 20 – J | 19.4228 n of
n 1 ! e | 272, 404,867
19.4228
n ! 272, 404,866
40. a. Each time n is incremented by 1, a positive

amount of area is added.

42. ln x is continuous, increasing, and concave down on [1, f) , so the conditions of Problem 41 are met.
n
a. See the figure in the text for Problem 41. The area under the curve from x = 1 to x = n is ³1 ln x dx and the
ln n ln(n 1) n ª ln1 ln 2 ln(n –1) ln(n) º
area of the nth trapezoid is , thus An ³ ln x dx – « } ».
2 1 ¬ 2 2 ¼
1
Using integration by parts with u = ln x, du dx, dv = dx, v = x
x
n n
³1 ln x dx [ x ln x ]1n – ³ dx [ x ln x – x]1n
1
n ln n – n – (ln1 –1) n ln n – n 1
The sum of the areas of the n trapezoids is
ln1 ln 2 ln 2 ln 3 ln(n – 2) ln(n –1) ln(n –1) ln(n) 2 ln 2 2 ln 3 } 2 ln(n –1) ln n
}
2 2 2 2 2
ln n ln n
ln 2 ln 3 } ln n – ln(2 3 } n) – ln n !– ln n
2 2
Thus, An
n ln n – n 1 – ln n !– ln n n ln n – n 1 – ln n ! ln n ln n n – ln e n 1 – ln n ! ln n
§n·
n
n ª§ n · n n º
ln ¨ ¸ 1 ln 1 ln «¨ ¸ »
©e¹ n! «¬© e ¹ n ! »¼
ª ª§ n · n n º º
b. By Problem 41, lim An exists, hence part a says that lim «1 ln «¨ ¸ » » exists.
n of n of « «¬© e ¹ n ! »¼ »¼
¬
ª ª§ n · n n º º ª§ n · n n º ª §n· nº
n
lim «1 ln «¨ ¸ » » 1 lim ln «¨ ¸ » 1 ln « lim ¨ ¸ »
n of « «¬© e ¹ n ! »¼ »¼ nof «© e ¹ n ! » «¬ nof © e ¹ n ! »¼
¬ ¬ ¼
n
§n· n
Since the limit exists, lim ¨ ¸ m. m cannot be 0 since lim ln x – f.
n of © e ¹ n! x o0
n! 1 1 1
Thus, lim lim , i.e., the limit exists.
e
n
n of n n n of n n n n m
e
n lim ne
n! n of n!
n 15
§n· § 15 ·
c. From part b, n ! | 2Sn ¨ ¸ , thus, 15! | 30S ¨ ¸ | 1.3004 u 1012
©e¹ © e ¹
The exact value is 15! 1,307, 674,368, 000 .
k 1
43. (Refer to fig 2 in the text). Let bk ³k f ( x) dx ; then from fig 2, it is clear that ak t bk for k 1, 2,! , n,!
t t
¦ ¦
t
Therefore ak t bk ³n1 f ( x) dx so that
k n 1 k n 1
f t f
¦ ¦
t
En ak lim ak t lim ³ f ( x) dx ³n1 f ( x) dx .
k n 1 t of k n 1 t of n 1

9.4 Concepts Review an 1 8n 1 n ! 8
5. lim lim lim 0 1
n of an n of ( n 1)!8n n of n 1
1. 0 d ak d bk
ak
2. lim an 1 5n 1 n5 5n 5
k of bk 6. lim lim lim
n of an nof (n 1)5 5n n of ( n 1)5
3. U< 1; U > 1; U= 1 5n5

lim
4. Ratio; Limit Comparison nof n5 5n 4 10n3 10n 2 5n 1
5
lim 5 !1
Problem Set 9.4 nof 1 5 102 103 54 15
n n n n n
n 1 The series diverges.
1. an ; bn
n 2n 3
2 n
an 1 (n 1)!n100 n100
an n2 1 7. lim lim lim
lim lim lim 1; n of an nof (n 1)100 n ! n of ( n 1)99
n of bn nof n 2 2n 3 n of 1 2 32
n 99
n
n § n 1·
0<1< f lim f since lim ¨ ¸ 1
f f
nof n 1 99 n of © n ¹
¦ bn diverges ¦ an diverges.
n
n 1 n 1 The series diverges.
13
n 1
3n 1 1 (n 1) n 1
2. an ; bn a
8. lim n 1 lim lim
n3 – 4 n2
n 13
n of an nof n n of 3n
a 3n3 n 2 3 1n
lim n lim lim 3;
n of bn nof n3 – 4 n of 1 – 43 1 1n
1
n lim 1
nof 3 3
0<3< f
f f The series converges.
¦ bn converges ¦ an converges
n 1 n 1 an 1 (n 1)3 (2n)!
9. lim lim
n of an nof (2n 2)!n3
1 1 1
3. an ; bn (n 1)3 n3 3n 2 3n 1
n n 1 n n3 2 n 3/ 2 lim lim
nof (2n 2)(2n 1) n3 n of 4 n5 6 n 4 2 n3
3/ 2 3
an n n 1 3 3 1
lim lim lim n2 n3 n 4 n5
n of bn nof n n3 2 nof n n
3 2 lim 0 1
nof 4 6 2
n n2
1
lim 1; 0 < 1 < f The series converges.
nof 1 1n
f f an 1 (3n 1 n 1)n !
¦ bn converges ¦ an converges 10. lim
n of an
lim
n of ( n 1)!(3n n)
n 1 n 1
n 1
3 n 1 3n 1 n 1
lim lim
2n 1 1 n of (3n n)(n 1) nof n3n 3n n 2 n
4. an ; bn
2 3/ 2
n n 3 nn 1
3n n
a n 3/ 2
2n 1 2n n
4 3 lim 3
0 f since lim 0
lim n
2
lim lim nof n 1 n nn n of 3n
n of bn nof 2 n of 4 3n
n n 3
2
2 1n n
and lim 0 which can be seen by using
lim 2;0 2 f n of 3n
nof 1
f f l’Hôpital’s Rule. The series converges.
¦ bn converges ¦ an converges
n 1 n 1

11.
n 1
1z 0 4n3 3n 1
lim lim 17. an ; bn
n of n 200 nof 1 200
n – 4n 1
5 2
n2
n
The series diverges; nth-Term Test 4 3
a 4n5 3n3 n2
lim n lim lim 4;
a (n 1)!(5 n) n of bn nof n5 – 4n 2 1 n of 1 – 43 1
12. lim n 1 lim n n5
n of an n of (6 n) n ! 0<4< f
f f
(n 1)(5 n) n 6n 5
2
nof
lim
6n
lim
n of 6n
¦ bn converges ¦ an converges; Limit
n 1 n 1
n 6 5n Comparison Test
lim f !1
nof 6 1
n a [(n 1) 2 1]3n
The series diverges; Ratio Test 18. lim n 1 lim
n of an nof 3n 1 (n 2 1)
n3 1 n 2 2n 2 1 n2 2
1
13. an ; bn lim lim n2
1
2 3/ 2
n n n nof 3n 3
2 n of 3 3 3
n2
a n5 / 2 3n3 / 2 1 n3
lim n lim lim 1; The series converges; Ratio Test
n of bn nof n5 / 2 n of 1
f f 1 1 1
19. an
¦ bn converges ¦ an
; bn
0<1< f. n(n 1) n n
2
n2
n 1 n 1
converges; Limit Comparison Test a n2 1
lim n lim lim 1;
n of bn n of n 2 n n of 1 1
n
n 1 1 0<1< f
14. an ; bn
n 12
n 3/ 2 f f
a n3 / 2 n 1 n 4 n3
¦ bn converges ¦ an converges;
lim n lim lim n 1 n 1
n of bn nof n2 1 n of n2 1 Limit Comparison Test
1 1n n n 1
lim 1; 0 1 f. 20. an ; bn
nof 1 1
(n 1) 2
n 2n 1
2 n
n2
f f a n2 1
lim n
¦ bn converges ¦ an converges; Limit n of bn
lim
n of n 2 2n 1
lim
n of 1 2 1
1;
n 1 n 1 n n2
Comparison Test 0<1< f
f f
a (n 1)2 n ! n 2 2n 1 ¦ bn diverges ¦ an diverges;
15. lim n 1 lim lim n 1 n 1
n of an nof (n 1)!n 2 n of (n 1)n 2 Limit Comparison Test
n 2 2n 1
1 2 1
n n2 n3 n 1 n 1
lim lim 0 1 1
nof n3 n 2 n of 1 1n 21. an ; bn
n(n 2)(n 3) n 5n 6n
3 2
n2
The series converges; Ratio Test
a n3 n 2 1 1n
lim n lim lim 1;
a ln(n 1)2n ln(n 1) n of bn nof n3 5n 2 6n n of 1 5 62
16. lim n 1 lim lim n n
n of an nof 2n 1 ln n n of 2 ln n 0<1< f
Using l’Hôpital’s Rule, f f
ln(n 1)
1
n
¦ bn converges ¦ an converges;
n 1 n 1 n 1
lim lim lim
n of 2 ln n n of 2 n of 2( n 1) Limit Comparison Test
n
1 1
lim 1.
nof 2 2 2
n

22. an
n
; bn
1
a 5(3n 1) 11
n 1 2 n 28. lim n 1 lim lim 3n

n of an nof (3n 1 1)5 n of 3 1n
a n2 1 3
lim n lim lim 1; 0 1 f 1
n of bn nof n 2 1 n of 1 12 1
n 3
f f
¦ bn diverges ¦ an diverges;
n 1 n 1 29. –1 d cos n d 1 for all n, so
Limit Comparison Test 3 4 cos n 5
3 d 4 cos n d 5 d d for all n.
n a (n 1)3n n3 n3 n3
23. an ; lim n 1 lim f f
4 cos n
3n 1 n
5
¦ n3 ¦ n3 converges;
n n of a n of
3 n converges
n 1 1 n 1 1 n 1 n 1
lim lim 1 Comparison Test
nof 3n nof 3 3
The series converges; Ratio Test a 52 n 2 n ! 25
30. lim n 1 lim lim 0 1
n of an nof ( n 1)!5 2n n of n 1
3n
24. an ; The series converges; Ratio Test
n!
a 3n 1 n ! 3 (n 1)n 1 (2n)!
lim n 1 lim lim 0 1 31.
a
lim n 1 lim
n of an n of ( n 1)!3n n of n 1
n of an nof (2n 2)!n n
(n 1)n 1 (n 1)n 1
lim lim
1 1 1 nof (2n 2)(2n 1) n n n of 2( n 1)(2n 1) n n
25. an ; is continuous, positive,
n n n3 / 2 x 3 / 2 (n 1)n ª 1 § n 1 ·n º
and nonincreasing on [1, f ). lim lim « ¨ ¸ »
nof 2(2n 1) n n n of « 4n 2 © n ¹ »
f ¬ ¼
f 1 ª 2 º
³1 x3 / 2 dx «¬ – x »¼ 0 2 2 f ª 1 º ª § n 1·
nº
1
« nlim » « lim ¨ ¸ » 0e 0 1
The series converges; Integral Test ¬ of 4n 2 ¼ «¬ nof © n ¹ »¼
(The limits can be separated since both limits
ln n ln x exist.) The series converges; Ratio Test
26. an ; is continuous, positive, and
n2 x2
x
nonincreasing on [2, f) . Use integration by parts § 1· § 1·
32. Let y ¨ 1 ¸ ; ln y x ln ¨ 1 ¸
1 © x¹ © x¹
with u = ln x and dv dx for
x2 § 1·
lim x ln ¨ 1 ¸ lim

ln 1 1x
f
f ln x ª ln x º f 1 x of © x¹ x of 1
³2 x 2
dx « – x » ³2 2 dx
¬ ¼2 x
x
1/ x 2
ª ln x 1 º
f
ln 2 1
1 1x 1
0 f lim lim 1
«– x – x »
¬ ¼2 2 2 x of 1
x2
x of 1 1x
§ ln x · n
¨ lim 0 by l'Hôpital's Rule. ¸ § 1·
© x of x ¹ Thus lim y e 1 , so lim ¨ 1 ¸ e 1.
x of nof © n¹
The series converges; Integral Test
The series diverges; nth-Term Test
27. 0 d sin 2 n d 1 for all n, so
1 1 1
2 d 2 sin 2 n d 3 t t for all n.
2 2 sin 2 n 3
1
Thus, lim z 0 and the series diverges;
n of 2 sin 2 n
nth-Term Test

a (4n 1 n 1)n ! a
33. lim n 1 lim 38. If lim n f then there is some positive
n of an nof ( n 1)!(4n n) n of bn
4 n 1 an
4n 1 n 1 4n 4n
integer N such that ! 1 for all n t N. Thus,
lim lim bn
nof (n 1)(4n n) n of § n ·
(n 1) ¨1 n ¸ for n t N , an ! bn and by the Comparison
© 4 ¹ f f
4 n
4n
1
4n
Test, since ¦ bn diverges, ¦ an also
lim 0 n N n N
nof 1 n n n2
4n 4n
diverges. Thus, ¦ an diverges since adding a
n2 n finite number of terms will not affect the
since lim 0, lim 0 , and convergence or divergence of a series.
n of 4n n of 4n
1 39. If lim nan 1 then there is some positive
lim 0. The series converges; Ratio Test n of
nof 4n
integer N such that an t 0 for all n t N , Let
(n 1)(2 n5n ) 1 a
34. lim
an 1
lim bn , so lim n lim nan 1 f.
n of an nof [2 ( n 1)5n 1 ]n
n n of bn nof
f f
1
lim
2n n 2 5n 2 n5n Since ¦
diverges, ¦ an diverges by the
nof 2n n 2 5n 1 n5n 1 n N n n N
Limit Comparison Test.
2 1 22 n 1n
lim n5
n
n 5 1
1 Thus ¦ an diverges since adding a finite
nof 2 5 5 5
n5 n n number of terms will not affect the convergence
The series converge; Ratio Test or divergence of a series.
40. Consider f ( x) x – ln(1 x), then

35. Since ¦ an converges, lim an
n of
0. Thus, there
1 x
is some positive integer N such that 0 an 1 f c( x) 1 – ! 0 on (0, f ).
1 x 1 x
for all n t N. an 1 an 2 an , thus f(0) = 0 – ln 1 = 0, so since f(x) is increasing,
f f f f(x) > 0 on (0, f ), i.e., x > ln(1 + x) for x > 0.
¦ an2 ¦ an . Hence ¦ an2 converges, Thus, since an is a series of positive terms,
n N n N n N
¦ ln(1 an ) ¦ an , hence if ¦ an converges,
and ¦ an also converges, since adding a finite
2
¦ ln(1 an ) also converges.
number of terms does not affect the convergence
or divergence of a series.
41. Suppose that lim (an )1/ n R where an ! 0.
n of
f
n! If R < 1, there is some number r with R < r < 1
36. ¦ nn converges by Example 7, thus
and some positive integer N such that
n 1
n! (an )1/ n – R r – R for all n t N. Thus,
lim 0 by the nth-Term Test.
n of n n
R – r (an )1/ n – R r – R or
a – r (an )1/ n r 1. Since an ! 0,
37. If lim n 0 then there is some positive integer
n of bn 0 (an )1/ n r and 0 an r n for all n t N.
a f f
N such that 0 d n 1 for all n t N. Thus, for
bn Thus, ¦ an ¦ r n , which converges since
n N n N
n t N, an bn . By the Comparison Test, since f
f f r 1. Thus, ¦ an converges so ¦ an also
¦ bn converges, ¦ an also converges. Thus, n N
n N n N converges.
¦ an converges since adding a finite number of If R > 1, there is some number r with 1 < r < R
terms will not affect the convergence or and some positive integer N such that
divergence of a series.

(an )1/ n – R R – r for all n t N. Thus, n 1
lim Sn ln 2 lim lnln 2
n of n of n 2
r – R (an )1/ n – R R – r or Since the partial sums converge, the series
converges.
r (an )1/ n 2 R – r for all n t N. Hence
f f ln x
r n an for all n t N, so ¦ rn ¦ an , and c.
§ 1 ·
¨ ¸ is continuous, positive, and
n N n N © ln x ¹
f f f ln n
§ 1 ·
since ¦ rn diverges (r > 1), ¦ an also nonincreasing on [2, f ), thus ¦ ¨© ln n ¸¹
n N n N n 2
diverges, so ¦ an diverges. f§ 1 ·
ln x
converges if and only if ³2 ¨© ln x ¸¹ dx
1/ n
ª§ 1 · n º 1 converges.
42. a. lim (an ) 1/ n
lim «¨ ¸ » lim
n of n of «© ln n ¹ » n of ln n Let u = ln x, so x eu and dx eu du.
¬ ¼
ln x u u
0 1 f§ 1 · f §1· u f §e·
The series converges. ³2 ¨ ¸
© ln x ¹
dx ³ln 2 ¨© u ¸¹ e du ³ln 2 ¨© u ¸¹ du
1/ n
ª§ n · n º This integral converges if and only if the
b. lim (an ) lim «¨
1/ n
¸ » f n
n of «© 3n 2 ¹ » §e·
n of
¬ ¼ associated series, ¦ ¨© n ¸¹ converges. With
n 1 1 n 1
lim lim 1 n
nof 3n 2 n of 3 2 3 §e·
n an ¨ ¸ , the Root Test (Problem 41)
The series converges. ©n¹
1/ n
ª§ e · n º
lim an
1/ n
ª§ 1 1 · n º1/ n lim «¨ ¸ »
n of n of «© n ¹ »
c. lim (an )1/ nlim «¨ ¸ » gives ¬ ¼
n of n of «© 2 n ¹ »
¬ ¼ e
lim 0 1
§1 1· 1 n of n
lim ¨ ¸ 1
nof © 2 n ¹ 2 f n u
§e· f §e·
The series converges. Thus, ¦ ¨© n ¸¹ converges, so ³ln 2 ¨© u ¸¹ du
n 1
f
§ 1· § n 1· 1
43. a. ln ¨ 1 ¸ ln ¨
© n ¹ © n ¹
¸ ln(n 1) – ln n converges, whereby ¦ (ln n)ln n
n 2
Sn (ln 2 – ln1) (ln 3 – ln 2) } converges.
(ln n – ln(n –1)) (ln(n 1) – ln n)
ln x
– ln1 ln(n 1) ln(n 1) § 1 ·
d. ¨ ¸ is continuous, positive, and
lim Sn lim ln(n 1) f © ln(ln x) ¹
n of n of nonincreasing on [3, f ), thus
Since the partial sums are unbounded, the f ln n
§ 1 ·
series diverges. ¦ ¨ ln(ln n) ¸ converges if and only if
n 3© ¹
(n 1) 2 ln x
b. ln 2 ln(n 1) – ln n – ln(n 2) f§ 1 ·
n(n 2) ³3 ¨ ¸
© ln(ln x) ¹
dx converges.
Sn (2 ln 2 – ln1 – ln 3) (2 ln 3 – ln 2 – ln 4)
Let u = ln x, so x eu and dx eu du.
(2 ln 4 – ln 3 – ln 5) } ln x
f§ 1 ·
(2 ln n – ln(n – 1) – ln(n 1))
³3 ¨© ln(ln x) ¸¹ dx
(2 ln(n 1) – ln n – ln(n 2))
u u
= ln 2 – ln 1 + ln (n + 1) – ln (n + 2) f § 1 · u f § e ·
n 1 ³ln 3 ¨© ln u ¸¹ e du ³ln 3 ¨© ln u ¸¹ du.
ln 2 ln
n2 This integral converges if and only if the

f n
§ e · 12(ln n)2 (1/ n) 12(ln n)2
associated series, ¦ ¨© ln n ¸¹ converges. lim
nof 1
lim
nof n
n 2
n 24(ln n) 24(1/ n)
§ e · lim lim
With an ¨ ¸ , the Root Test (Problem nof n nof 1
© ln n ¹ 24
41) gives lim 0
nof n
1/ n
ª§ e · n º f
1 f
1
lim (an )1/ n
n of
lim «¨ ¸ »
n of «© ln n ¹ »
¦ n diverges ¦ (ln n)4 diverges
¬ ¼ . n 2 n 2
e
lim 0 1 2
nof ln n § ln x ·
f. ¨ ¸ is continuous, positive, and
f
§ e ·
n © x ¹
Thus, ¦ ¨© ln n ¸¹ converges, so nonincreasing on [3, f ). Using integration
n 2 by parts twice,
u f
f § e · 2 ª (ln x) 2 º
³ln 3 ¨© ln u ¸¹ du converges, whereby f § ln x ·
³3 ¨ ¸ dx « » ³
f 2 ln x
dx
© x ¹ ¬« x ¼» 3 x2
f 3
1
¦ (ln(ln n))ln n converges.
ª (ln x)2 º
f
ª 2 ln x º
f
f 2
n 3 « » « » ³ dx
«¬ x »¼
3
¬ x ¼3 3 x2
e. an 1/ n; bn 1/(ln n)4 f
ª (ln x)2 2 ln x 2 º
a 1/ n (ln n) 4 « » | 1.8 f
lim n lim lim «¬ x x x »¼
n of bn nof 1/(ln n) 4 nof n 3
f 2
§ ln x ·
4(ln n)3 (1/ n) 4(ln n)3 Thus, ¦ ¨© ¸ converges.
n 3 x ¹
lim lim
nof 1 n of n
44. The degree of p(n) must be at least 2 less than the degree of q(n). If p(n) and q(n) have the same degree, r, then
p ( n) cr n r cr –1n r –1 } c1n c0 and
q ( n) d r n r d r –1n r –1 } d1n d0 where cr , d r z 0 and
c c c
p ( n) cr n r cr –1n r –1 } c1n c0 cr rn–1 } r1–1 0r cr
lim lim lim n n
z 0.
n of q ( n) n of d
rn
r
d r –1n r –1
} d1n d0 nof d
r
d r –1
}
d1

d0 dr
n n r –1 nr
Thus, the series diverges by the nth-Term Test. If the degree of p(n) is r and the degree of q(n) is s, then the Limit
p ( n) 1 a a n s – r p ( n)
Comparison Test with an , bn will give lim n L with 0 L f , since n and
q ( n) ns –r n of bn bn q ( n)
the degrees of n s – r p(n) and q(n) are the same, similar to the previous case. Since 0 < L < f , an and bn either
both converge or both diverge.
f f f f f f
1 1 p ( n)
If s t r + 2, then s – r t 2 so ¦ bn ¦ d ¦ . Thus ¦ bn , and hence ¦ an ¦ converges.
s–r 2
n 1 n 1n n 1n n 1 n 1 n 1 ( n)
q
f f f f f f
1 1 p ( n)
If s < r + 2, then s – r d 1 so ¦ bn ¦ n s – r t ¦ n . Thus ¦ bn , and hence ¦ an ¦ q(n) diverges.
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

f
1 § 1 1 1 · 1 a § 1 1 1 · 1
45. Let an
p¨
n © 2
1
p

3 p
} ¸ and bn
np ¹ n p
. Then lim n
n of bn
lim ¨ 1
nof © 2 p

3 p
} ¸
np ¹
¦ np which
n 1
f f
converges if p > 1. Thus, by the Limit Comparison Test, if ¦ bn converges for p > 1, so does ¦ an . Since
n 1 n 1
f f f
1 1 § 1 1 1 ·
¦ bn ¦ n p converges for p > 1, ¦ n p ¨©1 2 p 3 p n p ¸¹ also converges. For p d 1, since
n 1 n 1 n 1
f
1 1 1 § 1 1 · 1 1
1
2p
}
n p
! 1,
p¨
n © 2
1
p
}
p ¸
n ¹ n
!
p
. Hence, since ¦ p
diverges for p d 1,
n 1n
f
1 § 1 1 ·
¦ n p ¨©1 2 p } n p ¸¹ also diverges. The series converges for p > 1 and diverges for p d 1.
n 1
2 2
§1· 1 a §1· §1· § sin u ·
46. a. Let an sin 2 ¨ ¸ and bn . Then lim n lim n 2 sin 2 ¨ ¸ lim ¨ ¸ sin 2 u lim ¨ ¸ 1
©n¹ n 2 n of bn n of ©n¹ u o0 © ¹
u
u o0 © u ¹

f f f f
1 1 §1·
using the substitution u . Since 0 < 1 < f , both ¦ bn ¦ n2 and ¦ an ¦ sin 2 ¨© n ¸¹ converge.
n n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
b. Let an
§1·
tan ¨ ¸ and bn
1
. Then lim n
a §1·
lim n tan ¨ ¸ lim

n sin 1n
©n¹ n n of bn nof ©n¹ nof cos 1
n
u
1 sin u
§ sin u · 1 f
. Since 0 < 1 < f , both ¦ bn
f
1
lim
u o0 cos u
lim ¨
u o0 © u
cos u ¸ 1 using the substitution u
¹ n
¦n and
n 1 n 1
f f
§1·
¦ an ¦ tan ¨© n ¸¹ diverge.
n 1 n 1
f
§ 1· f
§ 1 · § 1 cos ·
1 f
n 1 cos 2 1n f n sin 2 1n f
c. ¦ n ¨©1 – cos n ¸¹ ¦ n ¨©1 – cos n ¸¹ ¨¨ 1 cos 1n ¸¸ ¦
1 cos 1n
¦
1 cos 1n
¦ n sin 2 1n
n 1 n 1 © n¹ n 1 n 1 n 1
1 1
Let an n sin 2 and bn .
n 3/ 2
n
2
a 1 § sin 1 · sin 1n sin u 1
lim n lim n sin 2 2
lim ¨ n¸
1 , since lim lim 1 with u .
n of bn n of n nof ¨ 1 ¸ n of 1 u o0 u n
© n ¹ n
f f f
1 1
Thus, by the Limit Comparison Test, since ¦ bn ¦ n3 / 2 converges, ¦ n sin 2
n
converges, and hence,
n 1 n 1 n 1
f
§ 1·
¦ n ¨©1 – cos n ¸¹ converges by the Comparison Test.
n 1


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CHAPTER 8 Indeterminate Forms and

sin 2 x 2sin x cos x 2

11. lim e 2 x f (has no finite value)

474 Chapter 8 Review and Preview Instructor's Resource Manual

We would conjecture lim x3e x 0. a

Instructor’s Resource Manual Chapter 8 Review and Preview 475

476 Section 8.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.1 477

sin t (1 – cos t ) cos t – cos t  sin t 2 2

478 Section 8.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

b. Slope AF = slope EF . Thus,

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.1 479

Thus, lim A 2Sb  2Sb(b)

32. In order for l’Hôpital’s Rule to be of any use, a(1)4  b(1)3  1 0, so b = –1 – a.

480 Section 8.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

40. 42. If f and g are locally linear at zero, then, since

The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 1 and

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.1 481

482 Section 8.2 Instructor’s Resource Manual

1 – cos 2 x  sin 2 x 4sin x cos x

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 8.2 483

484 Section 8.2 Instructor's Resource Manual

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 8.2 485

n a  1 a 1 Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.

486 Section 8.2 Instructor's Resource Manual

43. d. The limit is of the form 10 , since 1x 1 for

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 8.2 487

The summation has the form of a Reimann sum

488 Section 8.2 Instructor's Resource Manual

Problem Set 8.3 f

f b The integral diverges.

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.3 489

The integral diverges.

490 Section 8.3 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.3 491

In the second integral, let u ( x / T ) E . Then,

492 Section 8.3 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.3 493

35. We use the results from problem 34: f dx

494 Section 8.3 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.3 495

496 Section 8.4 Instructor's Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.4 497

498 Section 8.4 Instructor's Resource Manual

28. Note that 4 x  x2 4  ( x 2  4 x  4) 22  ( x  2)2 . (by completing the square)

The integral diverges.

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 9.4 499

This last integral is a proper integral.

This is a proper integral.

500 Section 8.4 Instructor’s Resource Manual

The integral diverges.

lim > x ln x  x @c  > x ln x  x @1

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.4 501

c. From parts a and b,

502 Section 9.5 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.4 503

504 Section 8.4 Instructor’s Resource Manual

9. True: Since lim f ( x) –1 z 0, it serves

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.5 505

We would conjecture lim x3e x 0. a

sin t (1 – cos t ) cos t – cos t sin t 2 2

Thus, lim A 2Sb 2Sb(b)

32. In order for l’Hôpital’s Rule to be of any use, a(1)4 b(1)3 1 0, so b = –1 – a.

1 – cos 2 x sin 2 x 4sin x cos x

n a 1 a 1 Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.

28. Note that 4 x x2 4 ( x 2 4 x 4) 22 ( x 2)2 . (by completing the square)

lim > x ln x x @c > x ln x x @1

Review and Preview Problems 7. Original: f ( x) x 2 f c( x) 2 x (AT)

1. Original: If x ! 0 , then x 2 ! 0 (AT) Converse: f c( x) 2 x f ( x) x2

n2 1 1 1 50. Suppose {an bn } converges. Then, by

n 1 2 n 28. lim n 1 lim lim 3n

40. Consider f ( x) x – ln(1 x), then