1 3 -10

In[4]:=  Row reduce 4 2 0

5 1 6

Input:

1 3 -10
row reduce 4 2 0
5 1 6

Result:
1 0 2
0 1 -4
0 0 0

Dimensions:

3 (rows) × 3 (columns)

Matrix plot:
1 2 3
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 2 3

Trace: Step-by-step solution

Determinant: Step-by-step solution

Matrix rank: Step-by-step solution

Nullity: Step-by-step solution

Characteristic polynomial: Step-by-step solution

3 2
-λ + 2 λ - λ
Characteristic polynomial »

Eigenvalues: Step-by-step solution

λ1  1

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2

λ1 1
λ2  1
λ3  0

Eigenvectors: Step-by-step solution

v1  (0, 1, 0)
v2  (1, 0, 0)
v3  (-2, 4, 1)

Diagonalization:
M  S.J.S-1
where
1 0 2
M  0 1 -4
0 0 0
-2 0 1
S 4 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
J 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
S-1  0 1 -4
1 0 2

Condition number:

In[5]:= Solve[{x1 + x3 ⩵ 1, x2 - x3 ⩵ - 3, x1 - x2 ⩵ 2}, {x1, x2, x3}]

Out[5]= {{x1 → 0, x2 → - 2, x3 → 1}}

In[6]:=  x2 dy  dx - 2 x y = 3 y4 , y(1) = 1  2

Input interpretation:
∂y(x) 1
x2 × - 2 x y(x)  3 y(x)4 , y(1)  
∂x 2

Bernoulli's equation:

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 3

2 y(x) 3 y(x)4
y′ (x)  +
x x2
Bernoulli's equation »

ODE classification:

first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation

Alternate forms:
1
x (x y′ (x) - 2 y(x))  3 y(x)4 , y(1)  
2
1
x2 y′ (x)  3 y(x)4 + 2 x y(x), y(1)  
2

Differential equation solutions: Approximate form

Solve as Bernoulli's equation | ▾ Hide steps

5 x2
3

y(x) 
3
49 - 9 x5
Possible intermediate steps:
Solve Bernoulli's equation
x2 ⅆy(x)
ⅆx
- 2 x y(x)  3 y(x)4
, such that
1
y(1)  2
:

Divide both sides by

- 13 x2 y(x)4 :
ⅆy(x)
3 ⅆx 6 9
- + -
y(x)4 x y(x)3 x2

Let v(x)

1
y(x)3
, which
ⅆv(x)
gives ⅆx


ⅆy(x)
3
- ⅆx
y(x)4
:
ⅆ v(x) 6 v(x) 9
+ -
ⅆx x x2

6
∫

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4

6
Let μ(x)  ⅇ∫ x ⅆx  x6 .
Multiply both sides by
μ(x) :
ⅆ v(x)
x6 + 6 x5  v(x)  -9 x4
ⅆx

ⅆ 6
Substitute 6 x5  ⅆx
x  :
ⅆ v(x) ⅆ
x6 + x6  v(x)  -9 x4
ⅆx ⅆx

Apply the reverse product rule

ⅆg ⅆf
f ⅆx
+g ⅆx


ⅆ
ⅆx
(f g) to the
left-hand side:
ⅆ 6
x v(x)  -9 x4
ⅆx

Integrate both sides with respect to

x :
ⅆ 6
 x v(x) ⅆ x   -9 x4 ⅆ x
ⅆx

Evaluate the integrals:

9 x5
x6 v(x)  - + c1 , where c1 is an arbitrary constant.
5

Divide both sides by

μ(x)

x6 :
5
- 95x + c1
v(x) 
x6

Solve for y(x)

1
in v(x)  y(x)3
:

-5 x2 x2 (-1)2/3 x2
3

y(x)  - or y(x)  or y(x) 

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 5

y( ) y( ) y( )
3
-9 x5 + 5 c1 5 5
3 - 95x + c1 3 - 95x + c1

Simplify the arbitrary constants:

-5 x2 x2 (-1)2/3 x2
3

y(x)  - or y(x)  or y(x) 

3
-9 x5 + c1 5 5
3 - 95x + c1 3 - 95x + c1

For y(x)

3
-5 x2
- , solve for
3
-9 x5 +c1

c1 using the
initial conditions:
1
Substitute y(1)  2

into y(x)

3
-5 x2
- :
3
-9 x5 +c1
3
-5 1
- 
3
c1 - 9 2

The equation has no solution.

y(x)

3
-5 x2
-
3
-9 x5 +c1

cannot satisfy the initial condition, which means no solution exists.

For y(x)

x2
, solve for
9 x5
3 - 5
+c1

c1 using the
initial conditions:
1
Substitute y(1)  2

into y(x)

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6


x2
:
9 x5
3 - 5
+c1

1 1

2
9
3 c1 - 5

Solve the equation:

c1  49
5

49
Substitute c1  5

into y(x)

x2
:
9 x5
3 - 5
+c1

x2
y(x) 
5
3 - 95x + 49
5

For y(x)

(-1)2/3 x2
, solve for
9 x5
3 - 5
+c1

c1 using the
initial conditions:
1
Substitute y(1)  2

into y(x)

(-1)2/3 x2
:
9 x5
3 - 5
+c1

(-1)2/3 1

2
9
3 c1 - 5

The equation has no solution.

y(x)

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 7

y(x)

(-1)2/3 x2
9 x5
3 - 5
+c1

cannot satisfy the initial condition, which means no solution exists.

Collect solutions:

Answer:

x2
y(x) 
5
3 - 95x + 49
5

Plots of the solution:

y y′

x y

Interactive differential equation solution plots:

y
3.0

2.5

2.0
y(x)
1.5

1.0

x
1.1 1.2 1.3
0.0

Initial conditions:
More controls

In[7]:=  dy/dx = y2 + yx  x2

Input interpretation:

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8

∂y(x) y(x)2 + y(x) x


∂x x2

ODE names:
Bernoulli's equation:
y(x) y(x)2
y′ (x)  +
x x2
Homogeneous equation:
y(x)
y(x) 1 + x

y′ (x) 
x
Homogeneous equation »

ODE classification:

first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation

Alternate form:
y(x) (y(x) + x)
y′ (x) 
x2

Alternate form assuming x is positive:

y(x) (y(x) + x)  x2 y′ (x)

Expanded form:
y(x)2 y(x)
y′ (x)  +
x2 x

Differential equation solutions: Solve as a homogeneous equation | ▾ Hide steps

x
y(x) 
c1 - log(x)
Possible intermediate steps:
ⅆy(x) y(x)2 +x y(x)
Solve ⅆx
 x2
:

Let y(x)  x v(x)

, which gives
ⅆy(x) ⅆv(x)
ⅆx
x ⅆx
+ v(x) :
ⅆ v(x) x2 v(x)2 + x2 v(x)
x + v(x) 
ⅆx x2

Simplify:
ⅆ v(x)
x + v(x)  (v(x) + 1) v(x)
ⅆx

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 9

ⅆx

ⅆv(x)
Solve for ⅆx
:
ⅆ v(x) v(x)2

ⅆx x

Divide both sides by

v(x)2 :
ⅆv(x)
ⅆx 1

v(x)2 x

Integrate both sides with respect to

x :
ⅆv(x)
ⅆx 1
 ⅆx   ⅆx
v(x)2 x

Evaluate the integrals:

1
-  log(x) + c1 , where c1 is an arbitrary constant.
v(x)

Solve for v(x) :

1
v(x)  -
log(x) + c1

Substitute back for

y(x)

x v(x) :

Answer:
x
y(x)  -
log(x) + c1

log(x) is the natural logarithm »

Plots of sample individual solution:

y y′
y(1)  1

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10

y(1) 1

x y

Sample solution family:

y

600

400
(sampling y(1))
200

x
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

Interactive differential equation solution plots:

y(1)  1.
y

60

40
y(x)
20

x
1.5 2.0 2.5

-20

Initial conditions:
y(1)

More controls

In[10]:=  dy  dx = x  x2 y + 4 y,y(1)=1

Input interpretation:
∂y(x) x
  , y(1)  1
∂x x2 y(x) + 4 y(x)

Separable equation:
x
y′ (x) y(x) 
4 + x2

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 11

ODE classification:

first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation

Alternate form:
x
y′ (x)  , y(1)  1
x2 + 4 y(x)

Alternate form assuming x is positive:

x
x2 + 4 y′ (x)  , y(1)  1
y(x)

Differential equation solutions: Approximate form

Transform into an exact equation | ▾

Hide steps

y(x)  logx2 + 4 + 1 - log(5)

Possible intermediate steps:
ⅆy(x) x
Solve ⅆx
 4 y(x)+x2 y(x)

, such that
y(1)  1 :

Rewrite the equation:

x ⅆ y(x)
- + 0
2
4 y(x) + x y(x) ⅆx

Let R(x, y)

x
- 4 y+x 2y

and
S(x, y)

1 .
This is not an exact equation, because
x
 ∂R(x,y)
∂y
 - 4 y+x 2 y  ≠ 1 
∂S(x,y)
∂x
 .

Find an integrating factor

μ(y)
such that
ⅆy(x)
μ(y) R(x, y) + ⅆx
μ(y) S(x, y)  0 is exact.

This means
∂

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12

∂
∂y
(μ(y) R(x, y))


∂
∂x
(μ(y) S(x, y)) :
ⅆμ(y)
ⅆy
x μ(y) x x2 + 4
- + 0
4 y + y x2 4 y + y x2 
2

Isolate μ(y)
to the left-hand side:
∂μ(y)
∂y 1

μ(y) y

Integrate both sides with respect to

y :
log(μ(y))  log(y)

Take exponentials of both sides:

μ(y)  y

Multiply both sides of

x ⅆy(x)
- 4 y(x)+x 2 y(x) + ⅆx
0 by

μ(y(x)) :
x ⅆ y(x)
- + y(x) 0
x2 + 4 ⅆx

Let P(x, y)  - x2x+4

and
Q(x, y)  y .
This is an exact equation, because
∂P(x,y)
∂y


0

∂Q(x,y)
∂x
.

Define f (x, y)
such that
∂ f (x,y)
∂x
 P(x, y)

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 13

and
∂ f (x,y)
∂y
 Q(x, y)

. :
Then, the solution will be given by
f (x, y)  c1 , where
c1
is an arbitrary constant.

∂ f (x,y)
Integrate ∂x

with respect to
x
in order to find
f (x, y) :
f (x, y)

x
∫ - x2 +4 ⅆ x

- 12 logx2 + 4 + g(y) where
g(y)
is an arbitrary function of
y .

Differentiate
f (x, y)
with respect to
y
in order to find
g(y) :
∂ f (x, y) ∂ 1 ⅆ g(y)
 - logx2 + 4 + g(y) 
∂y ∂y 2 ⅆy

Substitute into
∂ f (x,y)
∂y
 Q(x, y) :
ⅆ g(y)
y
ⅆy

ⅆg(y)
Integrate ⅆy

with respect to

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14

with respect to
y :
g(y)

∫ y ⅆy

y2
2

Substitute g(y)
into f (x, y) :
y2 1
f (x, y)  - logx2 + 4
2 2

The solution is
f (x, y)  c1 :
y2 1
- logx2 + 4  c1
2 2

Solve for y :
2 2
y(x)  - logx + 4 + 2 c1 or y(x)  logx + 4 + 2 c1

Simplify the arbitrary constants:

y(x)  - logx2 + 4 + c1 or y(x)  logx2 + 4 + c1

For y(x)

- logx2 + 4 + c1 , solve for
c1 using the
initial conditions:
Substitute y(1)  1
into y(x)

- logx2 + 4 + c1 :
- c1 + log(5)  1

The equation has no solution.

( )

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 15

y(x)

- logx2 + 4 + c1
cannot satisfy the initial condition, which means no solution exists.

For y(x)

logx2 + 4 + c1 , solve for
c1 using the
initial conditions:
Substitute y(1)  1
into y(x)

logx2 + 4 + c1 :
c1 + log(5)  1

Solve the equation:

c1  1 - log(5)

Substitute c1  1 - log(5)
into y(x)

logx2 + 4 + c1 :

y(x)  logx2 + 4 + 1 - log(5)

Collect solutions:

Answer:

y(x)  logx2 + 4 + 1 - log(5)

log(x) is the natural logarithm »

Plots of the solution:

y y′

x y

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16

Interactive differential equation solution plots:

1.8

1.6

1.4 y(x)

1.2

x
2 3 4 5
0.8

Initial conditions:
More controls

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