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    This document describes a circuit designed to produce frequency modulation. The circuit uses a 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator with a message signal applied to the control voltage pin, varying the output frequency. Components were selected to give a carrier frequency of approximately 10kHz. Hardware implementation generated a modulated FM wave but only partially due to approximations made in component values. Measurements showed the output period varied with the message signal as expected.

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    This document describes a circuit designed to produce frequency modulation. The circuit uses a 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator with a message signal applied to the control voltage pin, varying the output frequency. Components were selected to give a carrier frequency of approximately 10kHz. Hardware implementation generated a modulated FM wave but only partially due to approximations made in component values. Measurements showed the output period varied with the message signal as expected.

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    This document describes a circuit designed to produce frequency modulation. The circuit uses a 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator with a message signal applied to the control voltage pin, varying the output frequency. Components were selected to give a carrier frequency of approximately 10kHz. Hardware implementation generated a modulated FM wave but only partially due to approximations made in component values. Measurements showed the output period varied with the message signal as expected.

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    87 views6 pages

    Merging 2 Files

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    madhur
    This document describes a circuit designed to produce frequency modulation. The circuit uses a 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator with a message signal applied to the control voltage pin, varying the output frequency. Components were selected to give a carrier frequency of approximately 10kHz. Hardware implementation generated a modulated FM wave but only partially due to approximations made in component values. Measurements showed the output period varied with the message signal as expected.

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    ECE3001
    ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

    LAB SLOT: L41+L42


    Madhur Satija – 15BEC0741
    LAB Experiments:
    • Frequency Modulation

    • Frequency Demodulation

    TASK 2: DESIGN OF FM MODULATION CIRCUIT

    AIM:
    To design a circuit capable of producing frequency modulation using a function generator
    and digital oscilloscope to check its waveforms.

    COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
    1. 555 Timer IC
    2. 1.5kΩ, 10kΩ resistors
    3. 0.1uF, 10uF capacitors
    4. 1N4007 diode
    5. 5V dc supply
    6. Function Generator
    7. DSO
    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

    DESIGN:
    • Carrier frequency of the generated FM wave can be determined from the expression:
    fo = 1/(0.693RC), where R = R1 = R2 and C = C1. Here we have chosen R as 1.5k
    and C as 0.1uF, which results in a carrier frequency of 9.62kHz. We have
    approximated it to 10kHz.
    • The 555 timer IC is operated in astable multivibrator mode.
    • In astable multivibrator mode, the 5th pin (Control Voltage) of 555 is not used but the
    message signal is fed to this pin which results in the variation of frequency.
    • The 8th and 1st pins of the IC are used for giving power, i.e. they are Vcc and GND
    respectively.
    • 4th pin is the Reset pin. It is an active low input, since it is tied to Vcc.
    • When the output is high, capacitor C1 charges to Vcc (5V) through R1 and D. When
    the output is low, capacitor discharges through resistor R2 and 7th of the IC. This
    charging and discharging time periods determines the time period of output.
    • Message signal is fed to 5th pin of the IC through a coupling capacitor and the output
    can be taken from the 3rd pin of the IC.
    WORKING:

    When an input of V volts is given to the 5th pin, the upper and lower comparator reference
    changes to voltages V and V/2. Hence, when the capacitor voltage becomes less than V/2,
    output becomes high and the capacitor starts charging to Vcc through resistor R1 and
    diode D. When the capacitor voltage becomes greater than V, output becomes low and the
    capacitor starts discharging through resistor R2 and 7th pin of the IC. Therefore, the time
    period is proportional to the input voltage V. So as V increases, time period of the output
    wave increases and when V decreases time period of the output wave decreases.

    HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:
    OUTPUT:

    t1 on = 46.22us

    t1 off = 46.22us
    t2 on = 55us

    t2 off = 55us

    t3 on = 45.22us

    t3 off = 45.22us

    t off = 130us

    time period = 292.88us

    Amplitude = 5V

    INFERENCE AND RESULT:

    • An FM modulated wave was obtained.


    • The time period of the FM wave was found. The on time was shorter than the off
    time.
    • For the negative half cycle of the message, i.e. input sine wave, the diode acts as a
    clamper and the output is not produced for the second half cycle.
    • We inferred that the output was obtained only partially from the chosen circuit
    design, due to the inaccurate value of various reactive components of the circuit
    taken to approximate values in hardware implementation.

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