Urban Planning

&
Environmental Governance
56th Senior Staff Course
BPATC, Savar, Dhaka.

Paper prepared by

Md. Shamsul Arefin

Director General ( Designate)
Rural Development Academy, Bogra, Bangladesh
Dated: 03-08-2011

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 1

 Definition of Urban Planning
• Urban Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and
orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and
services with a view to securing the physical,
economic and social efficiency, health and well-being
of urban communities.

• The goal of urban planning is to ensure welfare of

the people and their communities by creating
convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and
attractive environments for present and future
generations. (Agenda 21)
 Scope of Urban Planning
• Deals with the future of a city.
• Manages urban growth
• Considerations: the physical, social and
economic aspects of communities and examine
the connections among them.
• Highly collaborative process: Working with
local residents, politicians, and special groups.
• Much of planning is functional.
 What do planners do?
• Planners formulate plans to meet the social,
economic, and physical needs of communities,
and they develop the strategies to make these
plans work, such as;
• Land use patterns
• Housing needs
• Parks and recreation
• Roads and transportation systems,
• Economic development strategies
 Planning Process
• Land use and its organization is an important
function in the planning process
• Why your city is different from other cities in
terms of layout , size and scenic beauty
– Historical factors
– Economic factors
– Geographical factors
– Political factors
– Other considerations
 The planning profession deals with
urbanization issues, such as:
• conversion of land from natural habitats to
urban built areas,
• maintenance and use of natural resources and
habitats,
• development of transportation related
infrastructure,
• environmental protection.
 Planners not only deal with land use, but also:
• Planning social and community services,
• Managing cultural and heritage resources,
• Creating economic capacity in local communities,
• Addressing transportation and infrastructure issues,
• Planners must feel comfortable interpreting
population statistics, economic and social data,
geographical information, resource inventories and
environmental indicators and have a genuine interest
in geography and environment.
 Urban Planning people
• recommend policy and guidelines on land use,
environmental conservation, housing, and transportation;
• do research and prepare reports on demographic,
economic, cultural, social and environmental issues;
• review proposals for development to ensure that they
follow regulations and generally accepted planning
practice;
• prepare plans for developing private lands, providing
public spaces and services and maintaining and improving
the environment;
• answer questions from the public on planning policies and
procedures;
• speak before public meetings or formal hearings;
• consult with landowners, interest groups and citizens.
 Pillars Urban Planning &
Environment

 Urban planning integrates land use planning

and transportation planning to improve economic
and social environments of cities.

 Urban planner cares for environment

Urban Planners appreciate physical planning

 Urban planners acknowledges concepts of

sustainable
17 May 2018
development
M. Shamsul Arefin 9
Urban Policy Initiatives
 The National Report on Human Settlements submitted to the UN Habitat I
conference held at Vancouver in Canada in 1976 came close to a policy
statement on human settlements and urbanization.

 Besides this, the various five year plan documents prepared between 1973
and 1998 also indicated urban policy directions.

 The National Habitat Report had recommended that various planning

regions were to be identified and in each region one medium-sized town
would be chosen as focal point of regional growth.

 The National Housing Policy 1993,

 The Bangladesh Urban and Shelter Sector Review (1993),

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 10

 Why Do We Need Urban Planning?

• A city government usually includes sectoral

approaches that manage individual sectors such
as:
– Transport
– Water and sewer
– Land
– Housing, etc.
– Waste Management
– Pollution control

• Good sectoral management is indispensable but it is not enough!

 Urban Planning Work Across Sectors

• By contrast with sector managers, Urban Planners work

across sectors

• For this reason their contribution to the efficiency of a

city is unique
 Urban Planning
– Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wrote
Hygeia, City of Health (1876) envisioning:
• air pollution control
• water purification
• sewage handling
• public transport
• public health
• Waste management
 Father of City Planning
The Greek Hippodamus (c. 407 BC) has been known as the
"Father of City Planning" for his design of Miletus; Alexander
commissioned him to lay out his new city of Alexandria, the
grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient
Mediterranean world.

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 14

Olmsted’s Park Design Principles

1. SCENERY: design spaces in which movement creates constant opening up

of new views and “obscurity of detail further away”
2. SUITABILITY: respect the natural scenery and topography of the site
3. STYLE:
– “Pastoral” = open greensward with small bodies of water and scattered trees
and groves create a soothing, restorative atmosphere
– “Picturesque = profuse planting, especially with shrubs, creepers and ground
cover, on steep and broken terrain create a sense of the richness and
bounteousness of nature, produce a sense of mystery with light and shade
4. “Art to conceal Art”
5. SEPARATION:
– of areas designed in different styles
– of ways, in order to ensure safety
6. SANITATION: promote both the physical and mental health of users

Source: National Association of Olmsted Parks: http://www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm

Settlement House Movement
– Jane Addams founded Hull
House (Chicago) 1889
– Housing settlement
must care for
harmonious society
 Garden Cities (a British innovation)
– Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)
– “three magnets”
• town (high wages, opportunity, and amusement)
• country (natural beauty, low rents, fresh air)
• town-country (combination of both)
Ebenezer Howard

USA 1850-1928
 Opposed urban crowding/density
He wanted a city of village
Priority Area of urban policy

Water and sanitation

Energy
Health
Biodiversity protection and
ecosystem management
Best Practice
Best practices of urban Planning
– Water quality and sanitation is ensured
– Most people have adequate light and air
– Fire danger is controlled
– Disease is controlled
– Security is protected
– Urban growth continues to create healthy and
humanizing environments
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 22
17 May 2018
Singapore 23
 Why Urban Planning is necessary

 Extreme pressure on housing, growth of slums and the pressure on

urban services.

 Economic: Leading to income inequality and poverty

 Social: resulting in increased violence and crime, social degradation.

 Cultural: entry of alien culture, loss of national cultural identity.

 Political: Heavy unrest of citizens

 Environmental : water and air pollution, high level of noise pollution and
degradation of land, uncollected garbage adds public health hazards,
massive traffic congestions have become regular features, deforestation,
cutting down of hills, encroachment and filling of water bodies
17 May 2018 24
 Emerging Issues at City
§ Environmental crisis, pollution, inadequate solid waste management

§ Poor transportation system and traffic congestion

§ Pressure on land, housing, growth of slums and squatter settlements

§ Pressure on all services (health, education, recreation, water, sanitation,

electricity, fuel etc)

§ Low productivity and system loss

§ Inequality and poverty

§ Insecurity

§ Lawlessness, violence and crime

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 25

Urban Planning Encourages
 Growth of secondary cities and small towns.

 Attention to allocation of land for housing of all income

categories, particularly the low-income groups, and to space for
economic activities for the poor.

 Adoption of a transportation system that would be efficient,

affordable and environment friendly, (these may imply reducing
dependence on private cars, cycle rickshaws and auto
rickshaws non-mass public transport).

 Protection of cities from floods and other natural hazards,

water logging.
 Control of environmental pollution, such as pollution of air,
water and land.
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 26
Urban Planning Encourages
 Higher
efficiency of urban centres by introducing better
management and participatory governance.
 Control of Traffic congestion.
 Pure drinking water and sanitation system
 Making provision of public park and garden
 Implementation of a comprehensive urban policy and
improvement of environmental management
 Sustainable development

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 27

Environmental • Environmental
Management Management is simply
a set of procedures to
reduce environmental
footprint in our day-to-
day activities.

• An EM is the
combination of people,
policies, procedures
and plans to address
environmental issues.

28
The Continuous Cycle of Environmental Management
• Plan
Planning, identifying environmental
aspects and establishing goals

• Do
Implementing, includes training and
operational controls

• Check
Checking, includes monitoring and
corrective action

• Act
Reviewing, includes progress reviews
and acting to make needed changes
29
 Environment Management Cycle

Management Environmental
Review Policy

Checking/ Continuous Planning

Corrective Actions Improvement
• Environmental Aspects
• Measurement and Monitoring
• Corrective Actions • Compliance
• Objectives and Targets
• Environmental Mgmt.
Implementation Programs
• Roles and Responsibilities
• Training and Communication

30
 Governance Issues of Urban Planning &
Environment
• Compliance with Regulations
• Reduction of Waste Hazard
• Reduction of Energy Consumption
• Recycling of waste
• Green & clean city
• Pollution Prevention
• Reduce Traffic congestion
– Create Drainage facilities
31
 Governance Issues of Urban Planning &
Environment

• Clean production technologies

• Developing more efficient energy technologies
• Maintain urban air quality and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions
• Sound management of Road and traffic

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 32

 Protecting the Natural Resource Base

• Prevent water pollution to

reduce health hazards and
protect ecosystems
• Watershed and groundwater
management
• Support water recycling
• Ensure the sustainable
development of environmental
protection

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 33

 Water and Sanitation

“Water is not only the most

basic of needs but is also
at the center of sustainable
development.”
• Around 1.2 billion people
still have no access to
clean drinking water
• Around 2.4 billion people
do not have adequate
sanitation.
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 34
 Water and Sanitation

Some key issues:

• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards
• Protect ecosystems
• Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation, industrial
and domestic wastewater treatment
• River basin and groundwater management
• Support water recycling

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 35

 Energy

“Some 2 billion people

lack access to
electricity and rely on
traditional fuel sources
such as firewood,
kerosene, or biomass
for their cooking and
heating & lighting.”

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 36

 Urban Planning & Environmental
management respects Biodiversity

 Biodiversity - is a term we use to describe

the variety of life on Earth.

 It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems

and living organisms like animals, plants, their
habitats and their genes.

 Managing environment means showing

honor to biodiversity

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 37

 Urban Planning respects Ecology

 The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was used first in 1866 by

the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919).

 Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the distribution and

abundance of organisms and their interactions with their environment

 Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology, the study of life. An observations on

the natural history of plants and animals.

 Ecology is not synonymous with environment. It is closely related to

physiology, evolutionary biology, genetics.

 Urban Planning respects Ecosystems ie every life-supporting function on

the planet, including climate regulation.

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 38

 The Greenhouse Effect & Environment
A T M O S P H E R E

SUN

39
 Urban Policy & GHG

 Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called

greenhouse gases
 Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and
emit infrared radiation.
 In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in
Earth's atmosphere are

 Water vapor
 Carbon dioxide
 Methane
 Nitrous oxide

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 40

 Emission of GHGs in Bangladesh
 GHG emission is low and negligible
 Per capita GHG emission is 230 kg only

Sectoral consumption of electricity

 Industries (46%)
 Residential (45%)
 Commercial (7%)
 Others (2%)

Large part of GHG is coming from electricity generation and

transport sector

 Landfills also generate GHG

Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1
(July, 2000)"
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 41
 M. Shamsul Arefin 42
,
Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1 (July 2000)"
 Global Warming
The burning of fossil fuels,
land use change and other
industrial activities have
increased the GHGs in the
atmosphere that are liable
for Global Warming.
Cities are more vulnerable
due to global warming.

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 43

 Consequences of Global Warming

• Spread of dengue and other diseases

• Heavy rains & severe draughts

• Floods, storms, & hurricanes

• Changed rainfall patterns

• Warming and aridity

• Loss of biodiversity
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 44
Global primary energy consumption in 2006
≈ 15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012 W

Global population in 2006 ≈ 6.56 billion

Global energy consumption per person in 2006

15.8 x 1012 W
≈
6.56 x 109
≈ 2.4 kW

17 May 2018 Source: International Energy

M. Shamsul Arefin Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19,45 2008)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
 Energy Options
Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)
Hydropower
Nuclear energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Geothermal energy
Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy
Biomass energy
Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 46

 Fuels
Oil Hydroelectric
4000 Coal Nuclear
Global Consumption (in Million

3500 Natural gas

tonnes oil equivalent)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 47
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
 Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1400 1306
Upper range
1200
Lower range
1000 966

800 Nuclear fission energy is

688 the best CO2 emissions-
600 free energy source so far.
439
400
280
236
200
100
4 48 10 21 9
0
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 48
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
IAEA2000
EF is 1.3 times the bio capacity in 2005. That is to say we need 1.3 planets
to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste.

This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months to
regenerate what we use in a year.
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 49
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
EF will be 2 times the bio capacity by the mid 2030 if current population and
consumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios.

It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to support
us.
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 50
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
 Ecological Footprint (EF)

• EF measures how much land and water area

a human population requires to produce the
resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes,
using prevailing technology.
• EF does not include an economic indicator.

Sustainable global EF per capita

= Total Bio capacity per capita

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 51

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
 Biocapacity

Biocapacity is shorthand for biological

capacity, which is the ability of an
ecosystem to produce useful biological
materials and to absorb wastes generated
by humans.

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 52

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
 For the World
20
Total EF (billions gha)
18
Total Biocapacity (billions gha)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Before 1986, the world consumed resources and
produced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the
planet could produce and reabsorb.
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 53
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
 Urban Environment degradation

Capital Energy Labour

Raw material
ted

Industry
Products

Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited Environmental
Waste material degradation
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 54
 Forest industry waste
‘Most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’

These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 55

Factory waste

More than
500 factories
(mostly
textiles) line
the banks of
the 200-mile
Citarum
river, near
the
Indonesian
capital of
Jakarta.

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 56

Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/
Computer industry waste

17 May 2018 Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/

M. Shamsul Arefin 57
close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com
 Boat playing on a city road

17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 58

 Water logging in Dhaka city road
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 59
Solar System in the City
Electric Rail
PRT System
 Conclusion
• Planning is not just the layout of buildings

• Planning should involve people in the process

• Look at the different opportunities for the city

• Balance among competing interests

• Urban Planning is comprehensive: economic, social, environmental & design

• Improved conditions for people’s lives

• Manage scarce resources

 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
17 May 2018 M. Shamsul Arefin 64