Line Integral and Green’s Theorem

Let C is a path consists of C1 , C2 ,..., Cn .

        
The work done by vector F  P, Q along C is  F . dr   F . dr   F . dr  ...   F . dr
C C1 C2 Cn

 Pdx  Qdy   Pdx  Qdy   Pdx  Qdy  ...   Pdx  Qdy

C C1 C2 Cn

If C is a closed curve, then Green’s theorem is applicable.

 Q P 
Green’s theorem:  Pdx  Qdy    x  y dA
C R

Example of several C:


Calculate the work done by force F  xy, x 2 along the path C as follows,

Note: the work done is calculated as,

 

 F . dr   xy, x  dx, dy
2

C C

  xydx  x 2 dy
C

C Work done
i. C is a straight line y  2 x , from x  0 to dy
y  2x ,  2, dy  2dx
x2 dx
2

 xydx  x
2
dy   x2 x dx  x 2 2 xdx
C 0

 
2
  2 x 2  2 x 3 dx  ...
0
2. C is a y-axis from, y  2 to y  4 dx
x  0,  0, dx  0
dy
4

 xydx  x dy   0y0  0dy

2

C 2
4
 0  0
2
3. C is a quarter circle, x 2  y 2  4 from, dx
x  r cos  2 cos ,  2 sin 
x  0 to x  2 d
dy
y  r sin   2 sin  ,  2 cos 
d

 xydx  x
2
dy
C

2
  2 cos  2 sin   2 sin d   2 cos   2 cos d 
2

0


 
2
   8 cos  sin 2   8 cos 3  d
0


 
2
   8 cos  sin 2   8 cos  cos 2  d
0


  
2
   8 cos  sin 2   8 cos  1  sin 2  d
0


 
2
   8 cos  sin 2   8 cos   8 cos  sin 2  d
0

2 
   8 cos  d   8 sin  2
0
 ....
0
Example: April 2011

Solution:

 Q P 
Green’s theorem:  Pdx  Qdy    x  y dA
C R

 Pdx  Qdy   2 xy dx  4 x
3 2
LHS: y 2 dy
C C

dy
 Along C1 : y  0, 0
dx
1

 2 xy dx  4 x y dy   0dx  0
3 2 2

C1 0

dx
 Along C2 : x  1, 0
dy

 2 xy dx  4 x y dy   41 y dy 
3 2 2 2 2 4
C2 0
3

dy
 Along C3 : y  x 3 ,  3x 2
dx
     3x dx
0

 2 xy dx  4 x y dy   2 x x dx  4 x x
3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2

C3 1

0 0
14
 2x dx  12 x dx   14 x10 dx  
10 10

1 1
11

        4 14 2
 F . dr   F . dr   F . dr   F . dr  0 
C C1 C2 C3
 
3 11 33

 Q P 
RHS:   x  y dA
R

P  2xy3 Q  4x2 y 2

P Q
 6xy2  8xy2
y x
3 3
 Q P 
 
1 x 1 x

R  x y  0 0
      0 0 2 xy dydx
2 2 2
dA 8 xy 6 xy dydx

1 x3 1 1
2 2 2 11 2
  xy3 dx   x10 dx  x 
0
3 0 0
3 33 0 33

LHS = RHS. Verified.

Example: Dec 2013

Solution:

P  e x  6 xy Q  8 x 2  sin y 2

P Q
 6x  16 x
y x

 
 Q P  2 3 2 3
   
R  x  y dA  0 1 16 x  6 x rdrd  0 1 10r cos  rdrd =…. (solve by yourself)
 Surface Integral
    S
Let S ( x, y, z )  0 as a surface. The flux of F across S is given as,  F  n dS where n 
S
S
is the

unit normal of S.

   dA
Note that, the flux can also be calculated as,  F  n dS   F  S
S R
S?

(another surface integral in this syllabus is

 
   
   
 dA
S 
 curl F 

 n dS   
S 
  F 

 n dS   
R 
  F   S
 S?
)

dA
can be in three types, depending on the projection of S.
S?

dydx dxdy
i) Projection on xy-plane. or
Sz Sz
dydz dzdy
ii) Projection on yz-plane. or
Sx Sx
dzdx dxdz
iii) Projection on xz-plane. or
Sy Sy

Note that, if the projection is a circle, then dA  rdrd

    
Example: Evaluate  F  n dS where F  y j  z k and S is the surface given by the paraboloid
S

y  x  z , cut off by the plane y  1

2 2

Solution:

   dxdz  rdrd
 F  n dS   F  S
S R
Sy
  F  S
R
Sy

S  y  x 2  z 2 , therefore S   2 x,1,2 z and S y  1

2 1
 rdrd
R F  S S y  
0 0
0, y, z  2 x,1,2 z rdrd
 2 1 2 1 2 1
   y  2z rdrd    r 
 2r 2 sin 2  rdrd    r 
 2r 3 sin 2  drd [ z  r sin  ]
2 2 3

0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 2
r4 r4 1 1  1  cos 2 
   sin 2  d   4  2   d
0
4 2 0 0
2 

2
1 sin 2  1 
   2   2   0  
1 1
    
4 4 2 0 4 4 

       

S         k and S is a tetrahedron x  y  z  1

2 2
Example: Evaluate F n dS where F z i y j x


       dydz
Solution: S    F 

 n dS      F   S
R   Sx

i j k
  
  
  F    0,(1  2 z ),0
  x y z
z2 y2 x

S  x  y  z  1  0 , therefore S  1,1,1 and S x  1

1 1 z
 
 dydz
R 
   F   S
 Sx

0

0
0,1  2 z,0 1,1,1 dydz

1 1 z 1
1 z
   (1  2 z )dydz   ( y  2 yz ) 0 dz
0 0 0

 
1 1
  (1  z   21  z z ) dz    1  3z  2 z 2 dz
0 0

1
3 2 1
  z  z2  z3  
2 3 0 6
 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence Theorem
Stokes’ Theorem: Relation between surface integral and line integral

 
   

S 
   F 

 n dS    dr , where C is the boundary curve of surface S with positive orientation (anti
C
F

clockwise)

Divergence’s Theorem: Relation between surface integral and triple integral

   

 F  n dS   div F dv     F dv

S V V

Example:

Solution:

 
   
i) Stokes’ theorem,     F   n dS   F  dr
S C

ii) C is a circle at z  0 and x  y  4 .

2 2
 dx dy
x  2 cos  ,  2 sin  , y  2 sin  ,  2 cos  , z  0, dz  0
d d

 
   

S 
   F 

 n dS    dr
C
F

  2 2

 F  dr   e ,4 z  y,8x sin y dx, dy, dz   e z dx  4 z  y dy  8 x sin ydz

z2 2

C 0 0
2 2

 e  2 sin d    2 sin   2 cosd     2 sin  d  4 sin  cos d 

0

0 0

du
Let u  sin  ,  cos 
d
2 2 2 2

  2 sin  d    4 sin  cos d    2 sin  d    4u du

0 0 0 0

2 2
2 cos 0  2 sin 2   2(1  1)  2(0  0)  0
0

Example:

Solution:

  

 F  n dS     F dv
S V
     y2
 F  , , xy, , z  y  y 1  1
x y z 2

 2 1 4  3 r 2

   F dv     1rdzdrd
V 0 0 0

2 1 2
5 5
   r (4  3r )drd   4d  2 
2

0 0 0