Designation: B47 − 95a (Reapproved 2012)

Standard Specification for

Copper Trolley Wire1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B47; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 4. Materials and Manufacture

1.1 This specification covers round and grooved hard-drawn 4.1 The material shall be copper of such quality and purity
copper and silver-bearing copper trolley wire. that the finished product shall have the properties and charac-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded teristics prescribed in this specification.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical NOTE 1—Specification B49 defines the materials suitable for use.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only 4.2 Copper redraw rod of special qualities, forms, or types,
and are not considered standard. as may be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
purchaser, and that will conform to the requirements prescribed
2. Referenced Documents in this specification may also be used.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 4.3 Either oxygen-free or tough pitch copper may be sup-
B49 Specification for Copper Rod Drawing Stock for Elec- plied. Tests for oxygen content of the copper are not a
trical Purposes requirement of this specification.
B193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor
Materials ROUND WIRE

3. Ordering Information 5. Tensile Properties

3.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include 5.1 Round wire shall conform to the requirements as to
the following information: tensile properties specified in Table 1.
3.1.1 Quantity of each size and section, 5.2 Tests on a specimen of round wire containing a joint
3.1.2 Wire size: diameter in inches (see 6.1 and Table 1) or shall show at least 95 % of the tensile strength specified in
area in circular mils (see 10.1 and Fig. 1), Table 1. Elongation tests shall not be made on specimens
3.1.3 Shape of section (Section 1), containing joints.
3.1.4 Type of copper, if the addition of silver of 25 troy 5.3 Tension tests shall be made on representative samples.
oz./short ton minimum, is required (see Section 4 and Explana- The elongation shall be determined as the permanent increase
tory Note 1), in length, due to the breaking of the wire in tension, measured
3.1.5 Package size (see 18.3), between gage marks placed originally 10 in. apart upon the test
3.1.6 Lagging, if required (see 18.1), specimen (Explanatory Note 2). The fracture shall be between
3.1.7 Relation between vertical axis of grooved wire and the gage marks and not closer than 1 in. to either gage mark.
axis of reel (see 18.1),
3.1.8 Size of arbor hole, if special (see 18.2), 6. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
3.1.9 Special package marking, if required (see 18.4), and 6.1 The size of round trolley wire shall be expressed as the
3.1.10 Place of inspection (Section 16). diameter of the wire in decimal fractions of an inch, to the
nearest 0.1 mil (0.0001 in.).
6.2 Wire shall be truly cylindrical in form. The diameter
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B01 on shall not vary more than plus and minus 1 % from that
Electrical Conductors and is the direct responsibility of B01.04 on Conductors of specified.
Copper and Copper Alloys.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2012. Published January 2013. Originally
7. Twist Test
approved in 1923 to replace portions of B1. Last previous edition approved in 2007
as B47 – 95a (2007). DOI: 10.1520/B0047-95AR12.
2
7.1 For the purpose of determining and developing defects
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
which may be prejudicial to the life of trolley wire, owing to its
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on peculiar service as compared to that of wire for other purposes,
the ASTM website. round wire shall be subjected to the twist test described in 7.2.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 B47 − 95a (2012)
TABLE 1 Tensile Requirements (See Explanatory Note 2) from each reel. Samples shall be clean and ends free from
Tensile Strength, min. psi burrs. The groove shall be considered as conforming to these
Elongation
Diameter, Area,
No silver
25 troy oz. in 10 in., specifications if the “go” gage can be pushed on the straight-
in. cmils min./short
added min, % ened wire by hand and the “no-go” gage cannot be pushed on
ton added
the wire.
0.5477 300 000 46 400 48 500 4.50
0.4600 211 600 49 000 51 500 3.75
0.4096 167 800 51 000 53 000 3.25 11. Twist Test
0.3648 133 100 52 800 54 000 2.80
0.3249 105 600 54 500 55 000 2.40
11.1 The twist test shall be omitted.
ROUND AND GROOVED WIRE

12. Resistivity
Round wire that does not withstand at least 9 twists without
breaking shall not be considered satisfactory. 12.1 Electrical resistivity shall be determined on represen-
tative samples by resistance measurements (Explanatory Note
7.2 Three twist tests shall be made on specimens 10 in. (254
4). At a temperature of 20°C the resistivity shall not exceed
mm) in length between the holders of the testing machine. The
900.77Ω· lb/mile2.
twisting machine shall be so constructed that there is a linear
motion of the tail stock with respect to the head. The twist shall 12.2 Electrical resistivity shall be determined in accordance
be applied not faster than 10 turns/min. All three specimens with Test Method B193.
shall be twisted to destruction and shall not reveal under test
any seams, pits, slivers, or surface imperfections of sufficient 13. Density
magnitude to indicate inherent defects or imperfections in the 13.1 For the purpose of calculating weights, cross sections,
wire. At the time of fracture, the wire shall twist with etc., the density of the copper shall be taken as 8.89 g/cm3
reasonable uniformity. (0.32117 lb/in.3) at 20°C (Explanatory Note 5).
GROOVED WIRE 14. Joints

8. Tensile Properties 14.1 No joints shall be made in the completed wire. Joints in
the wire and rods made prior to final drawings shall be in
8.1 Grooved wire shall conform to the requirements as to accordance with the best commercial practice, and shall be
tensile properties specified in Table 2. capable of meeting the tensile strength requirements in 5.2 or
8.2 Tests on a specimen of grooved wire containing a joint 8.2.
shall show at least 95 % of the tensile strength specified in
Table 2. Elongation tests shall not be made on specimens 15. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
containing joints. 15.1 The wire shall be of uniform size, shape, and quality
8.3 The tension and elongation tests for grooved wire shall throughout, and shall be free from all scale, flaws, splits and
be made in the same manner as those on round wire as scratches not consistent with the best commercial practice.
described in 5.3. 16. Inspection
9. Sections 16.1 All tests governing the acceptance or rejection of the
9.1 Standard sections of grooved trolley wire shall be those wire, unless otherwise specified, shall be made at the place of
known as the “American Standard Grooved Trolley Wire manufacture with apparatus furnished by the manufacturer and
Sections” (the Standard Design of the American Transit Engi- in the presence of the purchaser or his representative, who shall
neering Association) shown in Fig. 1. be furnished a copy of the tests. The manufacturer shall afford
the inspector representing the purchaser all reasonable
10. Dimensions and Permissible Variations facilities, without charge, to satisfy him as to the reliability of
the results before the wire is delivered. If the purchaser waives
10.1 The size of grooved trolley wire shall be expressed as
inspection, and if he so elects at that time, he shall be furnished
the nominal area of cross section in circular mils, the standard
with a certified copy of tests made by the manufacturer.
sizes being as specified in Fig. 1.
10.2 The weight in pounds per mile of grooved trolley wire 17. Rejection
calculated from the weight of a specimen not less than 18 in. in 17.1 Any reel of wire that fails to conform to the require-
length shall not vary more than plus and minus 4 % from that ments prescribed in this specification may be rejected. Failure
specified in Fig. 1. of 30 % of the number of reels ready for inspection at one time
10.3 Conformance of the trolley wire to the specified shall be deemed sufficient cause for the rejection of the whole
dimensions shall be determined by taking the measurements lot.
shown in Fig. 1 under the heading, “Dimensions for Inspection,
in.” The shape of the groove shall be checked with the 18. Packaging and Package Marking
appropriate “go” and “no-go” slip gages described in Fig. 2. 18.1 All wire shall be shipped on substantial reels, suitable
The gages shall be applied to the ends of the samples taken for the weight of the wire handled, and shall be well protected

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 B47 − 95a (2012)

Nominal size, cmils 133 100 167 800 211 600 300 000 350 000
Area, in.2 (Explanatory Note 6) 0 .1083 0 .1314 0 .1665 0 .2355 0 .2758
Area, cmils (Explanatory Note 6) 137 900 167 300 212 000 299 800 351 200
Weight, lb/mile (Explanatory Note 6) 2205 2674 3389 4792 5612
Dimensions for Inspection, in.
A 0.388 + 0.006 0.429 + 0.006 0.482 + 0.006 0.574 + 0.010 0.620 + 0.010
− 0.012 − 0.012 − 0.012 − 0.020 − 0.020
B 0.392 ± 0.007 0.430 ± 0.008 0.482 ± 0.009 0.574 ± 0.011 0.620 ± 0.012
C 0.318 ± 0.007 0.340 ± 0.007 0.376 ± 0.007 0.376 ± 0.007 0.376 ± 0.007
Dimensions for Reference, in.
D—radius 0.196 0.215 0.241 0.287 0.310
E 0.217 + 0.005 0.237 + 0.005 0.267 ± 0.010 0.267 ± 0.010 0.267 ± 0.010
− 0.010 − 0.010
F 0.200 0.220 0.250 0.250 0.250
G 0.031 0.047 0.063 0.127 0.156
H 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
J 27 ± 2° 27 ± 2° 27 ± 2° 27 ± 2° 27 ± 2°
K 51 ± 2° 51 ± 2° 51 ± 2° 51 ± 2° 51 ± 2°
L 78° 78° 78° 78° 78°
M—radius 0.015 + 0.010 0.015 + 0.010 0.015 + 0.010 0.015 + 0.010 0.015 + 0.010
− 0.005 −0.005 − 0.005 − 0.005 − 0.005

NOTE 1—Dimension H is defined by two center lines, of which the upper is the center line of the radius of the groove and the lower is the center line
of the groove.
FIG. 1 Standard Sections Grooved Trolley Wire

TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements (See Explanatory Note 2) 18.2 The ends of the wire shall be securely fastened to the
Nominal Tensile Strength, min. psi Elongation sides of the reel with no less than six staples. The staples shall
Area, No silver 25 troy oz min./ in 10 in., be at least 2 in. (50 mm) in length and made from wire not less
cmils added short ton added min, %
than 0.145 in. (3.7 mm) in diameter. Care shall be exercised in
350 000 42 800 44 600 4.50
300 000 44 200 48 000 4.50
stapling so that there is no damage to the surface of the exposed
211 600 46 600 51 300 3.75 layer of wire. All reels shall have the arbor holes reinforced
167 800 48 500 52 700 3.25 with steel plate at least 1⁄2 in. in thickness. Unless otherwise
133 100 50 200 53 000 2.80
specified, round arbor holes shall be for a 21⁄2-in. (63.5-mm)
shaft. Unless otherwise specified, shipments to railroads shall
from injury. The diameter of the reel drums shall be sufficiently be made on reels having an arbor hole 4-in. (102-mm) square.
large, not less than 30 in., (762 mm) to eliminate difficulty with 18.3 The length or weight of wire to be wound upon each
waves or kinks when the wire is strung. If reels are to be reel shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
lagged, it shall be so specified by the purchaser. The wire shall purchaser in placing individual orders.
be reeled with turns tightly together, in uniform layers, free
from kinks and crosses. The relationship between the vertical 18.4 Reels shall be marked legibly and indelibly with a
axis of grooved wire as finally strung and the axis of the reel serial number, size, kind, length, and weight of wire, and such
shall be as specified by the purchaser and shall be approxi- other information as is specified by the purchaser.
mately constant.

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 B47 − 95a (2012)

Dimensions of Gage, in. (Except as Indicated)

For Trolley Wire of Nominal Size For Trolley Wire of Nominal Size For Trolley Wire of
Dimension 133 100 cmil 167 800 cmil Nominal Sizes 211 600, 300 000,
and 350 000 cmil
Go No-Go Go No-Go Go No-Go
D ⁄
5 16 ⁄
5 16 ⁄
5 16 ⁄
5 16 ⁄
5 16 ⁄
5 16

10.001 10.001 10.000

0.207 20.000 0.227 20.001 0.25720.000
E 0.223 ± 0.0005 0.243 ± 0.0005 0.278 ± 0.0005
F 0.212 0.200 0.235 0.220 0.268 0.248
G 0.031 0.031 0.047 0.047 0.063 0.063
J 25° 29° 25° 29° 25° 29°
K 53° 53° 53° 53° 53° 53°
L 78° 82° 78° 82° 78° 82°
M—radius 0.010 ± 0.002 0.010 ± 0.002 0.010 ± 0.002 0.010 ± 0.002 0.010 ± 0.002 0.010 ± 0.002
N—radius 5⁄16 5⁄16 5⁄16 5⁄16 5⁄16 5⁄16

V 1⁄ 2 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄2 1 ⁄2 1⁄2 1 ⁄2

X 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y 1 1 1 1 1 1

FIG. 2 Slip Gage for Testing Groove of Trolley Wire

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 B47 − 95a (2012)
EXPLANATORY NOTES

NOTE 1—Silver added to copper in the minimum amount of 25 troy which signifies the resistance of a wire 1 mile in length weighing 1 lb. It
oz./short ton substantially increases its resistance to softening (partial is also equivalent, for example, to 1.7241 µΩ/cm of length of a bar 1 cm2
annealing) at elevated temperatures. For copper trolley wire, this means in cross section. A complete discussion of this subject is contained in NBS
that it can be operated at a higher temperature for longer periods of time Handbook 100 of the National Bureau of Standards.3 Relationships which
without losing its initial tensile strength. For specific conditions of current may be useful in connection with the values of resistivity prescribed in this
carrying capacity and corresponding expected temperature rise, refer to specification are as follows, each column containing equivalent
the manufacturer for engineering data. expressions, at 20°C.
NOTE 2—It is known that the rapidity with which load is applied to a Conductivity at 20°C, % 100.00 97.16
sample during tension testing affects the performance of the sample to a Ω·lb/mile2 875.20 900.77
greater or lesser extent, depending upon many factors. In general, tested Ω·g/m2 0.15328 0.15775
values of tensile strength are increased and elongation values are reduced
with increase of speed of the moving head of the testing machine. Ω·cmil/ft 10.371 10.674
However, there are speeds below which no practical change is observable. Ω·mm2/m 0.017241 0.017745
It is suggested that tests be made at speeds of moving head which, under
no-load conditions, are not greater than 3 in./min, (76 mm/min) but in no µΩ·in. 0.67879 0.69863
µΩ·cm 1.7241 1.17745
case at a speed greater than that at which correct readings can be made. No
minimum restriction on speed of testing seems necessary. NOTE 5—The value of the density of copper is in accordance with the
NOTE 3—It is not the intention of this specification to imply that silver International Annealed Copper Standard. The corresponding value at 0°C
bearing copper has greater mechanical properties than non silver bearing. is 8.90 g/cm3 (0.32150 lb/in.3). As pointed out in the discussion of this
In fact, the addition of silver has no significant effect on the tensile subject in NBS Handbook 100 there is no appreciable difference in values
strength of the alloy. The capability to achieve the higher tensile properties of density of hard-drawn and annealed copper wire.
required for silver bearing copper is strictly a function of the manufac- NOTE 6—The values for area in square inches and circular mils as well
turer’s process. as the weight in pounds per mile are calculated from the dimensions given
NOTE 4—“Resistivity” is used in place of“ percentage conductivity.” in Fig. 1.
The value of 0.15328Ω· g/m2 at 20°C is the international standard for the
resistivity of annealed copper equal to 100 % conductivity. This term
means that a wire 1 m in length and weighing 1 g would have aresistance 3
NBS Handbook 100 available from the National Technical Information Service,
of 0.15328 Ω. This is equivalent to a resistivity value of 875.20Ω· lb/mile2 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.

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