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    1 Equipment and Test Procedure 2011

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    Ramesh Selvaraj
    The document provides an overview of cone penetration testing (CPT) including its history, uses, advantages over boreholes, equipment, procedures, and maintenance. Specifically, it discusses how CPT can be used to develop stratigraphic models, estimate soil properties, and predict foundation performance. It also outlines the basic components of the cone tip, standard testing procedures using Caltrans equipment, and factors that may require terminating a sounding.

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    1 Equipment and Test Procedure 2011

    Uploaded by

    Ramesh Selvaraj
    49 views39 pages
    The document provides an overview of cone penetration testing (CPT) including its history, uses, advantages over boreholes, equipment, procedures, and maintenance. Specifically, it discusses how CPT can be used to develop stratigraphic models, estimate soil properties, and predict foundation performance. It also outlines the basic components of the cone tip, standard testing procedures using Caltrans equipment, and factors that may require terminating a sounding.

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    The document provides an overview of cone penetration testing (CPT) including its history, uses, advantages over boreholes, equipment, procedures, and maintenance. Specifically, it discusses how CPT can be used to develop stratigraphic models, estimate soil properties, and predict foundation performance. It also outlines the basic components of the cone tip, standard testing procedures using Caltrans equipment, and factors that may require terminating a sounding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views39 pages

    1 Equipment and Test Procedure 2011

    Uploaded by

    Ramesh Selvaraj
    The document provides an overview of cone penetration testing (CPT) including its history, uses, advantages over boreholes, equipment, procedures, and maintenance. Specifically, it discusses how CPT can be used to develop stratigraphic models, estimate soil properties, and predict foundation performance. It also outlines the basic components of the cone tip, standard testing procedures using Caltrans equipment, and factors that may require terminating a sounding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 39

    An Introduction to the Cone

    Penetration Test
    Course Goals
    1. Become familiar with the methods and limitations of the
    Cone Penetration Test
    2. Learn techniques for presenting and interpreting data
    3. Learn the uses of CPT data in geotechnical design
    1. Develop a stratigraphic model of the project site
    2. Estimation of soil engineering properties
    3. Predict the performance of a shallow foundation subject to
    vertical or inclined loads
    4. Estimate the nominal resistance of a deep foundation subject to
    a vertical load
    5. Predict the susceptibility of the foundation soils to liquefaction
    Advantages of the CPT compared to
    boreholes

    • Rapid
    • Continuous
    • In-situ measurement of
    soil response
    • Minimal operator
    influence on the data
    What is the most significant
    difference between a sounding and a
    borehole?
    A brief history of CPT development
    • 1931: Dutch push cone with rods
    • 1946: Delf Lab manufactures hand operated cone
    • 1947: Mantle Cone developed (sleeve resistance)
    • 1953: French add hydraulics
    • 1964: Fugro Consulting starts commercial use of electric penetrometer
    • 1969: Begemann adds friction sleeve
    • 1975: French introduce pore pressure transducers
    • 1975: ASTM standard D-3441 established
    • 1975-present: introduction of the seismic cone, lateral stress cone,
    piezo-lateral stress cell, vibratory cone, etc.
    American Standards

    ASTM Test Method D 3441-98 ASTM Test Method D 5778-07


    (Mechanical Cone) (Electronic Friction Cone and
    Piezo Cone)
    How close can a CPT be to a borehole
    without effect on the data?

    25 borehole diameter separation

    25 x 4 inches = 100 inches = 8 feet


    ASTM Test Method D 5778-07
    • CPT and CPTu
    • Both Measure:
    – Cone Resistance: qc=Qc/Ac
    – Friction Resistance: fs=Qs/As
    Unsuitable subsurface conditions
    • Gravel and gravelly sand
    • Weak rock
    • Cemented soils
    • Strong soils overlain by more than 10 feet of very weak soils

    Table 1.2 - Truck with 20 ton push capability


    CLAY SAND
    Depth (feet) Soft Stiff Hard Loose Medium Dense
    15 * * * * * *
    30 * * * * * *
    60 * * * * * *
    90 * * * *
    120 * *
    150 * *
    200 *
    250 *
    300
    Caltrans dynamic cone penetrometer
    Becker Penetration Test

    • A suitable tool for gravel


    and gravelly sand
    • Single or double acting
    diesel hammer
    • Double casing is driven
    • Closed tip
    • Count the number of blows
    per foot of penetration
    Equipment and Testing
    Procedures
    The basic components of the 1.75 inch
    (44.45 mm) diameter cone penetrometer tip

    Also known as a
    15 cm2 cone.

    • Cone tip
    • Friction sleeve
    • Inclinometer
    All CPT tips contain a 2 channel
    inclinometer
    • Resolution of 0.1 degrees
    • Full scale output is 15 degrees
    • Heading of cone penetrometer
    tip never known
    • Sudden changes in heading
    are caused by:
    – rocks
    – boundaries of underlying
    harder layers
    The cone penetrometer tips used by Caltrans and
    made by Vertek are:
    • Caltrans owns 3 multi-channel digital cones:
    – Cone tip resistance
    – Local friction resistance
    – Pore pressure behind the cone tip
    – Temperature
    $7500 each
    – Inclination

    • Caltrans owns 2 digital cones which also have:


    – Seismic compression or shear wave receiver
    $8500 each
    Alternate locations for the porous
    element of a piezocone
    The porous element installed in the cone
    “shoulder” location of a Type 2 cone tip.
    Other cone penetrometer tip instruments

    • Vision or optical
    • Electrical resistivity
    • Ultra violet induced fluorescence
    • Gamma
    • Piston sampler
    • Grout
    The interior of “subtraction” cones
    Push rods

    • One meter long


    • Tapered threads
    • Hollow with data cable
    threading through
    • 40 rods on the rack
    CPT carrier vehicle configurations
    • GVW 46,000 pounds
    • 25 feet long
    • 8 feet wide
    • 12.5 feet high for travel
    • 13.5 feet high when testing
    Weights and pressures for the Caltrans
    cone penetrometer

    • Truck Weight: 23 tons?


    • Maximum Axial Rod Load: 20 ton?
    • Hydraulic Ram Load at Bypass: 10 tons?
    • Cone penetrometer tip max. load: 11.5 tons
    • Cone penetrometer tip max. stress: 1065 tsf
    Cone penetrometer tips can be
    manufactured to have different maximum
    load capacities
    Rating of Available Cone
    Soil Strength Tip Capacity
    Penetrometer

    Very soft 1 to 2.5 tons 2 tons

    Soft to medium 2.5 to 5 tons 5 tons

    Medium to hard 5 to 10 tons 10 tons

    Dense sand 15 tons or more 20 tons


    Performing a cone penetration sounding
    with the Caltrans equipment
    Starting a sounding where there are
    surface obstructions

    • Asphalt Concrete
    • Portland Cement Concrete
    Guide tube and hydraulic thrust cylinders
    There are 2 rod clamping mechanisms
    The data acquisition system

    Depth encoding gage captures data


    approximately every 50 mm.
    The CPT test procedure

    20 mm/sec push rate


    The CPT test procedure
    Interpreting the name of the field data file
    CPT15M1103C
    Reasons to terminate a CPT sounding
    • Reaction force or thrust capacity exceeded
    • Push rod buckling
    • Inclination exceeds the maximum tolerable limit
    • Inclination changes a large amount in a short
    penetration distance
    • Magnitude of cone tip readings exceeds the
    maximum tolerable limit
    • Magnitude of friction sleeve readings exceeds the
    maximum tolerable limit
    Routine maintenance of the cone tip
    • cone tips and cone sleeves are
    gradually reduced in size when
    penetrating sandy and gravelly soils
    • cone tips and cone sleeves can be
    chipped or dented when pushed
    through gravel, boulders and man-
    made debris
    • routine replacement of the soil seals
    prevent soil from intruding into the
    cone tip
    Tip replacement cost: $100
    Sleeve replacement cost: $200
    Piezo element cost: $10
    Annual device calibration: $300
    Questions?

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