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    Genome

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    Francis Prathyusha
    The document summarizes key aspects of the human genome. It describes the nuclear genome as comprising approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA across 24 chromosomes, with chromosome lengths ranging from 55-250 million base pairs. It also describes the mitochondrial genome as a 16,569 base pair circular DNA molecule located in mitochondria. The document then analyzes a specific 50-kb segment of chromosome 7, identifying one gene, two gene segments, one pseudogene, 52 repeat sequences, and two microsatellites.

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    Genome

    Uploaded by

    Francis Prathyusha
    1K views31 pages
    The document summarizes key aspects of the human genome. It describes the nuclear genome as comprising approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA across 24 chromosomes, with chromosome lengths ranging from 55-250 million base pairs. It also describes the mitochondrial genome as a 16,569 base pair circular DNA molecule located in mitochondria. The document then analyzes a specific 50-kb segment of chromosome 7, identifying one gene, two gene segments, one pseudogene, 52 repeat sequences, and two microsatellites.

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    introduction of genome and its its structural components

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    Genome Ppt

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    The document summarizes key aspects of the human genome. It describes the nuclear genome as comprising approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA across 24 chromosomes, with chromosome lengths ranging from 55-250 million base pairs. It also describes the mitochondrial genome as a 16,569 base pair circular DNA molecule located in mitochondria. The document then analyzes a specific 50-kb segment of chromosome 7, identifying one gene, two gene segments, one pseudogene, 52 repeat sequences, and two microsatellites.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views31 pages

    Genome

    Uploaded by

    Francis Prathyusha
    The document summarizes key aspects of the human genome. It describes the nuclear genome as comprising approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA across 24 chromosomes, with chromosome lengths ranging from 55-250 million base pairs. It also describes the mitochondrial genome as a 16,569 base pair circular DNA molecule located in mitochondria. The document then analyzes a specific 50-kb segment of chromosome 7, identifying one gene, two gene segments, one pseudogene, 52 repeat sequences, and two microsatellites.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    GENOME

    Presented by:
    Francis prathyusha
    Introduction

    •The complete genetic material


    of an entire organism
    The physical structure of
    the human genome
    • Nuclear genome
    • Mitochondrial genome
    Nuclear genome
    • Comprises approximately
    3000 000 000 bp of DNA.
    • Divided into 24 linear DNA
    molecules,
    • Shortest 55 Mb in length
    • Longest 250 Mb, each
    contained in a different
    chromosome.
    • 24 chromosomes- 22
    autosomes and 2 sex
    chromosomes
    Mitochondrial genome
    • A circular DNA molecule of 16,569 bp,
    many copies of which are located in the
    energy-generating organelles called
    mitochondria
    The genetic content of the human
    genome
    50-kb segment of chromosome 7
    OUR 50-KB SEGMENT
    CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING
    GENETIC FEATURES:

    ONE GENE
    TWO SEGMENTS
    ONE PSEUDOGENE
    FIFTY-TWO GENOME WIDE
    REPEAT SEQUENCES
    TWO MICROSATELLITES
    One gene
    • This gene is called TRY4 and it codes
    for trypsinogen, the inactive
    precursor of the digestive enzyme
    trypsin.
    2 gene
    segments.
    • These are V28 and V29-1
    • They code for a part of the β T-cell
    receptor protein
    One pseudogene

    • Nonfunctional
    • Copy of a gene, usually
    one that has mutated
    so that its biological
    information has
    become unreadable .
    • This particular
    pseudogene is called
    TRY5
    Fifty-two genome wide
    repeat sequences
    • 4 main types of genome-wide
    repeat
    • LINEs (long interspersed nuclear
    elements),
    • SINEs (short interspersed
    nuclear elements),
    • LTR (long terminal repeat)
    elements and
    • DNA transposons,
    Two microsatellites
    • These are sequences in which a
    short motif is repeated in tandem.
    • One of the microsatellites seen
    here has the motif GA repeated
    sixteen times, giving the sequence
    5 –GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGA–3
    3 –CTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT–5

    • The second microsatellite comprises


    six repeats of TATT.
    how similar the human
    genome is to the genomes
    of other organisms??
    GENOMES OF ORGANISMS
    • Eukaryotes
    • Prokaryotes
    2 types of Prokaryotypes
    • (i) the bacteria, (e.g. Escherichia
    coli), the gram- positives (e.g.
    Bacillus subtilis), the
    cyanobacteria (e.g.Anabaena)

    • (ii) the archaea, which are less


    well-studied, and have mostly
    been found in extreme
    environments such as hot
    springs, brine pools and lake
    bottoms
    Plasmids
    • Prokaryotes may also have
    additional genes on independent,
    smaller, circular or linear DNA
    molecules called plasmids
    Varieties of plasmids based on
    structure
    1. Linear
    2. circular
    Varieties of plasmids based
    on function
    1. Resistance
    2. Bacteriocin-encoded
    3. Virulence
    4. Phytopathogenic
    5. Catabolic
    6. Conjugative
    7. Sex pheromone
    Genome size
    Gene numbers do not correlate
    with genome size
    Two other features of prokaryotic
    genomes

    1. No introns in the genes


    2. The infrequency of repetitive
    sequences.
    • Transposable elements
    • Sequences that have the ability to
    move around the genome and to
    transfer from one organism to
    another, even sometimes between
    two different species
    Mobile DNA
    "jumping genes".

    1. Cause mutations
    2. Increase (or decrease) the
    amount of DNA in the
    genome.
    Types
    • Class II Transposons consisting only of
    DNA that moves directly from place to
    place.
    • Class III Transposons; also known as
    Miniature Inverted-repeats
    Transposable Elements or MITEs.
    • Retrotransposons (Class I) that
    – first transcribe the DNA into RNA and then
    use reverse transcriptase to make a DNA
    copy of the RNA to insert in a new
    location.
    What good are transposons?
    • They have been called "junk" DNA
    and "selfish" DNA

    JUNK - no benefit
    SELFISH- more copies
    Y??
    • Many scientists and physicians
    think that many medical and
    other benefits could flow from
    knowing the location and
    sequence of all the genes
    Human Genome Project
    Human genome project
    Thank u all

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