1803 Vocabulary Terms

These terms are in no particular order; however all must be defined as a part of the set-exercises assessment task.

Term Definition
2D Shape A shape with only two dimensions (such as width
1 and height) and no thickness .
3D Shape An object with three dimensions (such as height,
width and depth) like any object in the real
2 world.
5E Model The 5 Es are Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate
3 and Evaluate.
accommodation The term learning disabilities is often misused
and applied to students who learn in different
4 ways.
assimilation Whenever two cultures come into more than
casual contact, it is inevitable that they will both
5 be changed.
cardinality Two finite sets are considered to be of the same
6 size if they have equal numbers of elements.
centration involves focusing on one aspect of a situation
and ignoring the others. It is common in early
7 childhood.
Classification (Science process skill) After making observations it is important to
notice similarities, differences, and group
objects according to a purpose. It is important
to create order to help comprehend the number
8 of objects, events, and living things in the world.
Cognitive constructivism Cognitivist teaching methods aim to assist
students in assimilating new information to
existing knowledge, as well as enabling them to
make the appropriate modifications to their
existing intellectual framework to accommodate
9 that information.
communicating (Science process skill) It is important to be able to share our
experiences. This can be done with graphs,
10 diagrams, maps, and spoken word.
concept A math concept is the 'why' or 'big idea' of math.
Knowing a math concept means you know the
11 workings behind the answer.
conceptual subitizing Subitizing means “instantly seeing how many.”
Math educators have discovered that the ability
to see numbers in patterns is the foundation of
12 strong number sense.
conclusion (Scientific method) The question of the source of the success of
science has been at the core of philosophy since
the beginning of modern science. If viewed as a
matter of epistemology more generally,
scientific method is a part of the entire history of
13 philosophy.
Concrete operational stage concrete operational stage of development can
be defined as the stage of cognitive
development in which a child is capable of
performing a variety of mental operations and
14 thoughts using concrete concepts.
concrete pictorial abstract learning progression Concrete Pictorial Abstract (CPA) is a three step
instructional approach that has been found to be
highly effective in teaching math concepts.
15

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 1803 Vocabulary Terms

Conservation Conservation is a relatively new concept in

human history that came about as humans
began to realize the effects our population
growth and industrial development had on the
natural world around them.
16
Constructivist method Students need to construct their own
understanding of each mathematical concept,
so that the primary role of teaching is not to
lecture, explain, or otherwise attempt to
'transfer' mathematical knowledge, but to create
situations for students that will foster their
17 making the necessary mental constructions.
controlling variables (More complex science process skill) Manipulating and controlling properties that
relate to situations events for the purpose of
18 determining causation.
data Data, in mathematical and scientific speak, is a
group of information collected. The information
could be anything, and is often used to prove or
disprove a hypothesis, or scientific guess,
19 during an experiment.
disequilibrium Disequilibrium in the way we plan our units of
study: Plan for “the math” in a unit instead of
planning how to teach students to solve the math
20 at the end of unit assessment.
equilibrium State of stable conditions in which all significant
factors remain more or less constant over a
period, and there is little or no inherent tendency
21 for change.
estimation Estimating is an important part of mathematics
and a very handy tool for everyday life. Get in the
habit of estimating amounts of money, lengths of
time, distances, and many other physical
22 quantities.
Formal Operations Stage During this stage, the individual will demonstrate
the ability to critically analyze situations, taking
into consideration reasoning and argument. This
stage is also characterized by being able to
demonstrate the ability to think in more abstract
23 terms.
hypothesis (Scientific method) A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an
observation. Observations and experiments may
disprove a hypothesis, but can never
24 entirely prove one.
hypothesizing (More complex science process skill) To hypothesizing means simply to make a
hypothesis. Which is just a scientific way of
25 saying "make a really good educated guess."
inferring (science process skill) An inference is an explanation based on an
observation. It is a link between what is
26 observed and what is already known.
informal experience InformalScience.org is a central portal to
project, research and evaluation resources
designed to support and connect the informal
STEM education community in museums, media,
public programs and a growing variety of
learning environments .
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 1803 Vocabulary Terms

inquiry-based learning (IBL) Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) is an approach to

teaching and learning in which the classroom
environment is characterized by the student
being the active participant while the teacher’s
28 role is decentralized.
learning cycle is a sequential process for both learning and
instruction. It places focus on a series of steps
that encourage a more thorough understanding
and a deeper application of content. It also
pushes students toward inquiry and discovery in
29 their learning.
logical grouping The Mathematical Logic Group encourages a
comprehensive logic education which besides
mathematics includes also elements from
theoretical computer science, philosophical
30 logic, or formal linguistics.
measuring A number that shows the size or amount of
31 something.
measuring (science process skill) Measuring is important in collecting, comparing,
and interpretting data. It helps us classify and
communicate with others. The metric system
should be used to help understand the scientific
32 world.
more knowledgeable other is somewhat self-explanatory; it refers to
someone who has a better understanding or a
higher ability level than the learner, with respect
33 to a particular task, process, or concept.
naturalistic experience A learning style referrers to an individual's
approach to learning based on three things:
34 their strengths, weaknesses, and preferences.
observing (science process skill) is the fundamental science process skill. We
observe objects and events using all our five
senses, and this is how we learn about the world
35 around us.
one to one correspondence is being able to use this knowledge to skillfully
36 count an actual number of objects.
perceptual subitizing is the ability to ‘see’ a small amount of objects
37 and know how many there are without counting.
predicting (science process skill) is a guess about what might happen in the
38 future, based on observations that you make.
pre-operational stage is the second stage in Piaget's theory of
cognitive development. This stage begins
around age 2 as children start to talk and last
39 until approximately age 7.
Principles of School Mathematics Principles and Standards for School
Mathematics outlines the essential components
40 of a high-quality school mathematics program.
process skill One of the most important and pervasive goals
of schooling is to teach students to think. All
school subjects should share in accomplishing
this overall goal. Science contributes its unique
skills, with its emphasis on hypothesizing,
manipulating the physical world and reasoning
41 from data.
rational counting Mathematicians have taken all the numbers in
the world and sorted them into categories,
42 based on their characteristics.

Name & ID: Hessa Alhooti \ H00354404

 1803 Vocabulary Terms

reversibility in thermodynamics, a characteristic of certain

processes (changes of a system from an initial
state to a final state spontaneously or as a result
of interactions with other systems) that can be
reversed, and the system restored to its initial
state, without leaving net effects in any of the
43 systems involved.
rote counting is one of the most basic math skills, as it entails
being able to verbally count from memory.
Teaching how to count by rote memorization can
be taxing, as teachers may run out of engaging
44 ideas to teach the skill.
scaffolding refers to a variety of instructional techniques
used to move students progressively toward
stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater
45 independence in the learning process.
science process skill One of the most important and pervasive goals
of schooling is to teach students to think. All
school subjects should share in accomplishing
this overall goal. Science contributes its unique
skills, with its emphasis on hypothesizing,
manipulating the physical world and reasoning
46 from data.
scientific method The scientific method, scientific thinking and
critical thinking have been terms used at various
times to describe these science skills. Today the
47 term "science process skills" is commonly used.
Sensory motor stage is the first of the four stages Piaget uses to
definecognitive development. Piaget designated
the first two years of an infants lifeas the
48 sensorimotor stage.
seriation is arranging objects in order by size, location or
position. Have you ever asked children to
arrange objects from smallest to largest, largest
to smallest, shortest to tallest or thinnest to
49 thickest? You’ve been teaching seriation.
social constructivism Social constructivism is appearing in the work of
some researchers in the psychology of
mathematics education as an alternative
50 perspective to radical constructivism.
Sorting Sorting is the rearrangement of numbers (or
other orderable objects) in a list into their
correct lexographic order. Alphabetization is
51 therefore a form of sorting.
spatial awareness refers to a person's recognition of how he or
she, or an object, interacts with a space. It's
52 being able to fit items into an environment.
Standards for School Mathematics While the PSSM was championed by education
theorists and administrators as raising
standards for all students, it was sharply
attacked by mathematicians, parents, and even
some teachers over the new teaching methods
which inspired lampooned exercises such as
Mathland's Fantasy Lunch, Rainforest Algebra,
and academic papers finding that teaching
arithmetic harmed mathematical understanding.
53

Name & ID: Hessa Alhooti \ H00354404

 1803 Vocabulary Terms

structured experience in an emotionally charged situation by reducing

risk factors and the participants' anxieties. It
also facilitated discussing and sharing ideas and
54 feelings.
student- directed inquiry provides opportunities for learners to undertake
research, solve problems, communicate ideas,
and manage their workload and learning in a
55 personalized, authentic, meaningful context
teachable moment is an unplanned opportunity that arises in the
classroom where a teacher has an ideal chance
56 to offer insight to his or her students.
teacher- directed inquiry Debates about direct instruction versus inquiry
learning have been ongoing for many years.
Traditionally, classrooms have been organised
with children sitting in rows with the teacher at
the front of the room, directing learning and
ensuring a disciplined classroom environment.
57 This is known as direct instruction.
testable question can be answered by designing and conducting
58 an experiment.
volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space
occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas. Common
units used to express volume include liters,
cubic meters, gallons, milliliters, teaspoons and
59 ounces.
zone of proximal development Because the concept of ZPD involves
connecting unlearned material to what is
familiar, teachers play a pivotal role in the
application of ZPD in the classroom. They
provide appropriate scaffolding—strategic
social interactions, learning experiences, and
instruction based on a student’s past
performance, intuition, and current thinking—
60 that guide effective learning and development.

Name & ID: Hessa Alhooti \ H00354404