IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)

e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11, Issue 4 Ver. I (Jul- Aug. 2014), PP 25-29
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Pushover Analysis of G+3 Reinforced Concrete Building with soft

storey
Akshay V. Raut1, Prof. RVRK Prasad2
1
M-Tech student of civil Engg. Department, K.D.K.C.E
2
Professor of civil Engg. Department, K.D.K.C.E.

Abstract: Many urban multistorey buildings in India today have open first storey as an unavoidable feature.
This is primarily being adopted to accommodate parking or reception lobbies in the first storey. This paper
highlights the importance of explicitly recognizing the presence of the open first storey in the analysis of the
building and also for immediate measures to prevent the indiscriminate use of soft first storeys in buildings.
Alternate measures, involving stiffness balance of the open first storey and the storey above, are proposed to
reduce the irregularity introduced by the open first storey. The structural engineering profession has been using
the nonlinear static procedure (NSP) or pushover analysis. Modeling for such analysis requires the
determination of the nonlinear properties of each component in the structure, quantified by strength and
deformation capacities, which depend on the modeling assumptions. Pushover analysis is carried out for either
user-defined nonlinear hinge properties or default-hinge properties, available in some programs based on the
FEMA-356 and ATC-40 guidelines. This paper aims to evaluate the zone –II selected reinforced concrete
building to conduct the non-linear static analysis (Pushover Analysis). The pushover analysis shows the
pushover curves, capacity spectrum, plastic hinges and performance level of the building. This non-linear static
analysis gives better understanding and more accurate seismic performance of buildings of the damage or
failure element.
Keywords: multistorey buildings, open first storey, performance of buildings, Pushover analysis

I. Introduction
The pushover analysis is a method to observe the successive damage states of a building. The method
is relatively simple to be implemented, and provides information on strength, deformation and ductility of the
structure and distribution of demands which help in identifying the critical members likely to reach limit states
during the earthquake and hence proper attention can be given while designing and detailing. This method
assumes a set of incremental lateral load over the height of the structure. Local nonlinear effects are modelled
and the structure is pushed until a collapse mechanism is developed. With the increase in the magnitude of
loads, weak links and failure modes of the buildings are found. At each step, the base shear and the roof
displacement can be plotted to generate the pushover curve .This method is relatively simple and provides
information on the strength, deformation and ductility of the structure and distribution of demands. This permits
to identify the critical members likely to reach limit states during the earthquake by the formation of plastic
hinges. On the building frame load/displacement is applied incrementally, the formation of plastic hinges,
stiffness degradation, and lateral inelastic force versus displacement response for the structure is analytically
computed.
To perform a pushover analysis, a lateral load versus deformation curves for the member is required.
The results from a pushover analysis will give the load versus deformation curves. Moreover, the pushover
analysis gives only curve of the base shear versus roof displacement behavior of a building. The actual
performance of a building may differ from the calculated performance, since the load versus deformation curves
and the earthquake levels used in the analysis are estimates.
The structural engineering profession has been using the nonlinear static procedure (NSP) or pushover
analysis described in FEMA-356 and ATC-40, when pushover analysis is used carefully it provides useful
information that cannot be obtained by linear static or dynamic analysis procedure.

II. Pushover analysis of structure

2.1 Research Significance
The present study is to evaluate the behavior of G+3 reinforced concrete frame structure subjected to
earthquake forces in zone II. The reinforced concrete structures are analyzed by nonlinear static analysis
(Pushover Analysis) using SAP2000 software. It shows the performance levels, behavior of the components and
failure mechanism in a building. It also shows the types of hinge formation, the strength and capacity of the
weakest components.

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 Pushover Analysis of G+3 Reinforced Concrete Building with soft storey

2.2 Performance Based Design for Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis

Create the basic computer model of four storey building frame structure. Define properties and
acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges .The program includes several built-in default hinge properties that
are based on average values from ATC-40 for concrete members and average values from FEMA-356 for steel
members. These built in properties can be useful for preliminary analyses, but user defined properties are
recommended for final analyses. Locate the pushover hinges on the model by selecting one or more frame
members and assigning them one or more hinge properties. Define the pushover load cases. Pushover load case
is used to apply gravity load and then lateral pushover load cases are specified to start from the final conditions
of the gravity pushover. Pushover load cases can be force controlled, that is, pushed to a certain defined force
level, or they can be displacement controlled, that is, pushed to a specified displacement.
The numbers of hinges are shown in the fig.1 and fig.2 In each member showing the hinges in beams
the immediate occupancy, life safety, collapse prevention and some limited hinges are shown in column to
define the force deflection behavior of the hinge. The lateral load is applied on the frame, which when deflected
forms hinges. Frame is estimating the plastic hinge formation at the yielding and significant difference in the
hinging patterns at the ultimate state. The hinge locations are shown in the frame. In frame hinges shows a
ductile beam mechanism in which the columns are stronger than the beam. Damage or failure occurs at the
beam.

Fig.1 Showing hinge model at yielding

Fig.2 Showing Hinge Model at ultimate State

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 Pushover Analysis of G+3 Reinforced Concrete Building with soft storey

Table-1 : Plastic Hinge Pattern for Pushover Analysis at Different Damage level
Step Displaceme BaseFor Ato BtoI IOtoL LStoC CPto Cto Dto Beyond Tota
s nt ce B O S P C D E E l
mm KN
0 0 0 364 256 0 0 0 0 0 0 620
1 2.795879 81.687 360 260 0 0 0 0 0 0 620
2 49.740724 813.026 306 292 22 0 0 0 0 0 620
3 55.938982 861.205 294 298 28 0 0 0 0 0 620
4 57.507663 868.578 290 300 30 0 0 0 0 0 620
5 59.451321 873.907 288 300 32 0 0 0 0 0 620
6 84.639029 897.959 286 288 46 0 0 0 0 0 620
7 165.063103 939.347 282 226 70 24 0 18 0 0 620
8 209.54516 951.649 282 206 42 48 0 42 0 0 620
9 220.128498 953.261 282 206 36 48 0 48 0 0 620
10 223.429769 953.583 282 206 36 42 0 54 0 0 620
11 231.041725 953.903 282 206 32 42 0 58 0 0 620
12 233.292956 953.784 282 206 32 36 0 64 0 0 620
13 237.085457 952.983 282 206 32 26 0 74 0 0 620
14 240.655753 951.786 282 206 32 18 2 80 0 0 620

Pushover Curve
900
800
700
Base shear (KN)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200
Displacement (mm)

Fig 2. Showing Pushover curve of a building for four storey II zone

Figure 3. Showing Pushover Curve of a without infill wall frame in X direction

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 Pushover Analysis of G+3 Reinforced Concrete Building with soft storey

Figure 4. Showing capacity Spectrum

2.3 Pushover Methodology :-

Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure in which the magnitude of the lateral force is
incrementally increased, maintaining the predefined distribution pattern along the height of the building. With
the increase in the magnitude of the loads, weak links and failure modes of the building are found. Pushover
analysis can determine the behavior of a building, including the ultimate load and the maximum inelastic
deflection. Local Nonlinear effects are modeled and the structure is pushed until a collapse mechanism gets
developed. At each step, the base shear and the roof displacement can be plotted to generate the pushover curve.
It gives an idea of the maximum base shear that the structure was capable of resisting at the time of the
earthquake. For regular buildings, it can also give a rough idea about the global stiffness of the building.

2.4. Nonlinear Plastic Hinges Properties :-

The building has to be modeled to carry out nonlinear static pushover analysis. This requires the
development of the force - deformation curve for the critical sections of beams, columns. The force deformation
curves in flexure were obtained from the reinforcement details and were assigned for all the beams and columns.
The Nonlinear properties of beams and columns have been evaluated using the section designer and have been
assigned to the computer model in SAP2000. The flexural default hinges (M3) and shear hinges (V2) were
assigned to the beams at two ends. The interacting (P-M2-M3) frame hinges type a coupled hinge property was
also assigned for all the columns at upper and lower ends .

3.Performance level of a structure :-

The structural and non- structural components of the buildings together comprise the building
performance. The performance levels are the discrete damage states identified from a continuous spectrum of
possible damage states. The structural performance levels based on the roof drifts are as follows:
Five points labeled A, B, C, D and E are used to define the force deflection behavior of the hinge and these
points labeled as

Fig.5 showing Force Vs deformation curve

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 Pushover Analysis of G+3 Reinforced Concrete Building with soft storey

The performance levels (IO, LS, and CP) of a structural element are represented in the load versus
deformation curve as shown below,
1. A to B – Elastic state,
i) Point ‘A’ corresponds to the unloaded condition.
ii) Point ‘B’ corresponds to the onset of yielding.
2. B to IO- below immediate occupancy,
3. IO to LS – between immediate occupancy and life safety,
4. LS to CP- between life safety to collapse prevention,
5. CP to C – between collapse prevention and ultimate capacity,
i) Point ‘C’ corresponds to the ultimate strength
6. C to D- between C and residual strength,
i) Point ‘D’ corresponds to the residual strength
7. D to E- between D and collapse
i) Point ‘E’ corresponds to the collapse.

III. Result and Discussion :-

A Four storied reinforced concrete frame structure of building was taken to analysis. The frame was
subjected to design earthquake forces as specified in the IS code for zone II along longer directions. Bare frame
pushover curves for the building in X directions as shown in Figure 2. These curves show the behavior of the
frame in terms of its stiffness and ductility. For bare frame maximum base shear from pushover analysis is
951.78 KN and maximum displacement of 240.65mm in X direction. Capacity spectrum is the capacity curve
spectral acceleration Vs spectral displacement (Sa Vs Sd) co-ordinates. The performance point is obtained by
superimposing demand spectrum on capacity curve transformed into spectral coordinates. The frame shows the
performance of the on the spectral acceleration corresponding to the performance point. The performance point
is obtained at a base shear level of 550KN and displacement of 45mm in the X direction.

IV. Conclusion
The pushover analysis is a simple way to explore the nonlinear behavior of the buildings. The results
obtained in terms of pushover demand, capacity spectrum and plastic hinges the real behavior of structures. In a
four storey building seismic zone –II is designed and constructed using IS-456-1978 and the revised code IS-
1893- 2000 provisions. Hinges have developed in the beams and columns showing the three stages immediate
occupancy, Life safety, Collapse prevention. The column hinges have limited the damage.

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