37.

A regional commuter airline selected a random sample of 25 flights and found that the correlation
between the number of passengers and the total weight, in pounds, of luggage stored in the
luggage compartment is 0.94. Using the .05 significance level, can we conclude that there is a
positive association between the two variables?
38. A sociologist claims that the success of students in college (measured by their GPA) is related to
their family's income. For a sample of 20 students, the correlation coefficient is 0.40. Using the
0.01 significance level, can we conclude that there is a positive correlation between the
variables?
39. An Environmental Protection Agency study of 12 automobiles revealed a correlation of 0.47
between engine size and emissions. At the .01 significance level, can we conclude that there is a
positive association between these variables? What is the p-value? Interpret.
40. A suburban hotel derives its gross income from its hotel and restaurant operations. The owners
are interested in the relationship between the number of rooms occupied on a nightly basis and
the revenue per day in the restaurant. Below is a sample of 25 days (Monday through Thursday)
from last year showing the restaurant income and number of rooms occupied.

Day Income Occupied

1 $1,452 23

2 1,361 47

3 1,426 21

4 1,470 39

5 1,456 37

6 1,430 29

7 1,354 23

8 1,442 44

9 1,394 45

10 1,459 16

11 1,399 30

12 1,458 42
 13 1,537 54

14 $1,425 27

15 1,445 34

16 1,439 15

17 1,348 19

18 1,450 38

19 1,431 44

20 1,446 47

21 1,485 43

22 1,405 38

23 1,461 51

24 1,490 61

25 1,426 39

41. Use a statistical software package to answer the following questions.

a. Does the breakfast revenue seem to increase as the number of occupied rooms
increases? Draw a scatter diagram to support your conclusion.
b. Determine the correlation coefficient between the two variables. Interpret the value.
c. Is it reasonable to conclude that there is a positive relationship between revenue and
occupied rooms? Use the .10 significance level.
d. What percent of the variation in revenue in the restaurant is accounted for by the
number of rooms occupied?
41. The table below shows the number of cars (in millions) sold in the United States for various
years and the percent of those cars manufactured by GM.

Year Cars Sold (millions) Percent GM

1950 6.0 50.2

 1955 7.8 50.4

1960 7.3 44.0

1965 10.3 49.9

1970 10.1 39.5

1975 10.8 43.1

1980 11.5 44.0

1985 15.4 40.1

1990 13.5 36.0

1995 15.5 31.7

2000 17.4 28.6

2005 16.9 26.9

2010 11.6 19.1

42. Use a statistical software package to answer the following questions.

a. Is the number of cars sold directly or indirectly related to GM's percentage of the
market? Draw a scatter diagram to show your conclusion.
b. Determine the correlation coefficient between the two variables. Interpret the value.
c. Is it reasonable to conclude that there is a negative association between the two
variables? Use the .01 significance level.
d. How much of the variation in GM's market share is accounted for by the variation in
cars sold?
42. For a sample of 32 large U.S. cities, the correlation between the mean number of square feet per
office worker and the mean monthly rental rate in the central business district is −.363. At the .05
significance level, can we conclude that there is a negative association in the population
between the two variables?

43. The following data from the 2010 NFL football season report the number of points scored and
points allowed for each of the 32 NFL teams.

Team Points Scored Points Allowed

Arizona 289 434

Atlanta 414 288

Baltimore 357 270

Buffalo 283 425

Carolina 196 408

Chicago 334 286

Cincinnati 322 395

Cleveland 271 332

Dallas 394 436

Denver 344 471

Detroit 362 369

Green Bay 388 240

Houston 390 427

Indianapolis 435 388

Jacksonville 353 419

Kansas City 366 326

Miami 273 333

Minnesota 281 348

New England 518 313

 New Orleans 384 307

NY Giants 394 347

NY Jets 367 304

Oakland 410 371

Philadelphia 439 377

Pittsburgh 375 232

San Diego 441 322

San Francisco 305 346

Seattle 310 407

St. Louis 289 328

Tampa Bay 341 318

Tennessee 356 339

Washington 302 377

44. You will want to use statistical software to perform the calculations. Assume that these are
sample data.
1. Determine the correlation coefficient. Are you surprised at the negative association between
the variables? Interpret the relationship between “points scored” and “points allowed.”
2. Determine the coefficient of determination. What does the coefficient of determination say
about the relationship?
3. Can we conclude that there is a negative association between “points scored” and “points
allowed”? Use the .05 significance level.
Meryl's Apparel is an upscale chain of women's clothing stores, located primarily in the
southwest United States. Due to recent success, Meryl's top management is planning to expand
by locating new stores in other regions of the country. The director of planning has been asked
to study the relationship between yearly sales and the store size. As part of the study, the
director selects a sample of 25 stores and determines the size of the store in square feet and the
sales for last year. The sample data follow. The use of statistical software is suggested.

Store Size (thousands of square feet) Sales (millions $)

3.7 9.18

2.0 4.58

5.0 8.22

0.7 1.45

2.6 6.51

2.9 2.82

5.2 10.45

5.9 9.94

3.0 4.43

2.4 4.75

2.4 7.30

0.5 3.33

5.0 6.76

0.4 0.55

4.2 7.56

3.1 2.23

2.6 4.49

5.2 9.90

3.3 8.93
 3.2 7.60

4.9 3.71

5.5 5.47

2.9 8.22

2.2 7.17

2.3 4.35

. Draw a scatter diagram. Use store size as the independent variable. Does there appear to be
a relationship between the two variables. Is it positive or negative?
a. Determine the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination. Is the relationship
strong or weak? Why?
b. At the .05 significance level, can we conclude there is a significant positive correlation?
The manufacturer of Cardio Glide exercise equipment wants to study the relationship between
the number of months since the glide was purchased and the time, in hours, the equipment was
used last week.

Person Months Owned Hours Exercised

Rupple 12 4

Hall 2 10

Bennett 6 8

Longnecker 9 5

Phillips 7 5

Massa 2 8

Sass 8 3

Karl 4 8

Malrooney 10 2
 Veights 5 5

. Plot the information on a scatter diagram. Let hours of exercise be the dependent variable.
Comment on the graph.
a. Determine the correlation coefficient. Interpret.
b. At the .01 significance level, can we conclude that there is a negative association between the
variables?
The following regression equation was computed from a sample of 20 observations:

SSE was found to be 100 and SS total 400.

. Determine the standard error of estimate.
a. Determine the coefficient of determination.
b. Determine the correlation coefficient. (Caution: Watch the sign!)
City planners believe that larger cities are populated by older residents. To investigate the
relationship, data on population and median age in 10 large cities were collected.

City Population (in millions) Median age

Chicago, IL 2.833 31.5

Dallas, TX 1.233 30.5

Houston, TX 2.144 30.9

Los Angeles, CA 3.849 31.6

New York, NY 8.214 34.2

Philadelphia, PA 1.448 34.2

Phoenix, AZ 1.513 30.7

San Antonio, TX 1.297 31.7

San Diego, CA 1.257 32.5

San Jose, CA 0.930 32.6

. Plot this data on a scatter diagram with median age as the dependent variable.
a. Find the correlation coefficient.
b. A regression analysis was performed and the resulting regression equation is Median age =
31.4 + 0.272 population. Interpret the meaning of the slope.
c. Estimate the median age for a city of 2.5 million people.
d. Here is a portion of the regression software output. What does it tell you?

e. Using the .10 significance level, test the significance of the slope. Interpret the result. Is there
a significant relationship between the two variables?
Emily Smith decides to buy a fuel-efficient used car. Here are several vehicles she is
considering, with the estimated cost to purchase and the age of the vehicle.

Vehicle Estimated Cost Age

Honda Insight $5,555 8

Toyota Prius $17,888 3

Toyota Prius $9,963 6

Toyota Echo $6,793 5

Honda Civic Hybrid $10,774 5

Honda Civic Hybrid $16,310 2

Chevrolet Prizm $2,475 8

Mazda Protege $2,808 10

Toyota Corolla $7,073 9

Acura Integra $8,978 8

Scion xB $11,213 2

Scion xA $9,463 3

Mazda3 $15,055 2

Mini Cooper $20,705 2

. Plot this data on a scatter diagram with estimated cost as the dependent variable.
a. Find the correlation coefficient.
b. A regression analysis was performed and the resulting regression equation is Estimated Cost
= 18358 − 1534 age. Interpret the meaning of the slope.
c. Estimate the cost of a five-year-old car.
d. Here is a portion of the regression software output. What does it tell you?

e. Using the .10 significance level, test the significance of the slope. Interpret the result. Is there
a significant relationship between the two variables?
The National Highway Association is studying the relationship between the number of bidders on
a highway project and the winning (lowest) bid for the project. Of particular interest is whether
the number of bidders increases or decreases the amount of the winning bid.

Project Number of Bidders,X Winning Bid ($ millions),Y

1 9 5.1

2 9 8.0

3 3 9.7

4 10 7.8

5 5 7.7

6 10 5.5

7 7 8.3

8 11 5.5

9 6 10.3

10 6 8.0

11 4 8.8

12 7 9.4

13 7 8.6
 14 7 8.1

15 6 7.8

. Determine the regression equation. Interpret the equation. Do more bidders tend to increase
or decrease the amount of the winning bid?
a. Estimate the amount of the winning bid if there were seven bidders.
b. A new entrance is to be constructed on the Ohio Turnpike. There are seven bidders on the
project. Develop a 95% prediction interval for the winning bid.
c. Determine the coefficient of determination. Interpret its value.
Mr. William Profit is studying companies going public for the first time. He is particularly
interested in the relationship between the size of the offering and the price per share. A sample
of 15 companies that recently went public revealed the following information.

Company Size ($ millions), X Price per Share, Y

1 9.0 10.8

2 94.4 11.3

3 27.3 11.2

4 179.2 11.1

5 71.9 11.1

6 97.9 11.2

7 93.5 11.0

8 70.0 10.7

9 160.7 11.3

10 96.5 10.6

11 83.0 10.5

12 23.5 10.3
 13 58.7 10.7

14 93.8 11.0

15 34.4 10.8

. Determine the regression equation.

a. Conduct a test to determine whether the slope of the regression line is positive.
b. Determine the coefficient of determination. Do you think Mr. Profit should be satisfied with
using the size of the offering as the independent variable?
Bardi Trucking Co., located in Cleveland, Ohio, makes deliveries in the Great Lakes region, the
Southeast, and the Northeast. Jim Bardi, the president, is studying the relationship between the
distance a shipment must travel and the length of time, in days, it takes the shipment to arrive at
its destination. To investigate, Mr. Bardi selected a random sample of 20 shipments made last
month. Shipping distance is the independent variable, and shipping time is the dependent
variable. The results are as follows:

Shipment Distance (miles) Shipping Time (days)

1 656 5

2 853 14

3 646 6

4 783 11

5 610 8

6 841 10

7 785 9

8 639 9

9 762 10

10 762 9

11 862 7
 12 679 5

13 835 13

14 607 3

15 665 8

16 647 7

17 685 10

18 720 8

19 652 6

20 828 10

. Draw a scatter diagram. Based on these data, does it appear that there is a relationship
between how many miles a shipment has to go and the time it takes to arrive at its destination?
a. Determine the correlation coefficient. Can we conclude that there is a positive correlation
between distance and time? Use the .05 significance level.
b. Determine and interpret the coefficient of determination.
c. Determine the standard error of estimate.
d. Would you recommend using the regression equation to predict shipping time? Why or why
not.
Super Markets Inc. is considering expanding into the Scottsdale, Arizona, area. You as director
of planning, must present an analysis of the proposed expansion to the operating committee of
the board of directors. As a part of your proposal, you need to include information on the amount
people in the region spend per month for grocery items. You would also like to include
information on the relationship between the amount spent for grocery items and income. Your
assistant gathered the following sample information.

Household Amount Spent Monthly Income

1 $ 555 $4,388

2 489 4,558

⋮ ⋮ ⋮
 39 1,206 9,862

40 1,145 9,883

. Let the amount spent be the dependent variable and monthly income the independent
variable. Create a scatter diagram, using a software package.
a. Determine the regression equation. Interpret the slope value.
b. Determine the correlation coefficient. Can you conclude that it is greater than 0?
Below is information on the price per share and the dividend for a sample of 30 companies.

Company Price per Share Dividend

1 $20.00 $ 3.14

2 22.01 3.36

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

29 77.91 17.65

30 80.00 17.36

. Calculate the regression equation using selling price based on the annual dividend.
a. Test the significance of the slope.
b. Determine the coefficient of determination. Interpret its value.
c. Determine the correlation coefficient. Can you conclude that it is greater than 0 using the .05
significance level?
A highway employee performed a regression analysis of the relationship between the number of
construction work-zone fatalities and the number of unemployed people in a state. The
regression equation is Fatalities = 12.7 + 0.000114 (Unemp). Some additional output is:

. How many states were in the sample?

a. Determine the standard error of estimate.
b. Determine the coefficient of determination.
c. Determine the correlation coefficient.
d. At the .05 significance level, does the evidence suggest there is a positive association
between fatalities and the number unemployed?
 A regression analysis relating the current market value in dollars to the size in square feet of
homes in Greene County, Tennessee, follows. The regression equation is: Value = −37,186 +
65.0 Size.

Page 436

. How many homes were in the sample?

a. Compute the standard error of estimate.
b. Compute the coefficient of determination.
c. Compute the correlation coefficient.
d. At the .05 significance level, does the evidence suggest a positive association between the
market value of homes and the size of the home in square feet?
The following table shows the mean annual percent return on capital (profitability) and the mean
annual percentage sales growth for eight aerospace and defense companies.

Company Profitability Growth

Alliant Techsystems 23.1 8.0

Boeing 13.2 15.6

General Dynamics 24.2 31.2

Honeywell 11.1 2.5

L-3 Communications 10.1 35.4

Northrop Grunmman 10.8 6.0

Rockwell Collins 27.3 8.7

United Technologies 20.1 3.2

. Compute the correlation coefficient. Conduct a test of hypothesis to determine if it is

reasonable to conclude that the population correlation is greater than zero. Use the .05 significance
level.
a. Develop the regression equation for profitability based on growth. Can we conclude that the
slope of the regression line is negative?
b. Use a software package to determine the residual for each observation. Which company has
the largest residual?
 The following data show the retail price for 12 randomly selected laptop computers along with
their corresponding processor speeds in gigahertz.

Computers Speed Price

1 2.0 $2,017

2 1.6 922

3 1.6 1,064

4 1.8 1,942

5 2.0 2,137

6 1.2 1,012

7 2.0 $2,197

8 1.6 1,387

9 2.0 2,114

10 1.6 2,002

11 1.0 937

12 1.4 869

. Develop a linear equation that can be used to describe how the price depends on the
processor speed.
a. Based on your regression equation, is there one machine that seems particularly over- or
underpriced?
b. Compute the correlation coefficient between the two variables. At the .05 significance level,
conduct a test of hypothesis to determine if the population correlation is greater than zero.
A consumer buying cooperative tested the effective heating area of 20 different electric space
heaters with different wattages. Here are the results.

Heater Wattage Area

1 1,500 205
2 750 70

3 1,500 199

4 1,250 151

5 1,250 181

6 1,250 217

7 1,000 94

8 2,000 298

9 1,000 135

10 1,500 211

11 1,250 116

12 500 72

13 500 82

14 1,500 206

15 2,000 245

16 1,500 219

17 750 63

18 1,500 200

19 1,250 151

20 500 44
 . Compute the correlation between the wattage and heating area. Is there a direct or an indirect
relationship?
a. Conduct a test of hypothesis to determine if it is reasonable that the coefficient is greater than
zero. Use the .05 significance level.
b. Develop the regression equation for effective heating based on wattage.
c. Which heater looks like the “best buy” based on the size of the residual?
A dog trainer is exploring the relationship between the size of the dog (weight in pounds) and its
daily food consumption (measured in standard cups). Below is the result of a sample of 18
observations.

Dog Weight Consumption

1 41 3

2 148 8

3 79 5

4 41 4

5 85 5

6 111 6

7 37 3

8 111 6

9 41 3

10 91 5

11 109 6

12 207 10

13 49 3

14 113 6
 15 84 5

16 95 5

17 57 4

18 168 9

. Compute the correlation coefficient. Is it reasonable to conclude that the correlation in the
population is greater than zero? Use the .05 significance level.
a. Develop the regression equation for cups based on the dog's weight. How much does each
additional cup change the estimated weight of the dog?
b. Is one of the dogs a big undereater or overeater?
Waterbury Insurance Company wants to study the relationship between the amount of fire
damage and the distance between the burning house and the nearest fire station. This
information will be used in setting rates for insurance coverage. For a sample of 30 claims for the
last year, the director of the actuarial department determined the distance from the fire station
(X) and the amount of fire damage, in thousands of dollars (Y). The MegaStat output is reported
below.

Answer the following questions.

. Write out the regression equation. Is there a direct or indirect relationship between the
distance from the fire station and the amount of fire damage?
a. How much damage would you estimate for a fire 5 miles from the nearest fire station?
b. Determine and interpret the coefficient of determination.
c. Determine the correlation coefficient. Interpret its value. How did you determine the sign of the
correlation coefficient?
d. Conduct a test of hypothesis to determine if there is a significant relationship between the
distance from the fire station and the amount of damage. Use the .01 significance level and a two-
tailed test.
An air travel service samples domestic airline flights to explore the relationship between airfare
and distance. The service would like to know if there is a correlation between airfare and flight
distance. If there is a correlation, what percentage of the variation in airfare is accounted for by
distance? How much does each additional mile add to the fare? The data follow.

Origin Destination Distance Fare

Detroit, MI Myrtle Beach, SC 636 $109

Baltimore, MD Sacramento, CA 2,395 252

Las Vegas, NV Philadelphia, PA 2,176 221

Sacramento, CA Seattle, WA 605 151

Atlanta, GA Orlando, FL 403 138

Boston, MA Miami, FL 1,258 209

Chicago, IL Covington, KY 264 254

Columbus, OH Minneapolis, MN 627 259

Fort Lauderdale, FL Los Angeles, CA 2,342 215

Chicago, IL Indianapolis, IN 177 128

Philadelphia, PA San Francisco, CA 2,521 348

Houston, TX Raleigh/Durham, NC 1,050 224

Houston, TX Midland/Odessa, TX 441 175

Cleveland, OH Dallas/Ft.Worth, TX 1,021 256

Baltimore, MD Columbus, OH 336 121

Boston, MA Covington, KY 752 252

Kansas City, MO San Diego, CA 1,333 206

Milwaukee, WI Phoenix, AZ 1,460 167

Portland, OR Washington, DC 2,350 308

Phoenix, AZ San Jose, CA 621 152

 Baltimore, MD St. Louis, MO 737 175

Houston, TX Orlando, FL 853 191

Houston, TX Seattle, WA 1,894 231

Burbank, CA New York, NY 2,465 251

Atlanta, GA San Diego, CA 1,891 291

Minneapolis, MN New York, NY 1,028 260

Atlanta, GA West Palm Beach, FL 545 123

Kansas City, MO Seattle, WA 1,489 211

Baltimore, MD Portland, ME 452 139

New Orleans, LA Washington, DC 969 243

. Draw a scatter diagram with Distance as the independent variable and Fare as the dependent
variable. Is the relationship direct or indirect?
a. Compute the correlation coefficient. At the .05 significance level, is it reasonable to conclude
that the correlation coefficient is greater than zero?
b. What percentage of the variation in Fare is accounted for byDistance of a flight?
c. Determine the regression equation. How much does each additional mile add to the fare?
Estimate the fare for a 1,500-mile flight.
d. A traveler is planning to fly from Atlanta to London Heathrow. The distance is 4,218 miles.
She wants to use the regression equation to estimate the fare. Explain why it would not be a good
idea to estimate the fare for this international flight with the regression equation.