Nursing Values,Ethics,and Advocacy

Nursing Values, Ethics, and Advocacy

Dr. Ali D. Abbas

[email protected]

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After mastering the contents of this lecture, the student should be able to:
1. Define the terminologies.
2. Describe the nursing values.
3. Explain the nursing ethics.
4. Identify on morality and ethics.
5. Describe the principles of nursing ethics.
6. List the specific ethical issues.
7. Explain the role of nurse as advocacy.

TERMINOLOGIES
Advocacy Ethics Nonmaleficence
Autonomy Euthanasia Values
Beneficence Fidelity Veracity
Bioethics Justice
Contracts Morality

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2

2. Values 3

3. Morality and ethics 5

4. Nursing ethics 6

5. Specific ethical issues 9

6. Advocacy 11

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Nursing Values,Ethics,and Advocacy

Introduction

Nursing, which embodies a concern for the client in every aspect of

life, encompasses a great responsibility one that requires knowledge,

skill, care, and commitment. As society and technology change, the issues

affecting nursing practice also change. The delivery of ethical health care

is becoming an increasingly difficult and confusing issue in contemporary

society. Nurses are committed to respecting their clients' rights in terms

of providing health care and treatment. This desire to maintain clients'

rights, however, often conflicts with professional duties and institutional

policies. Nurses must thus learn to balance these potentially conflicting

perspectives to achieve the primary objective the care of the client.

Ethics and values which are closely related, which both enlightens and

complicates the nurse's balancing the ethical principles of the client with

those of the health care profession. Nurses must understand their own

values in order to practice ethically.

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Values

Values something of worth; enduring beliefs or attitudes about the

worth of a person, object, idea, or action. They are important because
they influence decisions, actions, even nurse’s ethical decision making.

A value system is an individual's collection of inner beliefs that guides

the way the person acts and helps determine the choices the person makes
in life. The impact of values on decisions and resultant behaviors is often
not considered. Values are similar to the act of breathing; one does not
think about them until a problem arises.
Nurses often care for clients whose value systems conflict with their
own.

Values Transmission
Values are learned through observation and experience. Therefore,
they are influenced greatly by cultural, ethnic, and religious groups and
by family and peer groups. Example: a parent consistently demonstrates
honesty in dealing with others, the child will probably value honesty.
Our health beliefs are also learned this way.

Values Clarification
Values clarification a process by which individuals identify,
examine and develop their own value.
Raths, Harmin and Simon described a “valuing process”
ü Choosing (cognitive) – beliefs are chosen freely from alternative
and reflection and consideration of consequences
ü Prizing (affective) – beliefs are prized and cherished

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ü Acting (behavior) – chosen beliefs are confirmed to others,

incorporated into behavior consistently in one’s life

Clarifying the Nurse’s Values

The student nurse needs to examine the values they hold about life,
death, health, and illness. It is important for the nurse to be aware of their
own values so if helping a client they are not imposed on the client.

Clarifying Client Values

To plan effective care, the nurse needs to identify the client’s values
as they relate to health problems. If the client is unclear or has
conflicting values the nurse can help guide the patient to clarify the
client’s values by using the seven following steps:
1. List alternatives. Are you considering other courses of action? Tell
me about them.
2. Examine possible consequences of choices. What do you think you
will gain from doing that? What benefits do you foresee from doing
that?
3. Choose freely. Did you have any say in that decision? Do you have a
choice?
4. Feel good about the choice. Some people feel good after a decision is
made, others feel bad. How do you feel?
5. Affirm the choice. How will you discuss his with others (family,
friends)?
6. Act on the choice. Will it be difficult to tell your wife about this?
7. Act with a pattern. How many times have you done that before?
Would you act that way again?

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Morality and ethics

Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with determining

right from wrong on the basis of knowledge rather than on opinions.

Bioethics ethical rules or principles that govern right conduct

concerning human life or health.

Nursing ethics ethical issues that occur in nursing practice.

Morality a doctrine or system denoting what is right and wrong in

conduct, character, or attitude.

Moral Development
Moral development process of learning to tell the difference
between right and wrong and of learning what ought and ought not to be
done; the pattern of change in moral behavior with age.

Moral Frameworks
Moral theories provide different frameworks through with nurses
can view and clarify disturbing client situations. The following three
frameworks are widely used:
1. Consequence-based (teleological) theories the ethics of judging
whether an action is moral.
2. Principle-based (deontological) theories emphasize individual rights,
duties, and obligations.
3. Relationships-based (caring) theories stress courage, generosity,
commitment, and the need to nurture and maintain relationships.

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Ethical Principles
Ethical Principles are statements about broad, general philosophical
concepts. They provide the foundation for forming Moral rules - specific
prescriptions for actions. Examples:
§ ethical principle – respect other people
§ Moral rule – do not lie

Ethical Principles that a nurse should follow:

1. Autonomy right to make one’s own decisions because each person is
unique.
2. Nonmaleficence the duty to do no harm.
3. Beneficence the moral obligation to do well or to implement actions
that benefit clients and their support persons.
4. Justice distributes equitable potential benefits and risks.
5. Fidelity a moral principle that obligates the individual to be faithful
to agreements and responsibilities one has undertaken.
6. Veracity a moral principle that holds that one should tell the truth and
not lie.

Nursing ethics

Because nurses are accountable for protecting the interests and rights
of the client, quality nursing practice involves making ethical decisions.
Each practice setting has its own set of ethical concerns. Nurses must
balance their ethical responsibilities to each client with their professional
obligations.

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Nursing Codes of Ethics

Code of ethics a formal statement of a group’s ideals and values; a
set of ethical principles shared by members of a group, reflecting their
moral judgments and serving as a standard for professional actions.

ANA Code of Ethic for Nurses (approved July 2001)

1. The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion
and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every
individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic
status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.
2. The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an
individual, family, group, or community.
3. The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health,
safety, and rights of the patient.
4. The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing
practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks
consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum patient
care.
5. The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the
responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain
competence, and to continue personal and professional growth.
6. The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving
healthcare environments and conditions of employment conducive to
the provision of quality healthcare and consistent with the values of
the profession through individual and collective action.
7. The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through
contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge
development.

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8. The nurse collaborates with the other health professional and the public
in promoting community, national, and international efforts to meet
health needs.
9. The profession of nursing, as represented by associations and their
members, is responsible for articulating nursing values, for
maintaining the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for
shaping social policy.

Origins of Ethical Problems in Nursing

1. Social and Technological Changes
ü Social – growing consumerism, women’s movement, large number
of people without health insurance, workplaces redesigned under
managed healthcare, issues of fairness and allocation of resources.
ü Technology – extending life with monitors, respirators, and
parenteral feedings, saving extreme premature babies, definition of
death associated with organ transplants, cloning, and stem cell
research.
2. Conflicting Loyalties and Obligations
ü Loyalties and obligations may be conflicted between; * the client, *
the client’s families, * the physician, * the employing institution,
and * licensing bodies. Nursing code of ethics states that the nurse’s
loyalty must always lie with the client, but it is the determination of
which action best serves the needs of the client that is sometime
difficult.

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Specific ethical issues

►Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

§ The moral obligation to care for HIV-infected client cannot be set aside
unless the risk exceeds the responsibility.
§ Should health care providers and clients be mandatory? If so, should the
results be released to insurance companies, sexual partners, or caregivers?

►Abortion
§ The debate continues between the sanctity of life and the right for a
woman to control her own body.
§ Conscience clauses give the caregiver the right to refuse to participate in
abortions, but they cannot impose their values on the client.

►Organ Transplantation
Who deserves to be on the lists for possible transplants? Should
organs be sold? Should parents have children just to harvest an organ for
another child? What is the clear definition of death pertaining organ
donators? Is there a conflict of interest between the potential donor and
recipients? There are religious conflicts with both donating and receiving
of organs.

►End-of-Life Issues
1. Advance Directives
Having the client complete these saves many moral and ethical decisions.

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2. Euthanasia “good death” and Assisted Suicide

Active euthanasia actions that directly bring about the client’s
death with or without consent. This is forbidden by law (especially for the
caregiver).
Assisted suicide a form of active euthanasia in which clients are
given the means to kill themselves. This is legal in Oregon.
Passive euthanasia allowing a person to die by withholding or
withdrawing measures to maintain life. This is both legally and ethically
more acceptable to most persons than assisted suicide.

3. Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment

Nurses must understand that a decision to withdraw treatment is not
a decision to withdraw care.

4. Withdrawing or Withholding Food and Fluids

A nurse is morally obligate to withhold food and fluids (or any
treatment) if it is determined to be more harmful to administer then than
to withhold them. The nurse must informed clients’ refusal of food and
fluids.

►Allocation of Scarce Health Resources

§ The moral principle of autonomy cannot be applied if it is not possible to
give each client what he or she chooses. In this situation, health care
providers may use the principle of justice – attempting to choose what is
most fair to all.
§ Some nurses are concerned that staffing in their institutions is not
adequate to give the level of care they value.

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►Management of Personal Health Information

§ Keeping the client’s privacy is both a legal and moral mandate. The
client must be able to trust that the nurses will reveal details of their
situations only as appropriate for the health care.

Advocacy

Advocate individual who pleads the cause of another or argues or

plead for a cause or proposal.

Nurse as Client Advocate

The nurse's first step in acting as a client advocate is to develop a
meaningful relationship with the client. The nurse is then able to make
decisions with the client based on the strength of the relationship. The
nurse's primary ethical responsibility is to protect clients' rights to make
their own decisions.

The Advocate’s Role

The overall goal of the client advocate is to protect client’s rights.
She / he does this by:
1. Informing clients of their rights.
2. Providing them with the information they need to make informed
decisions.
3. Supports client’s in their decision giving the responsibility in the
decision making when capable.
4. Remains objective and does not convey approval or disapproval of
client’s choices.

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5. is accepting and respectful of the client’s decision, even if the nurse

believes the decision to be wrong.
6. Intervenes on the client’s behalf, often influencing others.

Advocacy in Home Care

§ The client reverting to own personal values at home must,
nevertheless, still have his autonomy respected.
§ Financial considerations can limit the availability of services and
materials, making it difficult to ensure the client needs are met.

References
Amsale, C.; Ato M., and Tsehay S.: Introduction to Professional
Nursing and Ethics, Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative,
Addis Ababa University,2006, P.P.25-31.
Dewit, S.: Fundamental concepts and skills for nursing, W.B.Saunders
Company, 2001, P.P.30-45.
Kozier, B., et al.: Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts process and
practice, 17th ed., Pearson Prentric Hall, 2004, P.P.10-15.
Mustard, F.: The Scope of Nursing Practice: A review of Issues and
Trends, Canadian Nurses Association, 1993, P.12.
Student Nursing Study Blog: Values, Morals, Ethics and Advocacy,
Available from: http: // www. Blog at WordPress.com, last update
May. 2011. P.P.1-6.

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