PRESENTED

BY
GAUTAM KUMAR BE/15240/15
ROHIT RAJ BE/15249/15
CHANDAN KUMAR BE/15208/15
YASHVARDHAN SINGH BE/15155/15

1
GAUTAM KUMAR
Contents

 Introduction
 Castigliano’s method of least work
 Analysis of statically indeterminate
continuous beams
 Analysis of statically indeterminate frames
 Analysis of statically indeterminate
articulated structures (i.e. truss)
 References

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 Introduction
 The method of least work was
Carlo Alberto Castigliano presented as a thesis by Alberto
Castigliano (1847-1884) for his
diploma in engineering at Turin in
1873.[1]
 This method is a corollary of
Castigliano’s 2nd theorem for applying
it on statically indeterminate
structures.
 It is based upon principle of
conservation of energy.
 This is a powerful method for
analyzing indeterminate structures ,
and very effective in analysis of
articulated structures.
 It cannot be used to determine stresses
caused by error in febrication,temp-
Source- http://www- change, or the settlements of supports.
history.mcs.st-
andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Castigl
iano.html
GAUTAM KUMAR 3
It states as follows: -
“In any loaded indeterminate structure the values of the redundants must be such as to
make the total elastic internal strain energy, resulting from the application of a given
system of loads, a minimum.”[1]

=0 (eq-1)

where, U= total elastic strain energy of the entire structure

S= redundant reaction

 Castigliano’s second theorem: - It states that “For any elastic system

which obeys the principle of superposition and the strain energy is a homogenous
function of 2nd order of external forces, then under such conditions, a partial
derivative of the strain energy with one of the external forces gives the
displacement corresponding to that force.”[2]

= (eq-2)

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 Castigliano’s second theorem when applied to the statically
indeterminate system, we conclude that the partial derivative of strain
energy w.r.t. any redundant reaction or internal constraint must be
zero since it is the function of such a reactive force to prevent any
displacement at its point of application.[2]
Principle of superposition holds for following cases :-[1]
1. structural material following hooks law.
2. if there is no significant change in geometry of structure
during the application of load.

Hence, if X,Y,Z,…. are redundant forces and principle of superposition

applies, we have

= 0, = 0, = 0, … … … … (eq-3)

where, U is a second degree function in X,Y,Z,....

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 The physical meaning of (eq-3) is that, the structure will deform
under load in such a way as to keep it’s strain energy, equal to the
work of applied forces, a minimum.

Analysis of statically indeterminate continuous beams

 This method is usually not selected for the analysis of continuous
beams and frames. Other methods (i.e. moment distribution )
involve less labour than it.
 Used mainly for beams having maximum 2-3 redundants.
 Total no. of redundancies=total no. of condition equations.

Procedure to analyse: -
1. Firstly choose the redundant reaction, and let it act in the system
as a point load i.e.-Ra
if redundant reaction is at any point a.

ROHIT RAJ 6
2. we already know two eq. of statics,
∑ = 0, ∑ =0
3. then apply the method of least work to determine condition
equations for every redundant reaction.
=∫ =0
4. Number of condition eq. will = Number of redundant eq.
5. Solve equations to determine unknown reactions.

EXAMPLE: - 1. determine the value of the reaction at B in the given

continuous beam uniformly distributed by load w per meter length
by using method of least work.
Solution: - Here in the prob.,
let R is the redundant reaction at B.
Then = ∫ dx = 0
the reaction at A and C = wl-R/2

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At any point distant x from A
M = +(wL – R/2) x – wx2/2

∴ =−
2
Substituting the values in energy eq., we get
∫ + − − /2 (− )dx =0

or - wL4/6 + RL3/12 + wL4/16 = 0

from which R = 5wL/4

Analysis of statically indeterminate frames

Procedure for analysis is same as for beam. For example let us see an
example.

CHANDAN KUMAR 8
EXAMPLE:- 2. find the horizontal and vertical reaction components at
F for the continuous frame in the given fig.[1]
Solution:-
for the purpose of analysis, the horizontal and vertical reaction
components at F are assumed
to act with the senses as shown in the
illustration.
The expression for the
moments resulting from the action of
these two reaction components and the
loads,
and the required partial derivative
are shown in table.

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Analysis of statically indeterminate articulated
structures
Articulated structure :-
 These structures are composed of links or bars, assumed to be
connected by frictionless pins at the joints, and arranged so that the
area enclosed within the boundaries of the structure is subdivided
by the bars into geometrical figures which are usually triangles.
Example- truss.
 Since joints are frictionless so bars of A.S. are considered to be
subjected by only axial forces.
 Castigliano’s 2nd theorem is an excellent method for either partially
or fully articulated structures.
Procedure for analysis: -
1. first choose the redundant bars and remove it, and apply two
equal and opposite tensile force x,y,z,…. at removed bar’s end joints.
This will make the structure determinate and stable.

YASH VARDHAN SINGH 13

2. Now calculate the forces in each member.
3. Then apply method of least work to determine condition equations.
=0, = 0 …………

= ∑ ∙ =0
4.Solve these condition equations to determine the redundant forces.
EXAMPLE: - 3. Find the stress T in the redundant AD of fig. 6-14. E is
constant.[1]
Solution: - The required equation by
Castigliano’s second theorem, is
=∑ ∙ =0
The modulus E is omitted, since it is
Constant for the entire structure.
The information for writing this
Equation in the form necessary for
a solution is given in table 6-3.

YASH VARDHAN SINGH 14

The redundant T is assumed to be in tension.

A summation of the last column of the table will give the required
condition equation, that is,
- 242 + 22.65 T = 0,
From which
T = +10.7k (tension).
Note:- either BD or CD could have been used alternatively as the
redundant.

YASH VARDHAN SINGH 15

References
1. Kinney, J.S., Indeterminate Structural Analysis. Chap. 6., pg.254-
277, Chap.3., pg. 52-53, U.S.; Addison-Wesley publishing company,
Inc., first Indian edition, July 1962.

2. Timoshenko, S.P., and Young, D.H., Theory of structures . Vol.2 ,

Chap. 5., pg.234-242, New York; McGraw-Hill, 1965.

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