ENGIN.

LIBRARY

UC-NRLF

B 3 HE
 Mechanics Department

Engineering
Library
'
 FORMULAS
IN

GEAR ING
THIRD EDITION.

WITH PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

BROWN & SHARPE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

1900.
 Engineering-
Library

":/; V ':

DEPT.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1900 by
BROWN & SHARPE MF(r. CO.,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, Eng.
All rights reserved.
 .PREFACE.
It is the aim, in the following pages, to condense as much
as possible the solution of all problems in gearing which in the
ordinary practice may be met with, to the exclusion of prob-
lems dealing with transmission of power and strength of

gearing. The simplest and briefest being the symbolical

expression, it has, whenever available, been resorted to. The

mathematics employed are of a simple kind, and will present

no difficulty to anyone familiar with ordinary Algebra and

the elements of Trigonometry.

735767
 CONTENTS.
FORMULAS IN GEARING.

CHAPTER I.
PAGB
Systems of Gearing ... . . i

CHAPTER II.

Spur Gearing Formulas Table of Tooth Parts Comparative Sizes

of Gear Teeth 4

CHAPTER III.

Bevel Gears, Axes at Right Angles Formulas Bevel Gears, Axes at

any Angle Formulas Undercut in Bevel Gears Diameter Incre-
ment Tables for Angles of Edge and Angles of Face Tables of
Natural Lines 11

CHAPTER IV.

Worm and Worm Wheel, Formulas Undercut in Worm Wheels

Table for gashing- Worm Wheels 34
CHAPTER V.
Spiral or Screw Gearing Axes Parallel Axes at Right Angles
Axes any Angle General Formulas Table of Prime Num-
at
bers and Factors 4

CHAPTER VI.

Internal Gearing Internal Spur Gearing Internal Bevel Gears 58

CHAPTER VII.

Gear Patterns 64

CHAPTER VIII.

Dimensions and Form for Bevel Gear Cutters 67

CHAPTER IX.

Directions for cutting Bevel Gears with Rotary Cutter 70

CHAPTER X.

The Indexing of any Whole or Fractional Number 73

CHAPTER XL
The Gearing of Lathes forScrew Cutting Simple Gearing Compound
Gearing Cutting a Multiple Screw 77
 FORMULAS IN GEARING.

I.

SYSTEMS OF GEARING.
(Figs, i, 2.)

There are in common use two systems of gearing, viz.: the

involute and the epicycloidal.
In the involute system the-outlines of the working parts of a
tooth are single curves, which may be traced by a point in a
flexible, inextensible cord being unwound from a circular disk
the circumference of which is called the base circle, the disk
being concentric with the pitch circle of the gear.

In Fig. i the two base circles are represented as tangent to

the line P P. This line (P P) is variously called " the line of
pressure,"
'"
the line of contact," or " the line of action."
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

In our practice this is drawn so as to make with a normal

to the center line (O O') 14/4, or with the center line 75%.
The rack of this system has teeth with straight sides, the two
sides of a tooth making, together, an angle of 29 (twice

This applies to gears having 30 teeth or more. For gears

having less than 30 teeth special rules are followed, which are
"
explained in our Practical Treatise on Gearing."

Fig. 2.

In epicycloidal, or double-curve teeth, the formation of the

curve changes at the pitch circle. The outline of the faces of
epicycloidal teeth may be traced by a point in a circle rolling
on the outside of pitch circle of a gear, and the flanks by a point
in a circle rolling on the inside of the pitch circle. The faces
of one gear must be traced by the same circle that traces the
flanks of the engaging gear.
In our practice the diameter of the rolling or describing
circle is equal to the radius of a i5-tooth gear of the pitch

required ;
this is the base of the system. The same describing
circle being used for all gears of the same pitch.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
3

The teeth of the rack of this system have double curves,

which may be traced by the base circle rolling alternately on
each side of the pitch line.
An advantage of the involute over the epicycloidal tooth is,
that in action gears having involute teeth may be separated a
little from their normal positions without interfering with the

angular velocity, which is not possible in any other kind of

tooth.
The obliquity of action is sometimes urged as an objection
to involute teeth, but a full consideration of the subject will
show that the importance of this has been greatly over-esti-
mated.
The tooth dimensions for both the involute and epicycloidal
gears may be calculated from the formulas in Chapter II.
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

n.

SPUR GEARING.
(Figs. *, 4.)

Two spur gears in action are comparable to two correspond-

ing plain rollers whose surfaces are
in contact, these surfaces

representing the pitch circles of the gears.

PITCH OF GEARS.

For convenience of expression the pitch of gears may be

stated as follows :

Circular pitch is the distance from the center of one tooth to

the center of the next tooth, measured on the pitch line.

Diametral pitch is the number of teeth in a gear per inch of

pitch diameter. That is, a gear that has, say, six teeth for each

inch in pitch diameter is six diametral pitch, or, as the expres-

"
sion is universally abbreviated, it is six pitch." This is by
far the most convenient way of expressing the relation of
diameter to number of teeth.

Module is the pitch diameter of a gear divided by the

number of teeth.

Chordal pitch is a term but little employed. It is the dis-

tance from center to center of two adjacent teeth measured in
a straight line.
 Gear Tooth i F>.
Ctiordal Thickness of Teetn for Gears on
a Basis of i Diametral Pitch.
S=Distance from pitch line to top- of teeth.
S Corrected=H+S.
N= Number of teeth in gear.
T=Chordal thickness of Tooth. T=D' sin. ft'

H = Height Arc. of H =R ( i cos. ft')

D'= Pitch Diameter.
R= Pitch Radius.
^'=90 divided by the number of teeth.
NOTE When tin 1 tooth of H Rear is measured, add the height of arc to iSi.
 Chordal Thickness
OF

GEAR TEETH.
The dimensions Tooth Parts as given in the tables, pages 6 to 9,
of

are correct according to the definition of Tooth Parts but, as the pitch
;

line of gears is curved, the thickness of a tooth will not be measured on

the pitch line if the Caliper is set to the figures given in Tables of Tooth
Parts.

To measure the tooth accurately the

Caliper must be set to the

Chorclal

See Formula on reverse page

Gear
Tooth Calipei
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

FORMULAS.
N = number of teeth.
s = addendum and module.

/ = thickness of tooth on pitch line.

/= clearance at bottom of tooth.

D" = working depth of tooth.
D" + / = whole depth of tocJi.
d pitch diameter.
(f= outside diameter.
P'= circular pitch.
P^ = chord pitch.
P = diametral pitch,
C = center distance.

P _N

P' =-

N N + 2

2 2 P

10

D" =2S
p-I^lf *
P' = dn where sin d

d' -d+ 2 s
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

GEAR WHEELS.
TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS CIRCULAR PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN.

Pitch.

Circular
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS. Continued.

CIRCULAR PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN.

Pitch.
Circular
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

GEAR WHEELS.
TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS DIAMETRAL PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN.

Pitch.

Diametral
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

TABLE OF TOOTH PAKTS Continued.

DIAMETRAL PITCH IN FIRST COLUMN.

Pitch.

Diametral

M
10 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

Comparative Sizes of Gear Teeth.

Involute.

8 P
Fig. 4.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. IT

CHAPTER III.

BEVEL GEARS. AXES AT RIGHT ANGLES.

(Fig. 5.)
12 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

FORMULAS.

N-= of teeth
[Number j

P = diametral pitch.
P' = circular pitch.
aa = }
center angle =
angle of edge j gear.
ab \
or pitch angle ( pinion.

ft
= angle of top.

fi' angle of bottom.

= of face
g [angle

A= apex distance from pitch circle.

A'= apex distance from large bottom of tooth.

d = pitch diameter.
d' = outside diameter.
s = addendum and module.

/ = thickness of tooth at pitch line.

/ = clearance at bottom of tooth.

D" = working depth of tooth.
D" + /= whole depth of tooth.
2 a = diameter increment.
b distance from top of tooth to plane of pitch circle,
F = width of face.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
13

tan .=-*--; tan . =

;or tan /? = -

N A
tan = sng2 + T == 2.314 sn
/S'
.
tan ^ = ~A~
N~ N~
a - 90
=a
- + ft) \g = 90 - K b

(See Note, page 69.)

ft'

A= P
2 sin a
A'= ^ A' = N
cos p' 2 P sin a cos

A',= - -* -, cos ft
sin ( + /?)

P, N
2 A sin a

P 7T

2 a = 2 s cos <* (Seepage 20.)

a for gear = b for pinion
tf for
pinion = * for gear
p _ - ?T_

J= JL = = .3183?' j = A tan/?
P 71

s +/= .

3685 P' s +/= A tan ft'

F = 1 + _ or = 2 P' to 3 P'
P 7

NOTE. Formulas containing notations without the designating letters a and b

If wanted for one or the other, the respective
apply equally to either gear or pinion.
letters are simply attached.
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

BEVEL GEARS WITH AXES AT ANY ANGLE.

Pinion

Fly. 6.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I,

FORMULAS.

C = angle formed by axes of gears.

N =
P
; }
number
= diametral pitch.
of teeth
) ^ on .

P' = circular pitch.

'

an le of ed S e = P itch an S le
"l=\ | pfnior .

ft
= angle of top.

ft angle of bottom.
= of face
[angle | S^on.
=
[cutting
angle
\^ on
A= apex distance from pitch circle.

A' = apex distance from large bottom of tooth.

d= pitch diameter.
d' = outside diameter.
2 a = diameter increment.

b = distance from top of tooth to plane of pitch

circle.

NOTE. The formulas for tooth parts as given on page 5 apply equally to these

cases.
1 6 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

tan aa =
^ +
-^ - cos C
;
or cot aa = Na sm C -
4- cot C
N a

tan tx b = N,,,
sin C - ;
or cot ab = N Nsm^ C + cot C
6

NOTE. The above formulas are correct only for values of C less than 90
If C is greater than 90, consult page 18.

sm a
tan
a
p -
2
-
;
or tan p = s
;

tan ft'
= **+ = 2.314 sn nr
.
tan ft
,
= 5+ .

9o (^ tt + /?) for Cases I and II.

ga = ft, for Case III.

ga 9o (- /?) for Case IV.

5-6
= 90 (-*,+/?)
h a ^ (See page 6 9 .
)

for Cases I and

a =a -\- z a f
\
I and pinions
. . .
II,
TTT
in Cases III and TTT
IV.

d' = d, for gear in Case III.

d' = d 2 a, for gear in Case IV.

2 a -=2s cos a
b = s sin #
NOTE. Formulas containing notations without the designating letters a and t>
apply equally to either gear or pinion. If wanted for one or the other, the

respective letters are simply attached.

PROVIDENCE, R. I.
l8 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

The formulas given for aa and ab (when C, N a and N 6 are

known) undergo some modifications for values of C greater
than 90.
For bevel gears at any angle but 90 we may distinguish
four cases ; C, N N6 , being given.
/. Case. See pages 14 and 16.
II. Case. C is greater than 90.
tan ofa = sin (180 C)L- tan ab = __
sin (180 C
_
;

6 a
N -cos(i8o-C)
a N -cos(iSo-C
6
}

///. Case. (x a = 90 ;
ab = C 90
IV. Case.
sinE sin E
cos E -
1ST
1N &

Na
- _
NT

N
a - cos E
6

For an example to apply to Case III., the following condi-

tion must be fulfilled :

Na sin (C - 90) = N b

Todistinguish whether a given example belongs to Case II.

or case IV., we are guided by the following condition :

smaller than N 6 we have Case II.

\
T ^j iM a/p.sm j
({, 90 ) -j ] +v,an XT
,

r^ v,o^^ case IV.

 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
19

UNDERCUT IN BEVEL GEARS.

By undercut in gears is understood a special formation of

the tooth, which may be explained by saying that the elements
of the tooth below the pitch line are nearer the center line of
the tooth than those on the pitch line. Such a tooth outline is

to be found only in gears with few teeth. In a pair of bevel

gears where the pinion is low-numbered and the ratio high, we
are apt to have undercut. For a pair of running gears this
condition presents no objection. Should, however, these gears
be intended as patterns to cast from, they would be found use-
less, from the fact that they would not draw out of the sand.
We have stated on page 2 (see Fig. i) that the base of our
involute system is the 14^ pressure angle. If a pair of bevel
gears with teeth constructed on this basis have undercut, we
can nearly eliminate the undercut and for the practical work-
ing this is quite sufficient by taking as a basis for the con-
struction of the tooth outline a pressure angle of 20.
The question now is : When do we, and when do we not
have undercut ? Let there be :

N = number of teeth in gear.

n = number of teeth in pinion.

n*
=4
where we have undercut for/ less than 30.
This formula is strictly correct for epicycloidal gears only.
It is, however, used as a safe and efficient approximation for

the involute system.

20 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

DIAMETER INCREMENT.
2 a.

RULE. The ratio being given or determined, to find the outside diameter
divide figures given in table for large and small gear by pitch (P; and add
quotient to pitch diameter.

RATIO.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 21

TABLES FOR ANGLES OF EDGE AND ANGLES

OF FACE.
The following four tables have been computed for the
convenience in calculating datas for bevel gears with axes at
right angle. They do not hold QQQ>& for bevel gears with axes
at any other angle.
To use the tables the number of teeth in gear and pinion
must be known.
Having located the number of teeth in the gear on the
horizontal line of figures at the top of the table, and the num-
ber of teeth in the pinion on the vertical line of figures on the
left-hand side, we follow the two columns to the square formed

by their intersections.
The two angles found same square are the respective
in the

angles for gear and pinion. The tables are so arranged that
the angle belonging to the gear is always placed above the
angle for the pinion.
22 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

TABLE i

ANGLE OF EDGE.
GEAR.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

TABLE i. (Continued^

ANGLE OF EDGE.

GEAR.

2625242322 21 20l9 18 17 16 5 I4 I3 I2
64*22 6326 6227 60.s 537 51 80492447 17
45
12 si 27*33 2837 2945 30 sal 32 16 36*53 38*40 403C
47 7
\f* 63 6231
ee 56*561 5 5 37 s
45
33 34 23 35 so 4055 42*53
594S 5840 7 x 56 19 55 o 5337 52 8
45
30*5 31*20 32 28 33 41 35"ol36*z3' 3752 43 e'

59*2 50V
45
30*58 32o 3532 38 18 3848
53 SB 58 42' 51 EO 43*5* 48Z2
45*
43 16

5649 5547 5441 5332 51*0* 49 3* 48 ii

I7
I/ 33 ii
-

36*28 3742 38 o' 40"zj 41*43

*I5 SVv 51*57 4633
18 35*4s 4036 42"|4327
53SI 5I38 SOX 49n
36*9 38E2 4043 4? 8
20 SO R
45
4958 4848' 473*1 46*i
2 I
1 38 se 40* z' 4340

4-5
41*21 42*3i 43V
48 30 47 23

"
47 17 46'io
45
43*so'

45*
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

TABLE 2.

ANGLE OF EDGE.
GEAR.

7271 686766656463 61 60595857

8033 80* 79* 79 6t 73 79 3Z 79 23 79 13 78*52 70*1 78 3d 78 19 78 7
12 9*? 9*36 I0*| 0*37 10*47 II 53

794* 7937 7929 79zo 79*11 79 I 1851 784 78 31 78*20 775 7746 77 77V
13 10*14 .0*23 10*31 10*40 10*49 IOW il*JMll*4< 12 2 I2*5i'

79o 78*si 7641 7632 78*22 77*51 77-40 77*28 76* 76*26 76 ti.

14 11*0 11*9 It* 38 II 59 12*20 12*32 13*2/1 13*3* 348

78% 77V 77 44 77 3* 7723 77*12 76*48 76 e 7S58
7S*44]7S'3i
rs^i
75*15
12*6 12*37 12*48 14* * 1430 ]445
77* 77*7 76S7 763* 76*22 76 10 75*58 75% 7449 74*35 74 19
i<

16 '2 S3 13 3 1315 13*26 13*38 I3SO 15*4

I5"|||1S2S
76*43 76*
76*2i']76*id
7S* 7S4S 75 33 758 74*5* 74..' 73*56| 73*40
17 13V I3* I3*39'| 13*50 14" z

7558 7546 75 75 M 75*io 74*56 7445 74*31 74 17 74*3 73*ie 72*29

18 14 Z 14*14 I4*2i'| I4~37 15*2 15*15 15431 15*58 16*58
12
75*13 75 r 74*49 74 3* 74* 2 3 74* to 73*56 73*42 73 as) 73*t:
72*si 7242 7220 72*9 71*52 7 I

19 4*47 14*59 15 II ! 15 24 15*50 16*4 16*18 16*32 16*47 17 16 17*3* I7*5l1 18*8 1826
|74*t| 7416 74*3 73sd 73*37 73*9 72*5* 72*7 7I5! 71*16 7059 7040
72^72*23 f
15*3 IS 44 I5*S7| 16" 10 16*23 I6si 17*6 17*21 17*37 1753 18*4* I9 19*20

73 .8 734' 72*sp 72 72 21 726 71 I 71 o 7O43 70z*'|70 6

21 I656 17* K) 17 J* 17 is 17*5* 18 10 1826 18 43 19 o 19* ,7

|73*T 72*47 72 19 72*4 71*49 71*34 TIM 71* i 70*45 70*28 70*10 6952 69" 33 i 69 13 68*54
16-59 17*3 17*41 175 1826 18*43 18 yj \9 is 1934 1950
20'27|2047|2I*6
72a 71*9 70V 70 JO 69*57 63 39 692C
70*14^
68*4e68*t2|68*2
I7*$7 I8n 18'si I9* I946l20*3 202! 2040
e
.
71*19 71*5 70*49 70 34 70 17 70* 89V 68 50 68 3 68 iz 67 52 67 3i
18 tt I8*4l' I943 I959 20*16 20*3*1 20s 2lid 2l*N 21 48 22 8 \ZZZ9 22 50
70*51' 70*36 70 ti' 70*5' 69 49 69 J2 69>5i 68V 68 40 68 zi 33' 67 43 67*23 67 Z 66*
19*9 I9*W 19*55 20(1 202B204S2I 3 2l'*20 21*39 1
21 57 22 17 22 37 2258 23 19 2341
709 693769V 69*4-' 63 46 68*30 68 iz 67 34 67 is 6655 663*' 66 13 6Ss 6529
19V 207 20*0 20*39 20* 21*30 2146 22*6 22* 2245 23 5 2326 2347 249 24*31
V 69*10
e
66 54|68 38 6620 68*3 67 4i 67t6 67*8 664i 66*28 66*7 65*46 65*25 65 2
27 20*50 21*6 21*22' 21 57 22 IS 22*34 22*52 23*53 24*14 24*351 24*58 25*11

68 45 68*29 68*11 67*55' 67V 67*19 67" | MM fc& Zi 64 53 63*sb

21*15 21*31 21*4822*5' 22Z3 22 22*59 23*18 23 24 252i|25*46 26*io
6,747 67* ti 66*s* 66*36 66*17 6SS7 65*37 65*16 64 55 6434 64*iz 63*SO 63T26 Sfz
22*48 23*6 z 2343 243 25*5 2S 26 25 4 26io 26*3* 2658
6fe4 66*30 fetfit 65*51 65*33 6SV 64*si 6432 64* to 63*45 63 es'a'
22 S7 22V 23*12 23*SO J4 24* 2446 85 7 25*28 25*50 26 2634 26*57 I 27*21 2744
6*4Z 66' 666 65466596510 64 SO 6430 64 9 63 48 63 1
63 3 62**b 62 18 6I*
31 23t8 23*35 23*1* 24* li 24*31 24*6i 25*10 2S3(i 25*51 26*
'
16*3* Zb'si 27*20'
6544 6S* 65* 7 64*46 64*2* ftt 6V*7 63 62*19 6I*M 61* 617 60*4
235i 24*16 24*34 24*53 25V 25322SS2 26*13 26*34|26*56 27I8 27*41 28V 28*53 29,9
6!>Z} 65V 64*26 64*7 6347 63 26 63 S 62^43 6Z2i 61 st 6l*3&|6ru 6047|602i 5S6
24*37 24*56 25*isl2S*4l 25*53 26*13 26 S4|26S5 27*7 27 284929133 2939304-
6443 fe425 63*46' 6245 62*13 62*,'6. 60 52 60 88 60 3 59V 59*u
34 25*.7 2555 26*>4 265527 27 59 Z*w 2845 29*8 57 30*23' 30*49'

63*4563' 6246 6?. 25 62 4.' 6I4Z M

t057 60T33 60 9 59 *5 59 i9 58 si 58*27
26*3426*54 27*14 27* JS 27*56 28* 18 2841 29*3 2927 2951 30 IS 3041 31 7 31*33

t*A*1i*rd 62*6 6145 6f *ri i|60 is 59 si - S837

.

27*3 27 33 27S* 28*<5 2837 28*59 30*9 30*33 3058 31*23 31*50 32* ri
4 6228 62 8 61*48 6) 27 6) s 604*60ti 59 S% S9 is 59 10 5&4b 58 20 57 5*167 28 57
2833 26S^ 29.6 29339302 3025 3050 31 14314032 3259
G048 602( 60*4 5941 59 18 58 S4 Stf 58S 57^39 57 is 56 46 56 19
**>
1

428 Si 29*i 2934 295630i9 30 3 Tad 3 1*55 32*21 32*47! 33*14 aiV
603I 6010 59*48 59*25 59 z 58 39) 58%4) 57 so) 57 24 56 58 56 34 56 6 5537
39 29 7 29 29 29 So 30 tt 30 35 30 32>6
60 57 6056 60 15 5953 93Z 59io 58*47 58 * 58 o 57 35 564*156 19 5552|5S2*|54S7
1
57jio
40 29*3 29V 2945 30 7 30283050 31 13 32*25 32*50 33*,6 34*8 3
'
35*3
5939 59JI7 57*45 55, 5444-
A I 57^ -t.
P 54-J6
41 29*40 30*Zi 30*43* 31 5 32*5 32*39 33" 3 33 2 3354-3421 34*4U5 I6 35*44

S9*a*| 59*3 58*40 58ie 57;s5|5732 57" 8 56*3)56

1
19 55 53 55 27 53*37
e
30 ,i 3141 3228 32*5t 33*17 33*4i'
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

TABLE 2. (Continued.)

ANGLE OF EDGE.
GEAR.

5655545352515049484746454443 42
77 54 77 42 77*5 77V 7646|763o 76V 75 se 75*4 743
12 I245 I3*o' 13*36 14*19 14*37 IS57
76*w 76'l3 756e 7^46 75*2* 7Se 74*5i' 74 74 7246
13 13*4 13 18 13 32 13*47 14 18 IS*9' 15*28 15*47 (67 16 28 17V
75*58 75*43 75*28 75V 74*56 74*39 74"z 73*44173*25
14 14*4 4I7' I4*3i 15*4 is'e IS39 16*87 16*45 17*39

75V 7A44 74V 74*12 73S5 8 72 S3 7239 72*18 71 7lV 71*10 70 46 70V
15 lS*lfa 1531 1742 19 14 \99
74-3 7347 73V 73i 72*54 7235 72 71" 12 70*49 TOV 9*3S 69V
16 15*57 6*.3 16V 1745 te's 9V >9'59|2oV 20*51

737 7249 .
T2"\i 71*54 71 70 52 7030 707 6943 69 17 68*5268 0,67*5*
17 16 53 17 1729 17*47 18*6 1826 930 1953 2O*I7 20*43
71 53 71*34 7lis 70*54 70*33 70*2 69'so 69V 69 3 6838 68 iz 67 V 67 17

18 749 18*7 I84S 19*6 19*27 203* 2057 21 2148 22 2243

w
7l is 7057 70*17 69 34 69' 684868 67 S9 67 34 67 6 663866 10 65*39
19 18*4S 19 I 1943 20 20 2048 2135 22*2^ 22*54 23*22 23*50 24*2,'
70*2 69*4 69 19 68*57 67 4d 67V 6657 66V 6C2 65*33 65*3 64*32
20 19V 20*.9 21 25 2148 22 V 23 3 23 23V 25
69V 69* 6737 67* 3 66*4B 66* 6Ssi 65*t8 64*59 64* 63*S8 63*26
21 2OV 20V 22 2S 2247 23 12 2338 24 S 2432 25* 25*3 26 26*34
68 33 68 12 67 50 67 27 674 66*40 S 6549 65 13 64 55 64t6 63*57 63* 62*54 62*21
22 S 22io 2233 22*56 23*20 24J7 25*5 25V 26*3 26*3* 27*6 27V
67*18 65*44 65*18 64*51 64*34 63 55 63 26 62*56 62V 6l*St 61*
22*42 23 S 24*16 24*42 25*9 25*36 26* s 26V 27*A
6S|4 64*48 64*22 63V 63V 62*57 62*27 6l*s 61*2) 60 V 60is
23*12 23 V 2358 2422 25 12 2538 266 263* 27*3
65*57 6533 65*9 63*53(63*161 6ZVJ62V 61*59 61*29 6O*S7
243 2*27 24*5.' 25*, 5 26*34 27*2 273l 2828%i 39*3' 29 ) 30 io
G5 6 6442 64*ie 63*52 63* 62* 62*34 62*3 60 31 59V 59*B 58 so se
27* . 27 29 27 57 28 57 29 30 30V 3l'io 3I*4
i

60V 60*7 S9V 59*a 5e*i _. S7i4

'

64' ib 63V 62*34 61*3 61*

?Z 63*6
25*4426*9' 26 3* 27 27 26 27 50 28 22 2V 29ti 29*! soV 3oV l*32 32*7
63*1 62*3* 62*9 61*42 6045 594S 59*i3 SCT4t 58*7 57
60*i5 S6*W
28 26*34 26*S9 27V 27*si 28*8 28*46 29*15 30i5 3047 3I*2 31*53 32*
29*45
e
33*4 33V
62V 62*iz 61*45 6) 60*23 59 53| 59 23 58 52 58* 57*46 57 i2 56*37 56* 5523
29 27*23 27*48 28*15 29*9 29*37 30*7 3037 SI* 6 3l*4i 324: 32*48 33 34*o 34*7
5T27 se'ss *C28
30 28)1 28 37 29 3 293.' 29 99 30 ta 30 s* 31 V
32o 32 33*7 33*4,' 34*C5 35*32
59 ia &8 4t 5526 54V
58 >2 it 53V
57*. 57*6 rsci 54
3] 28*l 29*24 29V 30*19 50V3
32 3lV
33*24 3359 34*34 35*l 32*
'

5*48 36*26
60 is S9*48 59*i 56 19 55 *s 55' B4 S3*M 53*256V
32 29*4530", 30*3*3 H 32 6 3^37 33 8 33 41 34 IS 34*4935*2536 36V 37ie
592959*2 58*34 58*5 57 36 57 6 563 56*2 55*30 54*56 54*2 5345 53 8 52*29 5ISO
33 30*31 30*58 31*26 31*55 3lV 32 54 33 26 33V 3430 3SV 35 39 36 is 36V 37 3 38'
9 5547 55'is 54* 54V 53V 52V 5Z
'

5844 58 5 51*
34 3*I6 3*4* 3^ 34*13 34*45 35*19 3S S3 36 28 37 8 3o'
58*0 S7*3i 57 5So 5428 53 54 53 20 52*44 5l3o 50 i

35 32 o 32283257 3327 3357 35*0 36*40 37*16 37E7 38*30 39*9 39*48
57 it 5648 56*19 5549 55*ia 54 47 54 IB 53V 53*8 52 33 BIS? Bl*20 50*43 49V
36 32 44 33 w 3341 35*45 36*18 36*52 37*27 38*3 38 4o' 39 >7 39*56 40*3^
56 3t 56*4.' 55 35 s M v. 50ss 49 s* 49
37 33 EB 33 56 34 2S 34 sb 35 26 35 363i 37 A 37 37 38 13 38 48 39 2S 40V 4043 41*23
55si 55i 54*52 5423 53s 51*3 50*27 494 49*i
38 35*8 35*37 36*9 3 42| 37l4| 37481 38*22 38" 57 39*33-40' 42 *
559 5339 53*7 52*3 52*3 5lt 5054 50*19 434a 49S 47 48 47*?'
39 3451 3S2i' r2i 36'53 37 4 37*57 38"3i 396 39V,' 40*

40 3S32 3* 3734386 3840 39)4 3948402441 SS 433*

5348J53I7 52)6 5l*4s'Sl it SO 39 50 s' 49 30 48 54 48' 47*40 47* 46 22 45V
41 36*12 3643 37*2 37*44 385 38483921 3955403041 f, 41 43 42 20 42 59 43 44 ,9
52*3* 52*8 47*36 46*5S 46*20 41/40
'n 37*5Tj38'24|38'6|39'29|40'i 42*z4 43* i' 4340 44-20
26 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO,

TABLE
ANGLE OF FACE.
GEAR.
1140393837363534 333231 30292827
1 3'37113-s 14" IB 14*39 15 15 4- 15 49 16 1927 5'

12 70' 70'ai 70*6' 69^ 69*s 67*4 67is J633'62-9

I53*||6' I6"8 16 51

13 68*4 67*43 67'9 66*33 65, 6 62*i

6 a 16*59 17*4.4 9 2066 22*,.T
/5JI6
14 >3. 68*0 67*2966*5 65*8 64*30 63*6 62*20 60*41
19 n 20 I 23 10 23 S
15 67*. 66 Va 14654 653 63V 60*2 59*JS83|S7'4.
'
18 V 19 I9'35 ZO * 21 iS\
16 64*5i 64*2i 63*V 57*<
205< 2lV t/Vi 22 2353 24 10 275s
17 63*4 63% 62>. 6lVo 60*15
>|92I\7 24 , 24 2657 28z
18 6035 S95l 56*39 5449J5350I5247
[28 22 4 352 24t 25i 2537 4261 2738 28 29561304:
to]
19 >i"*t\e>l'\ 60*4<4 58*37 574 S+, 53 2f 51*14
'
,23*aJ24
<
125*6 Ukt 2655 2.71 28 15 28*58 2944 Si"*. 33
'6I*3060 5J 59^ 5725 5549 5458 54* 50*
<>
26 is 26 53 28*<o 30*7 31 4- 32 *|33atj34*a
21 s 594 58*26 574* 552. 543 53a SI 5O*5J

I
254269 2653 272 28* 28 SM 23 30 s
56*a< 6551 54*7 49VJ
2836 29*4 35 a an 32' 333i 34-2? 36,*l37^t
55*3 544- 53*6 4-ft-'5o|47 i7H>-62
275728*3 34"i 36
50 49*o|49l!i 47!,
35 , 36*5 3 74-H 3 84 j| 3 941
rS
56 523*151 5pM49j 7 46*i5
30 ,
\30*s 35'a, 38 46 39*55 40 SI
<> 6
53e 49% 45 ,oU4 r|43
3I3 31 39 32V) 3331 353 1549 37Ss 38 , 404 41 i

t/ 54J533 50 34 4 94 s 48*s$ 4^ 47% 46*,o

J32"z 335
IssWstM 51,,
3338 34 n 3539
r.
\SZii 51 4750 4f,d
3373436 35i5 3 5 56 387 3 6 Si 3941 403Z 41 24
42l
Slaa 50so 46*3 45% 45*,7
|34"S3|353 3735 36
31 4t*M
1504- (149 57 49i3 48t 4739 74S ,

1354* 36*2 7 376 4049 4138

42 2 e
50 49 7 45%.
36 9 37
e
38 eo|38C4t 40 40?;
46*46 4558 45
3752 38" t 38sj 40"le 41 4149
48*2 47 z 7 458 44t| 4319
424i
47lJ46a9 4554 45a

ifa 43*34

4248
|4S52J45*8
J4047|4/ >a
145%

Jk ID . u
"
I

142
^4
41
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

TABLE $. (Continued.)

ANGLE OF FACE.
GEAR.

= 90"
- (exb +

(See page 13.)

28 TABLE 4
ANGLE OF FACE. GEAR.

V 54, 9* Z \9'
9 \y 18 9*26 9 3$ 3
17 si 77*42 rfmtrim if a'

"
,, . .
56 12 7
IS 31 75 20 75 7 74 M 74447427
TABLE 4. (Continued.) 29
ANGLE OF FACE. GEAR.
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

NATUKAL SINE.

Deg.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

NATUBAL SINE.

Deg.
 BROWN & bHARPE MFG. CO.

NATUKAL TANGENT.

Deg.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I, 33

NATURAL TANGENT.

Deg.
34 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

CHAPTER IV.

WORM AND WORM WHEEL

(Fig. 8.)
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 35

FORMULAS.
L = lead of worm.
N = number of teeth in gear.
m = threads or turns per inch in worm,
d= diameter of worm.
d'= diameter of hob.
=
T throat diameter.
B = blank diameter (to sharp corners).
C = distance between centers.
o = thickness of hob-slotting cutter.

/= width of lands at bottom.

b = pitch circumference of worm.

v width of worm thread tool at end.

w = width of worm thread at top.
P = diametral pitch.
P = circular pitch.
1

.$
= addendum and module.
/ = thickness of tooth at pitch line.

n =
t normal thickness of tooth.
/= clearance at bottom of tooth.

D" = working depth of toolh.

D" +/ = whole depth of tooth.

= angle of tooth of worm wheel with
tf its axis, or the

angle of thread of worm with a line at right angles to its axis.

If the lead is for single, double, triple, etc., thread, then

I, = P, 2 P', 3 P, etc.
36 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

a= 60 to 9<D
C

N + 2

D = NP/ = N
7T

(</
_ 2 j)
_ ~L j
Practical only
Practi when width of wheel on wheel pitch circle

\ is not more than j/3 pitch diameter of worm.

~fr

_
- /!_ Of\ A measurement of sketch is
r -
TD generally
tf -p
1 +,
2 I
i
r COS -I
sufficient.

^ = ^+ 2 /
* = .3iP'
^-.335?'

NOTE. The notations and formulas referring to tooth parts, given on page 5 for

spur gears, apply to worm wheels, and are here used.

NOTE. Hob and worm should be marked, as per example :

4 turns per i'' single .25 P'; .25 L.

2 turns per i" double .25 P'; .50 L.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 37

UNDERCUT IN WORM WHEELS.

In worm wheels of less than 30 teeth the thread of the worm
(being 29) interferes with the flank of the gear tooth. Such
a wheel finished with a hob will have its teeth undercut. To
avoid this interference two methods may be employed.
First Method. Make throat diameter of wheel

cos + 4.$- or

T = -937 N
P
This formula increases the throat diameter, and conse-
quently the center distance. The amount of the increase can
be found by comparing this value of T with the one as obtained
by formula on page 36. To keep the original center distance,
the outside diameter of the worm must be reduced by the
same amount the throat diameter is increased.
Second Method. Without changing any of the dimensions
we found by the formulas given on page 36, we can avoid the
interference to be found in worm wheels of less than 30 teeth
by simply increasing the angle of worm thread. We find the
value of this angle by the following formula :

Let there be
2 y = angle o worm tnreaa.
N = number of teeth in worm wheel.

cos y

From this formula we obtain the following values :

N
 BROWN & SHARPS MFG. CO.

SO

99

CD

INCH

TURNS
HOlId
PER
 PROVIDENCE, 11. I. 39

4,

fcl

o?

CO

CO

CD

H*
CO
1
HOiid
 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

CHAPTER v.

SPIRAL OR SCREW GEARING,

(Figs. 9, 10, n.)

RIGHT HAND SPIRAL GEARS.

In spiral gearing the wheels have cylindrical pitch surfaces,
but the teeth are not parallel to the axis. The line in which
the pitch surface intersects the face of a tooth is part of a
screw line, or helix, drawn at the pitch surface. A screw
wheel may have one or any number of teeth. A one-toothed
wheel corresponds to a one-threaded screw, a many-toothed
wheel to a many- threaded screw. The axes may be placed at
any angle.
Consider spiral gears with :

I. Axes parallel.
II. Axes at right angles.
III. Axes any angle.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Fig. 10.
LEFT HAND SPIRAL GEAR.
Let there be :

N,= "

S- number of teeth in gears !

*
N,
C = center distance.
P = diametral pitch
P' = circular pitch.
Pn = normal diametral pitch.
P' n = normal circular pitch.
y = angle of axes.
Lj
= exact lead of spiral on pitch surface.
L = approximate lead of spiral on pitch surface.
Q

T = number of teeth marked on cutter to be used when

teeth are to be cut on milling machine.
D = pitch diameter.
B= blank diameter.
a
^ = an gl e of teeth with axis
[

/ = thickness of tooth.

s = addendum and module.

D" + / = whole depth of tooth.
NOTE. Letters a and b occurring at bottom of notations refer to gears a and b.

I. AXES PARALLEL.
Gears of this class are called twisted gears. The angle of
teeth with axes in both gears must be equal and the spirals
run in opposite directions. The angles are generally chosen
small (seldom over 20) to avoid excessive end thrust. End
thrust may, however, be entirely avoided by combining two
pairs of wheels with right and left-hand obliquity. Gears of
this class are known as Herringbone gears. They are com-
paratively noiseless running at high speed.
42 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

II. AXES AT RIGHT ANGLES.

Here we must always have :

1. The teeth of same hand spiral ;

2. The normal pitches equal in both gears ;

and
3. The sum of the angles of teeth with axes = 90.
CHOOSING ANGLE OF TEETH WITH AXES.
1. If in a pair of gears the ratio of the number of teeth is

equal to the direct ratio of the diameters, /. *., if the number of

teeth in the two gears are to each other as their pitch diame-
ters,then the angles of the spirals will be 45 and 45 for, this ;

condition being fulfilled, the circular pitches of the two gears

must be alike, which is only possible with angles of 45. In
such a combination either gear may be the driver.
2. If the ratio of the diameters determined upon is larger

or smaller than the ratio of the number of teeth, then the

angles are :

In such gears the velocity ratio is measured by the number

of teeth, and not by the diameters.

3. Given Na N , & and C :

"
If P '
is made = P 6 then we have
',
case " i and
7t C
p, _

'
But if Pa is assumed, then :

and
tan aa = "
b
^ tan a b = ?1
* a

The gear whose larger will ordinarily be the

P' or a is

driver, on account of the greater obliquity of the teeth.

4. Given N N 6 and C
,
or D.
"
See case " 7 under III., considering ;/ = 90.

III. Axis AT ANY ANGLE (y}.

" =
5. Given case i," under II., then angles of spirals }4 ^,
for the same reason.
6. Analogous cases to "2" and "3," under II., may be

worked out, when angles of axes = 7, but they have been

 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 43

omitted, partly because the formulas are too cumbersome, and

"
partly because they are to some extent covered by cases "5
and ' k

7."
7. Given and C, or one of the pitch diameters. We
Na N6
,

find the angles by graphic method, which for all practical

a
purposes is accurate enough ro and v o are the axes of gears
;

forming angle y (see diagram, Fig. n.) On these axes we

lay off lines o r and o v representing the ratio of the number
of teeth (velocity ratio), so that N a N 6 r s s v, and : : : :

Fig. 11.

construct parallelogram o r s v. Then, according to Mc-

Cord,* the angles formed by the tangent s o in the pitch con-
tact o with the axes of the the least amount of
gears insures
sliding. In bisecting angle y by tangent u o and using angles
produced in this manner we equally distribute the end thrust on
both shafts. Both methods have their advantages to profit ;

by .both we select angles cxa and a bt produced by tangent o x,

bisecting angle u o s.

Thus we have when angles are found and C given,

2 C n cos an cos al
/

Na cos
and when D a given
D a 7t COS (Xa
and
~N7
7t cos ab
* McCord, Kinematics,
page 278.
44 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

GENERAL FORMULAS,

y ~ aa + a b
P a tn = P b n '

TTCOSfX

B=D + 2 .r or = D + -.

or=
N cos a
p'n _ p' CO g a

P n = JL (Pitch of cutter.)

pm

D"+/ = 2 J -f
10

T = -5L- (5^ Note 7.)

cos 3 **
NP' NTT
tan a
r
P tan a [ L,i& = N& P' a

L = I0 W^ (6"^ A^^/^ 2 and examples^)

a
S G t

cos
3
45= 70711
cos 45=
= .3535
tan 45 i.ooo

NOTE i. Cutters of regular involute system.

Use No. i cutter for T from 135 up. No. 5 cutter for T from 21 to 25
" " "
i? to 20
''
2 i. .
55 to 134 6
" i* " ** '
J4 to 16
35 to 54 y
26 to 12 to 13
34

Note 2. Gears used on spiral head and bed for Brown & Sharpe milling
machine :

W = number" of teeth" in gear on worm.

"
Gi = ist stud.

G =
2
" '*
2d " stud.

S = " *' '.' screw.

Should a spiral head of different construction be used, the formula might not

apply.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
45

The following data are usually required in cutting spiral

gears in a Universal Milling Machine, and it will be found
convenient to arrange them in tabular form as follows :

GEAR. PINION.

No. of Teeth - -

Pitch Diameter -

Outside Diameter
- - - -
Circular Pitch

Angle of Teeth with Axis

Normal Circular Pitch
Pitch of Cutter - -

Addendum s

Thickness of Tooth t

Whole Depth D"+f -

No. of Cutter
Exact Lead of Spiral -------
Approximate Lead
- - - -
of Spiral

Gears on Milling Machine to Cut Spiral

Gear on Worm
ist Gear on Stud -

2nd Gear on Stud --------

Gear on Screw - -

If the exact lead L! can be obtained by the gears at hand,

LI will equal L 2 and we shall have from the formula
io W G 2

S Gt
L,
I
-J
O
= WoQ-^r-
Go
(for B. & S. Milling Machine.)
^--^i

Example I.

Required the gears for cutting a spiral of 2%" lead.

~- =- factoring, in the most simple way, we have

XI i X 28 32 x 28 W G 2

2X2 56 X 2 56 X 64
46 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

Thus the gearing will be 32 T. on worm, 64 T. ist. on stud,

28 T. 2nd on stud, and 56 T. on screw.
Trying these gears on the Milling Machine we find that

they cannot be used, and as we have no other regular gears

in the ratio of 2 to I that can be used we must try, by factor-

ing, to get such ratios for the two pairs of gears as to be able
to use the gears at hand, bearing in mind that the combined
ratio must be J.

i
= 18. 3x6 == 24
= 9T8 x 6
== 24
x 48
4 72 9 x 64 72 x 64

These gears are at hand and the combination can be used

on the machine, giving the exact lead of 2$".

Example II.

Required the gears for cutting a spiral of 8.639" l ea-d.

8.639 = 8 T6 %9 reducing, by continued fractions, to a
u- ;

smaller fraction of approximately the same value, as described

on pages 74 and 75

639 ) 1000 (
i

639
361 )639( i

361
i
278 ) 361 (

278

83 ) 278 ( 3
249

29 ) 83 (
2
58

25 ) 29 (
I

25

4)25(6
24

1)4(4
4
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
47

1113216 4

Selecting || as an approximation near enough for our

purpose, and in fact as near as we are likely to find gears for,
we have for our lead 8|f. Applying the formula as in Ex-
ample I.

_
" ~ W_G 2

10 S d
216 108
== factorm g we have
o ijjjo 7^5

9 X 12 9 X48 72 X 48

-
the

these being regular gears furnished with the Milling Machine.

Proof :

72 x 48 x io
100 x 40
= 0.040 = .Lo

8.639 =L! ,

.001" error in lead.

In shops where much work is done in milling spirals it is

desirable to have a full set of gears for the milling machine,
from the smallest to the largest numbers of teeth that can be
used. This makes it possible, in most cases, to get closer
approximations than could be otherwise obtained, and often
saves a great deal of figuring.
When the use of continued fractions does not bring a
close enough approximation, one method to secure a closer
resultis to add to or substract from the numerator and de-

nominator of the fraction to be reduced, any numbers nearly

in proportion to the given fraction, seeing that the numbers
added or substracted are such as to make the fraction reduc-
ible to lower terms. By a little ingenuity and patience ex-
tremely close approximations can generally be reached in
thisway.
Take, as an illustration, the fraction in Example II.

_
IO IOOOO

Adding 9 to the numerator and io to the denominator, these

48 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

being in about the same ratio to each other as the numerator

and denominator of the fraction, we have

8639+9 = 8648 _ 4324 _ 47 x 92

10000+10 = 10010 5005 55 x 91

All of the gears in this case are special.

Applying the same proof as in Example II. we find that
this train of gears will give a lead of 8.6393+, making an
error of .0003" in the lead.
No doubt a much closer approximation even than this
could be obtained by further trial.

Another method is to multiply both terms of the fraction

by some number which will make one term of the fraction

easily reducible, and adding one to or subtracting

it from the
other term to make it possible to reduce that also.
There is an element of uncertainty in both these methods,
as we never feel sure that we have obtained the best combina-
tion practical work, however, rarely requires accuracy beyond
;

a point that can readily be reached.

The accompanying list of prime numbers and factors will
be found useful in reducing and factoring fractions.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 49

PRIME NUMBERS AND FACTORS.

1 TO 1OOO.

1
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

101
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 51

221
 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

341
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 53

461
54 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

581
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
55

701
 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

821
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
57

941
58 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

CHAPTER VI.

INTERNAL GEARING.
PART A. INTERNAL SPUR GEARING.

(Figs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.)

A little consideration will show that a tooth of an internal

or annular gear is the same as the space of a spur external
gear.
Weprefer the epicycloidal form of tooth in this class of
gearing to the involute form, for the reason that the difficulties
in overcoming the interference of gear teeth in the involute

system are considerable. Special constructions are required

when the difference between the number of teeth in gear and
pinion is small.
In using the system of epicycloidal form of tooth in which
the gear of 15 teeth has radial flanks, this difference must be
at least 15 teeth, if the teeth have both faces and flanks. Gears

fulfilling this condition present no difficulties. Their pitch

diameters are found as in regular spur gears, and the inside
diameter is equal to the pitch diameter, less twice the adden-
dum.
If, however, this difference is less than 15, say 6, or 2, or i,
then we may construct the tooth outline (based on the epicy-
cloidal system) in two
different ways.
First Method. To
explain this method better, let us sup-
pose the case as in Fig. T2, in which the difference between
gear and pinion is more than 15 teeth. Here the point o of
the describing circle B (the diameter of which in the best
practice of the present day is equal to the pitch radius of a 15
tooth gear, of the same pitch as the gears in question) gene-
2 3
rates the cycloid o, o o o etc., when rolling on pitch circle
1

, , ,

LL of gear, forming the face of tooth and when rolling on

;

the outside of L L the flank of the tooth. In like manner is the

face and flank of the pinion tooth produced by B rolling out-
side and inside of E E (pitch circle of pinion). A little study
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 59

of Fig. 12 (in which the face and flank of a gear tooth are
produced) will show the describing circle B divided into 12

equal parts and circles laid through these points (i, 2, 3, etc.),
concentric with L L. We now lay off on L L the distances
o i, 1-2, 2-3, etc., of the circumference of B, and obtain points
6o BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

jl > 2 \ 3\ et c. [Ordinarily it is sufficient to use the chord.] It

will now readily be seen that B in rolling on L L will success-
ively come in contact with i 2', 3', etc., c meanwhile moving
1

a 3
to c\ <r
,
on radii through i 2', 3*, etc.), and the
<r
,
etc. (points
1

2 1 3
generating point o advancing to o o o etc., being the inter- , , ,

sections of B with f
2 l

<r*, etc., as centers and

the circles laid
t
<r
,

a 1 3
through i, 2, 3, etc. Points o, o o o etc., connected with a , , ,

curve give the face of the tooth ;

in like manner the flank is

obtained.
In this manner the form of tooth is obtained, when the
difference of teeth in gear and pinion is less than 15, with the
exception that the diameter of describing circle B

where P diametral pitch, N and n number of teeth in gears.

=
The distances of the tooth above and below the pitch line
as well as the thickness / are determined as in regular spur
gears by the pitch, except when the difference in gear and
pinion is very small, where we obtain a short tooth, as in Figs.
13 and 14. In such a case the height of tooth is arbitrary and
only conditioned by the curve. In internal gears it is best to
allow more clearance at bottom of tooth than in ordinary spur
gears.

42 T.

8 P.

30 Teeth

Fig. 13.

In a construction of this kind it is suggested to draw the

tooth outline many times full size and reduce by photography.
An equally multiplied line AB will help in reducing.
PROVIDENCE, R. I. 61
62 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

Second Method. The

difference between gear and pinion
being very small, sometimes
it is desirable to obtain a smooth
action by avoiding what is termed the " friction of approach-
ing action."* This is done, the pinion driving, by giving gear
only flanks, Fig. 15, and the gear driving, by giving gear only
faces, Fig. 16. In both these cases we have but one describ-
ing circle, whose diameter is equal to the difference of the two
pitch diameters. The construction of the curve is precisely
the same as described under A. The describing circle has
been divided into 24 parts simply for the sake of greater
accuracy.

PART B. INTERNAL BEVEL GEARS.

The pitch surfaces of bevel gears are cones whose apexes

are at a common point, rolling upon each other. The tooth
forms for any given pair of bevel gears are the same as for a
pair of spur gears (of same pitch) whose pitch radii are equal to
the respective apex distances of the normal cones (/. <?., cones
whose elements are perpendicular upon the elements of the
bevel gear pitch cones). (Compare Fig 19, page 68-)
The same is true of internal bevel gears, with the modifica-
tion that here one of the pitch cones rolls inside of the other.
The spur gears to whose tooth forms the forms of the bevel
gear teeth correspond, resolve themselves into internal spur
gears (Fig. 17). The problem is now to be solved as indicated
in the first part of this chapter.

McCord, Kinematics, pages 107, 108.

 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

8 P.
Gear 4O Teeth
Pinion 20 Teeth

Fig.
64 BROWN & SHARPS MFG. CO.

CHAPTER vn.
V

GEAR PATTERNS.
(Fig. 18.)

To place in bevel gears the best iron where it belongs, the

tooth side of the pattern should always be in the nowel, no
matter of what shape the hubs are.

Hubs, if short, may be left solid on web ;

if long they should
be made loose. A long hub should go on a tapering arbor, to
prevent tipping in the sand. i taper for draft on hubs when
loose, and 3 when solid is considered sufficient.

Coreprints as a rule are made separate, partly to allow the

pattern to be turned on an arbor, partly for convenience,
should it be desirable to use different sizes.
Put rap- and draw-holes as near to center as possible.
Referring to Fig. 18, make L D for D from %" to i/^", or
even more, should hubs be very long. Otherwise if D is more
than 1%" leave L = i%".
Iron pattern before using should be marked, rusted and
waxed.

Shrinkage For cast-iron, ^6" per foot.

"
For brass, -f$"

Cast-iron gears, especially arm gears, do not always shrink

ff
H per foot. In making iron patterns the following allow-
ances have been found useful :

Up to 12" diameter allow no shrink.

" "
From 12" to 18"
" "
^ regular shrink.
" I8"t02 4
" "
% ""
"
24" to 48" ft
" " "
Above 48" .10"
for cast-iron.
PROVIDENCE, R. I.
66 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

If in gears the teeth are to be cast, the tooth thickness t in

the pattern is made smaller than called for by the pitch, to avoid
binding of the teeth when cast. No definite rule can be given,
as the practice varies on this point. For the differentdiam-
etral pitches we would advise making / smaller by an amount
expressed in inches, as given in the following table :

DIAM. PITCH.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 67

vui.
DIMENSIONS AND FORM FOR BEVEL GEAR
CUTTERS.
(Fig. 19.)

The data needed to determine the form and thickness of a

bevel gear cutter are the following :

P = pitch.
N = number of teeth in large gear.
n= number of teeth in small gear.
F = length of face of tooth, measured on pitch line.
After having laid out a diagram of the pitch cones a b c and
a b f, and laid off the width of face, the problem resolves itself

into two parts :

PART I. DETERMINE PROPER CURVE FOR CUTTER.

be remembered that in the involute system of cutters
It will

(the only one used for bevel gears that are cut with rotary
cutter), a set of eight different cutters is made for each
pitch, numbering from No. i to No. 8, and cutting from
a rack to 12 teeth. Each number represents the form of
a cutter suitable to cut the indicated number of teeth. For
instance, No. 4 cutter (No. 4 curve) will cut 26 to 34 teeth.
In order to find the curve to be used for gear and pinion
we simply construct the normal pitch cones by erecting
the perpendicular p q through b, Fig. 19. We
now measure the
lines b q and b p, and taking them as radii, multiplying each by
2 and P we obtain a number of teeth for which cutters of
proper curves may be selected. From example we have :

Gear : b q - 9^" 2 X P ; X 9.75 = 97 T No. 2 curve.

Pinion: bp = 3^" 2 X P ; X 3-5 = 35 T No 3 curve. -

Theeight cutters which are made in the involute system

for each pitch are as follows :

No. i will cut wheels from 135 teeth to a rack.

" " " " "
2 55 134 teeth.
" " " " " "
3 35 54
" " " "
4 26 34
" " '* " " 2<
"
c- 21
" " " " "
20 "
6 17
<< i <<
I4 I( j
7
" 12
" " "
8 13
68 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 69

PART II. DETERMINE THICKNESS OF CUTTER.

It is very evident that a bevel gear cutter cannot be thicker
than the width of the space at small end of tooth the practice ;

is to make cutter
.005" thinner. Theoretically the cutting angle
(h} is equal to pitch angle less angle of bottom (or h a ft').
=
Practically, however, better results are obtained by making
h =a (substituting angle of top for angle of bottom), and
ft
in calculating the depth at small end, to add the full clearance
(/) to the obtained working depth, giving equal amount of
clearance at large and small end. This is done to obtain a
tooth thinner at the top and more curved. As the small end
of tooth determines the thickness of cutter, we shall have to
find the tooth part values at small end. From the diagram it
will be seen that the values at large end are to those at small
end as their respective apex distances (a b and a I). The
numerical values of these can be taken from the diagram and
the quotient of the larger in the smaller is the constant where-
with to multiply the tooth values at large end, to obtain those
at small end. In our example we find :

a = = .655 = constant
ab
7
= .8
T?
For 5 P we have :

= .2057 .

^
S = .2000 / = .I3IO
/=-03 I 4 /=.Q3i4
^+/=.23i4 /+/=.i624
D" + / = .4314. J' = .1310
D'"+/=.293 4
From the foregoing it is evident that a spur gear cutter
could not be used, since a bevel gear cutter must be thinner,
If in gears of more than 30 teeth the faces are proportion-

ately long, we select a cutter whose curve corresponds to the

midway section of the tooth. The curve of the cutter is found
by the method explained in Part I. of this Chapter.
 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

IX.

DIRECTIONS FOR CUTTING BEVEL GEARS

WITH ROTARY CUTTER.
(Fig. 20.)

In order to obtain good results, the gear blanks must be of

the right size and form. The following sizes for each end of
the tooth must be given the workman :

Total depth of tooth.

Thickness of tooth at pitch line.
Height of tooth above pitch line.
These sizes are obtained as explained in Chapter VIII.
The workman must further know the cutting angle (see
formula on page 13 and compare Chapter VIII.), and be pro-
vided with the proper tools with which to measure teeth, etc.
In cutting a gear on a universal milling machine the opera-
tions and adjustments of the machine are as follows :

1. Set spiral bed to zero line.

2. Set cutter central with spiral head spindle.

3. Set spiral head to the proper cutting angle.

4. Set the index on head for the number of teeth to be cut,

leaving the sector on the straight or numbered row of holes,

and set the pointer (or in some machines the dial) on cross-feed
screw of milling machine to zero line.
5. As a matter of precaution, mark the depth to be cut for

large and small end of tooth on their respective places.

6. Cut two or three teeth in blank to conform with these
marks in depth. The teeth will now be too thick on both their
pitch circles.
7. Set the cutter off the center by moving the saddle to or
from the frame of the machine by means of the cross-feed
screw, measuring the advance on dial of same. The saddle
must not be moved further than what to good judgment
PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Fig. 20.
72 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

appears as not excessive at the same time bearing in mind

;

that an equal amount of stock is to be taken off each side of

tooth.
8. Rotate the gear in the opposite direction from which the
saddle is moved off the center, and trim the sides of teeth (A)
(Fig. 20'.)

9. Then move the saddle the same distance on the opposite

side of center and rotate the gear an equal amount in the
opposite direction and trim the other sides of teeth (C).
10. If the teeth are still too thick at large end E, move the
saddle further off the center and repeat the operation, bearing
in mind that the gear must be rotated and the saddle moved
an equal amount each way from their respective zero settings.
It is generally necessary to file the sides of teeth above the

pitch line more or less on the small ends of teeth, as indicated

by dotted lines F F. This applies to pinions of less than 30
teeth.
For gears of coarser pitch than 5 diametral it is best to
make one cut around before attempting to obtain the tooth
thickness.
The formulasfor obtaining the dimensions and angles of

gear blanks are given in Chapter III.

 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 73

THE INDEXING OF ANY WHOLE OR FRAC-

TIONAL NUMBER.

(Fig. 21.)

Change Gear

Fig. 21.

In indexing on a machine the question simply is How :

many divisions of the machine index have to be advanced to

advance a unit division of the number required. To which
is the

= divisions of machine index

answer
number to be indexed

Suppose the number of divisions in index wheel of machine

to be 216.

EXAMPLE I. Index 72.

Answer: 216
-=3 /

(3 turns of worm).
74 BROWN & SHARPS MFG. CO.

EXAMPLE II. Index 123.

= + i .93
123 123
Ifnow we should put on worm shaft a change gear having
123 teeth, give the worm shaft, Fig. 21, one turn, and in addi-
tion thereto advance 93 teeth of the change gear (to give the
fractional turn), we would have indexed correctly one unit of
the given number, and so solved the problem. Should we not
have change gear 123 we may try those on hand. The ques-
tion then is : How many hand (for
teeth (x) of the gear on
instance 82) must we advance to obtain a result equal to the
one when advancing 93 teeth of the 123 tooth gear? have We :

-93. ^ _X_ where y = 62

123 82

EXAMPLE III. Index 365, change gear 147.

== -%- where j = 87 JL
365 147 365
Here 147 is the change gear on hand. In indexing for a unit
of 365 we advance87teeth of our 147 tooth gear. It is evident

that in so doing we advance too fast and will have indexed

three teeth of our change gear too many when the circle is
completed. To avoid having this error show in its total amount
between the last first division, we can distribute the
and the
error by dropping one tooth at a time at three even intervals.

EXAMPLE IV. Index 190.

216 26
~
__
T
^, ^90 Change gear on hand 88
26 y 8
= A ,
where j = 12 +
190 88 190
To distribute the error in this case we advance one additional
tooth ot a time of the change gear at eight even intervals.

EXAMPLE V. Index 117.3913.

216 _ 986087
"739 I 3
This example is in nowise different from the preceding
ones, except that the fraction is expressed in large
numbers
This fraction we can reduce to lower approximate values,
which for practical purposes are accurate enough. This is
done the method of continued fractions. [For an explana-
by
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 75

"
tion of this method we refer to our Practical Treatise on
Gearing."]
986087
1173913
986087) 1173913 (i
986087
187826) 986087 (5
939130
46957) 187826 (3
140871
46955) 46957 Ci
46955
2) 46955 (23477
46954
1)2(2
2

986087 =T
"73913

i +i
23477 +1
2

<r=3 i 23477
{r=i b = 5 d'= 16 21 493033 986087
a l
=i b
l

6 d = ig
l

25 586944 1173913

NOTE. Find the first two fractions by reduction = - and - = - the

i + i 6
;

5
others are then found by the rule \
b c +a~ d
\ t>
1
c -j- a1 =

The fraction |J- is a good approximation; putting therefore

a change gear of 25 teeth on worm shaft, we advance (beside
the one full turn) 21 teeth to index our unit.
Of course, in using any but the correct fraction we have an
error every time we index a division so that when indexed ;

around the whole circle, we have multiplied this error by the

number of divisions.
In the present example this error is evidently equal to the
difference between the correct and the approximate fraction
used. Reducing both common fractions to decimal fractions
we have :

= .84000006
1*739*3
21
~
.00000006 = error in each division.
76 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

.00000006 X 117.3913 .00000704348 total error in complete

circle. This error is expressed in parts of a unit division. (To
find this error expressed in inches, multiply it by the distance
between two divisions, measured on the circle.) In this case
the approximate fraction being smaller than the correct one,
in indexing the whole circle we fall short .00000704348 of a
division.

EXAMPLE VI. Index 15.708

216 _ 11796
15.708 15708
11796 _ 983
15708 1309
983) 1309 (i
983
326) 983 (3
978
5) 326 (65
30
26
I5
D5(S
5
o
983 =I
'309
T^i__
3+ x
_+
65 1

i 3 65 5
i 3 *9 6 9 83
i 4 261 1309

In using the approximation j-J the error for each division

(found as above) will be .000002927, for the whole circle
.0000460. In this case, the approximation being larger than
the correct fraction, we overreach the circle by the error.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
77

CHAPTER XI.

THE GEARING OF LATHES FOR SCREW

CUTTING.
(Figs. 22, 23.)

The problem of cutting a screw on a lathe resolves itself into

connecting the lathe spindle with the lead screw by a train of
gears in such a manner that the carriage (which is actuated
by

Simple Gearing.
Fig. 22.
78 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

the lead screw) advances just one inch, or some definite dis-
tance, while the lathe spindle makes a number of revolutions
equal to the number of threads to be cut per inch.
Thelead screw has, with the exception of a very few cases,
always a single thread, and to advance the carriage one inch it
therefore makes a number of revolutions equal to its number

Compound Gearing.
Fig. 23.

of threads per inch. Should the lead screw have double

thread, to accomplish the same result, make a number
it will,

of revolutions equal to half its number of threads per inch. It

follows that we must know in the first place the number of
threads per inch on lead screw.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
79

It ought to be clearly understood that one or more inter-

mediate gears, which simply transmit the motion received from
one gear to another, in no wise alter the ultimate ratio of a
train of gearing. An even number of intermediate gears
simply change the direction of rotation, an odd number do not
alter it.

The gearing of a lathe to solve a problem in screw cutting

can be accomplished by
A. Simple gearing.
B. Compound gearing.

Referring to the diagrams, Figs. 22 and 23, we have in Fig.

22 a case of simple, and in Fig. 23 a case of compound gear-
ing.
In simple gearing the motion from gear E is transmitted
either directly to gear Ron lead screw or through the interme-
diate F. In compound gearing the motion of E is transmitted
through two gears (G and H) keyed together, revolving on the
same stud by which we can change the velocity ratio of the
,

motion while transmitting it from E to R. With these four

variables E, G, H, R, we are enabled to have a wider range of
changes than in simple gearing.
B and C, being intermediate gears, are not to be considered.
If, as is generally the case, gear A equals gear D, we disregard
them both, simply remembering that gear E (being fast on
same shaft with D) makes as many revolutions as the spindle.
Sometimes gear D is twice as large as gear A, then, still con-
sidering gear E as making as many revolutions as the spindle,
we deal with the lead screw as having twice as many threads
per inch as it measures.

SIMPLE GEARING.

Let there be the number of teeth in the different gears

:

expressed by their respective letters, as per Fig. 22, and

s = threads per inch to be cut,
L threads per inch on lead screw ;
then
i. s
^R
L E
80 BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.

If now one of the two gears E and R is selected, the other

will be :

R = lE E = LR
L s

2. The two gears may be found by making

number.
~^ ^ > where/ may 'be any
3. The above holds good when a fractional thread is to be
cut, but if the fraction
expressed in large numbers, as, for
is

instance, s = 2 8
2.833 ( T 77W)> we fi rst reduce this fraction
(yWoO to
lower approximate values by the process of continued fraction
(see pages 73 and 74).
833) icoo (i
833

i6S ) 167 (i
165
2) l65 (82
16

I
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 8l

If three of the gears E, H, G, R have been selected, the

fourth one would be either

..i o,

H=G R L
TT
or

G=n " J
or

= R_G_L ^_ L / R.G \

EH VL.E.H/
"
If a fractional thread is to be cut, as under 3," we reduce
the fraction to lower approximate values.

EXAMPLE. Gear for 5.2327 threads per inch, lead screw is

6 threads.

IOOOO

2327) looco (4
9308
692) 2327 (3
2076
"251)692(2
502
190) 251 (i
190
61) 190 (3
183
7) 61 (8
S6
5)7(i
5_

4
1)2(2
a
o

43213
L A _L 15. 37
8
3 6 343
I

^92
2 2

2327
4 13 30 43 159 1315 J 474 4263 loooo

.2327 (nearly) and 5.2327 = 5

15
43 "43
Selecting E 43, H= 52, R= 50, and
*
we have G = 43 '
5* 5 = 39
R L.
50 . 6
82 BROWN & SHARPK MFG. CO.

5. The examples so far given all deal with single thread.

The pitch of a screw is the distance from center of one thread to
the center of the next. The lead of a screw is the advance for
each complete revolution. In a single thread screw the pitch
is equal to the lead, while in a double thread screw the
pitch
is equal to one-half the lead in a triple thread screw equal to
;

one-third the lead, etc.

If we have to gear a lathe for a many-threaded screw

(double, triple, quadruple, etc.), we simply ascertain the lead,
and deal with the lead as we would with
the pitch in a single
thread screw, e., we
*'. divide one inch by it, to obtain the num-
ber of threads for which we have to gear our lathe.

EXAMPLE. Gear for double thread screw, lead = .4654.

Number of threads per inch to be geared for is :

Lead -4654
Lead screw is four threads per inch.
As in previous examples, we reduce the fraction .i4%7=itffo
to lower approximate values by the process of continued frac-
tion.

From the different values received in the usual way we

select :

^J = .1487 (nearly) and 2.1487 = 2ij-J

We have therefore :

=74
Selecting -j
G= 30

R_ E H . . s _ 74 .
4Q .
Hi - --
G L .
30 .
4
NOTE. In using any but the original fraction we commit an error. This error
can be found by reducing the approximate fraction used to a decimal fraction, and
comparing it with the original fraction. In the above example the original fraction is
.1487 and
H= .
14864
Error = .00006 inch in lead.

In cutting a multiple screw, after having cut one

thread, the question arises how to move the thread tool the
correct amount for cutting the next thread.
 PROVIDENCE, R. I.
83

In cutting double, triple, etc., threads, if in simple or com-

pound gearing the number of teeth in gear E is divisible by
2, 3, etc., we so divide the teeth then leaving the carriage
;

at rest we bring gear E out of mesh and move it forward one

division, whereby the spindle will assume the correct position.

When E is not divisible we find how
many turns (V) of
gear R made
are to each full turn of the spindle. Dividing
this number by 2 for double, by 3 for triple thread, etc., we
advance R so many turns and fractions of a turn, being careful
to leave the spindle at rest.

For compound gearing :

V _E.H
~G~R
When the gear D twice as large as the gear
is A
(as ex-
plained in fifth paragraph, page 78.) the formula would be
E. H.
y=
2 G. R.
If in simple gearing both E and R are not divisible, one
remedy would be to gear the lathe compound or the face- ;

plate may be accurately divided in two, three or more slots,

and all that is then necessary is to move the dog from one slot
to another, the carriage remaining stationary.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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