Acta 34
Acta 34
Acta 34
c ISSN 1607-2510
Available free at mirror sites of http://www.math.nthu.edu.tw/∼amen/
Abstract
Using variational principle and Riccati technique, new oscillation criteria for
forced second order nonlinear differential equation are established to handle cases
that cannot be dealt with by results in recent papers by Li and Cheng [1] and
Cakmak and Tiryaki [3].
1 Introduction
In [1], a question is raised whether Leighton’s variational principles for the oscillation
of linear second order nonhomogeneous differential equations in [2] can be extended to
nonhomogeneous half-linear differential equations of the form
0
p(t)|y0 (t)|α−1y0 (t) + q(t)|y(t)|α−1y(t) = e(t), t ≥ t0, (1)
where α is a positive constant, p, q, e ∈ C([t0, ∞), R) with p(t) > 0. A result is derived
to answer this question [1, Theorem 2].
THEOREM 1.1. Suppose that for any T ≥ t0, there exist T ≤ s1 < t1 ≤ s2 < t2
such that e(t) ≤ 0 for t ∈ [s1, t1] and e(t) ≥ 0 for t ∈ [s2 , t2]. If there exist H ∈
D(si , ti) = {u ∈ C 1[si , ti] : u(t) 6≡ 0, u(si) = u(ti ) = 0} and a positive, nondecreasing
function ρ ∈ C 1([t0, ∞), R) such that
Z ti α+1 Z ti α+1
2 1 p(t)ρ(t) 0 ρ0 (t)
H (t)ρ(t)q(t)dt > α−1
2|H (t)| + |H(t)| dt
si α+1 si |H(t)| ρ(t)
(2)
for i = 1, 2. Then Equation (1) is oscillatory.
Later in [3], Cakmak and Tiryaki consider a more general equation
0
p(t)Ψ(y(t))|y0 (t)|α−1y0 (t) + q(t)f(y(t)) = e(t), t ≥ t0, (3)
where α is a positive constant, p, q, e ∈ C([t0, ∞), R) with p(t) > 0, Ψ ∈ C(R, (0, ∞)),
f ∈ C(R, R) satisfying uf(u) > 0 for u 6= 0, and obtain a result as follows.
∗ Mathematics Subject Classifications: 34A30, 34C10.
† Department of Mathematics, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
‡ Department of Mathematics, Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, R. O. China
247
248 Variational Oscillation Criteria
f 0 (u)
1/α
≥ γ > 0 for u 6= 0.
[Ψ(u)|f(u)|α−1 ]
Suppose further that for any T ≥ t0 , there exist T ≤ s1 < t1 ≤ s2 < t2 such that
e(t) ≤ 0 for t ∈ [s1, t1] and e(t) ≥ 0 for t ∈ [s2 , t2]. If there exist H ∈ D(si , ti) = {u ∈
C 1[si , ti] : u(t) 6≡ 0, u(si) = u(ti ) = 0} and a positive function ρ ∈ C 1([t0, ∞), R) such
that
Z ti α+1 α
2 1 α
H (t)ρ(t)q(t)dt >
si α+1 γ
Z ti
2H 0(t) ρ0 (t) α+1
× H 2 (t)ρ(t)p(t) + dt (4)
si H(t) ρ(t)
Z ( α+1 α+1 )
ti
1 p(t)ρ(t) 0 ρ0 (t) 2
2|H (t)| + |H(t)| − H (t)ρ(t)q(t) dt.
si α+1 |H(t)|α−1 ρ(t)
Our emphasis will be directed towards oscillation criteria that are closely related
to the (α + 1)-degree energy functional for half-linear equations (see [4,5,6,7] for more
details on these functionals), which are improvements of Theorem 1.1 and Theorem 1.2
for the case where β = α, and are generalizations for the case where β > α. Examples
will also be given to illustrate the effectiveness of our main results.
Before going into the main results, let us state three sets of conditions commonly
Z. W. Zheng and S. S. Cheng 249
Here, M, K > 0, 0 < α ≤ β and γ, δ > 0 are constants. It is clear that assumption
(S1) implies (S2), but not conversely. For example, the function f(u) = u3, Ψ(u) = u2
and β = 1 do not satisfy (S1), but (S2) holds. In (S1) and (S2), we need f to be
differentiable. Clearly, this condition is not required in (S3). These differences force us
to study equation (3) under the assumptions (S1), (S2) and (S3) in separate manners.
Let ρ ∈ C 1([t0, ∞), R) be a positive function. For given f ∈ C([t0, ∞), R), as in [3], we
define an integral operator Aba in terms of H ∈ D(a, b) and ρ as
Z b
Aba (f; t) = H α+1(t)ρ(t)f(t)dt, a ≤ t ≤ b. (9)
a
where f1 , f2, f ∈ C([t0, ∞), R), g ∈ C 1 ([t0, ∞), R), and α1, α2 are real numbers.
THEOREM 2.2. Assume (S2) holds. Suppose further that for any T ≥ t0, there
exist T ≤ s1 < t1 ≤ s2 < t2 such that e(t) ≤ 0 for t ∈ [s1, t1] and e(t) ≥ 0 for t ∈ [s2 , t2].
250 Variational Oscillation Criteria
If there exist H ∈ D(si , ti) and a positive function ρ ∈ C 1 ([t0, ∞), R) such that
α 0 α+1 !
α H ρ0
ti
Asi (q; t) > ti
Asi p + ;t (13)
γ H (α + 1)ρ
Then in view of (17), (18) and the properties (10) as well as (11), we see that
α 0 α+1 !
α H ρ0
ti
Asi (q; t) ≤ Asi p
ti
+ ;t
γ H (α + 1)ρ
Z. W. Zheng and S. S. Cheng 251
The remaining proof is similar to that of Theorem 2.2. The proof is complete.
EXAMPLE 2.5. Consider the following forced half-linear differential equation
0
tλ |y0 (t)|α−1y0 (t) + Ktλ |y(t)|α−1 y(t) = − sin t, (25)
for t ≥ 1, where K, λ > 0 are constants and α = 5/3 > 1, so neither Theorem 1.1
nor Theorem 1.2 can be applied to this case. However, we may show that Equation
(25) is oscillatory for K > 34 (1 + 38 λ)8/3 π. Indeed, since the zeros of the forcing term
− sin t are nπ, the constant γ in (6) is α, i.e., γ = α. Let H(t) = sin t and ρ(t) = t−λ.
For any T ≥ 1, choose n sufficiently large so that nπ = 2kπ ≥ T and s1 = 2kπ and
t1 = (2k + 1)π. It is easy to verify that
Z (2k+1)π
Ats11 (q; t) =K sin8/3 tdt
2kπ
Z (2k+1)π Z π
4
>K sin3 tdt = K sin3 tdt = K,
2kπ 0 3
where α = 1/3, with H(t) = sin t and ρ(t) ≡ 1, Li and Cheng in [1] obtain oscillation
.
for Equation (26) when K ≥ 5( 32 )4/3 = 8.585. Using Corollary 2.3, we obtain the
oscillation of Equation (26) when K > 2. In fact, for any T ≥ 1, choose n sufficiently
large so that nπ = 2kπ ≥ T and s1 = 2kπ and t1 = (2k + 1)π. It is easy to verify that
Z t1
Q̄1(H) = [q(t)H α+1 (t) − p(t)|H 0(t)|α+1]dt
s1
Z (2k+1)π h i
= K sin4/3 t − (2 + cos t)| cos t|4/3 dt
2kπ
Z (2k+1)π
= (K − 2) sin4/3 tdt > 0
2kπ
for K > 2. Similarly, for s2 = (2k + 1)π and t2 = (2k + 2)π, we can show that the
integral inequality Q̄2(H) > 0. So Equation (26) is oscillatory by Corollary 2.3 for
K > 2.
Z. W. Zheng and S. S. Cheng 253
and
α 0 α+1 ! Z (2k+3)π/2 α+1
α H ρ0 α α
Ats11 p + ; t = sin t + 1 dt
γ H (α + 1)ρ 3 α + 1
(2k+1)π/2
α α Z (2k+3)π/2 1
α+1
< 1+ dt
3 (2k+1)π/2 α+1
α α α + 2 α+1
= π.
3 α+1
α α+2 α+1
When 0 < α ≤ 1 and K > K1 = 25 α3 α+1 , or when 1 < α < 3 and K > K2 =
α+1
4 α α α+2
15 3 α+1 π, we have (13) is true for i = 1. Similarly, for s2 = (2k + 3)π/2
and t2 = (2k + 5)π/2, we can show that (13) is also true for i = 2. So Equation (27)
is oscillatory by Theorem 2.2 for K > K1 in case of 0 < α ≤ 1, and K > K2 in case
of 1 < α < 3. Moreover, we note that K0 > K1 , so our results are better than that of
Cakmak and Tiryaki [3].
for i = 1, 2, where
Qe(t) = α−α/β β(β − α)(α−β)/β [δq(t)]α/β |e(t)|(β−α)/β . (29)
254 Variational Oscillation Criteria
Then differentiating (30) and making use of Equation (3), it follows that for all t ≥ T0,
we have
f(y(t)) e(t) |w(t)|(α+1)/α
w0 (t) = − q(t) α−1
− α−1
−α
|y(t)| y(t) |y(t)| y(t) [p(t)Ψ(y(t))]1/α
f(y(t)) β−α e(t) |w(t)|(α+1)/α
= − q(t) |y(t)| − − α
|y(t)|β−1 y(t) |y(t)|α−1y(t) [p(t)Ψ(y(t))]1/α
(α+1)/α
e(t) α |w(t)|
≤ − δq(t)|y(t)|β−α − − 1/α . (31)
|y(t)|α−1y(t) M p1/α(t)
α |w(t)|(α+1)/α
Qe(t) ≤ −w0 (t) − . (33)
M 1/α p1/α(t)
The remaining argument is the same as the proof of Theorem 2.2, so we obtain a
desired contradiction with (28) when y(t) > 0 eventually. On the other hand, if y(t) is
a negative solution for t ≥ T0 > t0 , we define the Riccati transformation (30) to yield
(31). In this case, we choose t2 > s2 ≥ T0 so that e(t) ≥ 0 on the interval I2 = [s2 , t2].
For given t ∈ I2, set F (x) = δq(t)xβ−α − e(t)
xα
, we have F (x) ≥ F (x∗) = Qe (t). The
remaining proof is similar to that of Theorem 2.2. The proof is complete.
COROLLARY 3.2. If ρ(t) ≡ 1 in Theorem 3.1, and the hypothesis (28) is replaced
by
Z ti
Q̃i (H) := Qe(t)H α+1 (t) − p(t)|H 0(t)|α+1 dt > 0 (34)
si
where γ, λ > 0 are constants. We see that Ψ(u) ≡ 1, which implies M = 1, and
α = 1, β = 3 in Theorem 3.1. Since α < β, Theorems 1.1, 1.2 and 2.2 cannot be
applied. However, we can obtain oscillation for Equation (35) with H(t) = sin t and
ρ(t) = t−λ/3. For any T ≥ 1, choose n sufficiently large so that√nπ = 2kπ ≥ T and
s1 = 2kπ and t1 = (2k + 1)π. It is easy to verify that Qe (t) = 32 3 2tλ/3 sin2 t,
Z (2k+1)π Z π
3√ 3√ 9√
Ats11 (Qe (t); t) = sin4 tdt = sin4 tdt =
3 3 3
2 2 2,
2 2kπ 2 0 8
and
0 α+1 ! Z (2k+1)π 2
H ρ0
Ats11 p + ; t =γ cos t − λ sin t dt
H (α + 1)ρ 6t
2kπ
Z (2k+1)π
λ λ
<γ (1 + )2 dt = γ(1 + )2 π.
2kπ 6 6
√
3
9 2
So we have (28) is true for i = 1 provided 0 < γ < 8(1+λ/6) 2 . Similarly, for s2 =
(2k + 1)π and t2 = (2k + 2)π, we√can show that (28) is true for i = 2. So Equation
932
(35) is oscillatory for 0 < γ < 8(1+λ/6) 2 by Theorem 3.1.
References
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differential equations, Appl. Math. Lett., 15(2002), 259–263.
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eqautions, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 231(1999), 235–240.
[3] D. Cakmak and A. Tiryaki, Oscillation criteria for certain forced second order
nonlinear differential equations, Appl. Math. Lett., 17(2004), 275–279.
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256 Variational Oscillation Criteria