Feflow 6.2: Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

DHI-WASY Software
FEFLOW 6.2 ®
Finite Element Subsurface Flow

& Transport Simulation System
Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise
Copyright notice:
No part of this manual may be photocopied, reproduced, or translated without written permission of
the developer and distributor DHI-WASY GmbH.
Copyright © 2014 DHI-WASY GmbH Berlin – all rights reserved.
DHI-WASY, FEFLOW and WGEO are registered trademarks of DHI-WASY GmbH.
DHI-WASY GmbH
Volmerstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany

Phone: +49-(0)30-67 99 98-0,
Fax: +49-(0)30-67 99 98-99
E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.feflow.com
2 www.dhigroup.com
Contents
I Installation Guide 4 II.2 Getting Started 14
I.1 Introduction 4 II.2.1 Starting FEFLOW 14
I.2 Installing FEFLOW (Windows) 5 II.2.2 FEFLOW 6.2 User Interface 14
I.2.1 Introduction 5 II.3 Geometry 15
I.2.2 System recommendations 6 II.3.1 Maps and Model Bounds 15
I.2.3 FEFLOW Installation 6 II.3.2 Supermesh 17
I.2.4 Demo Data Installation 8 II.3.3 Finite element mesh 18
I.2.6 Installation of the Network License II.3.4 Expansion to 3D 20
Manager NetLM 8 II.4 Problem settings 24
I.2.7 License installation 8 II.5 Model Parameters 27
I.3 Installation Packages 10 II.5.2 Boundary conditions 27
II.5.3 Material properties 33
II.6 Simulation 36
II Demonstration Exercise 11 II.7 Flow and Transport Model 39
II.1 Introduction 11 II.7.1 Problem settings 39
II.1.1 About FEFLOW 11 II.7.2 Initial conditions 41
II.1.2 Scope and Structure 12 II.7.3 Horizontal Refinement 42
II.1.3 Terms and Notations 12 II.7.5 Material properties 44
II.1.4 Requirements 13 II.7.6 Vertical resolution 46
II.1.5 Model Scenario 13 II.7.7 Simulation Run 48
II.7.8 Postprocessing 49
More Information 52
FEFLOW 6.2 3
I Installation Guide
I.1 Introduction For evaluation purposes, it is possible to obtain a
fully functional but time-limited license from DHI-
The FEFLOW simulation package contains the fol- WASY, one of the DHI offices, or from your local
lowing main programs along with additional soft- FEFLOW distributor.
ware tools:
FePEST
FEFLOW® 6.2
FePEST is a software providing a graphical user
FEFLOW is an interactive finite-element simula- interface for linking FEFLOW models with the soft-
tion system for modeling 3D and 2D flow, mass. ware PEST (developed by John Doherty, Watermark
age and heat transport processes in groundwater Numerical Computing). PEST is a model inde-
and the vadose zone. It is available for: pendent tool for parameter estimation and pre-
diction, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis and
32-bit operating systems model calibration. FePEST is automatically instal-
• Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, Server 2003, Server led with FEFLOW.
2008, Server 2008 R2, Server 2012, Server 2012
R2 FEFLOW® Viewer
64-bit operating systems FEFLOW Viewer is free software for visualizing
FEFLOW models and results and for postproces-
• Windows XP x64 Edition, Vista x64 Edition,
sing purposes. FEFLOW Viewer is automatically
7 x64 Edition, 8 x64 Edition, 8.1 x64 Edition,
Server 2003 x64 Edition, Server 2008 x64 installed with FEFLOW.
Edition, Server 2008 R2 x64 Edition, WGEO® 6.0
Server 2012 x64 Edition, Server 2012 R2 x64
Edition WGEO® is a sophisticated georeferencing, geo-
FEFLOW for different Linux distributions is avai- imaging and coordinate transformation software
lable for download from the FEFLOW website developed by DHI-WASY GmbH. A license for
www.feflow.com. If you need FEFLOW for a Linux WGEO® Basis and the flexible 7-parameter trans-
distribution not listed there, please do not hesi- formation comes with each FEFLOW license and
tate to contact us at [email protected]! is installed automatically.
WGEO® is provided for the Windows platform.
4 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

I.2 Installing FEFLOW
(Windows)
I
I.2.1 Introduction
FEFLOW 6.2 provides powerful state-of-the-art
editing, visualization and evaluation tools as well
as computational methods for most kinds of
groundwater models.
To run FEFLOW in single-seat mode, the DHI-
WASY License Manager NetLM has to be instal-
led locally.
If the license shall be acquired from a license ser-
ver using a network connection (network license
required), no local installation of NetLM is neces-
sary.
The hyperlinks in the overview can be used to
A license server can be set up by installing NetLM
start the different parts of the FEFLOW installa-
on that machine. The installation of FEFLOW on
tion, to view the documentation and example
the same computer is not necessary.
movies, and to install third-party software.
A typical FEFLOW installation on a Windows ope-
FEFLOW is automatically installed as a 32 bit ver-
rating system consists of three steps:
sion on 32 bit systems, and as 32 and 64 bit ver-
• Installation of FEFLOW and additional programs sions on 64 bit operating systems.
• Installation of the demo data package
• Installation of the DHI-WASY license manager
NetLM
After inserting the DVD into the DVD drive, an
overview of the DVD contents is shown automa-
tically. If autostart is disabled, run Starter.exe from
the windows directory on the DVD.
FEFLOW 6.2 5
I.2.2 System recommendations Other
FEFLOW applies the Open Graphics Library • A free USB port is required for the hardware
(OpenGL) for hardware-based graphics accelera- dongle if the license is not obtained via net-
work.
tion. An OpenGL-compliant graphics adapter
greatly improves graphics performance when wor- I.2.3 FEFLOW Installation
king with 2D and 3D models.
Start the Windows Installer by clicking on the hyper-
• Experience has shown that medium-priced gra-
phics adapters of brand manufacturers provi- link FEFLOW Program Files. Click Next after each
des optimal cost-efficiency. step to proceed to the next step.
• The latest graphics driver should be installed 1. A Welcome screen appears first.
to ensure optimal performance and stability.
Memory
• The actual memory (RAM) requirements depend
on the size and type of the models that are to
be computed.
• A 64-bit operating system is recommended on
systems with more than 2 GB RAM.
Processor
• The computational speed increases approxi-
mately proportional with the CPU clock rate. 2. In the next step, the License Agreement has to be
• FEFLOW supports parallel processing on multi- accepted. Please read it carefully before pro-
core / multi-processor machines (shared mem- ceeding with the installation.
ory).
Human Interface Devices
• The usage of a three-buttoned computer mouse
is recommended for optimal convenience.

3. Wait until the installer has determined the avail-
able disk space.
installation location is C:\Program
Files\WASY\FEFLOW 6.2. For specifying a dif-
ferent destination directory, click Browse.
I
4. In the License window, choose Demo for testing

FEFLOW without a license. Select Client if the 6. Start the installation or go back to change the
license to be used is installed on a remote license settings.
server (Network License) and type in the name
or IP number of the license server. Choose Server
if a Single Seat License is to be used or if the
machine is intended to act as a license server
for a Network License.
5. Select the packages to install. Details about the

packages can be found on the right of the win-
dow and on page 10 of this booklet. The default
FEFLOW 6.2 7
7. FEFLOW is installed. This may take several min- I.2.6 Installation of the Network There is only one
utes. dongle for each
License Manager NetLM copy of FEFLOW. If
the dongle is lost,
Before installing the Network License Manager it can only be replaced by
NetLM we recommend to deinstall all previous purchasing a new license of
versions of NetLM. FEFLOW!
The installation is started by clicking on the hyper-
link License Manager NetLM. Follow the instructions
in the installation dialog.
I.2.7 License installation

This step can be skipped for working in Demo
8. Finish the installation by clicking Finish.
mode only. All license installations have to be done
with administrator privileges.
Make sure that the firewall allows (local) TCP/IP
connections on port 1800.
• Attach the dongle (hardware lock) to the USB
port. Start the DHI-WASY License Management
tool by clicking on the License Administration
entry in the All Programs\DHI-WASY\FEFLOW
6.2 group of the Windows start menu.
• In the tree view on the left side, select Dongle
license in the FEFLOW 6.2 branch. In the
I.2.4 Demo Data Installation Hostname or IP address field, insert localhost if
The demo data installation is started by clicking on the dongle is installed locally, or insert the name
the hyperlink FEFLOW Demo Data. or the IP number of the remote license server.

For the version,
please note that
you have to use
• Single seat license – FEFLOW can be run only
on the computer the dongle is attached to.
• Network license – FEFLOW can be used on any
I
“6.2x” because
your license is valid for all computer connected to the license server via
sub-versions of FEFLOW 6.2. TCP/IP network (LAN or WAN/internet).
• Click Install. A message box indicates that the
license has been successfully installed. If the
installation was not successful, check all the
license information in comparison to the infor-
mation provided on the license sheet. The infor-
mation has to be identical in all details.
• Click OK to close the DHI-WASY License
Management dialog.
• Choose FEFLOW Standard from the DHI-WASY
program group or double click on the desktop
• Click Connect. Check whether the number icon to start FEFLOW.
returned in the field HOSTID is identical to the
number on the FEFLOW license sheet. In case Using a Network License for FEFLOW, the DHI-
that multiple dongles of the same brand are WASY License Manager can be installed on any
connected, a HOSTID mismatch may occur. In computer within the network (LAN or WAN) with-
this case remove all dongles except the DHI- out the complete FEFLOW installation. Clients need
WASY dongle. to connect via TCP/IP on port 1800 to have access
• Switch to the Licenses tab and enter the license to the license server.
information from the FEFLOW license sheet. The
license information can be pasted from the clip-
board if the license has been received digitally.
Copy the selected section in the license docu-
ment to the clipboard and use the Paste license
from clipboard button to insert all the license
information at once. Please also make sure that
the same license type as on the license sheet is
selected:
FEFLOW 6.2 9
I.3 Installation Packages • Spatial Database Support: Optional components
for spatial database (ArcGIS, PostGIS and Oracle)
Packages for installation can be selected during access from FEFLOW
the first installation or by re-running the installa- • Interface Manager SDK - optional development
tion in Modify mode. A description for each pak- kit for the open programming interface IFM
kage can be shown in the right part of the Custom
• Two options for desktop shortcut icons on the
setup dialog. Windows desktop
The following packages are available: • The ArcGIS extension is not publicly available.
WGEO Basis is
WGEO licensed automat-
ically with
Georeferencing, geoimaging and transformation FEFLOW. If a
software - a WGEO license is installed automati- license dialog shows up, just
cally. The German Transformations may require click on Cancel.
separate licensing.
Plot Assistant
Very simple GIS-like software for producing plots
with FEFLOW data.
Data Tools
Scripts for data checking and format conversion.
In the Demo Data installation there are the follow-
ing packages:
FEFLOW • Examples - example models
FEFLOW program files - required for running • Exercise - data for the demonstration exercise
FEFLOW • Tutorial - data for the tutorials (User Manual)
• Help - FEFLOW help system • Benchmarks - benchmark models

II Demonstration Exercise
II.1 Introduction Sophisticated interfaces to GIS and CAD data as well
as simple text formats are provided.
II.1.1 About FEFLOW The option to use and develop user-specific plug-
FEFLOW (Finite Element subsurface FLOW and ins via the programming interface (Interface
transport system) is an interactive groundwater Manager IFM) allows the addition of external code
modeling system for or even external programs to FEFLOW.
• three-dimensional and two-dimensional FEFLOW is available for WINDOWS systems as
• regional and cross-sectional (horizontal, verti- well as for different Linux distributions.
cal or axisymmetric) Since its birth in 1979 FEFLOW has been conti-
• fluid density-coupled, also thermohaline, or nuously extended and improved. It is consistently
uncoupled maintained and further developed by a team of
• variably saturated experts at DHI-WASY. FEFLOW is used worldwide
• transient or steady state as a high-end groundwater modeling tool at uni-
versities, research institutes, government agen-
• flow, groundwater age, mass and heat trans- cies and consulting companies.
port
• reactive multi-species transport In 2013, the FEFLOW book - written by FEFLOW
founder Prof. Hans-Jörg Diersch - has been pub-
in subsurface water environments with or without lished by Springer. It represents a theoretical text-
one or multiple free surfaces. book and covers a wide range of physical and
FEFLOW can be efficiently used to describe the spa- computational issues in the field of porous/frac-
tial and temporal distribution and reactions of tured-media modeling.
groundwater contaminants, to model geothermal For additional information about FEFLOW please
processes, to estimate the duration and travel times do not hesitate to contact your local DHI office,
of chemical species in aquifers, to plan and design one of the FEFLOW distributors, DHI-WASY, or have
remediation strategies and interception techniques, a look at the FEFLOW web site
and to assist in designing alternatives and effec- http://www.feflow.com.
tive monitoring schemes.
FEFLOW 6.2 11
II.1.2 Scope and Structure II.1.3 Terms and Notations You can skip any
of the steps in this
This exercise provides a step-by-step description In addition to the verbal description of the required exercise by load-
of the setup, simulation, and post processing of a screen actions this exercise makes use of some ing already pre-
three-dimensional flow and mass transport model icons. They are intended to assist in relating the pared files at certain stages.
These model stages are not
based on (simplified) real-world data, showing the written description to the graphical information necessarily ready to run.
philosopy and handling of the FEFLOW user inter- provided by FEFLOW. The icons refer to the kind
face. of setting to be done:
The demonstration exercise is not intended as an main menu
introduction to groundwater modeling itself.
Therefore, some background knowledge of ground- context menu
water hydrology and modeling is required, other- toolbar
wise respective literature should be consulted in
parallel. panel
The exercise covers the following work steps: button
• Definition of the basic model geometry input box for text or numbers
• Generation of a 3D finite-element mesh
switch toggle
• Setup of a transient transport model, including
initial conditions, boundary conditions and mate- radio button
rial properties
checkbox For following the
• Import of GIS data and regionalization exercise, the demo
• Simulation run All file names are printed in bold red, map names data files for
are printed in red italic and numbers or text to be FEFLOW have to
• Results visualization and post processing be installed. The demo data
entered by the user in bold green. Keyboard keys
For additional information and other physical are referenced in <italic> style. All required files are installation package is avail-
processes covered by FEFLOW, please refer to the able on the FEFLOW DVD as
available in the FEFLOW demo data. The well as for download from
FEFLOW User Manual. You can download it from
symbols indicates an intermediary stage where www.feflow.com.
www.feflow.com.

either a prepared file can be loaded to resume this A three-dimensional groundwater flow and con-
II
exercise or - if working with a licensed copy of taminant transport model is set up to evaluate the
FEFLOW - it is recommended to save the model. overall threat to groundwater quality, and to quan-
Thus the exercise does not have to be done in one tify the potential pollution. First, the model domain
step even in demo mode. needs to be defined. The town is surrounded by
many natural flow boundaries, such as rivers and
II.1.4 Requirements lakes. There are two small rivers that run north-
south on either side of Friedrichshagen that can
If not already done, please install the FEFLOW act as the eastern and western boundaries. The
software including the demo data package. A lake Müggelsee can limit the model domain to the
license is not necessary to run this tutorial (FEFLOW south. The northern boundary is chosen along an
can be run in demo mode). northwest-southeast groundwater level contour
The latest version of FEFLOW can be downloaded line north of the two potential contamination
from the website www.feflow.com. In case of any sources.
problems or additional questions please do not
hesitate to contact the FEFLOW technical support
([email protected]).
II.1.5 Model Scenario

A fictitious contaminant has been detected near
the small town of Friedrichshagen, in the south-
east of Berlin, Germany. An increasing concentra-
tion can be observed in two water supply wells.
There are two potential sources of the contami-
nation: The first are abandoned sewage fields close
to a waste-water treatment plant located in an
industrial area northeast of town. The other pos-
sible source is an abandoned waste-disposal site
further east.
FEFLOW 6.2 13
The geology of the study area is comprised of tion. Such files are available for all relevant steps
Quaternary sediments. The hydrogeologic system of this example so that the model setup can be
consists of two main aquifers separated by an interrupted and picked up again.
aquitard. The top hydrostratigraphic unit is con-
sidered to be a sandy unconfined aquifer up to 7 II.2.2 FEFLOW 6.2 User Interface
meters thick. The second aquifer located below
the clayey aquitard has an average thickness of The user interface components are organized in a
approximately 30 meters. main menu, toolbars, panels, view windows, and
dialogs.
The northern part of the model area is primarily
used for agriculture, whereas the southern portion While the main menu is always visible, the other
is dominated by forest. In both parts, significant parts of the interface can be customized, adding
urbanized areas exist. or hiding particular toolbars and panels by using
the menu command View > Toolbars
and View > Panels, respectively. Please keep in
II.2 Getting Started mind that not all panels and toolbars are displayed
by default. Thus this exersice may require to access
II.2.1 Starting FEFLOW a function in a toolbar or panel that is not visible
at that moment. The toolbar or panel has to be
On Windows Systems
added then.
• Start FEFLOW 6.2 via the corresponding desk-
top icon or the startup menu entry. During the work with FEFLOW models, view win-
dows display a certain type of view on the model
On Linux Systems and its properties. There are different types of view
• Type feflow62q in a console window and press windows: Supermesh view, Slice view, 3D view, Cross-
<Enter> . Section view and Data-Trace view. The availability
of different functionality like toolbars depends on
If no FEFLOW license is available, FEFLOW can be the currently active view type.
set to demo mode via Tools > License... In demo
mode, loading and saving of files is limited to 500 View windows can be closed via the correspon-
nodes per slice and 5 slices. Specially prepared ding button in the view frame. New view windows
demo files provided with FEFLOW are an excep-

can be opened by selecting Window > New
and choosing the respective view window type.
II.3 Geometry
II.3.1 Maps and Model Bounds
II
After opening FEFLOW, start a new model by using
the menu command File > New or the New
1_maps.mp4
button in the Standard toolbar.
The exercise work- The first step of model setup is the definition of
flows are also the Initial Domain Bounds. This can be done man-
available as video ually, or by loading georeferenced maps.
screencasts: On The last type of user interface component relevant
the DVD in the for the exercise are charts. Looking very similar to All necessary files for this exercise are provided with
FEFLOW\screencasts direc- panels, they contain plots of time curves. Missing the FEFLOW Demo Data package and are located
tory, on www.feflow.com and chart windows can be added to the user interface in the project folder demo/exercise (by default in
in the FEFLOW channel on by opening View > Charts from the menu and C:\Users\Public\Documents\WASY FEFLOW 6.2).
YouTube. The video symbol The map files are found in the subdirectory
and the file name indicate
choosing the required chart type from the list.
import+export.
the respective video for the Last, but not least it might be worth to mention
following workflow. The first Click on Multiple, possibly nonoverlapping maps
video starts here. that all steps done in FEFLOW can be undone and
redone via the corresponding toolbar buttons. [...] and press Finish. Load all the following
There is no limit on the number of undo steps. maps at once (by holding <Ctrl> on the keyboard)
to ensure that FEFLOW uses the bounding box of
all the maps to define the initial domain bounds.
You may have to select All Maps in the Files of Type
In this exercise, selector at the bottom of the dialog.
different file types The particular map files that are needed now are:
are used as data
source at the dif- • topography_rectified.tif (a georeferenced raster
ferent stages of modelling to image of the model area for better orientation)
show the number of options.
In practical projects, it may • model_area.shp (a polygon map that contains
be preferred to store basic several polygons denoting the outer model
data in one file type, e.g., boundary and embedded contamination areas)
*.shp when using GIS.
FEFLOW 6.2 15
• contamination_sources.dxf (the footprint of the ponents that are currently plotted in the active view
sewage fields and the waste disposal as poly- window.
gons)
When loading the map layers to the view, the maps
• wells.shp (the positions of the wells)
have also been added to the tree in the
Some of these maps will also be used for model View Components panel.
parameterization later on.
After import, the maps are listed in the Maps panel,
sorted by their file type (see figure). A double click
on the Geo-TIFF topography_rectified adds the geo-
referenced topographic map to the active Supermesh
view window.
The drawing order of maps can be modified by

dragging them with the mouse to another posi-
tion in the tree (this might become necessary as
the model area polygon may overlay the polygons
of the mass sources). The topmost map is drawn
on top.
To switch a map on and off, the checkbox in front
of the map name can be checked/unchecked. If
Except for the maps contamination_sources and topog- checking/unchecking the checkbox of an entire
raphy_rectified all other maps are ESRI shape files. branch all the maps in this branch become visi-
These vector files occupy their own branch in the ble/invisible at the same time.
tree, each with a default map layer. Double-click on
all the Default layer entries to add the visualization The topographic map has mainly been loaded for
layers of the shape files to the Supermesh view. providing a regional context. For more clarity, it
can be switched off before starting with the fol-
Now have a closer look at a second panel, the lowing operations. Make sure that the other maps
View Components panel. This panel lists the com- are visible.
II.3.2 Supermesh
In the simplest case, the supermesh contains a def-
Outer boundary and contamination
sources II
inition of the outer model boundary. In addition, The polygons can be directly loaded from the map
geometrical features such as the position of pump- model_area. In the Maps panel, open the con-
ing wells, the limits of areas with different prop- text menu of this map (with a right-click on the
2_supermesh.mp4 map name) and choose Convert to > Supermesh
erties or the courses of rivers can be included to
be considered for the generation of the finite-ele- Polygons.
ment mesh. Additionally, the polygons, lines and
points specified in the supermesh can be used later
on to assign boundary conditions or material prop-
erties.
As mentioned above, a supermesh may contain
three types of features:
• polygons
• lines
• points
At least one polygon has to be created to define
the model area boundaries.
The editing tools are found in the Mesh Editor
toolbar:
The supermesh imported from the map does con-

sist of several adjacent, non-overlapping polygons.
For additional editing, different tools are available
to manually modify the supermesh.
Before generating the finite-element mesh, the
well locations are to be included in the supermesh
for this example.
FEFLOW 6.2 17
Well locations II.3.3 Finite element mesh
The positions of the wells can be imported directly Once the outer boundary and other geometrical
from a map as well. Open the context menu of constraints have been defined in the supermesh,
the map wells in the Maps panel and choose the finite-element mesh can be generated.
Convert to > Supermesh Points.
All necessary tools can be found in the
Mesh Generator toolbar.
For this example, choose the mesh generation algo-

rithm Gridbuilder. Click Generate Mesh to
start mesh generation.
A new Slice view is automatically opened, depict-
ing the resulting finite-element mesh.
For our purpose, especially for the simulation of
contaminant transport, this initially generated mesh
The points immediately appear as red dots in the does not seem to be appropriate. A finer spatial
Supermesh view. resolution is required.
Activate the Supermesh view again so that the
Mesh Generator and Supermesh toolbar
become visible again.
In the Mesh Generator toolbar, enter 6000
as Total Elements and click Generate Mesh again.
The finite-element mesh in the Slice view is updated,
showing a finer discretization now.
exercise_fri1.smh

Zooming functions
can be used at any
time. Press and
Local refinement
At the pumping wells steep hydraulic gradients are
Leave the dialog by clicking on
Click
OK.
Generate Mesh one last time and check
II
hold the right expected at the center of the well cone. To realis- the changes in the mesh.
mouse button, move the tically represent these, fine discretization is neces-
mouse up/down). Pan by sary, too. exercise_fri1.fem
pressing and holding the
mouse wheel and moving the Switch to the Supermesh view again to see the
mouse to any direction. Also Mesh Generation toolbar. If the view has been
the mouse wheel may be
used for zooming. accidentally closed, re-open it by
choosing Window > New > Supermesh View from
Besides refinement the menu.
at points or poly- Click on Generator Properties to open the
gon borders,
FEFLOW also pro- Generator Properties dialog.
vides the means to edit the
desired relative mesh density
on a polygon-by-polygon
basis.
To obtain a refinement around the well locations,

activate the Point element gradation. Apply a
refinement level of 10.
FEFLOW 6.2 19
II.3.4 Expansion to 3D FEFLOW distinguishes between layers and slices in
3D. Layers are three-dimensional bodies that typ-
Up to this point we have worked on the model ically represent geological formations like aquifers
seen in top view, not considering the vertical direc- and aquitards. The interfaces between layers, as
tion. Starting from this 2D geometry, a 3D model well as the top and bottom model boundary are
consisting of several layers is set up. called slices.
3_3D_geometry.mp4
The actual elevation of the layer tops and bottoms In a first step, the numbers of layers and slices are
is derived by an interpolation based on map data defined. The actual stratigraphic data are applied
(point-based data). in a separate step afterwards.
For this example, three geological layers are con- Initial 3D Setup
sidered for the model. An upper aquifer is limited
by the ground surface on top and by an aquitard Open Edit > 3D Layer Configuration.
on bottom. A second aquifer is situated below the
aquitard, underlain by a low permeable unit of
unknown thickness. This underlying stratigraphic
layer is assumed to be impervious and is not part
of the simulation.
In the upper left corner of the dialog, a text field

shows the current number of layers (1). Increase
this value to 3 and hit <Enter>. This makes
FEFLOW switch the model geometry to 3D, the
model containing 3 layers. The number of slices
automatically changes to 3 + 1 = 4 . By default,
the top slice has a spatially constant elevation of
Elevation Data
This raw geometry will be formed into its real shape
II
0 m. The other slices are placed below with a dis- by regionalizing elevation data contained in map
tance of 1 m each. files.
The basic data have been derived from a DEM and
from borehole logs, and have been combined into
an Excel file (*.xlsx) with four columns: X, Y, Ele,
and Slice. Such a file can only be edited in spread-
sheet software such as Microsoft Excel or Open
Office / LibreOffice. Containing the target slice
number as a point attribute, the file can be used
as the basis for regionalization of elevations for all
slices at once. The elevations are given in meters
ASL.
Click on OK to apply the settings and to exit

the dialog. After finishing the basic layer confi-
guration of the 3D model, a 3D view automati-
cally opens. This view shows the actual 3D
geometry of the model, now containing 4 planar The file has to be loaded as a map before its attrib-
slices with a distance of 1 m each. The 3D view ute data can be used as the basis for interpolation.
background by default is set to black. To achieve In to the Maps panel click on Filter and use
better visibility in print, for all images in this exer- Add Map(s)... to load elevations.xlsx. It is not nec-
cise a white view background has been applied. essary to visualize the map in the view.
exercise_fri2.fem The usage of Excel files requires the installation of

a licensed copy of Microsoft Excel. On Linux sys-
tems or where Excel is not installed, please load
elevations.dat instead of the Excel file.
FEFLOW 6.2 21
As a next step, the attribute values of the data file Click on Add Link to establish a connection
need to be associated with (linked to) their respec- between the values in the map and the elevation
tive FEFLOW parameter, in this case with the ele- data, or - alternatively - double click on Elevation
vation. In order to do this, open the context menu to set the link.
of the map elevations with a right click and choose
Link to Parameter(s)….
On the left-hand side of the dialog, the available Besides linking the attribute field to the model
attributes of the map are listed. Select the entry properties, a number of settings has to be done to
Ele with a mouse click. ensure appropriate regionalization when import-
ing the map data to the nodal values.
On the right-hand side, a tree view contains all
available FEFLOW parameters that can be associ- By default, FEFLOW expects elevation data to be
ated with the data. In this tree, open the in the unit meters, which is correct in this case.
Process Variables > Elevation branch and click on
Elevation. Data are regionalized by applying two-dimensional
interpolation. To separate data for the different

slices, select Field containing slice number in Node/Slice
Selection. In the next line, choose the attribute Slice
as Field containing slice number (see image).
II
From the dropdown menu for Data Regionalization
Method in the lower part of the dialog, choose the
Akima method. As the properties, set:
• Interpolation type: Linear This can be done in the Navigation panel
( View > Panels).
• Neighbors: 3. Only the three map points
that are closest to a mesh node are used for the Click on the tab Projection and move the Scaling
interpolation. slider bar upwards until you have achieved a con-
• Over-/Under Shooting: 0. Thus the resulting venient view on the 3D model. Alternatively, the
values may not exceed the range of input val- <Shift> key in combination with the mouse wheel
ues. can be used to change the stretch factor for the
active 3D view.
Click on OK to apply these settings and to close
the dialog.
Elevation data assignment
Click into the 3D view to bring it to front. Make
sure to have the Rotate tool in the View tool-
bar activated. Rotation, panning, and zooming can
be easily performed using the mouse:
• Left mouse button: rotate the model around its
center of gravity
• Center mouse button (mouse wheel): pan the
model
• Right mouse button: zoom (in/out)
As the model has a rather small vertical extent com-
pared to its horizontal dimensions, the (vertical) z-
axis should be exaggerated.
FEFLOW 6.2 23
To finally assign the elevation data by regionaliza- The result looks as shown in the figure below.
tion from map data to the selected nodes, two Probably the Scaling has to be adjusted again
more steps are required: ( Navigation panel > Projection tab or <Shift> -
mouse wheel) to account for the changed verti-
• In the Maps panel, open the branch Maps
> ASCII Table Files > elevation. Under cal extent.
Linked Attributes, double-click on Ele -> Elevation.
• Hereby, in the Editor toolbar, the map ele-

vation is automatically set as data source in the
input box and the model property Elevation is
activated as parameter. Note that also Elevation
has been chosen in the Data panel and is
now shown in bold letters.
• Click on Select All in the Selection tool-

bar.
• Click Assign in the Editor toolbar to apply
the new elevation data to all nodes. exercise_fri3.fem
In the 3D view the node elevations are immedi-
ately updated. II.4 Problem settings
Click on Clear Selection in the Selection tool- FEFLOW provides the means to simulate a num-
bar. ber of different physical processes in different spa-
tial and temporal dimensions, ranging from simple
2D steady-state flow models to transient, unsatu-
rated, density-coupled reactive transport models.
As the input parameters depend on the model
type, the general problem settings are typically
done in the beginning.
By default Standard (saturated) groundwater flow
equation is selected, applying Darcy’s equation.
Though this option is selected, the model is able
II
Go to Edit > Problem Settings to open the to account for phreatic conditions.
Problem Settings dialog, where all general settings
related to the current model are done. The second option - Richards’ equation (unsatu-
4_problem_settings.mp4 rated or variably saturated media) - would lead to
Richards’ equation being applied, being capable
of accounting for both saturated and unsaturated
conditions within one model.
In this particular case, it is not expected that con-
sidering the unsaturated/variably saturated zone
would change the model result to an extent that
would justify the additional effort for the solution.
Keep the default setting (Standard groundwater-
flow equation) for this exercise.
On the same page, also other Problem class set-
tings are done. Besides choosing between tran-
sient and steady-state conditions, it is also possible
All these settings are organized in thematic pages to add solute, groundwater age or heat transport
controlled by a tree view on the left-hand side of processes to the flow simulation.
the dialog. However, activating the transport option now would
Problem class increase the complexity to an extent that is not
necessary at this stage. Thus we first focus on the
The principal type of the FEFLOW model is defined flow model and add mass transport at a later stage.
on the Problem Class page.
Below the Scenario description (which is not manda-
tory to be modified) one of two general types of
problems - saturated media and unsaturated/vari-
ably saturated media - is chosen.
FEFLOW 6.2 25
Free Surface
The first aquifer in the simulation area is known to
be unconfined, so a phreatic water table is to be
simulated. For this example, an approximation of
the phreatic level by applying a pseudo-unsatu-
rated technology is chosen. Hereby, a reduced con-
ductivity is applied during the simulation to model
layers if they are located above the water table.
For more information on the handling of free sur-
faces in 3D models, please refer to the help sys-
tem and the FEFLOW User Manual.
The settings for unconfined conditions are located
on the Free Surface page. First of all, switch to
The flow model is to be run for steady-state con- Unconfined aquifers(s). In the Status column,
ditions, so switch to Steady. open the drop down list of Slice 1 and choose the
option Phreatic.
Click on Apply to apply the changes.
For the slices 2 and 3 keep the option Dependent
(the status of the bottom slice 4 is fixed and can-
not be changed).
Finally, set the Residual water depth for unconfined
layers to a value of 0.05 m, hereby increasing the
residual conductivity of dry elements for adding
additional stability.
Close the dialog by clicking Apply and OK.
exercise_fri4.fem

II.5 Model Parameters
In the following sections, the physical properties
boundary, a head contour line will be used
instead (hydraulich head = 46 m).
• Western and eastern border: Two small rivers
II
of the study area are applied to the finite-element (the Fredersdorfer Mühlenfließ and the
model. Neuenhagener Mühlenfließ) form the bound-
aries at the western and eastern limits of the
The respective parameters are found in the model. As they roughly follow the groundwa-
Data panel. The parameters are organized in ter flow direction, we assume these heavily
5_flow_bcs.mp4 the following main branches in the tree view: clogged creeks to represent boundary stream-
• Geometry lines. No exchange of water is expected over
this boundary and therefore a no-flow bound-
• Process Variables ary condition is assumed.
• Boundary Conditions • Finally, two wells, with a pumping rate of
• Material Properties 900 m³/d and 1,000 m³/d, respectively, are
• Auxiliary Data located in the southern part of the model. These
represent a number of large well fields in real-
• User Data ity.
• Discrete Features
The hydraulic head boundary conditions are entered
II.5.2 Boundary conditions manually, while the wells are derived from a map.
To calculate the hydraulic head distribution between Manual editing is often easier if being done in a
the upstream and downstream boundary, appro- 2D view. Thus switch to the Slice view. If you have
priate boundary conditions are applied. For the accidentally closed it, a new view can be opened
sake of simplicity, they will be kept in a rather sim- via Window > Slice view.
ple way: Slice view
• Southern border: The lake Müggelsee completely
controls the head along the southern bound- This view type always shows a single slice or layer.
ary. The lake water level of 32.1 m is used as the Browsing between the slices is easiest by hitting
value for a 1st kind (Dirichlet) hydraulic-head the <Pg Up> and <Pg Down> keys, respectively.
boundary condition. Alternatively, the layer/slice to be seen in the view
• Northern border: As there is no natural bound- can be directly selected in the Spatial Units
ary condition like a water divide close to the panel.
FEFLOW 6.2 27
The recommended tool for navigation in the Slice of the northern border are highlighted as yellow
view is the Pan tool in the View toolbar. The points. The selection is shown in the 3D view simul-
mouse buttons are associated with the following taneously.
functions:
• Left and center mouse button: pan
• Right mouse button: zoom (in/out)
• Mouse wheel: zoom (in/out) in steps
Northern Boundary
Zoom to the northern boundary.
Next, the selection is extended to the other three
For the Slice view, the Selection toolbar pro-
slices of the model. A time-saving way to do this
vides additional tools for selecting nodes compared
is the application of the Copy Selection to
to the 3D view. Choose Select Nodes Along a
Layers/Slices tool. Start the tool and select all slices
Border.
in the upcoming dialog (manually or by hitting
<Strg>-<A>). Click on OK.
Bring up the 3D view and ensure that indeed all
nodes at the northern boundary are selected.
Having this tool selected, click on the westernmost

node of the boundary and hold down the left
mouse button, move the mouse cursor to the east-
ernmost node and release the button. The nodes

Go to the Data panel and double-click on
Boundary Conditions (BC) > Fluid flow > Hydraulic-
head BC, the type of boundary condition to be
The values of the boundary condition can be
checked using the inspection tool, which is acti-
vated by clicking on Inspect nodal/elemental val-
II
applied. ues in the Inspection toolbar. Move the hair-cross
to a node with a boundary condition. The values
of all properties currently visible in the active view
are shown in the Inspection panel.
To manually assign a hydraulic-head boundary con-

dition make sure that the Assign Values method is
active in the Editor toolbar (see figure). If not,
open the context menu by a right click on the sym-
bol in the input box and choose Assign
Values.
The inspection tool can be closed by hitting <Esc>

or by activating another tool (e.g., the default tool
Rotate) in the View toolbar.
After defining the boundary condition at the north-
ern boundary, we store the current node selection
Enter 46 m in the input box of the Editor for later use:
toolbar and click on the Assign
button. Open the context menu of the Spatial Units
panel and choose Store Current Selection.
Blue circles appear around the selected nodes to

indicate the Hydraulic-head BC. While having the
3D view active, double-click on Hydraulic-head BC
in the Data panel to also show the boundary
conditions in 3D.
FEFLOW 6.2 29
In the Node Selection dialog, change the name to • Make sure that Hydraulic-head BC in the
Northern Boundary and click OK. The Data panel is still active.
stored selection appears in the Spatial Units
• Type 32.1 m in the input box of the
panel. Click on Clear selection. Editor toolbar and click Assign.
• Store the selection for later use, naming it
Southern Boundary.
• Clear selection .
exercise_fri5.fem
Southern Boundary Remaining outer boundaries

The assignment of boundary conditions along the At nodes without an explicit boundary condition
southern boundary is done in the same way: set, FEFLOW automatically applies a no-flow con-
dition. Therefore, no further action is required for
• In the Slice view, zoom/pan to the southern bor- the western, eastern, top and bottom model bound-
der. aries, which are assumed to be impervious except
• Select nodes along a border. for groundwater recharge to be added later.
• Copy selection to all slices.
Pumping wells
• Switch to the 3D view and check that the
selection is set correctly. The wells are to be set in the southern part of the
study area based on the map wells. They are
assumed to be screened throughout the whole
depth of the model.
6_multilayer_wells.mp4
This kind of well, which stretches along a number
of layers, is called a multilayer well. Multilayer wells
are assigned along vertical element edges (called
Join Edges). Nodes along these edge selections are
connected automatically by a high-conductive
finite element that mimics the borehole.

Several parameters are necessary to assign a multi-
II
layer well, including the pumping rate, the radius
of the well and elevation of the top and bottom
end of the screen.
While it is also possible to manually enter these val-
ues, it is more convenient to import them from a
map.
The wells map contains attribute data that need to
be associated with (linked to) their respective
FEFLOW parameter. In order to do this, open the
context menu of the map wells (in the Maps
panel) with a right click and choose Link to
Parameter… to open the Parameter Association dia- Repeat these steps for the attribute fields
log.
• RADIUS (link to Radius)
On the left-hand side of the dialog, you see the • SCREENTOP (link to Top elevation)
available data of the map.
• SCREENBOTT (link to Bottom Elevation)
The attribute RATE relates to the abstraction rate • NAME (link to Name).
of the well, select it with a mouse click.
Each well will be created along that edge that is
On the right-hand side, open the Boundary closest to its corresponding data point, but still
Conditions > Fluid Flow > Multilayer Well branch and within a user-defined search radius (snap distance).
click on Type > Rate. The Snap Distance should be small but greater than
zero. enter 0.01 meters in the input field. Click
Click on Add Link to establish a connection OK to close the dialog.
between the values in the map and the Multilayer
well or double click on Rate to set the link. The actual assignment is done in a similar way
already performed while importing the elevation
data.
FEFLOW 6.2 31
• In the Maps panel, open the branch Maps panel. All boundary conditions are shown in the
> ESRI Shape Files > wells. In Linked Attributes, view. Uncheck the checkbox of Geometry >
double-click on <multiple>->Multilayer Well. Faces in the View Components panel to see
into the domain.
Blue circles are shown on the northern and south-

ern border, and four red symbols for each well.
• Click on Select All in the Selection tool-

bar.
• Click on Assign in the Editor toolbar. Even
though all join edges in the model have been
selected, the multilayer wells will be assigned
each to the closest edges only. Clear the selec-
tion.
exercise_fri6.fem
Finally check all boundary conditions you have set.
Go to the 3D view. Make sure that Domain is selec-
ted in the Spatial Units panel. Double-click on
Boundary Conditions (BC) > Fluid flow in the Data exercise_fri7.fem

II.5.3 Material properties • Input a value of 195 mm/a into the box in
II
the Editor toolbarand hit <Enter>.
Top Aquifer (Layer 1) The porosity is applied to the same selection:
In the top aquifer, the hydraulic conductivity, the • Activate Drain/Fillable Porosity in the Data
porosity as well as the groundwater recharge are panel with a double-click.
7_material_properties_I.mp4 to be set. • Input a value of 0.1 and hit <Enter>.
Although groundwater recharge from a mathe- The hydraulic conductivity will be assigned by inter-
matical point of view is rather a boundary condi- polating data from field samples.
tion, it is handled as a material property in FEFLOW.
• Add the map conduc2d.trp to the Maps
In a 3D model, the respective parameter to be set
panel ( Add map(s)). This file contains point-
is In/Outflow on top/bottom. based conductivity values for the top aquifer in
The input procedures for material properties are the unit 10-4 m/s.
completely analogous to the ones for the bound- • Associate ( Link to Parameter…) the attribute
ary conditions; material properties however are column Value to the FEFLOW parameter K_xx.
assigned to elements instead of nodes: K_yy and K_zz will be calculated from K_xx and
assigned later).
• Go to the 3D view.
• Choose 10-4 m/s as Source data unit
• Reactivate the checkbox of Geometry > Faces
in the View Components panel. • As a regionalization method, choose Akima,
Linear, with Neighbors 3 and 0%
• Activate Material Properties > Fluid Flow > Over-/Under Shooting. Activate the checkbox
In/Outflow on top/bottom in the Data panel Logarithmic. Close the dialog with OK.
with a double-click.
• Double-click on Conductivity > K_xx in the
• Choose the Select Complete Layer/Slice tool Data panel.
(in the dropdown selector on the left of the tool-
bar) in the Selection toolbar and select all If the top layer is no longer selected, choose the
elements in the top layer by clicking on it. Select Complete Layer/Slice tool in the
• In the Data panel, right-click on In/Outflow Selection toolbar and select it.
on top/bottom and choose Set Unit > mm/a • In the Maps panel, double-click on
from the context menu. Linked Attributes > Value -> K_xx.
FEFLOW 6.2 33
• To finally assign the conductivity values, click Lower aquifer (Layer 3)
the Assign button in the Editor toolbar.
Repeat the same steps as for layer 2:
• Clear selection and select the elements in the
third layer applying Select Complete
exercise_fri8.fem Layer/Slice again.
• Choose Assign Multiple... from the context
Aquitard (Layer 2) menu of Material Properties > Fluid Flow.
In the second layer, we only need to assign con- • Enter 2e-4 m/s for K_xx.
stant values for the conductivity and drain-/fillable • Enter 0.1 for the Drain-/fillable porosity.
porosity.
• Uncheck all other properties.
• Clear selection and select the elements in the • Click the OK button to finalize the assign-
second layer applying Select Complete 8_material_properties_II.mp4
ment.
Layer/Slice again.
• Clear selection.
A very efficient way to assign multiple model prop-
erties is by right-clicking on Material Properties > exercise_fri9.fem
Fluid Flow in the Data panel and choosing Anisotropic hydraulic conductivity
Assign Multiple... from the context menu.
While K_xx has been assigned already, K_yy and
In the following dialog, K_zz will be derived from K_xx.
• Enter 1e-6 m/s for K_xx (including the unit!).
K_yy is equal to K_xx, it will be assigned using a
• Enter 0.15 for the Drain-/fillable porosity simple copy&paste procedure:
• Uncheck all other properties.
• Select All elements in the 3D view.
• Click OK to finalize the assignment.
• Choose Copy... from the context menu of
Material Properties > Fluid Flow > Conductivity >
K_xx.
• Double-click Material Properties > Fluid Flow >
Conductivity > K_yy.

• Choose Paste... from the context menu of
Material Properties > Fluid Flow > Conductivity >
K_yy.
For this particular operation, select and delete the
word current on the right hand side of the equal-
ity sign. Afterwards, double-click on Material
II
Properties > Fluid Flow > Conductivity > CONDX in
Besides manual assignment and data import,
the list on the right to insert it into the expression.
FEFLOW allows to calculate model properties from
Afterwards, click on the multiplication symbol in
mathematical expressions. This will be used for the
the toolbar on the top and finally type 0.1 on your
vertical conductivity K_zz, which is assumed to be
keyboard. The resulting expression (see figure) cal-
10% of the lateral conductivity K_xx.
culates the vertical conductivity as 10% of the hor-
• Double-click on Material Properties > Fluid Flow izontal conductivity. Afterwards, press Close.
> Conductivity > K_zz.
• Switch to the Expression input method by
clicking on the icon in the input box of the
Editor toolbar or by right-clicking into the
box and selecting from the drop-down list. Then
double click on Current Expression. The Expression
Editor opens.
The Expression Editor is a tool to create arbitrary To finally assign the new values, click the Assign
mathematical expressions for various purposes. At button in the Editor toolbar.
the top of the dialog several toolbars provide basic
mathematical operations. On the right hand side Clear selection.
there is a list of all model parameters that can be
used within the expression. All operations and exercise_fri10.fem
parameters can be added to the expession by a
double click, or by directly typing them into the
expression using the keyboard.
FEFLOW 6.2 35
Reference Field Data II.6 Simulation
To be able to compare the computed groundwa- The flow part of the flow and transport model is
ter levels to measurements, a couple of observa- complete. By running the steady-state model, a
tion points will be loaded into the model. hydraulic head distribution will be computed that
will also act as initial condition for the following
Go to the Maps panel and use the button 9_observation_points.mp4
transient simulation.
( Add Map(s)...) to add observation_wells.dat to
the list of loaded maps. It is not necessary to visu- It is recommended
In case that FEFLOW is run in licensed mode, save to save the file
alize the map in the view. the model to be able to return to the initial prop- before starting the
erties later! If running FEFLOW in demo mode, this simulation (if
Open the Slice view again if it has been closed.
model cannot be saved as the number of nodes working with a license).
Right-click on the map entry in the Maps panel per slice exceeds the allowed maximum of 500. During the simulation, the
and choose Convert to ... > Observation Points Please use the prepared file exercise_fri11.fem in process variables will change
this case. and you would lose the ini-
from the context menu. The map file contains infor- tial conditions of the model.
mation about the location, slice number and meas-
ured hydraulic head in the observation well. As
Starting the simulation
default headers are used in this example file, the To run the simulation, click Start in the
association of attributes to the properties of the Simulator toolbar.
observation points works automatically and no
changes need to be done in the upcoming dialog.
Click the OK button to proceed. 10_flow_simulation.mp4
As the model is unconfined, the resulting nonlin-
The now imported observation wells can be ear equation system needs solved iteratively, tak-
shown by a double-click on Observation Points in ing into account that the saturated thickness of
the Spatial Units panel. unconfined layers depends on the actual solution
for hydraulic head. The Error Norm History chart
exercise_fri11.fem provides information about the remaining error in
each simulation iteration. The simulation stops after
eight iterations, the error reaching values below
the defined error criterion.

On computers
During and after the simulation, all visualization
tools in FEFLOW can be used to monitor and post-
process the simulation results.
Scene Library
In the Slice View, chose Create Scene from
II
with multi-core Window. This stores a copy of the current view and
CPUs or multiple Make sure to select Domain in the Spatial Units all its settings in the Scene Library panel, in order
CPUs the simula- panel. Go to the Data panel and double-click to use it later for restoring the view.
tion result and budget result on Process Variables > Fluid Flow > Hydraulic head
may be slightly different in for visualization of the resulting hydraulic head dis- exercise_fri12.fem
each run - even with identi- tribution.
cal input parameters. This is In case of loading the file, run the simulation
due to possibly different sum- In addition, go to the Spatial Units panel and before proceeding.
mation order when using par- select (single click) Model Locations > Observation
allelization. Budget
Points. Afterwards, double click Process Variables >
Fluid Flow > Hydraulic head in the Data panel. To check whether the model indeed has reached
the steady state, the overall water balance is cal-
In the View Components panel, check both boxes culated. The Rate-Budget panel provides the
for Hydraulic Head > Fringes and Isolines and means for this.
uncheck Hydraulic Head > Continous. To achieve
better visibility in print, the element edges have
been removed in the figure.
Make sure to select Domain in the Spatial Units
panel afterwards.
FEFLOW 6.2 37
If it has been closed accidentally, open the Rate- Go to the 3D view.
Budget panel via View > Panels > Rate-Budget
Panel. In the Data panel, right-click on Boundary
Conditions > Fluid Flow > Multilayer Well and choose
Check the Active checkbox to activate the Convert Parameter to > 3D Nodal Selection from
budget calculation. The budgeting is turned off by the context menu. To save this selection, go to the
default as it can cause significant computational Spatial Units panel and right-click to open the
effort, especially when being done at each time context menu.
step during a transient simulation run.
Choose Store Current Selection and give the
The budget shows inflows in green, outflows in saved selection the name Wells.
red for the different boundary condition types,
the areal sources and sinks (groundwater recharge) Now, uncheck Geometry > Faces in the View
and - for transient models only - the storage cap- Components panel to be able to see inside the model
ture or release. The Imbalance value shows the domain.
numerical error. it is sufficiently small to accept In the Spatial Units panel, click on Node
the solution as steady state. Selections > Wells.
Streamlines In the Data panel, double-click on Process
One way to visualize the flow field is the plotting Variables > Fluid Flow > Streamlines > Backward
of streamlines. Random-Walk Tracks.
Streamlines are calculated by tracking the path of In the View Components panel, right-click on
virtual particles that are released („seeded“) at cer- Travel time, backward streamline RWT seeded@wells
tain starting points. In our case, multiple stream- and choose Properties from the context menu.
lines are released from around the nodes along the In the now opened Properties panel, enter
well screens. The random-walk method is used to 100 m as the Radius, press <enter> and click
add a diffusive/dispersive component to the par- Apply. Still in the same panel, right-click on
ticle tracking, hereby accounting for uncertainty. the color scale on the left and choose
First, a selection is created containing all nodes Presets... > Rainbow.
along the well screens.

Finally, activate the checkmark Travel time, back-
ward streamline RWT seeded@wells > Legs in the
View Components panel.
II.7 Flow and Transport Model
To exit simulation mode in order to apply changes
II
to the model, click Stop in the Simulator
As a result, the random-walk tracks are shown in toolbar.
the 3D view. The color scale displays the travel time
11_mass_transport_I.mp4 along these pathways. When the flow model has been run, the process
variable Hydraulic head has changed. After the run,
it does not contain the initial conditions any more,
but the final results.
In our case these will be used as the initial condi-
tion for the transient flow model.
exercise_fri13.fem
To obtain the correct status, run the simulation
before proceeding and click on Stop.
II.7.1 Problem settings

Problem class
From the result it can be seen that the western well From the preliminary streamline analysis based on
is certainly influenced by the sewage fields. The the results of the flow model it cannot be excluded
eastern well seems to be reached by contamina- that the contamination sources are located within
tion from neither source. . the capture zone of the production wells. To be
able to provide more quantitative estimations, the
For more detailed analysis, a transport model seems model is extended to a flow and mass transport
useful. model.
Reactivate the checkbox of Geometry > Faces
in the View Components panel before procee-
ding.
FEFLOW 6.2 39
To change the problem class, go to Edit > Time stepping
Problem Settings to open the Problem Settings dia-
In a transient model temporal discretization has to
log. In Problem Class, Include transport of... Mass
be defined. The corresponding settings can be
and choose the Transient option for both the
found on the Simulation-Time Control page.
Fluid Flow and the Transport simulation.
By default, FEFLOW uses an automatic time-step
Confirm with Apply.
control scheme. Hereby, an appropriate time-step
length is determined internally by monitoring the
changes in the primary variables (hydraulic head
and concentration).
Enter a value of 7300 days in the Final Time
input box.
Click on Apply and OK.
exercise_fri14.fem

II.7.2 Initial conditions
Click on Domain in the Spatial Units panel.
The initial concentrations in these areas are to be
interpolated from observed data. II
Go to the Maps panel and add the map file
Switch to the 3D view. Double-click on Process conc_init.shp.
Variables > Mass transport > Mass Concentration in
the Data panel. The 3D view shows the default Associate ( Link to Parameter…) the attribute
initial concentration of 0 mg/l, representing fresh column CONC to the FEFLOW parameter Process
water. No changes are necessary for the back- Variables > Mass transport > Mass concentration by
ground concentration. defining the link. Choose Inverse Distance as
the Data Regionalization method and set 4
Contamination sources Neighbors and Exponent of 2.
The contamination sources are represented by a Click OK.
higher initial concentration in the areas of the
sewage fields and the landfill within the first aquifer. Double-click on CONC -> Mass concentration in the
Maps panel and assign the values by clicking
First, a selection of the nodes belonging to the con- on Assign.
tamination source is needed.
Clear selection.
Go to the Slice view and browse to Slice 1. Double-
click on Process Variables > Mass transport > Mass exercise_fri15.fem
Concentration in the Data panel. In the
Maps panel, activate (double-click) the map
contamination_sources. Choose the option Select
by Map Polygon from the dropdown selector of the
Selection toolbar. Make sure the Snap distance
is set to 0 m in the Snap-Distance toolbar.
Click Select by All Map Geometries in the
Selection toolbar.
The contamination in both areas is found to reach
down to the top of the aquitard. Use Copy
Selection to Slices/Layers to copy the selection to
slice 2.
FEFLOW 6.2 41
II.7.3 Horizontal Refinement to create a selection covering the refinement zone
and its adjancent area. Press the Smooth Mesh
Transport models typically require a finer discre- button to perform the smoothing.
tization than flow models. For this reason, the
mesh will be horizontally refined around the con-
tamination sources.
First, the area to be refined is selected as a nodal
selection. Increase the Snap distance to 200
m in the Snap-Distance toolbar. Choose
Select by Map Polygon in the Selection tool-
bar and click on Select by All Map Geometries. Clear selection.
This will select all nodes within and up to a dis-
exercise_fri16.fem
tance of 200 m around the contamination sources.
Hit the Refine button in the Mesh-Geometry II.7.4 Boundary Conditions
toolbar once.
Northern and southern boundaries
Any water entering the domain through the north-
ern or southern boundary is fresh water with a con-
centration of 0 mg/l. Therefore a fixed 12_mass_transport_II.mp4
concentration of 0 mg/l is assigned as a boundary
condition at these locations.
At the transition between the refined and non- Go to the Spatial Units panel and open the con-
refined area, the elements are now quite irregu- text menu of the previously stored node selection
larly shaped (large angles). To improve the mesh Northern Boundary. Choose Add to current selec-
quality after manual refinement, the mesh will be tion.
smoothed in this area. Make sure that the Add
Repeat this step with the node selection Southern
to Selection option in the Selection toolbar is
Boundary.
active. Define a Snap distance of 500 m and
click Select by All Map Geometries again in order

In the 3D view all nodes along both borders are
shown as selected. Click on Domain in the
Spatial Units panel.
flow to a minimum value of 0 g/d, applying the
concentration boundary condition only for inflow-
ing water.
II
Double-click on Boundary Conditions > Mass The constraints are technically applied in the same
Transport > Mass-Concentration BC in the Data way as boundary conditions. However, for the sake
panel. In the input box of the Editor toolbar, of clarity, the constraints are not shown by default
ensure that the Assign Values mode is active, input in the Data panel and have to be added first:
a value of 0 mg/l and click Assign.
In the Data panel, open the context menu of
Blue circles indicate that first kind boundary con- Boundary Conditions > Mass transport > Mass-
ditions are set, similar to the flow boundary con- Concentration BC and choose Add Constraint >
ditions. Min. mass-flow constraint.
Algebraic signs are Constraints Expand the tree view and activate (double-click)
handled differently
for Constraint and
Min. mass-flow constraint and assign 0 g/d to
As stated before, water entering the model at the all the selected nodes with <Enter>. The minimum
Boundary Condi - northern or southern border is fresh water.
tions: For Constraints inflows constraint is indicated by a bar below the associ-
are positive (+), outflows are Depending on the hydraulic head distribution, ated boundary condition symbol.
negative (-). For Boundary however, at these boundaries also outflow is pos-
Conditions inflows are neg- sible. In this case, a free outflow of contaminated Clear selection.
ative (-), outflows are posi- water is to be preferred over applying a fixed con-
tive (+). centration. Wells
This requires a dynamic change of the mass trans- Both wells shall be operated by time-varying pump-
port boundary condition depending on the flow ing rates.
direction, which can be implemented by applying Go to the menu Edit > Time Series... and use
a constraint. the Import... button to load from the pre-
A constraint in our case is used to limit the mass defined file well_rates.pow. Choose this file in the
flow at a 1st kind boundary condition (fixed con- file selector dialog, confirm with the Open but-
centration) to a minimum or maximum value. For ton and OK to all. Notice the gap in the time
this exercise, the constraint is set to limit the mass series 1: After 5200 days the western well stops pump-
FEFLOW 6.2 43
ing. Hit OK for applying the time-series and clos- II.7.5 Material properties
ing the dialog.
As annual rainfall data show a significant variabil-
Go to the Maps panel and edit the parameter link ity during the simulated period, groundwater
<multiple> -> Multilayer Well for the map wells.shp. recharge is assumed to be time-varying in the
by Edit Link... Click on the link for the Rate and model. The file recharge_annual.shp contains the
choose Remove Link in the Parameter Association spatial distribution of the approximated recharge
dialog. Establish a new link between TS_ID and for annual periods each in a separate attribute field.
Rate and set the Link Type to Time-varying (time
series id). Activate the link by double-clicking on Go to the Maps panel, load the map
<multiple> -> Multilayer Well. Then click on Select recharge_annual.shp and choose Link to Parameter...
All in the Selection toolbar. from its context menu.
and Assign in the Editor toolbar. In the Parameter Association dialog, browse to
Clear selection. Material Properties > Fluid Flow > In/Outflow on
top/bottom on the right and open the context
menu with a right-click. Choose the option Assign
Material Data to Time Stages. The upcoming dia-
log lets you define the time stages for which time-
varying recharge data shall be assigned (for time
steps between these time stages, the recharge is
temporally interpolated during the simulation).
exercise_fri17.fem

The list has to contain the same values as given in
the attribute fields of the map (0;365;730;...).
Instead of populating the list manually, the
II
Import... button lets you get those time stages
automatically from the pre-defined file
recharge_time_stages.pow. Choose this file in the
file selector dialog and confirm with the Open
button.
Go to the Slice view and browse to Slice 1.

In the Maps panel, double-click on the link
entry recharge_annual > Linked Attributes > <multi-
ple> -> In/Outflow on top/bottom and Select All
elements. Finally, set the Snap distance to 0m
and assign the values by clicking on Assign.
This will fill the list with annual time stage inter- The values for the time stages have now been
vals up until 7300 days. Click OK to close the imported. When looking at In/outflow on Top/Bottom
dialog. in the Data panel, notice that a tilde symbol
marks the material property as time varying.
The links between the attribute fields and the time
stages is done the same way as for constant model Clear Selection.
properties. The process, however, can be acceler- Visualize the different recharge values for time
ated by creating a multiple selection of all attrib- stages by right-clicking on In/Outflow on Top/Bottom
ute fields (DAY_0 ... DAY_7300) before creating a in the View Components panel and choosing
link with the 0 [d] time stage. In this case, FEFLOW one of the entries in Material Time in the con-
will automatically create links between all subse- text menu.
quent attribute fields and time stages (see figure).
exercise_fri18.fem
Click OK to close the dialog.
FEFLOW 6.2 45
To simplify the data input of the remaining param-
eters, the material parameters effective for mass
transport processes (porosity as well as longitudi-
nal and transversal dispersivity) are assumed to be
homogeneous throughout the model.
Go to the 3D view and activate (double click) 13_mass_transport_III.mp4
Material Properties > Mass transport > Porosity in
the Data panel.
Right-click on Material Properties > Mass Transport
in the Data panel and choose Assign
Multiple... from the context menu. Afterwards, The two additional slices are placed within the
• enter 0.2 for Porosity aquitard with a distance of 10 cm to the aquitard
• enter 70 m for Longitudinal dispersivity (mass) top and bottom.
and Go to Edit > 3D Layer Configuration.
• enter 7 m for Transverse dispersivity (mass)
Type a value of 0.1 m in the Distance input
• Deactivate all other entries and click the OK
button to finalize the assignment box and - for inserting the first additional slice -
choose the option lower slice.
exercise_fri19.fem
Increase the Number of layers in the input box in
II.7.6 Vertical resolution the upper left corner of the dialog by one (to 4).
Press <Enter>. The Slice Selection dialog is opened.
To ensure a correct representation of low flow veloc-
ities in the aquitard as a basis for transport simu- On the right side, a list of the existing slices is given.
lation, this model layer has to be further subdivided. The new slices (from the list on the left) are to be
included here via drag and drop.
The best choice to minimize errors due to the nodal
nature of the calculated velocity field is to apply Drag the New slice 1 between Slice 2 and Slice 3 on
thin layers on top and bottom of the aquitard. the right. Click on OK.

The new slice is inserted into the model with the
slice number 3. Set its status to
ing the checkbox.
Fixed, check-
FEFLOW suggests to transfer the model properties
from old slice 2 to slices 2–4. In order to change
this, double click on the number box showing 5
II
in the new column. Change this entry to 4–5.
The next slice is to be inserted 0.1 m below the
second slice. Change the option to upper slice. As a result, the link from old slice 2 points to new
slices 2-3 and from old slice 3 to new slices 4-5.
Increase the Number of layers to 5 and hit
<Enter>. The data flow in the lower list for the material prop-
erties describes the same data characteristics from
In the upcoming Slice Selection dialog, drag the the old center layer (aquitard) to the new layers 2,
New Slice 1 again between Slice 2 and Slice 3 and 3 and 4. No changes are necessary.
click on OK.
Click on OK to exit the 3D Layer Configurator
The aquitard has now been divided into three lay- and to apply the changes to the model.
ers. To ensure that the data are transferred cor-
rectly from the old to the new slices and layers,
have a look at the Data Flow lists on the right of
the 3D Layer Configurator.
There are two lists that provide control over the
data flow between the previous and the new slices
and layers. The upper control called Data flow for
slices describes the data flow of the process vari-
ables, boundary conditions, and nodal selections
from the old slices to the new ones. The old slices
are shown as number buttons in the left column,
the new ones in the right column. The data flow
is symbolized by lines connecting the old with the
new slices. The lower list, Data flow for layers exercise_fri20.fem
describes the data flow for all material data and
for elemental selections.
FEFLOW 6.2 47
II.7.7 Simulation Run The current simulation time is displayed in the
dropdown box of the Simulator toolbar.
If working with a licensed version of FEFLOW, the
results can be saved to a file during the simulation
run. Click on Record in the Simulator tool-
bar. Activate Save complete results (DAC file). By
In the Time-Steps chart (which can be opened 14_mass_transport_simula-
default, the results file (*.dac) is saved with the
via View > Charts if not already shown) the tion.mp4
same name as the current model in a subdirectory
actual time step length versus the total simulation
results. To avoid overwriting the prepared file, define
time is plotted. The mostly constant conditions
another name. Confirm by clicking OK.
lead to a steadily increasing time step length, with
a reduced time-step whenever a change of the
groundwater recharge occurs.
The simulation stops after 7,300 days (the final

If running FEFLOW in demo mode, it is not possi-
time that has been set in the Problem Settings dia-
ble to save the results to a file, and only the pre-
log before).
pared file (exercise_fri20.fem) can be run.
Click Stop to exit simulation mode.
To run the model, click Start in the Simulator
toolbar. The simulation takes approximately 5 min-
utes on a system with an Intel i7 processor.

II.7.8 Postprocessing
Load the recorded results file.
Slice View
Go to the remaining Slice View and double click
II
on Process Variables > Mass Transport > Mass
exercise_fri20.dac Concentration in the Data panel.
Scene Library Clear selection if necessary.
Go to the Scene Library panel and use the con- The spatial distribution of the concentration at
text menu of the previously stored the final simulation time is shown.
exercise_fri11:1[*] -Slice 1 item. Create View from
Scene. Using the Simulator toolbar, browse Use the <Pg Down> key to check the result for the
through the saved time steps of the simulation file lower aquifer (Slice 5 and Slice 6).
with the Previous Step and Next Step but-
tons, either step by step by single click or quickly
Subdomain Budget
by pressing, holding and releasing the left mouse To obtain the time-integrated contaminant mass
button. Due to the significant deviation of the tran- budget for the lower aquifer, some additional steps
sient results from the steady-state flow solution, are necessary:
many of the Error Bars are shown in red, indicat-
ing that the differential between calculated and • Choose Select Elements and Select All.
observed values exceeds the defined confidence • From the context menu of the Slice view, choose
intervals. Finally, move to the last time step at 7300 Store Current Selection and name the selec-
[d] by using the Last Step button and close the tion Layer 5.
active Slice View. • Clear selection.
• Activate the stored selection Layer 5 in the
Spatial Units panel by a single click.
• Go to the Subdomain Boundary Period
Budget panel.
• Click on Add... for adding Layer 5 as Domain
of Interest and switch to the tab Mass.
• Check Active and click on S...dt to calcu-
late the budgets for all time steps and accu-
mulate them into the period budget.
FEFLOW 6.2 49
Imbalance
• Click on the stored selection
Layer 5 in the Spatial Units panel.
• Go to the Subdomain Boundary Period
Budget panel.
• Click on Add... for adding Layer 5 as
Domain of Interest and switch to the tab Mass.
• Check both the Active and the Export
box and click on S...dt.
Accept the proposed name of the ASCII file out-
put and proceed by hitting Save.
Summing the mass amount of all boundaries,
sources and sinks, storage losses and gains and
The budget shows inflows in green, outflows in internal transfers; the Imbalance shows the nume-
red. It separates into boundary condition types rical error of the mass transport for the specified
and the internal transfer, which is in this case all subdomain over the entire simulation period.
contaminant mass crossing the border to the over-
lying aquitard. The Net value sums the positive
and negative values of Total loss and gain.

Cross Sections In the Spatial Units panel, two new entries
II
Surface Locations > 2D Polyline #1 / #2 have been
Process variables and material properties can be added.
visualized in cross-section views. In our case, we
are interested in the vertical distribution of the con- Open the context menu of 2D Polyline #1 and
tamination along the plumes. choose Cross-Section View.
Cross-section display is based on lines as spatial
units. Switch to the Slice view and choose Draw
a Surface (2D) Line from the Drawing toolbar.
Click on the sewage fields (the contamination
source in the north-west) to define the starting
point of the line here. The line is extended by
adding points with a single mouse click. Follow
the flow path to the western well and further to
the lake Müggelsee. Finish the line with a double
click.
Repeat these steps for the waste dump (the east-
ern contamination source). The final result should A cross-section view showing the depth-related
look similar to the image. concentration along the cross-section is opened.
In the Navigation panel, go to the Projection
tab and push up the lever to exaggerate the z-axis.
FEFLOW 6.2 51
Isosurfaces Breakthrough Curves
Go to the 3D view. Make sure that Domain is selec- Open from the menu View > Charts > Local
ted in the Spatial Units panel. In the Data Concentration History. The diagram shown con-
panel, double-click on Mass concentration to show tains the concentrations calculated at the diffe-
this parameter in the view. In the View rent observation points during the simulation
Components panel, uncheck Faces and Mass time.
concentration > Continuous. Check Mass con-
centration > Isosurfaces > Domain. Instead, one
isosurface is shown.
To edit the isosurface visualization properties,
double-click on Isosurfaces. The Properties panel
comes to front. Switch to the Custom mode
and click on Edit. Specify two values,
10 mg/l and 20 mg/l. Close the dialog
by clicking OK, and click Apply in the
Properties panel. The isosurface visualization
is changed to reflect the newly set concentrati-
ons. More Information
This completes the demonstration exercise, that
gives an introductive overview of the basic functio-
nality and workflows of FEFLOW.
Additional tutorials, application examples and
more detailed descriptions of the program fea-
tures are available in the User Manual.
For more information, including extensions, tuto-
rial videos, user forum and more, please visit
www.feflow.com

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4 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

6 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

4. In the License window, choose Demo for testing

5. Select the packages to install. Details about the

I.2.7 License installation

8 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

10 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

12 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

II.1.5 Model Scenario

14 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

The drawing order of maps can be modified by

The supermesh imported from the map does con-

For this example, choose the mesh generation algo-

18 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

To obtain a refinement around the well locations,

In the upper left corner of the dialog, a text field

Click on OK to apply the settings and to exit

exercise_fri2.fem The usage of Excel files requires the installation of

22 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

• Hereby, in the Editor toolbar, the map ele-

• Click on Select All in the Selection tool-

26 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

Having this tool selected, click on the westernmost

28 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

To manually assign a hydraulic-head boundary con-

The inspection tool can be closed by hitting <Esc>

Blue circles appear around the selected nodes to

Southern Boundary Remaining outer boundaries

30 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

Blue circles are shown on the northern and south-

• Click on Select All in the Selection tool-

32 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

34 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

36 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

38 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

II.7.1 Problem settings

40 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

42 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

44 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

Go to the Slice view and browse to Slice 1.

46 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

The simulation stops after 7,300 days (the final

48 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

50 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

52 Installation Guide & Demonstration Exercise

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