EXERCISE 2.3 [A:15] Using matrix algebra derive (2.10) from (2.8) and (2.9).

Note: Place all

equations in matrix form first and eliminate d and F by matrix multiplication. Deriving the final
form with scalar algebra and rewriting it in matrix form gets no credit.

𝐸𝐴
𝐹 = 𝐾𝑠 𝑑 = 𝑑 − − − −−→ (2.8)
𝐿
̅ = −𝑓𝑥𝑖̅
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑥𝑗 ̅𝑥𝑗 − 𝑈
𝑑=𝑈 ̅𝑥𝑖 − − − −−→ (2.9)

 f xi   1
f   
̅ = −𝑓𝑥𝑖̅ we can say:  yi    0   F − − − − −→ (1)
From (2.8) & 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑥𝑗
 f xj   1 
   
 f xj   0 
Substitute (2.8) in (1)

 f xi   1
f   
 yi    0   EA  d − − − − −→ (2)
 f xj   1  L
   
 f xj   0 

From 𝑑 = 𝑈̅𝑥𝑗 − 𝑈
̅𝑥𝑖 we can say
U xi 
U 
d   1 0 1 0   − − − − −→ (3)
yi

U xj 
 
U xj 
Substituting (3) in (2)

 f xi   1 U xi  1 0  1 0 U xi 
f  0 U    
 yi   EA     1 0 1 0  yi   EA  0 0 0 0 U yi 
− − − − −→ (2.10)
 f xj  L 1 U xj  L  1 0 1 0 U xj 
        
 f xj  0 U xj  0 0 0 0 U xj 
EXERCISE 2.7 [A:20] Derive the equivalent spring formula F = (EA/L) d of (2.8) by the
principle of
Minimum Potential Energy (MPE). In Mechanics of Materials it is shown that the total potential
energy of the axially loaded bar is
1 𝐿
Π = ∫ 𝐴 𝜎 𝑒 𝑑𝑥̅ − 𝐹𝑑,
2 0
Where symbols have the same meaning as the previous Exercise. Use the displacement
interpolation (E2.2), the strain-displacement equation 𝑒 = 𝑑𝑢̅/𝑑𝑥̅ and Hooke’s lawσ = Ee to
express Π as a function Π(d) of the relative displacement d only. Then apply MPE by requiring
that ∂Π /∂d = 0.

1- Use the displacement interpolation (E2.2)

𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ ̅
𝑑𝑢 ̅𝑥𝑖
−𝑢 ̅𝑥𝑗
𝑢 ̅𝑥𝑗 −𝑢
𝑢 ̅𝑥𝑖 𝑑
𝑢̅(𝑥̅ ) = 𝑢̅𝑥𝑖 (1 − ) + 𝑢̅𝑥𝑗 And since 𝑒 = we get 𝑒 = + = = →
𝐿 𝐿 𝑑𝑥̅ 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
(1)
𝐸𝑑
2- Hooke’s law : 𝜎 = 𝐸𝑒 substituting (1) in Hooke’s law we get 𝜎 = 𝐿 → (2)

Substituting 𝑒 & 𝜎 from (1) & (2) in

1 𝐿
Π = 2 ∫0 𝐴 𝜎 𝑒 𝑑𝑥̅ − 𝐹𝑑,

And since both 𝑒 & 𝜎 don’t depend on 𝑥̅ we can take them out of the integration, so we get,
1 𝐴𝐸𝑑2 𝐿 1 𝐴𝐸𝑑2 𝐴𝐸𝑑2
Π=2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥̅ − 𝐹𝑑 => 2 𝐿 − 𝐹𝑑 = − 𝐹𝑑
𝐿2 𝐿2 2𝐿

Deriving with respect to d we get

𝜕Π 2𝐸𝐴𝑑 𝐸𝐴
= − 𝐹 = 0, 𝐹= ×𝑑
𝜕𝑑 2𝐿 𝐿
EXERCISE 3.6 [N:25] Consider the two-member arch-truss structure shown in Figure E3.1.
Take span S = 8, height H = 3, elastic modulus E = 1000, cross section areas A(1) = 2 and
A(2) = 4, and horizontal crown force P = fx2 = 12. Using the DSM carry out the following
steps:

(a) Assemble the master stiffness equations. Any method: augment-and-add, or the more
advanced “freedom pointer” technique explained in §3.5.1, is acceptable.
(b) Apply the displacement BCs and solve the reduced system for the crown displacements
ux2 and uy2.
Partial result: ux2 = 9/512 = 0.01758.
(c) Recover the node forces at all joints including reactions. Verify that overall force
equilibrium (x forces, y forces, and moments about any point) is satisfied.
(d) Recover the axial forces in the two members. Result should be F(1) = −F(2) = 15/2.

 c2 sc  c 2  sc 
 
EA  sc s 2  sc  s 2 
(a) Since K e  , where 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 & 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
L  c 2  sc c 2 sc 
 
  sc  s s 2 
2
sc

𝐸1 𝐴1 1000 × 2
= = 400, 𝜃1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3/4)
𝐿1 5
  0.64 0.48  0.64  0.48  256 192  256  192
 0.48 0.36  0.48  0.36  192 144  192  144
K 1  400   
 0.64  0.48 0.64 0.48   256  96 256 96 
   
 0.48  0.36 0.48 0.36    192  144 192 144 

𝐸 2 𝐴2 1000 × 4 3
= = 800, 𝜃 2 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) + 90
𝐿2 5 4

 0.64  0.48  0.64 0.48   512  384  512 384 

 0.48 0.36 0.48  0.36  384 288 384  288
K 2  800   
 0.64 0.48 0.64  0.48  512 384 512  384
   
 0.48  0.36  0.48 0.36   384  288  384 288 

For the global stiffness matrix, we need to expand each member stiffness matrix by adding zeros
in the columns and rows that correspond to the third node that does not belong to the element:

 f x11   256 96  256  192 0 0  u x1 

 1   
 f y1   192 144  192  144 0 0  u y1 
 f x12   256  192 256 192 0 0 u x 2 
 1  
 f y 2    192  144 192 144 0 0 u y 2 
f1   0 0 0 0 0 0  u x 3 
 x13     
 f y 3   0 0 0 0 0 0 u y 3 

And member 2:

 f x21  0 0 0 0 0 0   u x1 
 2   
 f y1  0 0 0 0 0 0   u y1 
 f x212  0 0 512  384  512 384  u x 2 
 2   
 f y 2  0 0  384 288 384  288 u y 2 
 f 2  0 0  512 384 512  384 u x 3 
 x23     
 f y 3  0 0 384  288  384 288  u y 3 
We get:

 f x1   256 192  256  192 0 0   u x1 

    
 f y1   190 144  192  144 0 0   u y1 
 f x 2   256  192 768  192  512 384  u x 2 
   
 f y 2    192  144  192 432 384  288 u y 2 
f   0 0  512 384 512  384 u x 3 
 x3     
 f y 3   0 0 384  288  384 288  u y 3 

(b)Apply boundary conditions

 0   256 192  256  192 0 0  0

 0   190 144  192  144 0 0   0 
  
 f x 2   256  192 768  192  512 384  u x 2 
   
 f y 2    192  144  192 432 384  288 u y 2 
0   0 0  512 384 512  384  0 
     
 0   0 0 384  288  384 288   0 

After removing columns and rows 1,2,3,4 we get

 f x 2   768  192 ux 2  12

f     u    0 
  y 2   192 432  y2   

Solving for 𝑢𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦2 we get 𝑢𝑥2 = 0.0176 & 𝑢𝑦2 = 0.00781

(c) Recalling the force equations and filling in the displacement boundary conditions and the
node displacement previously:

 f x1   256 192  256  192 0 0   0   6 

  
 f y1   190 144  192  144 0 0   0   4.5
 f x 2   256  192 768  192  512 384   0.0176   12 
    
 f y 2    192  144  192 432 384  288 0.00781  0 
f   0 0  512 384 512  384  0    6 
 x3       
 f y 3   0 0 384  288  384 288   0   4.5 

∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑥2 + 𝑓𝑥3 = −6 + 12 − 6 = 0

∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑓𝑦2 + 𝑓𝑦3 = −4.5 + 0 + 4.5 = 0

Moment around node 1=∑ 𝑀1 = 4𝑓𝑦2 − 3𝑓𝑥2 + 8𝑓𝑦3 = 0 − 36 + 36 = 0

∑ 𝑀2 = −3𝑓𝑥1 + 4𝑓𝑦1 − 3𝑓𝑥3 + 4𝑓𝑦3 = −18 + 18 − 18 + 18 = 0

∑ 𝑀3 = 8𝑓𝑦1 − 4𝑓𝑦2 − 3𝑓𝑥2 = 36 − 0 − 36 = 0

(d) For member 1

1
𝑢̅𝑥𝑗 = (𝑢𝑥2 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 ) + (𝑢𝑦2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 )
3 3
= 0.0176 × cos (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) + 0.00781 × sin (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) = 0.01875
4 4

1000 × 2
𝑑 = 0.01875 − 0 = 0.01875, 𝐹 = 0.01875 × = 7.5
5
For member 2
1
𝑢̅𝑥𝑖 = (𝑢𝑥2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 ) + (𝑢𝑦2 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 )
3 3
= 0.0176 × cos (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) + 0.00781 × sin (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
4 4
= 0.009375

1000 × 4
𝑑 = 0 − 0.009375 = −0.009375 𝐹 = −0.01875 × = −7.5
5
EXERCISE 3.7 [N:20] Resolve items (a) through (c) — omitting (d)—of the problem of Exercise 3.6 if
the vertical right support “sinks” so that the displacement uy3 is now prescribed to be −0.5. Everything
else is the same. Use the matrix reduction scheme of §3.6.1 to apply the displacement BCs.
1
a- Adding 𝑢𝑦3 = − 2 to the f=ks matrices we get:
 f x1   256 192  256  192 0 0   0 
    
 f y1   190 144  192  144 0 0   0 
 f x 2   256  192 768  192  512 384   u x 2 
   
 f y 2    192  144  192 432 384  288  u y 2 
f   0 0  512 384 512  384  0 
 x3    1
 f y 3   0 0 384  288  384 288   
 2
 b- Apply boundary conditions

 0   256 192  256  192 0 0  0

 0   190 144  192  144 0 0   0 
  
 f x 2   256  192 768  192  512 384  u x 2 
   
 f y 2    192  144  192 432 384  288 u y 2 
0   0 0  512 384 512  384  0 
     
 0   0 0 384  288  384 288   0 

After removing columns 1,2,3,4 we get

 0 
 0 
 
 f x 2   256  192 768  192  512 384   u x 2  12
f 
     u y 2    0 
  
y 2 192 144 192 432 384 288   
 0 
 1
 
 2

𝑓𝑥2 = 786𝑢𝑥2 − 192𝑢𝑦2 − 192 = 12

𝑓𝑦2 = −192𝑢𝑥2 + 432𝑢𝑦2 − 144 = 0

Solving for 𝑢𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦2 we get 𝑢𝑥2 = 0.205 & 𝑢𝑦2 = −0.2422

 f x1   256 192  256  192 0 0   0   6 

    
 f y1   190 144  192  144 0 0   0   4.5
 f x 2   256  192 768  192  512 384   0.205   12 
c-       
 f y 2    192  144  192 432 384  288  0.2422  0 
f   0 0  512 384 512  384  0    6 
 x3    1  
 f y 3   0 0 384  288  384 288      4.5 
 2 
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑥2 + 𝑓𝑥3 = −6 + 12 − 6 = 0

∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑓𝑦2 + 𝑓𝑦3 = −4.5 + 0 + 4.5 = 0