This document provides an instructional material on heat transfer mechanisms for a refrigeration and air conditioning course. It covers four main topics: 1) heat conduction, which is the transfer of heat through a material by molecular motion; 2) heat convection, which is the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids; 3) thermal radiation, which is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves; and 4) relevant definitions in a glossary. Formulas are provided to quantify the rates of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. References for further reading on heat transfer analysis are listed at the end.
This document provides an instructional material on heat transfer mechanisms for a refrigeration and air conditioning course. It covers four main topics: 1) heat conduction, which is the transfer of heat through a material by molecular motion; 2) heat convection, which is the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids; 3) thermal radiation, which is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves; and 4) relevant definitions in a glossary. Formulas are provided to quantify the rates of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. References for further reading on heat transfer analysis are listed at the end.
This document provides an instructional material on heat transfer mechanisms for a refrigeration and air conditioning course. It covers four main topics: 1) heat conduction, which is the transfer of heat through a material by molecular motion; 2) heat convection, which is the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids; 3) thermal radiation, which is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves; and 4) relevant definitions in a glossary. Formulas are provided to quantify the rates of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. References for further reading on heat transfer analysis are listed at the end.
This document provides an instructional material on heat transfer mechanisms for a refrigeration and air conditioning course. It covers four main topics: 1) heat conduction, which is the transfer of heat through a material by molecular motion; 2) heat convection, which is the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids; 3) thermal radiation, which is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves; and 4) relevant definitions in a glossary. Formulas are provided to quantify the rates of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. References for further reading on heat transfer analysis are listed at the end.
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Instructional Material
AE 138 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
(Week 1-2) Heat Transfer
Arnold R. Elepaño Associate Professor Agricultural and Bio-Process Division Institute of Agricultural Engineering College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology University of the Philippines Los Baños
I. Introduction
Heat is a form of energy in transition and the temperature difference is the driving potential for its propagation. Physical (natural laws) are statements in terms of concepts that have been found to be true through many years of experimental observations. A physical law is called a general law if the application of it is independent of the medium under consideration. Otherwise it is called a particular law.
II. Heat Conduction
The process of heat transfer by molecular motion, supplemented in some cases by the flow of free electrons, through a body (solid, liquid, or gaseous) from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature. It is the only mechanism by which heat can flow in opaque solids. For any given temperature difference, the rate of heat flow by conduction through different materials of the same length and cross section will vary with the particular ability of the various materials to conduct heat. The relative capacity of a material to conduct heat is known as its conductivity. In general, solids are better conductors of heat than liquids, and liquids are better conductors than gases. This is accounted for by the difference in molecular structure. The time rate of energy transfer by conduction is quantified macroscopically by Fourier’s law which states that the rate of heat transfer across any plane normal to the x direction, Qx, is proportional to the wall area, A, and the temperature gradient in the x direction, dT/dx:
Qx = -kA dT/dx; where: dT/dx = T/ L k = thermal conductivity, W/ m.K A = cross-sectional area, m2 T = temperature difference, K L = length, m
III. Heat Convection
Heat transfer by convection occurs when heat moves from one place to another by means of currents that are set up within some fluid medium. These currents are
Heat Transfer known as convection currents and result from the change in density that is brought about by the expansion of the heated portion of the fluid. When any portion of a fluid is heated, it expands and its volume per unit of mass increases. Thus the heated portion becomes lighter, rises to the top, and is immediately replaced by a cooler, heavier portion of the fluid. The rate of energy transfer from the surface to the air can be quantified by the Newton’s Law of Cooling;
Qc = hc A (Ts – Tf) where: hc = heat transfer coefficient, W/ m2.K A = surface area, m2 Ts = surface temperature, °C Tf = fluid temperature, °C
IV. Thermal Radiation
Heat transfer by radiation occurs in the form of a wave motion similar to light waves wherein the energy is transmitted from one body to another without the need for intervening matter. Heat energy transmitted by wave motion is called radiant energy. Radiation can pass through certain types of substances (transparent and semitransparent materials) as well as through vacuum. The amount of radiant energy that will pass through a material depends on the degree of transparency. When radiant energy is transferred from a hot body to a cold through some intervening medium such as air, the temperature of the intervening medium is unaffected by the passage of the radiant energy. This is because the molecules of air are relatively few and widely separated that the waves of radiant energy can easily pass between them so that only a very small part of the radiant energy is intercepted and absorbed by the molecules of the air. The amount of radiant energy that is either reflected or absorbed by a material depends on the nature of the material’s surface i.e. its texture and its color. Materials with a light-colored, highly polished surface such as a mirror, reflect a maximum of radiant energy. Materials with rough, dull, dark surfaces will absorb the maximum amount of radiant energy. The rate at which energy is emitted, Qe, from a surface of are A is quantified macroscopically by a modified form of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law: Qe = AT4 where: = emissivity, a property of the surface that indicates how effectively the surface radiates.
= Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.669 x 10-8 W/m2.K4
T = absolute temperature of the surface, K
V. Glossary Absorptivity of a Surface - ratio of rate at which a given surface absorbs radiation to the rate of radiation of a black body at the same temperature. Ambient Temperature - temperature of surrounding medium. Black Body - hypothetical body capable of absorbing all radiation at the maximum rate for a given temperature. Emissivity of a Surface - expressed as the ratio at which the given surface emits radiation to the rate of radiation of a black body at the same temperature. Enthalpy - is a property of state; is the sum of internal energy of a substance and its pressure - specific volume of product at the given state. It is a measure of the energy of the air expressed in kJ/kg dry air. Heat - is the form of energy that provides differences in temperature of molecular materials.
Heat Transfer Heat Balance - is the difference between the heat gained (or generated) within the building and the entire heat test from the building. Heat Capacity or Specific Heat - refer to the ratio of the heat capacities of the material to that of water. Latent Heat - is the heat for evaporation of a saturated liquid into a saturated vapor. It is the heat gained or lost without a change in temperature when a substance passes from one state to another as a solid, liquid, or gas. Latent Heat of Evaporation - is the change of heat (energy) required to change unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a gas. Specific Heat - the heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by 1°C. Specific Volume - specific volume is the volume of space occupied by a pound of dry air at standard atmospheric pressure. Specific volume is expressed in m³/kg dry air. Temperature - ability of a body to give up or to receive heat. Thermal Conductivity - the amount of heat transmitted in unit time across unit area through unit thickness for unit temperature change.
VI.References
Kakac S. & Y. Yener. 1985. Heat Conduction. Second Edition. Hemisphere Publishing Co.
Oosthuizen P.H. & D. Naylor. 1999. An Introduction to Convection Heat Transfer Analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Holman, J.P. 1990. Heat Transfer. Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
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