MODELO DE EXAMEN – Nivel 3

Lessons from Failure: The Malvinas/Falklands Conflict

The War that Should Never Have Been.
Lloyd, H. “Lessons from Failure: The Malvinas/Falklands Conflict The War that Should Never Have Been”.
The Guardian. March 21, 2012

The dispute between Argentina and Great Britain over the Malvinas/Falkland islands led
to the only major war between two Western countries since World War II. It is an
interesting case for the study of preventive diplomacy and conflict management, as it
involves a cross-section of international relations. Argentina and Great Britain formally
brought the dispute over sovereignty to the attention of the international community,
in 1965. This process included resolutions, grievances, and bilateral negotiations
which carried on for seventeen years and culminated in the 1982 South Atlantic war.
Eighteen years after the confrontation, and despite the latest changes in the status
quo of the islands (commercial flights between the islands and Argentina were re-
established in 1999), the conflict remains open, with Argentina still clinging to its
claims of sovereignty over the Malvinas.

Scholars usually addressed the Malvinas/Falklands conflict by analyzing it as a war of

colonialism, an ethnic conflict rooted in an ancient hatred between the two states.
Their purpose was to determine who was really at fault in the dispute over sovereignty
– Argentina or Great Britain-. On the contrary, I intend to examine the role that the
international community had in conflict prevention. I address the case of the 1982
Malvinas/Falklands war as a critical example of a series of international failures to
avert conflict. To understand how this came to be, I will expose what I think were the
two major triggers that led to distortions, prejudice, and finally war.

How was the Malvinas/Falklands dispute opened? It is uncertain who first saw the
islands, but one thing is clear: this forlorn archipelago had been inhabited by the
Portuguese, Spanish, French and British since 1680’s. Due to the distant location of
the islands and the dangerous sea that surrounds them, all the settlements, -except
for the British and the Spanish- eventually vanished. While Great Britain claimed the
right to the islands based on the fact that the vast majority of the population was
British; Spain, a stakeholder in the Americas, claimed to own the islands based on
their territorial proximity to Argentina. In 1810, a revolutionary movement overthrew
the last Spanish viceroy in Buenos Aires, and in 1816 the United Provinces of Rìo de la
Plata (later Argentina) declared independence from Spain and therefore, appropriated
the claim for the Malvinas. Initially, neither Argentina nor Great Britain wanted to
engage in an armed conflict. As a result, Argentina and Great Britain started a series
of diplomatic meetings, headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri and the British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher between 1966 and 1978. In 1978, both agreed to elevate
a mediation request to the UN in order to ensure that the conflict would be solved in a
context of mutual understanding, good communication, and reliability.

The first reason why war broke out was that the U.S. never sprang into action as a
mediator. The UN had allocated the U.S. as a conflict mediator based on its neutrality
and geographical positioning, which literally located it in-between Argentina and Great
Britain, but the U.S. was a superpower with multiple and contradictory alliance
commitments in the international arena. On the one hand, there was the U.S.
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commitment to Great Britain through NATO, and the British demand for loyalty and
intervention by its NATO partners. On the other hand, The United States was bound to
Argentina through the terms of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio
Pact), drawn up in 1947. Legally, The United States was neutral in the
Malvinas/Falklands question; but politically and militarily, it had a clear priority in this
war. The U.S. viewed Great Britain as a vital partner in the alliance with Europe since
it was the first line of defense for the Western civilization against the dangers of a
potential Soviet aggression. Simultaneously, the U.S. did not want to impact
negatively on its friendship with Argentina. If, contrary to expectations, the Soviet
Union advanced on the American continent, the U.S. expected to be able to count on
the assistance of Argentina, one of the largest countries of Latin America, in the
conflict. The implications are plain to see: during the mediations held to decide on this
matter, the U.S. abstained from voting on the resolutions because it did not want to be
placed in a position of having to favor one country over the other. As a result, a two-
party conflict was transformed into a three-party conflict.

The second trigger for the Malvinas/Falklands war was rooted in the UN decision to
privilege Great Britain over Argentina. After years of frustration resulting from the
U.S. inexistent mediation, Argentina submitted the Malvinas case to the UN’s
Committee of 24 in 1980 in order to do justice to its claims and rights. However, the
UN decided it was more convenient to avoid upsetting the British nation, who was also
a UN partner, in order to keep a defensive alliance against the great Soviet threat.
Thus, the UN set favorable conditions for Great Britain to safeguard its interests.

On April 3, 1981 the UN had an unfair reaction toward the Argentinean claim by
issuing the Security Council Resolution 502, which was founded on the principle of self-
determination. This principle implied that the population living in the islands, who was
mainly Scottish and English, had the right to freely choose its sovereignty. However,
the application of self-determination was clearly one-sided since it defines a nation in
terms of “ties of mutual affection”. This definition ignores the rights of the
Argentinean minority in the islands and the importance of territorial integrity, whereby
geographical relationships are more important than a shared ethnicity, language or
history since they foster cross-border cooperation and the expansion of the global
market. It is clear that self-determination was supposed to have been “guided” by the
“interests” of the island’s population but was, in fact, fostered by the “wishes” of
Britain.

7 Argentina was left alone, technically engaged in a problem that required political
compromise at a high level and decisive input by a reliable neutral party to hone in on
possible breakthroughs and lay the foundations for the settlement of the dispute. In
1982, in bleak and gloomy solitude, Argentina decided to take matters into its own
hands in order to attract the international attention. On April 3, 1982 there was an
“immediate” reaction to the Argentinean takeover: the UN issued a final charter
(Charter XIV) based on the principle of self-defense, which refers to the legal right of a
nation to defend its territory to counter an immediate threat of violence. However,
self-defense derives from the concept of dominium, which states that a territory can be
defended only in the case that it is the property of the victim, which should not have
been applied in a territorial dispute where the possession of a piece of land is legally
unstated. Therefore, it is plain that all the charters issued by the UN were just another
step back in the way of any viable peaceful outcome.

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What lessons can be learnt from the Malvinas/Falklands failure? Not only do wars
8 occur because of the parties directly involved but also because of failure on the part of
potential interlocutors. Javier Pérez de Cuellar, a Spanish scholar, grimly said after the
collapse of the peace initiative, in May 1982: “It was the sort of problem which should
have taken ten minutes to solve if both sides had been equally heard.” His statement
seems to be key to understanding the whole process and what ails it: ten minutes, but
not under fire; if both sides are evenly heard, but not left on their own. In the case of
the Malvinas/Falklands dispute, there were seventeen years during which the two sides
were sometimes willing to talk and be listened. But the international community did
little more than addressing its own needs, awaiting an agreement that was never to
come.

Read the text and answer the questions in Spanish.

1. State the knowledge gap in the article. (10 pts)

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2. Explain the purpose of this paper. Underline the lines where it is stated. (10 pts)
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3. Why did the Malvinas war begin according to the author? Give two reasons. (16 pts)

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4. Why does the author state that the principles of self-determination and self-defense
are biased? (14 pts)
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5. What does “not only…” correlate with (in bold in the text)? …………..

State its logical connection and explain concepts related. (10 pts)

ADDITION CONTRAST PURPOSE

CONCEPT 1:…………………………………………………………………………………
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CONCEPT 2: ………………………………………………………………………………..
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6. What does “this process” (in bold in paragraph 2) refer back to? (4 pts)
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7. Find an example of the following in the text. COPY the examples below: (6 pts)

7.1 A criticism of a past action (paragraph 7)………………………………………………

7.2 A pseudo-negative word (paragraph 8)…………………………………………………
7.3 Hedging (atenuación) (paragraph 8)……………………………………………………...

8. Write the main idea of the text in TWO sentences. (30 pts)
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CLAVE DE CORRECCIÓN

1. Los estudios previos sólo analizaron el conflicto entre Argentina y Gran Bretaña como una
guerra colonial basada en antiguos rencores entre los dos países con la esperanza de poder
finalmente encontrar al culpable de la guerra.

2. I intend to examine the role that the international community had in conflict prevention. I
address the case of the 1982 Malvinas/Falklands war as a critical example of a series of
international failures to avert conflict. To understand how this came to be, I will expose what I
think were the two major triggers that led to distortions, prejudice, and finally war.

3. Dado a que Estados Unidos no era realmente neutral en el contexto de las mediaciones, el
autor irónicamente expresa que al conflicto original entre Argentina y Gran Bretaña se le sumó
el de Estados Unidos, quien buscaba su propio interés personal aparentando ejercer su función
de mediador cuando en realidad se mantenía al margen del conflicto para mantener una buena
relación con Gran Bretaña y Argentina, con quienes se hallaba comprometido mediante
diferentes pactos y alianzas.

4. El autor opina que tanto el principio de auto-determinación como el de auto-defensa fueron

mediadas subjetivas y por lo tanto injustas. El principio de auto-determinación define a una
nación como una mera conexión afectiva de personas que comparten una misma historia, raza
o lengua en lugar de considerar las relaciones inter-territoriales de la zona en disputa con las
zonas en proximidad geográfica. En este caso particular, el principio de auto-determinación
favoreció a Gran Bretaña puesto que ignora la minoría de argentinos que residen en las islas.
En cuanto al principio de auto-defensa, el autor aclara que éste se basa en el concepto de
“dominio”, por el cual una nación puede legalmente defenderse de un ataque si esta posee el
territorio amenazado. Sin embargo, esto no es aplicable a una disputa territorial, que por
definición trata establecer quién tiene los derechos legales de un territorio en cuestión. Por lo
que el autor cree que el principio de auto-defensa fue otra prueba del favoritismo hacia Gran
Bretaña.

5. Not only correlates with…. but also

Concept 1: Las guerras suceden por las partes directamente involucradas.

Concept 2: Las guerras ocurren por el fracaso de interlocutors potenciales.

6. El traslado de la disputa sobre la soberanía de las islas a la comunidad internacional

7.

7.1: …which should not have been applied in a territorial dispute

7.2: failure – lack

7.3: seem

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8. Contrario a las creencias habituales, la guerra por la soberanía de las islas Malvinas en 1982 no fue tan
sólo el resultado del odio entre Argentina y Gran Bretaña sino que, en la opinión del autor, fue la causa
directa de las ambiciones particulares de la comunidad internacional, que irónicamente, intentaba
protegerse a sí misma en lugar de proteger la paz. El autor cree que la declaración de guerra por parte
Argentina fue justificada debido al fracaso de la comunidad internacional evidenciado en dos
detonantes: la inacción de Estados Unidos en su rol de mediador y la emisión de una serie de
resoluciones en las que la Naciones Unidas favorecían ampliamente a Gran Bretaña.

Ideas Principales Ideas Secundarias

-El autor pretende estudiar la diputa por las -En el contexto de la guerra fría, tanto EEUU
islas Malvinas como una falla de los como las Naciones Unidas deciden favorecer
organismos internacionales en la prevención y/o evitar “molestar” a Gran Bretaña para
de conflictos. que ésta los proteja contra un posible ataque
-Inacción de EEUU como mediador. soviético.
-Emisión de resoluciones por parte de las -Deseo de EEUU de mantener tanto su
Naciones Unidas que favorecen a Gran amistad con Gran Bretaña como con
Bretaña Argentina para protegerse en caso de un
-En la opinión del autor la declaración de ataque soviético.
guerra justificada por parte de Argentina -Emisión de dos resoluciones decisivas por
-Falta de neutralidad por parte de EEUU y parte de la Naciones Unidas (Resolución 502
las Naciones Unidas. basada en el principio de auto-determinación
y el estatuto XIV basado en el principio de
auto-defensa)