Ethiopia Seed Sector Baseline Study
Ethiopia Seed Sector Baseline Study
Ethiopia Seed Sector Baseline Study
1. Executive summary ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐1
2. Introduction‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐2
3. Performance of Ethiopian Agriculture‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐5
4. Seed System in Ethiopia‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐10
4.1. Informal System‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐10
4.2. Formal System‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐12
4.3. Integrated System‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐14
5. Seed Legislation in Ethiopia‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐15
5.1. Seed inspection and certification‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐16
5.1.1. Seed production, demand and supply‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐20
5.1.2. Seed Production Facilities in Ethiopia‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐23
5.1.3. Existing seed classes‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 24
5.1.4. Main findings and recommendations‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐25
5.2. Variety evaluation, release and registration system‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐26
5.2.1. Conditions for Harmonizing Seed Laws and Regulations across Regions‐‐‐‐‐
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐29
5.2.2. Main Findings and Recommendations‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐30
5.3. Phytosanitary measures‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 31
5.3.1. Main Findings and Recommendations‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐33
5.4. Plant Variety Protection (Intellectual Property Rights)‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐34
5.4.1. Main Findings and Recommendations‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐36
5.5. Seed import/export documentation and procedures
6. Conclusion
7. Annexes
A Baseline Survey on the Ethiopian Seed Sector
1. Executive summary
The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the Ethiopian seed system and
existing seed policies and regulations that could provide highlights for EACs
harmonization process. Information was collected through a review of available
literature and discussions with Federal and Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural
Development and Public and Private Farms, although obtaining information is very
difficult due to frequent restructuring of offices and high turnover of specialists.
The country's seed law is under revision and seed certification body was decentralized to
Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Developments. In fact the current structures of
certification body of the four major crops producing regional states are differing.
Repeated restructuring of the executing agencies left the responsibilities shared among
various departments of the MoARD, which is now also being reorganized. This weak or
feeble the enforcement and serious fraudulent practices were reported by some
suppliers. Currently the Input and Marketing Directorate that was responsible for seed
marketing, demand collection and distribution was disintegrated in to two bodies. The
marketing part joined with Ministry of Trade while the input part is still under revision.
The seed certification system (variety release mechanism, phyto‐sanitary regulation and
seed import‐export) documents are still under revision at the Animal and Plant Health
Directorate of MoARD.
The study includes an executive summary, introduction, together with sections on
Performance of Ethiopian Agriculture, current seed systems, seed improvement
initiatives, summaries and recommendations and conclusions. In addition, in the annex
attached number of released varieties up to 2008, Plant quarantine, import and re‐
export permit formats, revised draft law that includes the suggested improvements; and
law of plant variety protection rights.
2. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the main stay of Ethiopian economy, having a lion’s share in contributing to the
national GDP. The current agricultural policy framework of the country, which is known as
“Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI)'', sets out agriculture as a primary
stimulus to generate increased output, employment and income for the people. Moreover,
agriculture is serving as a springboard for the development of other economic sectors of the
country (Keeley and Scoones, 2000).
Transformation of the agricultural sector in the country was started in the mid of 1990s after
the formulation of a development strategy centered on agriculture, ADLI. Since then, the sector
is leading the overall economic development of the country, and eventually will transform the
economic setup to industrialization. The strategy emphasizes on promoting a green revolution
in the country through the intensification of smallholder agriculture as best approach to achieve
the transformation.
The sector, however, is still characterized largely by small‐scale subsistence farming and low
productivity. This low productivity is detrimental to the economic development and growth of
the country. Low productivity is purely due to limited use of improved seeds and associated
technologies. Cognizant of this scenario, the Government of Ethiopia has put great emphasis on
increasing the production and productivity of small‐scale farmers.
Seed is a key input for improving crop production and productivity. Increasing the quality of
seeds can increase the yield potential of the crop by significant folds and thus, is one of the
most economical and efficient inputs to agricultural development (FAO, 2006). Generation and
transfer of new technologies are critical prerequisites for agricultural development particularly
for an agrarian based economy such as Ethiopia. Seed, especially that of improved varieties, is
an essential input for increasing crop productivity. This suggests the need to place much
emphasis on sustainable and efficient seed production systems.
In Ethiopia, different seed production systems exist parallel to one another: informal seed
systems, community‐based seed systems, formal seed systems (government supported) and
commercial seed systems. The informal seed systems (self‐saved seed or farmer‐to‐farmer seed
exchange) accounts for 80‐90% of the seed used by smallholder farmers (Zewdie, et al, 2008).
In the formal system, the role of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD),
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE) and Regional
Seed Enterprises (Oromiya Seed Enterprise, Amhara Seed Enterprise and Southern Region Seed
Enterprise) are crucial in breeding, releasing varieties, production of breeder, pre‐basic and
basic seeds. In the multiplication of certified seed, the private sector (cooperatives/union,
NGOs, etc.) can increasingly play a great role.
The emergence of the seed regulations was a response to evolution of technical and economic
changes in the seed industry usually prompted by the desire of the society for government
intervention (Tripp, 1997b). The structural changes to traditional agriculture brought by new
crop improvement techniques and the arrangements for seed production and marketing
required new institutions to regulate the industry. The regulations of particular relevance to
seed systems are: (a) variety regulation for testing, release and registration; (b) seed regulation
prescribing field and seed standards for certification; (c) plant variety protection to protect
breeders of new varieties; (d) seed trade regulation setting specifications for seed import or
export; and (e) quarantine regulation for exclusion of exotic pests (insects, diseases and weeds).
The Ethiopian government has favorable policy for agricultural research and fully supports the
research system by allocating appropriate resources. As a result, the country's agricultural
research system has developed and released about 600 varieties of 50 different crops since
1966. However, the ESE has only been able to produce 111 different varieties of just 26
different crops in 2009/10 cropping season
MoARD is an umbrella organization which coordinates and leads the various activities of the
seed industry. The main tasks of MoARD’s various departments include the national seed policy,
variety registration and release, seed import/export, seed certification, quarantine and
extension. Previously, the responsibility for official seed quality control and certification was
given to the now defunct National Seed Industry Agency (NSIA). To date, it is handled by the
Agricultural Inputs Quality Control Department of MoARD, which is now being restructured.
BoARDs in regional states and (Farmers cooperative Unions (FCUs) play a vital role in seed
distribution while credit is offered by various financial institutions through FCUs.
The Ethiopian Seed Enterprise is the only public seed enterprise responsible for production of
seed for all crops (cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables and forage), although its seed production is
dominated by cereals, especially maize and wheat. It produces, processes, distributes, and
markets improved seed based on the official demand projection of the regional bureaus of
agriculture.
The policy/regulatory environment, the availability of relevant agricultural technology, the
support institutions and the socio‐economic factors have a profound effect on the development
of the national seed industry (Louwaars, 2002; Turner and Bishaw, 2000; Almekinders and
Louwaars, 1999). The interactions between these factors determine the extent of the
functioning of the formal and informal seed sector operations. The national seed policy should
be viewed within the framework of government policy to ensure the development of the
agricultural sector in general and the seed sector in particular.
In the past seed laws and regulations were prepared and implemented with specific national
interests and with no or little regional interactions. Most national seed laws, however, are
replicas of each other (Louwaars, 2002; 1996) with little national flavor. To date, with the
increasing globalization of seed trade the existence of unrealistic and inflexible national
regulations become a serious impediment for regional integration.
This paper, is therefore, aimed at assessing the current seed systems operating in the country
and reviewing initiatives in the area, documenting best approaches and also assessing the
variety release procedures and regulations at national levels to come up with recommendations
that could help for regional harmonization .
The study involved a review, analysis of relevant documents from available literatures and
guided discussions and interviews with different stakeholders from Federal and regional
governmental bodies. The study examined the current seed situations, identified issues and
factors and made recommendations on issues procedures and regulations for variety release
and registration varieties, transfer, acquisition, multiplication, dissemination and trade of seeds.
3. Performance of Ethiopian Agriculture
In Ethiopia, 84% of the estimated 78 million people live in rural areas are depending on
agriculture for their livelihoods. The sector contributes 41.4% of the GDP of the country. The
average cereal yields are low at 1,244kg/ha (World Bank, 2006). Despite the importance of
agriculture in its economy, Ethiopia has been a food deficit country since the early 1970s. A
close look at the performance of the Ethiopian agriculture reveals that over the last three
decades it has been unable to produce sufficient quantity to feed the country’s rapidly growing
human population. Even worse, the country has experienced recurrent droughts that claimed
the lives of several thousands of people. It is note worthy that food aid has been accounting for
a significant proportion of the total food supply in the country. For instance, Ethiopia received
726,640 metric tons of food aid yearly over the 1985‐2000 periods (FDRE, 2002). This is equal to
about 10% of the national food grain production.
There fore, the current main goal of the Government of Ethiopia’s ADLI strategy was to raise
crop yields through a centralized and aggressive extension‐based push focusing on
technological packages that combined credit, fertilizers, improved seeds and better
management practices.
Policy makers assumed that significant productivity growth could be easily achieved by
improving farmers’ access to technologies which would narrow the gap between
farmers’ yield and what agronomists called ‘exploitable yield potential’. Researchers also
reported the existence of technologies that can make a huge difference and shift
upwards farmers’ yield frontier in grain production. Based on six years average data,
researchers indicated that maize yield, for instance, can be increased from current
farmers’ yield level of 1.6 ton/ha to 4.7 ton/ha, and wheat from 1.1 ton/ha to 2.8 ton/ha
and tef from 0.7 ton/ha to 1.5 ton/ha, if peasants use the right type and amount of
improved seed varieties, fertilizers and other recommended practices (Berhane et al.,
2004).
In the recent years, agricultural GDP grew at levels close to double figure, a pattern that
appears to be confirmed by looking at cereal production growth. Based on the data from
Central Statistics Authority (CSA), cereal production in the period 2005/06 to 2009/10
was increased by more than 4% per year. The yields and area cultivated increased at a
rate of 2.5% and 2% per year, respectively. The largest increases in all dimensions were
in tef, wheat and sorghum (Table 1).
In the same way, the demand and use of inputs by smallholder farmers have been
increased tremendously. The supply of inorganic fertilizer (DAP and Urea) was increased
from 375,717 metric tones in 2006 to 826,564 in 2010. About 826,564 tones of fertilizers
have been Supplied in 2010, which is about 40 percent more than the volume imported
in 2009. At the same time, the amount of fertilizers (DAP and urea) supplied to regional
states were increased from 375,717 tones in 2005/06 to 595,261 tones in 2009/10.
According to CSA (2010) data, fertilizer was applied on 4,734,474 ha of land which is
39.38% of the total area cultivated in 2009/10 cropping season. From the above figure,
one can understand that the reason why farmers couldn't buy all amount of fertilizer
imported may be associated with little working capital, uncertain access to credit and
often cannot afford the cost of improved seed and the fertilizer. Hence, most farmers
use less amount of fertilizer per hectare than the recommended rate, thereby reducing
yield potential of different crops.
Table 1. Area covered (ha), Crop production (Q) and crop productivity (Q/ha) during the five
years (2005/06 to 2009/10) for Cereals, Pulses and Oil crops
Crops Description 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/9 2009/10
Cereals Area 8,463,615 8,730,001 9,019,054 8,770,117 9,233,024
Production 128,660,941 137,169,908 146,800,700 144,964,059 155,342,280
Ave. productivity 15.2 15.71 16.28 16.61 17.00
Source CSA, 2006‐2010
Table 2. Area (ha), production (q) and productivity (q/ha) of Cereal crops (2005/06 to
2009/10)
Average
Crop Description 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/9 2009/10 growth
rate (%)
Area 2,404,674 2,565,155 2,542,125 2,481,333 2,588,661 1.53
Tef Production 24,377,495 29,929,235 31,342,437 30,280,181 31,793,743 6.08
Productivity 10.14 11.67 12.33 12.20 12.28 4.22
Area 1,019,314 984,943 950,047 977,757 1,129,112 2.15
Barley Production 13,521,480 13,548,071 13,436,233 15,194,042 17,504,436 5.89
Productivity 13.27 13.76 14.14 15.54 15.5 3.36
Area 1,473,917 1,424,719 1,509,110 1,453,817 1,683,565 2.84
Wheat Production 24,630,639 23,144,885 26,877,417 25,376,398 30,756,436 4.97
Productivity 16.71 16.25 17.81 17.46 18.27 1.87
Area 1,694,522 1,767,389 1,977,111 1,768,122 1,772,253 0.92
Maize Production 37,764,397 37,497,491 41,485,050 39,325,217 38,971,631 0.64
Productivity 22.29 21.22 20.98 22.24 21.99 ‐0.27
Area 1,464,318 1,533,537 1,571,213 1,615,297 1,618,677 2.11
Sorghum Production 23,160,409 26,591,292 26,335,118 28,043,510 29,712,655 5.66
Productivity 15.82 17.34 16.76 17.36 18.36 3.21
Area 374,072 399,268 406,592 408,099 368,999 ‐0.27
Finger
Production 4,844,089 5,379,915 5,999,629 5,603,045 5,241,911 1.64
millet
Productivity 12.95 13.47 14.76 13.73 14.21 1.95
Area 32,798 30,556 30,171 30,605 24,018 ‐5.35
Oats Production 362,432 365,858 380,815 427,729 330,191 ‐1.78
Productivity 11.05 11.97 12.62 13.98 13.75 4.89
Area ‐ 24,434 32,685 35,088 47,739 23.84
Rice Production ‐ 713,161 944,001 713,937 1,031,277 11.15
Productivity 29.19 28.88 20.35 21.6 ‐6.50
Area 8,463,615 8,730,001 9,019,054 8,770,117 9,233,024 1.82
Production 128,660,941 137,169,908 146,800,700 144,964,059 155,342,280 4.15
Total
Average 15.20 15.71 16.28 16.61 17.00 2.36
productivity
Source CSA, 2006‐2010
Table 3. Fertilizer distribution (tones) to the users for the five years
(2005/06‐2009/10)
Year DAP Urea Total
2006 251,156 124,561 375,717
2007 259,020 129,121 388,141
2008 265,768 138,988 404,756
2009 289,446 158,075 447,521
2010 394,029 201,232 595,261
Total 1,459,419 751,977 2,211,396
Source ESE, 2010 and MoARD personal communication, 2010
Table 4. Comparison between total amount of fertilizer purchased, supplied
to regions and used by farmers in 2010/11 (tones)
Fertizer DAP UREA Total Share of used fert. vs
purchased and supplied
Leftover from last season 204,412.0 96,874.0 301,286.0
Purchase 324,792.3 200,485.4 525,277.7
Total Supply 529,204.3 297,359.4 826,563.7
Purchased Vs. Used by farmers 337,950.3 177,224.27 515,174.52 62.33
Transported to Region Vs. Total 394,028.56 201,232.05 595,260.61 86.55
supply
Source MoARD, 2010
4. Seed system in Ethiopia
Seed system in Ethiopia represents the entire complex organizational, institutional and
individual operations associated with the development, multiplication, processing,
storage, distribution and marketing of seed in the country. Farmers, particularly small
holder ones, are involved in multiple kinds of seed systems, which can guarantee them
in obtaining the quantity and quality of seeds they need and to market their produce.
Seed systems in Ethiopia can be divided into two broad types: the formal system and the
informal system (sometimes called local or farmers system). Both systems are operating
simultaneously in the country and difficult to demarcate between the two. There is
however, a fact that the formal system is the original source of improved seeds in the
informal system. There is also a system that interact the two systems referred to as
integrated seed system. Other forms of seed systems operating in both systems also
exist such as Community‐Based Seed System (CBSS). Though not well developed, few
commercial seed systems are also operating in the country.
4.1. Informal Seed System
The informal seed system, also known as local system or sometimes as "farmers" system, is
called informal because it operates under non‐law regulated and characterized by farmer‐to‐
farmer seed exchange. According to Cromwell, Friis‐Hansen, and Turner (1992), five key
features distinguish the informal from the formal system. These are, the informal system is
traditional, semi‐structured, operate at the individual community level, uses a wide range of
exchange mechanisms, and usually deal with small quantities of seeds often demanded by
farmers.
In the context of some countries like Ethiopia, the informal system is extremely important for
seed security. In Ethiopia, the bulk of seed supply is provided through the informal system,
implying its importance in national seed security. About 60‐70% of seed used by Ethiopian
smallholder farmers is saved on‐farm and exchanged among farmers, and the remaining 20‐30%
is borrowed or purchased locally. The informal seed system (either self‐saved seed or farmer‐
to‐farmer seed exchange) accounts for 90% of the seed used by smallholder farmers (Belay,
2004), while the share of improved seed is less than 10% (Table).
The majority of Ethiopian farmers show a tendency of depending on the informal system due to
the following key reasons:
1. It is relatively cheaper and readily available in the farmer’s villages just at the time of
seed is needed.
2. It allows use of seeds after testing on primary adopter farmers.
3. It is more reliable and its sustainability is more guaranteed than the formal system.
Ethiopian farmers have a long tradition of settled agriculture contributing to the evolution and
maintenance of the country’s rich agro‐biodiversity, and to a well entrenched informal seed
system. Farmers use centuries‐old strategies, including the improvement of farmer‐saved seeds,
farmer‐to‐farmer seed exchange, and farmer‐managed seed production (Zewde, B. et al. 2007).
Farmers have rich experience in seed and varietal selection, seed preservation and protection,
biological resources conservation through cultivation, local knowledge related with local crops
and varieties.
As depicted in Table 1, on average more than 12 million hectare of land are cultivated by the
major food crops over the last five years (2005‐2010). These are: cereals, legumes, oilseeds,
root crops and horticultural crops. In 2009/10 cropping season, out of 10,979,645 hectares
(84.75%) were covered by local seeds (Table 2). More over, about 71.3% of the total cultivated
area is covered by major cereals: tef, maize, barley, wheat and sorghum, followed by legumes
(11.5%) and oil seeds (6%). In the same cropping season, the annual area coverage of tef, maize,
sorghum, wheat and barley are 2.59, 1.77, 1.62, 1.68, 1.13 million hectares, respectively. Major
pulses (faba bean, field peas, Haricot beans, chickpea, grass pea and lentil) occupy 14.9 million
hectares, and oilseed crops: niger seed, linseed, rapeseed, peanut, sunflower, sesame and
castor bean is about 0.78 million hectares (Table 1).
Table 1. Area cultivated (ha) by major crops over the last five years (2005/06-2009/10)
Cropping season
Table 2. Area covered (ha) by local (informal) seeds over the last five years (2005/06- 2009/10)
Cropping season
The formal seed system is called formal because it is government supported system and several
public institutions are involved on it. The major actors of the formal system are: National
Agricultural Research Systems (NARS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
(MoARD), Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE) and private seed companies specializing on specific
crops like Pioneer. Recently, regional seed enterprises (RSE) were also established as public seed
enterprises (such as Oromiya Seed Enterprise-OSE, Amhara Seed Enterprise-ASE and Southern
Region Seed Enterprise-SRSE) and entered into the formal system. All actors have inter-
dependent roles in the system and inefficiency of one actor will automatically affect negatively
the performances of the rest of the actors. NARS (EIAR & RARIs) is responsible for variety
development and supply of initial seed, and ESE and RSEs are playing key roles in mass
production of improved seeds. MoARD is also involved in variety release, multiplication,
certification and distribution of seeds in the country. Private seed growers and other farmer
institutions such as unions and cooperatives are also playing key roles in multiplication,
certification and distribution of different classes of seeds. Legal institutions such as variety
release procedures, intellectual property rights, certification programs, seed standards, contract
laws, and law enforcement are also an important component of the formal seed system of any
country. They help determine the quantity, quality, and cost of seeds passing through the seed
system (Maredia, et al., 1999).
The Ethiopian government has favorable policy for agricultural research and is fully supporting
the research system by allocating appropriate resources. Therefore, the country's agricultural
research system has developed and released more than 664 varieties of 50 different crop types
(MoARD, 2010; Personal communications). ESE has only been able to produce 111 different
seeds of just 26 different crop varieties in 2009 cropping season. Seed multiplication by ESE
focused mainly on two cereal crops (wheat and maize) and annual supply of certified seed by the
enterprise doesn’t exceed 20,000 tons (Marja H. et al., 2008). Wheat and hybrid maize constitute
about 85% of the total output.
The total area covered by improved seeds in 2009/10 (2002 E.C) cropping season was about
364,154 hectares. In the same season, the largest volume of improved seeds used was that of
maize and wheat, which amounted to about 5,720 and 4,690 tons, which has covered the largest
area under improved seeds cultivation estimated to be about 210,000 and 38,000 hectares,
respectively (Table 3).
Table 3. Area covered (ha) by improved seeds (formal) during 2005/06 to 2009/10
Cropping season
The line between the formal and informal seed sectors can become somewhat blurred, as seeds of
improved varieties can be saved by farmers and eventually considered as “local variety” or “local
seed” after some years of usage. In addition, in Ethiopia there have been attempts made by the
government and NGOs to promote quality seed production and distribution through market
channels for landrace varieties, although until now the volume they represent is quite small
(Lipper et al.,2005). Thus, the formal and local seed systems are not always as distinct or
separated as the two labels may imply something to integrate and synergize both systems.
5. Seed Legislation in Ethiopia
Seed legislation is a regulatory mechanism put in place to protect the farmer from
purchasing seed of dubious quality. In general, the objective of seed legislation is to
regulate seed commerce including variety certification and variety protection.
In countries where there is a fairly well developed seed inspection and certification
service, the regulatory authority is vested to an autonomous or semiautonomous agency
away from the main seed producer players (Marco A. Quiñónes, 2010). This agency
carries out control of all processes of seed inspection and certification and has authority
to enforce seed laws and regulations. It is answerable directly to the Ministry of
Agriculture.
Ethiopia has recently reviewed her seed legislation and is in the process of issuing a seed
proclamation. However, there is not perfect seed legislation anywhere in the world and
the laws and regulations may need to be frequently amended in response to changing
circumstances. Even sometimes the seed legislation may need to be temporarily
suspended as in times of crisis due to drought, floods, disease outbreaks etc. Looking at
the future, it is recommended that Ethiopia brings her seed legislation and regulations in
conformity with the International Seed Testing Association in order to facilitate seed
imports and exports of diverse crop cultivars as it may become necessary.
5.1. Seed inspection and certification
Successful seed program is one which is able to supply a sufficient quantity of high
quality seed at the required time, at a reasonable cost and at a place where it is needed.
The seed standards in Ethiopia have been prepared under the direction of the
agricultural product standards committee and published by the Quality and Standards
Authority of Ethiopia. Currently, the Authority revised its seed standards and prepared
field and seed standards for 174 crops versus the 74 crops standards that were officially
issued for implementation.
Ethiopian Seed Standards includes the minimum limits of germination, varietal purity,
physical purity and other quality attributes of Certified, Quality Declared and Emergency
Seed, or of any other standard the Minster may establish under article 15 of the new
draft law. In this system, the producer declares that the seed meets the established
Quality Declared Seed standards based on internal quality controls, which the regulatory
authority later controls through spot checks. It relies on the technical facilities and
competence of seed producers to control quality; as such, it is initially intended to apply
to large producers.
Previously, the responsibility for official seed quality control and certification was given
to National Seed Industry Agency (NSIA) and later transferred to the Animal and Plant
Health Directorate of MoARD.
To date, the implementation of seed inspection and certification restructured and
decentralized to Bureaus of Agriculture and Rural Development (BoARDs) in regional
states. The management of all 10 seed testing laboratories was also given to regional
Bureaus (Ambo and Assela to Oromiya Region, Durbete, Gondar, Debre Markos and
Dessie to Amhara Region, Axum and Mekelle to Tigray Region, and Durame, and Wolaita
to Southern Nation and Nationality Region). The mini seed laboratories and the central
laboratory have a combined capacity to test over 30,000 samples per year. With the
current seed production trends this limited testing capacity makes it impossible to fulfill
the requirement that all seed be certified.
The Farmers' cooperative Unions (FCUs) play a vital role in seed and fertilizer
distribution while credit is offered by various financial institutions through FCUs. The
FCU’s share in seed supply to small farmers is now growing very rapidly.
Any person, who wants to engage in seed production, processing, import, export is
required by the law to obtain a competence assurance certificate from the
MOARD/BoARD, register their fields for inspection and provide proof of the parental
material of the registered variety.
The new draft law (2010) gives the Regional authority to:
coordinate public seed production and distribution at the regional level among
regions and with the central public seed producer;
issue certificates of competence for seed producers, processors, distributors and
retailers in accordance with Articles 25 and 26;
designate and obtain accreditation for seed testing laboratories;
carry out quality control functions as provided in this Proclamation; and
perform other functions within the scope of this article or as agreed between the
Regional Authorities and the Minister.
During inspection the authorities consider minimum isolation distance, crop history and
rotation, contaminants, disease and health status. Seed samples are collected and
examined in the laboratory for purity, germination capacity, moisture content and
health status (seed‐ borne diseased of seed lots). A seed analysis certificate is issued to
the seed grower and each bag of certified seeds is labeled according to the standards set
by former NSIA. Seed Inspectors with the authority to appear at production, processing,
storage, wholesale and retail sites to inspect seed for its conformity to these standards.
Certificate holders must make records and samples from laboratory tests of seed quality
available to Inspectors, and follow any advice the Inspector gives them for improving the
quality, before they are allowed to sell their seed. Any prescribed seed on sale must
have a label specifying it is Certified, the variety name, and the dates of production and
testing.
The ESE operates a central seed testing laboratory at headquarters and five mini
laboratories attached to seed processing plants and storage facilities located in different
regions (Table). ESE has kept its internal seed quality assurance activities even after the
introduction of formal seed certification under the MoARD. The Regional Seed
Enterprises and private seed growers are using seed laboratories of their respective
Region, neighboring regions or ESE laboratories for quality assurance and cleaning and
labeling their seeds.
The quality of seed could be tested by sending sample seed to Official Government Seed
Testing Laboratory. The seed law may allow official testing of seed every year. The seed
quality could be also done in own‐laboratory through proper sampling of seed and
following the procedures set by the standard authority
It was observed that some Ethiopian seed standards are excessively high, which has
resulted in the rejection and destruction of good quality seed. It is therefore
recommended that standards be reviewed and revised as necessary to comply with
international standards and otherwise to determine what is appropriate for each variety
(Draft seed law, 2010).
Concerning Official laboratories, the draft seed law says 'The Minister shall establish the
accreditation criteria and testing procedures for all seed testing laboratories in Ethiopia'.
This section takes into account Ethiopia’s current seed testing capacity while still
requiring the eventual adoption of ISTA procedures.
In the new draft law the Minister gives the power to accredit and issue guidelines,
procedures and standards for both central and regional laboratories to promote
consistent seed quality among regions. This will facilitate the inter‐regional movement
of seed and otherwise create a coherent seed system in Ethiopia.
5.1.1. Seed production, demand and supply
Seed security is one of the most important sociological, political, economic and scientific
challenges in the country. Securing the supply of quality seed and planting materiel of
the most important food crops is the most effective way to sustain food security.
In Ethiopia, the seed demand is increasing rapidly due to the agricultural development.
The establishment of Ethiopian Seed Enterprise’s led to advent of organized seed
production and supply system in the country and remained the main supplier in the
formal sector. Currently, government and private seed enterprises are involving and
combining their efforts to produce and supply seed to the growers.
In the country, the supply of improved seeds never fulfilled the need of producers. But
for the last two years with the shift in seed multiplication strategy, the production of
improved seeds especially hybrid maize and wheat were considerably improved.
Table 6. Demand and supply of hybrid maize basic seed for five years
(2005/06‐2009/10)
Production year Demand Supply Supply vs. demand (%)
Table 9. Amount of certified seed produced by ESE in Quintals for five years (2006/07‐
2010/11)
Crop 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
Cereals 181,526.28 195,733.60 226,954.11 302,883.37 524,303.24
Pulse crops 16,783.11 19,771.41 19,689.15 28,407.85 14,847.28
Oil crops 8,818.68 6,206.26 5,791.77 5,955.07 2,980.58
Horticultural crops 2.10 29.90 44.69 18.30 29.33
Spices ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 5.55
Fiber Crops 240.00 ‐ 32.58 ‐ 1,000.00
Forage crops 88.95 103.15 ‐ 176.14 93.29
Total 207,459.12 221,844.32 252,512.30 337,440.73 543,259.27
Source: ESE, 2010
Table 10. Sales of certified seed produced by ESE in Quintals for five years (2006/07‐
2010/11)
Crop 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Cereals 164,715 138,840 171,905 171,534 293,161
Pulse crops 12,301 10,061 10,805 10,606 8,235
Oil crops 1,359 1,242 848 480 331
Horticultural crops 19 8 45 4 64
Forage crops 64 63 92 15 5
Total 178,458 150,214 183,695 182,638 301,795
Source: ESE, 2010
All the above facts depicted in the tables indicated the official seed production and
other input statistics distributed to the end‐user during the last five year plan (2005/06 –
2009/10). Availability and status of seed infrastructure is also highlight in order to assess
the capacity of the country to implement requirements of seed certification that is
necessary for the purpose of the harmonization at COMESA level.
5.1.2. Seed Production Facilities in Ethiopia
The formal seed sector has built up its seed processing capacity over the past two and a
half decades. Currently there are quite a number of seed processing facilities in the seed
sector (Six in ESE, 13 in Oromiya Region, 19 in Amhara Region, 7 in Tigray Region, 13 in
Southern Peopls and Nationalities Region (SNNP), but most of the processing machines
found in the four Regional states are needs repair. Concerning the seed testing
laboratories, ESE has its own 6 laboratories with a capacity of 17500 samples per year.
At Federal MoARD level there is one seed testing laboratory with a capacity of 5000
samples per year. In addition, there are 10 seed testing laboratories found under the
BoARD of four Regional States with a total capacity of 25000 samples per year. ESE has
10 storage facilities with a total capacity of 39600 quintals. In addition all three Regional
Seed Agencies and 33 private seed growers have storage facilities with different amount
of storage capacities. However, transport facilities are very limited. Most of the facilities
are owned by the ESE but are not located strategically for serving small farmers
throughout the country (Table 11). Besides the ESE, Pioneer Hi‐Bred Seeds Ethiopia
owns a seed processing plant with an annual capacity of 6,000 tones and a seed storage
facility of 2000 tones – both located in Addis Ababa. Moreover, over 40 seed processing
machines with an over 450,000 tones seed processing capacity found in different
Regional states. However, only some of the Processing machines are functional. Others
are either standing idle or needs some spare parts for repair.
Table 11. Seed processing, storage and laboratory facilities in Ethiopia
Institute/location quantity Seed processing (tons) Seed testing Storage
laboratory (tons)
Per day Seed (samples
processed/year tested/year)
ESE Seed testing labs. (6) 17,500
Seed processing 16‐32 137,952
machines (6)
Storage facilities (10) 39,600
Sub‐total 137,952 17,500 39,600
Pioneer 1 6,000 2,000
Sub‐total 143,952 41,000
MoARD Addis Ababa 5,000
Sub‐total 0 0 5,000 0
Regional BoARD
Oromiya Seed testing labs. (2) 5,000
Seed processing 2‐30 t 40,880
machines (13)
Amhara Seed testing labs. (4) 10,000
Seed processing 4‐30 t 46,000
machines (19)
Tigray Seed testing labs. (2) 5,000
Seed processing 8‐20t 28,835
machines (7)
Southern Region Seed testing labs. (2) 5,000
Seed processing 8‐30t 64,605
machines (13)
Sub‐total 180,320 25,000
Total 462,224 47,500 41,000
5.1.3. Existing seed classes
The new varieties, released by private or government must pass through a series of
evaluation, release and registration tests and procedures before farmers can use them.
Seed production of registered cultivars follows a generation system to ensure that all
seeds marketed to farmers should be originated from a known source (breeder seed).
Each generation is produced under strict supervision and must meet seed quality
standards. Ethiopia has adopted from Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) seed generation scheme which is indicated below:
Breeder seed (1st generation) is the initial source of seed and is usually produced by
the breeder. It is the source for the production of pre‐basic or basic seed.
Pre‐basic seed (2nd generation) is the progeny of the breeder seed and is usually
produced under the supervision of a breeder or his designated agency. This
generation is commonly used for crops that have low multiplication ratios and
where large quantities of certified seed are required.
Basic seed (3rd generation) is the progeny of breeder or pre‐basic seed and is
usually produced under the supervision of a breeder or his designated agency and
under the control of a seed quality control agency.
Certified seed (4th generation and above) is the progeny of basic seed and is
produced on contract with selected seed growers under the supervision of the seed
enterprise, public or private. Certified seed can be used to produce further
generations of certified seed (certified 1, certified 2, etc) or can be planted by
farmers for grain production.
5.1.4. Main Findings and Recommendations
In Ethiopia there are favorable policies and incentives to attract and develop private
seed companies to engage in the seed industry. However, needs more effort to
implement those policies and strategies. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development should enable the private sector to take the lead in production and sale of
certified seeds while the public sector produces breeder pre‐basic and basic seeds. In
the development and conservation of new varieties, seed inspection and certification
are indispensable processes.
The new draft law has been revisited and amended to keep up with new developments
in the seed industry. A number of articles were amended, particularly with regard to
seed quality standards, which are very high for some crops. The Seed Law No. 206/2000
demands conformity with these standards for any commercial seed. However, it proved
impossible to achieve such standards at the current stage of development in the seed
sector. This concern was noted by the responsible agency but no practical action has
been yet taken to improve the situation.
The establishment of the National Seed Quality Control and Certification Division under
MoARD and BoARD by itself is not a solution for the current seed quality problem. The
Ministry should start independent certification agency that could equally serve all seed
producers and enforce the regulations to build farmers confidence.
Another major constraint is the inefficiency of the executing agencies. There are serious
problems in implementation, although the seed sector has now better legal frameworks.
Repeated restructuring of the executing agencies created a gap and responsibilities
shared among various departments of the MoARD, which is now also being reorganized.
This weak or feeble the enforcement and serious fraudulent practices were reported by
some suppliers. It is important that the quality assurance is strengthened so as to
enforce the seed laws and prevent malpractices which have very serious repercussions
for the development of agricultural sector.
Finally harmonization of a Seed Certification System that promotes the use of common
terminologies, standards, procedures, seals and labels will guarantee the production and
sale of high quality seed across the region.
5.2. Variety evaluation, release and registration system
In 1978, the Ethiopian government convened a National Seed Council to consider the
issue of seed supply. From their recommendations the Ethiopian Seed Corporation was
founded in 1979 as a state enterprise, run through the Ministry of State Farms, Coffee,
and Tea Development (Dabi et al., 1998). In the beginning, there were no clear
procedures for evaluating which improved variety breeders had developed would be
approved for multiplication and release. The National Crop Improvement Committee
(NCIC), instrumental in founding the ESE, was also important in establishing the National
Variety Release Committees (NVRCs) in 1982 (Getinet Gebeyehu and Gebremedhin,
1999). Each major crop has its own committee, though their statutory role was not
legally defined until recently (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2000). An NVRC is
usually chaired by a breeder, and includes agronomists, crop protection specialists and
social scientists, representing different institutions (e.g. IAR/EARO; the Ethiopian
Biodiversity Institute50; ESE; and the Ministry of State Farms, Coffee, and Tea
Development) (Agrawal and Wolde Mariam, 1995).
In Ethiopia, two steps are involved in the release of a new variety or a hybrid developed
by a breeder. These are ‐ testing the new improved variety, and registering and releasing
the variety and both steps are undertaken by the National Variety Release Committee
(NVRC) Hence, the NVRC is mandated with the task of being involved with both the
testing and release of varieties and hybrids.
The Committee is composed of breeders (4), agronomists (1), crop protection specialists
(2), research/extension (1) and socioeconomists (1) representing different research
institution and user organizations. The membership includes the EARI, Institute of Bio‐
divesity Conservation and Research (IBCR), Awassa College of Agriculture, MoARD, The
functions of the NVRC are to make decisions on variety release and related
issues,undertake periodic reviews and approve recommendations for enhancing the
system in the country. It develops guidelines and issues important formats to breeders.
The NVRC also compiles the national variety list and prepares a register book on all
released crop varieties in the country.
It is headed by a chairperson elected from among the members and an official from the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development serve as its permanent secretary. The
members of the committee hold office for 3 years but the chairperson and one member
of the committee serve for 4 years to ensure the smooth transfer of activities to the new
committee. The Animal Health and Phytosanitory proces serves as the secretariat of
NVRC
Before a candidate variety is submitted to the NVRC, it must have had at least two years
of regional or national trials on‐station at three to five locations, and a one year
‘verification trial’ on‐farm, to demonstrate yield, disease‐resistance, or “other important
characteristics” (Dabi et al., 1998: 2). Once the NVRC has received this data, it elects a
technical sub‐committee to oversee a further verification trial, evaluating performance
on a 10x10m plot on‐station and two on‐farms. The committee assessing Plant height,
days to maturity, resistance to pests and other performance data that matches with
breeders data. This is to ensure that the variety meets DUS criteria for stability, as well
as for uniformity. The subcommittee also interviews the breeder in detail, particularly on
agronomy, and solicits the farmer’s views on performance relative to both a standard
(improved variety) and a local (Farmer's Variety) check, usually grown on adjacent plots.
On the basis of these assessments, the sub‐committee submits a report to the NVRC
with their recommendation or otherwise for release.
The Crops included in the variety evaluation, release and registration system/process
are:‐
cereals (Wheat, maize both hybrids and OPVs, barley, oats, sorghum both
hybrids and OPVs, tef, rice, sunflower, mustard, linseed, rapeseed, noug, sesame,
ground nut, faba bean, field pea, chickpea, lentil, haricot bean, soy bean vetch)
Fiber Crops (Cotton, Sisal)
Horticultural crops Vegetable, Roots and Tubers, and Enset (Capsicum, egg plant,
Tomato, Leek, Onion, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Lettuce, Spinach, Swiss chard, Green
beans, Melon, Beat root, Carrot, Cassava, Sweet potato, Potato, Taro, Yam,
Garlic, Shallot, Ginger, Turmeric, Cardamom (true), Cardamom (false), and Black
pepper
Perennial crops (fruits ‐Citrus, Mango and Avocado, coffee, Enset, and tea, Straw
berry, etc.). (See Annex for the number of released varieties in the country)
Today many irrigated and rain fed horticultural crop varieties are developed both for
local and export market and are ready for release. However, the existing guideline does
not encompass these crops. Therefore, to promote stability, uniformity and distinctness
of horticultural crops and thereby strengthen their development program, these
releases a comprehensive guideline should be prepared based on the existing release
guideline. (See the National variety Release policy and Mechanism document in the
annex)
5.2.1. Conditions for Harmonizing Seed Laws and Regulations across
Regions
In the past seed laws and regulations were prepared and implemented with specific
national interests and with no or little regional interactions. Most national seed laws,
however, are replicas of each other (Louwaars, 2002; 1996) with little national flavor. To
date, with the increasing globalization of seed trade the existence of unrealistic and
inflexible national regulations become a serious impediment for regional integration.
Given broadly similar agro‐ecology, production environments, and crops at the regional
level there are opportunities for countries to pursue a more integrated regional
approach to the development of the seed sector. Such harmonized regulations and
technical procedures would facilitate the movement of varieties and seeds across
boundaries creating a regionally unified market and attract investment from the private
sector (Zewdie, 2004).
In Ethiopia, the huge volume and the rapid growth in production and demand present
has a unique opportunity for the development of seed sector and trade in varieties and
planting materials. This process could be achieved through a rapid movement of
improved planting materials. This would require uniform and harmonized policies,
regulations and, procedures for the development, release, multiplication, transfer and
exchange of improved planting materials and commodities.
Therefore, the Ethiopian draft seed laws and regulations were reviewed and prepared in
relation to the country's expressed priorities, circumstances and needs and based on
International standards. However, it should be necessary to check whether it complies
with the regional laws and regulations.
5.2.2. Main Findings and Recommendations
The variety evaluation and release process i.e. the time from breeders making a cross to
the improved variety being released and multiplied could take as long as 14 years. The
current official goal of the government is to streamline the process, and drastically
reduce delays in variety testing and release Therefore; this process is currently revised
by EIAR in the Institute's Business Process Engineering (BPR) study and shortened to 8‐
11 years. The other option for shortening the time of variety testing and release could
be the use of irrigation, so that variety testing could perform twice in a year.
The participation of some institutions in the NVRC was inadequate, and that late
reporting of evaluations (and poor attendance by committee members) delayed variety
release are the common problems. These issues have already been considered the new
draft law article 6.
Policies for variety identity control (DUS) are perhaps most relevant for crops that are
exported, or where there is an active seed market, such as for F1 hybrid seeds. For the
horticultural sector, where most seeds are imported, quality control clearly needs to
improve, since distributors sell impure or expired seed, which strongly impacts on the
value of the harvest to farmers
The released variety seed that was multiplied should be distributed through institutional
channels according to administrative decisions, rather than through a distribution
network in response to farmers’ expressions of seed needs. The lack of a system to
monitor the status of released varieties has hindered the feedback on performance of
released varieties. Such feedback is useful for lesson‐learning and improvement in the
quality of new varieties to be developed. Furthermore, variations, incompleteness and
sometimes absence of agronomic and morphological descriptors have often delayed the
release of candidate varieties.
Shortages of personnel and low standard office facility have affected the efficiency and
effectiveness of the NVRC to accomplish its duties and responsibilities. In addition, the
assignment of a variety developer to act as evaluator and also decision maker on a
variety has raised concern over a conflict of interest.
A strong variety release mechanism is a basis in the supply of an adequate quantity of
quality seed required for production. Therefore, strengthening the NVR office, and the
establishment of an independent body ( as mentioned in the draft law article No. 6) and
incentive(allowance or other remuneration) in short and long terms should get due
attention by the Government.
Seed production has to comply with numerous regulation and standards in order to
access export markets. Such regulations and standards cover such broad areas as human
and environmental heath, plant health, introduction of alien species, worker welfare and
consumer tastes (Zewdie,2004). These regulations are enforced through a number of
bilateral and multilateral mechanisms and arrangements between and among trading
partners, for example, the World Trade Organization (WTO). The fundamental
requirement of WTO’s regulation is to ensure that agricultural products are safe and
pose no risk to human, animal and plant health.
WTO’s Sanitary and phyto‐sanitrary (SPS) agreement has two main objectives: to
recognize the sovereign right of members to provide the level of health protection they
deem appropriate and ensure that SPS measures do not present unnecessary, arbitrary,
scientifically unjustifiable or disguised restrictions on international trade. SPS measures
refer to the actions taken to protect (a) human life from plant or animal‐carried
diseases, (b) animal or plant life from pest, diseases or disease‐causing organisms, (c)
human and animal life from risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins or
diseases‐causing organisms in their seeds, food, beverages or feedstuffs; and (d) a
country from damage caused by entry, establishment or spread of pests.
These measures allow countries to set their own seed or food safety and animal and
plant health standards and regulations based on science and encourage members to use
international standards, guidelines and recommendations where such exist.
In Ethiopia, in 1992, a revised Plant Quarantine Regulation No. 4/1992 was issued based
upon the Plant Protection Decree No.56/1971. All imported plants and materials, which
are liable to be infested or infected with plant pests, are subjected to plant quarantine
checks. The regulation restricts the importation of some plants, plant products and
other articles without import permit duly issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development. It positively contributes to MoARD's regulatory function on seed import
and/or export in checking the seed health and issuing the phyto‐sanitary certificates.
A Seed Import Permit must be obtained from the Animal and Plant health Regulatory
Directorate of the MoARD before importing seed into the country. The permit specifies
the requirements for plant health, indicating prohibitions, packaging, conditions for
release at the point of entry, and any other additional declaration with regard to pre‐
shipment treatments. Any seed consignment arriving in the country must be
accompanied by a copy of the Import Permit together with a “Phytosanitary Certificate”
which verifies that a competent authority, preferably internationally accredited in the
exporting country has examined the plant material for pests prior to leaving the country
and that the materials meets the importing country’s own phytosanitary requirements.
Without a phytosanitary certificate plant material is not allowed entry and may be
destroyed or reshipped at the owner's cost.
5.3.1. Main Findings and Recommendations
Phytosanitary Services (PS), often State provided, are expected to diagnose pests found
on plant materials at the point of entry, diagnose plant pest problems on samples
brought by farmers and identify pathogens and pests causing plant damage. They should
also be able to provide advice on disease and pest management strategies.
As a measure to minimize the introduction and spread of diseases and pests within the
region strict quarantine measures are required and movement of vegetative planting
materials must be through disease‐free tissue culture materials. In the current
conditions, Ethiopia can not meet the requirement because of lack of capacity in tissue
culture and quarantine services. In addition, Governments of the EAC through their
relevant institutions should develop/ strengthen capacity in pest risk analysis, detection,
identification and elimination from plant samples targeting all diseases and pests that
are of potential threat to the country. The institutions should develop a list of common
pest and disease risks from each country in the region, establish and effectively
implement standards and procedures for detecting; identifying and eliminating the pests
and diseases in plant materials should they be detected. Finally, from EACs the ISTA
accreditation is limited only to Kenya but in other neighboring countries facilities should
be accredited in shortest time in order to fasten the harmonization process.
5.4.Plant Variety Protection (Intellectual Property Rights)
Ethiopia has been an active sympathizer of farmers’ rights ever since the mid‐1980s
when the concept of farmers’ rights began to emerge. Since then, it has played a
significant role in all the negotiation processes related to farmers’ rights and access to
genetic resources. Important progress has been made in developing policy frameworks
to address the rights of communities, farmers and breeders at national level. However,
the pace toward implementing farmers’ fights has not been as significant as the role that
Ethiopia has played at the regional and global levels. (Regassa Feyissa, 2006)
Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office (EIPO) was established by Proclamation No 320 of
2003 to study, analyze and recommend intellectual property policies and laws. The Plant
Breeders’ Rights Proclamation (Proclamation No. 481/2006) was developed to
encourage plant breeders by offering economic rewards as incentive for their
contributions in the agricultural sector, realizing that the utilization of new plant
varieties developed through research play a significant role in improving agricultural
production and productivity.
5.4.1. Main Findings and Recommendations
The Proclamation also recognizes the contributions of local farmers in the conservation
and use of genetic resources that constitute the basis for breeding new varieties for
agricultural production (Art. 27). In this regard, the farmers’ rights principle as set out in
Article 27 of the Proclamation contains elements of the African Model Legislation that
are important components of farmers’ rights.
The 2006 Plant Breeders Act provides incentives for private investment in breeding,
multiplication, and distribution of improved seed
The Plant Breeders’ Rights Proclamation upholds farmers' rights to save, use, multiply,
exchange and sell farm‐saved seed of protected varieties, but they are not allowed to
sell seed protected with plant breeders’ rights. Although this proclamation provides for
farmers’ rights in a separate article, these provisions are limited to the conditions under
which farmers can use protected varieties. There is no mention of how farmers are
supported and recognized for the role they play in conserving and developing crop
genetic diversity, and how their rights to share benefits derived from the use of their
varieties are ensured.
5.4.2. Main Findings and Recommendations
Ethiopia’s implementation of a Plant Variety Protection (PVP) regime is provided for in
the Plant Breeders’ Right Proclamation, No. 481/2006. Though Ethiopia is not currently a
member of the World Trade Organization, it has applied and is, therefore, seeking to
bring its legal system into compliance with the Organization’s requirements, including
those of TRIPs (Robert J. Lewis‐Lettington.2008).
Ethiopia also aims to expand its horticultural trade with the European Union and is
seeking to promote plant breeding and the seed industry internally. Proclamation No.
481/2006 follows the basic structure and detail of the UPOV Convention. Though
Ethiopia. Ethiopia has also been a leading country with regard to the promotion of
community and farmers’ rights in Africa as well as internationally. However, the country
only recently adopted its own legislation in this regard. Regardless of the policy
commitments made to address farmers’ and community rights, the process of
formulating legal instruments for the implementation of the policies has been very slow.
5.5. Seed import/export documentation and procedures
The Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI) is responsible for seed import and/or export
trade license while the MoARD is in charge of issuing the certificate of competence, a
prerequisite for issuing a trade license. According to Seed Proclamation No. 206/2000
the requirements for seed import and export include, inter alia, the following:
1. Seed importers‐exporters must be registered with MoARD to get the certificate
of competence and must have a trade license from MOTI.
2. Seed importers‐exporters are required to apply and get import‐export permit
from MoARD before importing‐exporting any seed.
3. Seed importers‐exporters must comply with the requirements of the Plant
Quarantine Service of MoARD.
In addition to the above the new draft law of Ethiopia on Import and Export of Seed
suggests the following;
1. Any variety of seed to be imported for multiplication purposes, except where
exclusively for re‐export, shall be subject to prior verification trials as
established by the VRC and shall be listed in the National Variety Register in
accordance with this Proclamation.
2. Genetically modified organisms may be imported into Ethiopia only if the
Minister receives prior assurance of their compliance with applicable
legislation from the authority designated therein.
3. No person may import or export restricted seed; or import any seed
containing terminator gene technology.
4. The Minister may, by directive, restrict the export of any variety of seed if it is
determined that such export may adversely affect Ethiopia’s food security or
any other public interest.
The organizations involved in seed import and/or export include private traders, private
producers, and public enterprises (ESE, Horticultural Development Enterprise (HDE),
NGOs, research institutions, universities and colleges. Crops usually imported or
exported are cereals, pulses, oil crops, vegetables, ornamentals, fruits, medicinal plants,
trees and shrubs.
5.5.1. Main Findings and Recommendations
Plant importation Permit division in Ethiopia found under the plant quarantine service
department of MoARD. According to the permit order, a seed import permit must be
obtained before importing seed into the country. The permit specifies the requirements
for country and place of origin, plant health (free from soil), indicating prohibitions,
validity of the permit and any other additional declaration with regard to pre‐shipment
treatments. Any seed consignment arriving in the country must be accompanied by a
triplicate copy of the Import Permit together with a “Phytosanitary Certificate” which
verifies that a competent authority.. Without a phytosanitary certificate plant material is
not allowed entry and may be destroyed or reshipped at the owner's cost.
Similarly, seed for export also requires the description of consignment (name and adress
of exporter, place of origin, declared point of entry botanical name of the plant), any
other additional declaration and disinfestations and/or disinfection treatment and it
must be accompanied by an export permit together with and a phytosanitary certificate
from the exporting country. (See the plant importation and re‐export permit formats in
the annex 2)
The requirements for imports and exports should be harmonized and the Pest Risk
Analysis (PRA) procedures should be conducted based on FAO guidelines. This will result
in faster seed flow across borders, and increased availability of seed varieties, which
would otherwise have restricted entry because of reasons which are not scientifically
based.
6. Conclusions
Agriculture in Ethiopia is caught in a low input‐output trap, due to partly low levels of
investment, low technology application, low capacity to afford for high input prices
(seed, fertilize, etc.). The solution needs to involve a structural change, for which major
capacity development is needed, including a quantum change in human capacity, input
supply, technology adoption, and provision of infrastructure Poverty Accelerated and
Sustainable Development Eradication Program(PASDEP), 2005). Especially, in order to
increase the production and productivity of agricultural output, the use of modern
agricultural technologies are vital, out of which fertilizer and high yielding variety of
crops are the most important technologies to increase the level of crop production.
The policy/regulatory environment, the availability of relevant agricultural technology,
the support institutions and the socio‐economic factors have a profound effect on the
development of the national seed industry (Louwaars, 2002; Turner and Bishaw, 2000;
Almekinders and Louwaars, 1999). The policy and regulatory environment defines the
organizations, functions and linkages among the institutions involved in the seed sector
and the mechanisms for coordinating the activities and monitoring the progress of the
national seed industry. To date, with the increasing globalization of seed trade the
existence of unrealistic and inflexible national regulations become a serious impediment
for regional integration. Given broadly similar agro‐ecology, production environments,
and crops at the regional level there are opportunities for countries to pursue a more
integrated regional approach to the development of the seed sector. Such harmonized
regulations and technical procedures would facilitate the movement of varieties and
seeds across boundaries creating a regionally unified market and attract investment
from the private sector. At present there are some promising developments aimed at
harmonization of regulations in East Africa and Southern Africa.
The EACs should standardize documentation and rationalize procedures that will require
plant import permit, phytosanitary certificate from source, quality certificate and
customs clearance. This will reduce time on documentation and will speed up seed
movement, thus availing seed to farmers sooner and encouraging seed trade.
7. References
Agrawal, P.K., and W. Wolde Mariam. 1995. Seed supply system in Ethiopia. Plant
Varieties and Seeds. 8: 1‐7.
Almekinders, C.J.M. and N.P. Louwaars. 1999. Farmers’ seed production. Inter‐mediate
Technology Publications Ltd, London, UK. 291 pp.
Annual reports of the Ethiopian Seed Enterprise, 2006‐2010. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Berhane Gebrekidane, Seme Debela and Ibrahim Mohamed, 2004. Development and
Application of Agricultural Technology in Ethiopia: A Discussion Paper. A discussion
paper presented on the occasion of celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the
establishment of the Alemaya University, October 23 and 24, 2004.
Dabi, Gurmu, Gudissa Shaka, and Zewdie Bishaw. 1998. The Ethiopian Seed Industry.
Aleppo, Syria: WANA Seed Network, Seed Unit, ICARDA. Focus on Seed Programs No. 11.
13 pp.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 2000. Seed Proclamation (Proclamation
No.206/2000). Addis Abeba. 25 pp.
Keeley, J., and I. Scoones. 2000. Knowledge, power and politics: the environmental
policymaking process in Ethiopia. Journal of Modern African Studies. 38 (1): 89‐120.
Louwaars, N.P. 1996. Seed legislation in developing countries: possibilities and pit‐falls
for seed system development, 77‐81. In van Amstel, H., Bottema, J.W.T., Sidik, M. and
van Santen, C.E. (eds.) Integrating seed systems for annual food crops. Proceedings of a
workshop, 24‐27 Oct 1995, Malang, Indonesia. CGPRT Center, Bogor, Indonesia. 311pp.
Louwaars, N.P. (ed.) 2002. Seed policy, legislation and law: widening a narrow focus. The
Haworth Press Incorporated, New York, USA. 260 pp.
Marco A. Quiñónes, 2010. Agriculture‐Led Development in Ethiopia. Re‐direct
institutional support from the National Agricultural Research System, Extension and
Farmers’ Organizations in order to attain sustainable, integrated agriculture and rural
development (Second draft paper).
National Seed Industry Agency. 1997. Draft seed Standards of Ethiopia. National Seed
Industry Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1997
Regassa Feyisa. 2006. Farmers' Rights in Ethiopia. A case study
Reports on area and production for major crops, 2006‐2010. Central Statistical
Agency. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Robert J. Lewis‐Lettington. 2008. International dimensions of plant variety protection
and informal seed supply in Ethiopia. In: Thijssen, M.H., Z. Bishaw, A. Beshir and W.S. de
Boef, 2008 (Eds.). Farmers, seeds and varieties: supporting informal seed supply in
Ethiopia. Wageningen, Wageningen International. 2008.
Shawn McGuire 2005. Getting Genes: Rethinking seed system analysis and reform for
sorghum in Ethiopia .
Turner, M. and Z. Bishaw. 2000. Benefits of regional collaboration in seed program
development, 649‐666. In The international conference on seed industry. Pro‐ceedings
of the international conference on seed industry, 27‐30 Mar 2000, Tripoli, Libya. General
Authority for Agriculture, Animal and Marine Wealth, Tripoli, Libya.
Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia. 2000. Bulletin on standards, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. 2000
Tripp, R. 1997b. The structure of national seed systems In R. Tripp (ed.). New Seed and
Old Laws: Regulatory reform and the diversification of national seed systems. London:
Intermediate Technology Publications. pp. 14‐42.
World Bank 2006a. Ethiopia: Policies for pro‐poor agricultural growth. Washington, DC:
World Bank.
Zewdie Bishaw. 2004. Wheat and Barley Seed Systems in Ethiopia and Syria .PsD thesis,
Wageningen university
Zewdie Bishaw, Yonas Sahlu and Belay Simane. 2008. The status of the Ethiopian seed
industry. In Thijssen, M.H., Z. Bishaw, A. Beshir and W.S. de Boef, 2008 (Eds.). Farmers,
seeds and varieties: supporting informal seed supply in Ethiopia. Wageningen,
Wageningen International. 2008
8. Annexs
Note A/ This permit is valid for __________________ from the date of issue, but may be cancelled at
any time by plant quarantine service,
B / This permit is drawn up in triplicate: two copies are delivered to the importer who should send
one copy to the supplier
Date_____________
Signature____________
Annex 4: Model Phytosanitory certificate for re-export
No.____________________
Plant protection of _________________(contracting party of re-export)
To: Plant protection organization (s) of ________________(contracting party(ies) of import)
I. Description of consignment
Name and address of exporter: ___________________________.
Declared name and addresses of consignee____________________________
Number and description of Package____________________________________
Distinguishing marks ___________________________________
Places of origin: _______________________________
Declared means of conveyance:_______________________________________
Declared point of entry ____________________________________
Name of produce and quantity declared______________________________
Botanical name of plants_________________________________________
This is to certify that the plants, plant products of other regulated articles described above were
imported in to (contracting party of re-export __________________________
from___________(contracting party of origin) covered by phytosanitary certificate No.
________________.Original, Certified true copy, of which is attached to this certificate; that they
are packed, repacked in original *new containers, that based on the original phytosanitory
certificate and additional inspection they are considered to conform with the current phytosanitory
requirements of the importing contracting party, and that during storage in
______________container (contracting party of re-export), the consignment has not been subjected
to the risk of infestation or infection.
*Insert tick in appropriate boxes
NATIONAL VARIETY RELEASE POLICY
AND MECHANISM
NATIONAL SEED INDUSTRY AGENCY
June, 2001
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
FOREWARD---------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
LIST OF TABLES---------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
LIST OF FORMS.---------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT------------------------------------------------------------------iv
I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1
II. STATURE OF THE NATIONAL VARIETY REALSE COMMITTEE
A. Background ………………………………………………………2
B. Objectives -----------------------------------------------------------------3
C. Organizational Set-up ---------------------------------------------------5
D. Composition of Committee ------------------------------------------5
E. Terms of Reference for the Chairperson ------------------------6
F. Terms of Reference for the Permanent Secretary -------------- 6
G. Terms of Office --------------------------------------------------7
H. Meeting ----------------------------------------------------------.8
III. GUIDELINE FOR RELEASING A VARIETY
A. PART ONE: FIELD CROPS ---------------------------------------------------9
A.1CONDITON FOR RELEASE -----------------------------------------------------9
A.1.2 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS --------------- ------------10
A.1.3 EVALUATION PROCEDURE ----------------------------------------------10
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
TABLE 1. Minimum quantities of breeder’s seed of field crops required in seed stock-----
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------18-19
TABLE 4. Minimum quantities of breeder’s seed of horticultural crops required in seed
stock --------------------------------------------------------------------------29-30
LIST OF FORMS
Forms
FORM-FC--A-1 to 5 Application for release of varieties of various field crops (FC)-----
....................................................................................................................13-17
THE NATIONAL VARIETY RELEASE POLICY
I. INTRODUCTIOON
In Ethiopia, research and higher learning institutions with the support and/or collaboration
with government and private organizations are engaged in research geared to
development of varieties of various crops in order to increase productivity per unit area.
The development of new varieties per se and their utilization by farmers in the production
system follows specific procedures in most countries. Some countries have a rigorous
testing system and variety-releasing mechanism before the newly developed variety is
made available to farmers. Other countries have no such mechanism that the varieties
developed could be distributed to farmers by the researchers. The former system is most
widely used. It is more reliable, safe and suitable to an agrarian country like Ethiopia
where high productivity of crops has tremendous impact on the economy of the nation.
Hence, the need for establishing basic rules and regulations as well as a mechanism
governing the release of important varieties or hybrids is unprecedented. The necessary
steps involved, the need for a sub-committee and inclusion of additional criteria need
special emphasis in testing and release of varieties under Ethiopian context.
STEPS IN THE RELEASE OF A VARIETY
Two steps are involved in the release of a new variety or a hybrid developed by a breeder.
These are - testing the new improved variety, and registering and releasing the variety.
Though different countries have different approaches in carrying out these steps, in
Ethiopia both steps are undertaken by the National Variety Release Committee (NVRC)
Hence, the NVRC is mandated with the task of being involved with both the testing and
release of varieties and hybrids.
A SUB-COMMITTEE
In view of the high number of requests made by breeders for testing and release of
varieties of different crops the need for a sub-committee was sought essential. Therefore,
a sub-committee will be organized/formed that will be accountable/responsible to the
NVRC. Members of the sub-committee for the respective crops shall be strictly
professionals assigned from different public, private and non-governmental institution in
the country. A standing member of the NVRC will be assigned by the NVRC as
chairperson for each sub-committee.
ADDITIONAL CRITERIA
In many instances the important criteria that are considered in testing and release of a
variety are simple yield performances and reaction to diseases. It is however essential and
pertinent that criteria that reflects the chemical composition of seed, and produces as the
case may be, should be considered in the evaluation exercises. Hence the mechanism for
testing seeds for specific quality such as malting quality, fiber quality, oil content and
others should be developed. The inclusion of these criteria will contribute to making the
final decision more complete and hence reliable.
It is therefore with such noble notion that this guideline is prepared by the NSIA in order
to safeguard the distribution and proper utilization of released seeds breeds of different
crops in the national agricultural production system.
B. OBJECTIVES
General Objective
The general objective of the NVRC shall be to test, approve or release and register the
new variety or hybrid developed by a breeder in order to assure the high standard and
quality of the improved variety and safeguard the interest of the farmers and other users,
Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the National Variety Release Committee are presented as
follows.
1. To review the data supporting the release of a new hybrid or variety.
2. To determine the uniqueness and production potential of the variety under
Ethiopian condition.
3. To provide the mechanism for approval and proper release of varieties and
hybrids.
4. To register the released variety and hybrid.
FUNCTIONS
The functions of the National Variety Release Committee shall be: -
1. To approve the release of hybrids and/or varieties developed by
governmental and private institutions.
2. To provide appropriate forms to the breeder to effect the release of a
variety or hybrid. The release of a variety dependence upon distinctness
and the availability of a reasonable quantity of breeders seed of a variety
or seed of the parents of hybrids to the NSIA adequate enough to generate
basic seed (Refer Table 1). Release is also dependent on the provision by
the breeder or the institution which developed the variety a descriptive
information regarding the distinguishing characteristics of the released
varieties or hybrids (morphological, physiological, biochemical etc.) and
the parents of varieties or hybrids (origin, pedigree) including
performance.
3. To review and evaluate the data provided by the breeder and decide
whether or not the variety or hybrid can be released.
4. To formally notify the appropriate individuals and agencies that the variety
or hybrid has or has not been released. To compile and provide published
information of released varieties and hybrids on the basis of the descriptive
information provided by the breeder or the institution responsible for
developing the variety regarding the distinguishing characteristics of the
released varieties and hybrids (morphological, physiological, biochemical
etc.) and parents of hybrids, (origin, pedigree) including performance.
5. To determine and assign responsibilities to appropriate institutions
or agencies for maintenance of breeders’ seed.
6. To obtain seed of the newly released varieties or hybrids from the
breeder or the institution that developed them and provide it to the Institute
of Biodiversity Conservation Research for long-term storage and
maintenance.
7. To take appropriate action to recall and remove obsolete varieties and
hybrids from the list of those eligible for seed certification when and if
sufficient information is available.
8. To register released varieties and hybrids and maintains an up to date list
(National Seed Registry) and publish such a list annually along with their
characteristics and recommended ecological zones of production for each
entry. To provide the above information (8) to the national seed and other
appropriate data bases and maintain an up to date cross institutional data base
linkage.
9. To review and standardize varietal and hybrid naming procedures used in the
country.
10. To give periodic review and status report through the secretary to the National
Seed Industry Agency.
C. ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP
The National Variety Release Committee will function under the organizational set-up of
the National Seed Industry Agency. The Agency shall provide an office for the Permanent
Secretary.
D. COMPOSITION OF COMMITTEE
The committee shall be composed of high professional calibers from different concerned
agricultural institutions. The committee members will be selected by the National Seed
Industry Agency. The committee will consist of:
Breeders 1 = 2; Agronomist/Physiologist = 1; Entomologist =1;
Pathologist = 1; Economist = 1; Research/Extensionist = 1; Food scientist
=1; Seed technologist = 1; Private seed produsers representative = 1:
Farmers union representative =1; permanent secretary(NSIA) = 1;and
public sector representative.
The committee members shall be representatives from the following
institutions/organizations
1. Ministry of Agriculture
2. National Seed Industry Agency
3. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization
4. Institute for Biodiversity Conservation and Research.
5. Coffee and Tea Development Authority
6. Higher Education Institutions/ universities and colleges
7. Other relevant organizations/institutions
Office Holders of the Committee
A chairperson and permanent secretary shall represent the Committee.
1
Breeders working on different crop and on crops having different pollination habits will preferably be
chosen.
E. CHAIRPERSON
The National Variety Release Committee shall have a chairperson elected from among
the professional members. The chairperson shall have the following duties and
responsibilities:
Directs the activities of the Committee and preside over all of its meetings.
Directs, guides and makes decisions on aspects of variety release meetings
and other related matters.
Attends the Board’s meeting of the Ethiopian Seed Industry and provides
periodic review and status report on the activities of the Committee.
Directs and guides the overall activity of the National Variety Release
Committee according to the rules and regulations approved by the National
Seed Industry Council.
He/she shall step down temporarily when a crop that he/she is involved in,
is presented for release either at the ad-hoc committee or NVRC levels.
F. PERMANENT SECRETARY
The Permanent Secretary shall be an employee of the Agency. Part of his assignment
shall be to serve in the Seed Quality Control and Certification Team under the National
Seed Industry Agency. The Permanent Secretary is also envisaged to serve as a nucleus
towards establishing an independent Testing Agency in the future when conditions such
as human-power, facilities and other requirements are available.
Compile a list of all the varieties released along with their distinguishing
characteristics and other essential publications related to the National Variety
Release Committee.
Follow up any other activity as deemed necessary by the National Variety Release
Committee.
G. TERMS OF OFFICE
The terms of office for the NVRC members shall be three years. However the chairperson
and permanent secretary and one member of the committee, selected by the existing
Committee, shall serve for four years in order to insure continuity and smooth transition
of the NVRC activity when new members are elected. Members are eligible for re-
election for unlimited terms.
H. MEETING
The National Variety Release Committee shall have two meetings, one each for highland
and lowland crops, per year to release varieties and to deliberate on issues related to
variety release. However, it can meet more than one time if necessary
III. VARIETY RELEASE GUIDELINE FOR FIELD CROPS AND
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
RATIONALE
The ultimate goal of producing quality crops is primarily based on the development of
superior cultivars fitting to the different production systems. This however, requires
scrupulous scrutiny of germplasms by the breeder and other researchers. An effective
variety releasing guideline for crops is therefore indisputable. The current variety release
guideline has been in use for over two decades now and hence the need for revision
and/or amendment of its contents was found essential and timely.
A.1.5 Prior to preparing proposals for release of varieties, the researcher should consult
with commodity leader and other concerned researchers. The consensus reached on the
merits of the variety should be communicated to the NVRC.
A.2. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS
Release requests should be accompanied by:
A. 2.1 Complete morphological description of candidate varieties
A. 4. AMENDMENT
The field crops variety release guideline will be subjected to amendment/revision
as deemed necessary
NATIONAL VARIETY RELEASE COMMITTEE
Field Crops Variety Release Request Form
(To be filled in triplicate)
A.1. Name and address of researcher/institution responsible for developing the cultivar
(s).
______________________________________________________________
A.7 Test years and locations providing data for this assessment:
NSIA
FORM-FC-A-4
I the undersigned attest by my signature that the information given is true to the best of
my knowledge.
I, hereby, apply to the National Variety Release Committee for the release and
registration of this/these
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
*, ** and *** indicate seed stock class, required breeder’s seed and required breeder’s
nucleus seed in cold storage, respectively. A brief description of each is given in the
annex on pages 44
Table A1. continued
Oil Crops & Pulses Seed Stock Class Breeder's seed Breeder's Nucleus
requirement/variety cold storage/variety
(kg) (kg)
New release 0.5 1.0
Mustard Renewal stock
New release 3.0 3.0
Linseed Renewal stock
New release 0.5 1.0
Rapeseed Renewal stock 1.0 1.0
New release 1.0 0.5
Noug Renewal stock 1.0 0.5
New release 1.0 0.5
Sesame Renewal stock 1.0 0.5
Sunflower open New release 0.5 1.0
pollinated Renewal stock 10.0 1.0
New release 50.0 10.0
Groundnut Renewal stock 50.0 10.0
Fababean New release 100 25.0
Renewal stock 100
Field pea New release 13.0 2.5
Renewal stock 25.0 2.5
Chickpea New release
Renewal stock 25.0 3.0
New release 10.0 2.0
Lentil Renewal stock 15.0 2.0
Haricot bean New release 10.0 2.5
Renewal stock 20.0 2.5
Soybean New release 10.0 1.5
Renewal stock 10.0 1.5
Vetch New release
Renewal stock 3.5 0.25
RATIONALE
The ultimate goal of producing quality crops is primarily based on the development of
superior cultivars fitting to the different production systems. This however, requires
scrupulous scrutiny of germplasms by the breeder and other researchers. To that effect the
need for an effective variety releasing guideline for crops is also found unequivocal.
Today many irrigated and rain fed horticultural crop varieties are developed both for local
and export market and are ready for release. However, the existing guideline does not
encompass these crops. Therefore, to promote stability, uniformity and distinctness of
horticultural crops and thereby strengthen their development program, these release
guidelines are prepared based on the existing field crops’ release guideline (cereal, pulses,
oil crops, etc.) as Sections A and B of Part Two. Section A covering vegetables, root and
tubers and Section B the perennial crops (fruits, coffee, tea, ensete etc.) as part of the
responsibility of the National Seed Industry Agency (NSIA).
B.1.1.2 The variety should be tested for yield, diseases, insect pests, and other important
characteristics for a minimum of two years in the respective agro-ecological zones in at
least two locations.
B.1.1.3 The variety to be released should be uniform, stable and distinctly superior to the
existing standard or local cultivar (s) grown in the area in one or more characteristics
important for the crop and is satisfactory in other major requirements.
However, when there are no adequate number of released cultivars of a particular crop,
the NVRC may consider releasing a variety even if its is not superior to existing cultivars,
without compromising the requirements of the grower.
B.1.1.4 The new variety/varieties should be planted along with the established local or
standard cultivar(s) (as the case may be) in relatively large plots (at least 50 m2 replicated
twice or 100 m2) at least in three sites. One of the sites should be on station and the other
two on farm verification trials during the anticipated year of release for assessment by the
NVRC.
B.1.1.5 Prior to preparing for release of varieties the researcher should consult with
program leader and other concerned researchers. The consensus reached on the merits of
the variety should be communicated to the NVRC.
B.1.3.3 Provisionally released varieties should be planted in the following year on 1,000
m2 at two appropriate sites for final inspection by the NVRC. If not planted within the
coming two years, it will lose its provisional status but could be considered as a new entry
in another variety trial.
B.1.3.4 Varieties recommended for "repeat" if not tested within the coming two years will
lose its repeat status but could be considered as a new entry in another variety trial.
B.1.3.5 The breeder or institution responsible for developing varieties that have been
approved for release would maintain an appropriate quantity of the breeder and basic seed
for use in replenishing and restoring commercial seed of the variety to the desired genetic
purity.
B.1.4 AMENDMENT
This Annual Horticultural Crops Variety Release Guideline will be subjected to
amendment/revision as deemed necessary.
NATIONAL VARIETY RELEASE COMMITTEE.
Application for variety release/registration of vegetables, root and tubers and enset crops
(To be filled in triplicate)
B.1. 1 Name and address of researcher/institution responsible for developing the cultivar
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
B.1.2 Research commodity
______________________________________________________________
A.1.6 Main positive feature(s) of the variety which make it an improvement to those in
current use. Indicate also shortcomings, which may restrict its use in some areas:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B1.7 Test years and locations providing data for this assessment:
B1..8 Results
B1.8.1 Annex yield and other relevant agronomic data
B1. 8.2 Total yield of the variety as percent of check in trial_____
NSIA
FORM-VC-B1-3
B1.8.4 The trials received / did not received irrigation. (circle one)
B1..8.6 Resistance to disease insects and other hazards (e.g. cold, heat, drought, salinity).
Explain scoring system and classify resistance in comparison with standard check.
______________________________________________________________
Disease/insects Local Standard Proposed
and other hazard check check variety
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
B1.12. Main contributors for the release of the variety:
Name Institution Profession
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
I the undersigned attest by my signature that the information given is true to the best of
my knowledge.
I, hereby, apply to the National Variety Release Committee for the release and
registration of this/these
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
B.2.1.1 The proposed cultivar must show an improvement over existing or currently
recommended cultivar (s) in one or more economic characters (yield,
resistance/tolerance to diseases, pests, soil problems, fruit color, aroma, flavor,
storability, juice/pulp, quality, maturity periods, propagation capability, high
range of adaptability, hardiness, etc.). Other characters should however be
comparable to the existing cultivars, if not superior.
B.2.1.2 The character(s) for which the candidate cultivar is to be released should be tested
against the existing 'standard' local cultivar in the case of indigenous species (e.g. coffee,
enset etc.) and against already established commercial cultivars if the new proposed
cultivar is an exotic crop (e.g. citrus, grapes, etc). In the absence of a standard cultivar for
a particular crop, the cultivar with the highest coverage will be considered as the standard
for that particular growing environment (e.g. citrus in Upper Awash). When such
established cultivars are not available, NVRC may still consider releasing and registering
the candidate cultivar, in the interests of the production sector.
B.2.1.3 The candidate cultivar should be tested for all relevant characters such as
disease/pest resistance/tolerance and susceptibility against the standard cultivar or on
internationally accepted screening systems and parameters.
B.2.1.4 At least two years production data should be provided for any crop in the
respective agro-ecological zones in at least two locations.
B.2.1.5 The cultivar proposed for release should be distinct, stable and uniform.
B.2.1.6.1 Large plants (citrus, mango, avocado etc.) shall be 144 to 330 m2 or 4 plants per
plot.
B.2.1.6.2 Intermediate plants (papayas, coffee, enset etc.) shall be 40-100 m2 or 8 plants
per plot.
B.2.1.6.3 Small plants (strawberry, etc.) shall be about 16 m2 or 30 plants per plot.
B.2.1.7 In the case of papaya data of 3 locations for one year will be submitted for NVRC
and its performance will be evaluated in the following year and later, yield and other data
of the second year will be submitted for final approval.
B2.1.8 For enset, complete morphological and yield data of the screening trial will be
presented at the time of request for evaluation. In addition the performance of advanced
clones (variety trial) will be evaluated just before harvest and yield and qualitative data
will be presented to NVRC for appropriate action .The most appropriate period for
inspection shall be communicated to the NVRC, at the time the application is made for
release/ registration.
B.2.2.2 Candidate cultivar should be free of serious diseases and insect pests at the
breeders' or nucleus source of seed/ bud wood / propagule / clone supply. A document to
that effect should be attached.
B.2.2.3 Adequate data in support of the application with respect to quantitative and
qualitative characters, under each location and number of years tested, should be
provided. These data should give a valid comparison with the standard cultivar or local
check if available.
B.2.2.4 Three completed copies for each candidate variety/varieties release request form
and a year location data summary of the recommended entries must be submitted to the
Secretariat Office of the NVRC before Ginbot 30 for rainfed crops and before Meskerem
30 for irrigated crops each year. Actions to place varieties on the released list will be
taken at the Yekatit /Megabit meeting of the NVRC. The breeder submitting the variety
or varieties for release may be called to appear in person before the NVRC to answer
queries regarding the proposal. Decisions reached by the committee will be reported at
the National Agricultural Research Review and Development Forum.
B. 2.3.2 Breeder's maintenance plots, for scions and rootstock research institution or other
organization should establish foundation or nucleus multiplication blocks. This
will ensure a steady supply of material to the production sector. The commercial
nursery/seed increase cooperator/ agency is the final and crucial bridge between
the plant breeder and the grower.
B.2.3.3 Seed gardens (foundation), nucleus scion wood and rootstock mother plantations,
colonial and propagate foundation blocks have to be maintained and made available for
periodic inspections by the NVRC or delegated specialists after a cultivar is registered
and released provisionally or otherwise.
B.2.3.6 Registering with NVRC should formally regularize cultivars, which have been in
commercial productions prior to the establishment of this guideline.
B.2.3.7 A new variety should be assigned a permanent designation by the breeder/team
(preferably a short local name) after it has been approved for release. This is a pre-
condition for registration. A variety should not be distributed under more than one name.
The proposed name(s) can be rejected by NVRC for valid reason.
B.2.3.8 Up to three cultivars of a crop could be proposed for release for the same agro-
ecology for the same purpose. Moreover, varieties once rejected by the NVRC should not
be repeatedly put in verification and proposed for release under the same agro-ecology for
the same purpose.
B.2.4 AMENDMENTS
This Perennial Crops Variety Release Guideline will be subjected to
amendments/revision as deemed necessary.
B.1. Name and address of researcher/ institute responsible for developing the cultivar
B.2. Research commodity ____________________________________________
B.2. Name of crop (with Latin Name)___________________________________
B.3. Variety designation (breeders reference) _____________________________
B.4. Origin of cultivar
Information on origin and pedigree, mode of reproduction. (Hybrid/open
pollinated, seedling/bud sprout/clone/selection/imported/unknown)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B.5. Recommended ecological zones of adaptation.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B.6. Main positive feature(s) of the variety which make it superior to those in current
use. Indicate also shortcomings, which may restrict its use in some areas:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
B.7.2 The trials (received) (did not receive) irrigation (circle one)
B.7.3 Pesticide applied, not applied (circle one). Indicate type, chemical name and
rate/ha.
Type Name Rate
__________________ ________________ ________________
__________________ ________________ _________________
__________________ ________________ _________________
B.8 Test years and locations providing data for this assessment:
Year 1.________No. of location______ No. of varieties in trial_____
Year 2.________No. of location _______No. of varieties in trial_____
Year 3. _______No. of location _______No. of varieties in trial _
B.9.6 Resistance to disease/insects and other hazards (e.g. cold, heat, drought,
salinity). Explain scoring system and classify resistance in comparison with standard
check.
Disease/insect Standard Proposed
or other hazard check variety
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B.9.7 Processing quality/utilization information
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B.10 Additional information (fertilizer regimes, irrigation levels, rootstock preferences
edaphic adaptability, suitability for large scale production or small farmer
cropping systems etc.)
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B. 11. Main contributor for the release of the variety
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Name Institution Profession
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______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Date __________________________
The quantity of breeder seed required for new release or renewal stock is indicated in
column Tables 1 and 2. These are the quantities of seed per variety and seed stock class,
which authorized government, and other users such as ESE should receive from the
breeder, so that the users may produce the breeder-pre-basic seed generation the same
year as received.
The quantity of the nucleus seed that the breeder should preferably keep in cold storage is
shown in column 4 of the same tables. The breeder is responsible to ensure that this
nucleus stock is 100% authentic (represent the variety as released) and viability exceeding
85%. In practice, the breeder will multiply this seed one generation to obtain the Breeder
Seed quantity for authorized government and other users and simultaneously replace his
nucleus stock in cold storage.
_____________________
* Breeders involved in field crops and/or horticultural crops
Please include the following points in your evaluation visit report of verification plots of
varieties proposed for release. (Any other additional Information is appreciated).
4.3 Comments
Any general observations regarding the conduct of the verification plots and any
shortcomings and suggestion should be included.
4.4 Recommendation
PART ONE
GENERAL
1. Title
2. Definitions
3. Scope of Application
4. Purpose
PART TWO
ADMINISTRATION
5. Implementing Authority
d) cooperatives union;
8. Regional Authorities
a) laboratory accreditation;
b) seed production;
PART THREE
VARIETY RELEASE AND REGISTRATION
PART FOUR
SEED PRODUCTION and DISTRIBUTION
12. Production
Seed may be produced by any entity, including (but not limited
to):
a) federal and regional public seed production bodies;
b) private companies;
c) cooperatives;
d) NGOs; and
e) farmers;
subject to the provisions of the Plant Breeder’s Rights
Proclamation (No. 481/2006) and any other applicable
legislation.
a) planning methodologies;
PART FIVE
QUALITY CONTROL AND CERTIFICATION
15. Standards
The Minister shall establish the procedures and criteria for all
quality control testing of prescribed seed in Ethiopia.
2/ Emergency Seed
3/ Imported Seed
5/ Revocation
a) name of supplier;
PART SIX
CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCE
24. Requirement
1/ Any producer, processor, importer, exporter, wholesaler,
distributor or retailer of prescribed seed shall obtain a
certificate of competence from the appropriate authority,
as provided under Article 25.
PART SEVEN
ENFORCEMENT
30. Inspection
PART EIGHT
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
34. Repeal