Chemistry and Structure of The Cell Biological Macromolecules

CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURE OF THE CELL
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
 SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
 CARBOHYDRATES
 LIPIDS
 PROTEINS
 NUCLEIC ACIDS
Biological Macromolecules
- are molecules, necessary for life that are from smaller organic
molecules
- are organic, meaning they contain carbon
- they contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
additional minor elements
Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
 - Dehydration Synthesis
to put together while losing water
-the hydrogen of one monomer combines with hydroxyl
group of another monomer, releasing of molecule of water
Hydrolysis
Polymers are broken down into monomers
To split water, a reaction in which water molecule is used
during breakdown
The polymer is broken into two components: one part gains
a hydrogen atom (H+) and the other gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH-) from a split water molecule
Carbohydrates
Provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is component of starch and an ingredient in many
staple food.
Stoichiometric formula (CH2O) : Ration 1:2:1 ---- Components are carbon and components of water
Monosaccharides
- Number of carbons usually ranges from
three to seven
- End with the suffix -ose
- Aldehyde (−CH=O) – aldose
- Ketone =C=O – ketose
- Glucose is an important source of energy.
- During cellular respiration, energy is
released from glucose, and that energy is
used to help make ATP.
- - Plants synthesize glucose using CO2 and H2O, and glucose in turn used for energy requirements for the plant.
- Excess glucose is often stored as starch that is catabolized
(breakdown of larger molecules by cells) by humans and
other animals that feed on plants
- Galactose (part of lactose, milk sugar)
- Fructose (found in sucrose, in fruit)
- Isomers same chemical formula (C6H12O6)
- Asymmetric carbon- different arrangement of the functional
group
- - Glucose in a ring form have two different arrangement of
the hydroxyl group (OH) around the anomeric carbon 1
- Alpha ( ) position – (OH) below carbon 1
- Beta (ϐ) position - above the plane
Isomers
Disaccharides
- form when two monosaccharides undergo a
dehydration reaction (condensation reaction)
- the -OH group of one monosaccharide
combines with H+ of another monosaccharide,
releasing of water molecule and forming
covalent bond
- - Glycosidic bond – a covalent bond formed
between two monosaccharides
- Glycosidic bonds (also called glycosidic
linkages) can be of the alpha or the beta type
Polysaccharides
- a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
- the chain may be branched or unbranched, and it may contain different types of monosaccharides
- Starch- stored form of sugars in plants and is made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin (polymers of glucose)
- Starch in the seeds provides food for the embryo as it germinates
- Starch is consumed by humans is broken down by enzymes, such as salivary amylase into maltose and glucose
- Glycogen- storage form of glucose in humans
and other vertebrates
- Highly branched molecule usually molecule
usually stored in liver and muscle cells.
- Whenever blood glucose levels decrease, to
release glucose in the process glycogenolysis
- Cellulose – most abundant biopolymer. The cell
wall of plants is mostly made up of cellulose
- Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that
are linked by ϐ 1-4 glycosidic bond
- Every other glucose monomer in cellulose is

flipped over
- While the *alpha1-4 linkage cannot be broken down

by human digestive systems
- Herbivores are able with the help of the specialized
flora in their stomach, to digest plant material that is
rich in cellulose
- Cellulases can break down cellulose into glucose
monomers that can be used as an energy source by
the animal
- Chitin – is a long-chain polymer of an N-
acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose
- Exoskeleton of arthropods (insects, crustaceans)
- Component of fungal cell wall (fungi)
Benefits of Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates should be supplemented with proteins, vitamins, and fats to be part of well-balanced diet.
 Calorie-wise, carbohydrates (4.3 Kcal/g)
 Fats (9 Kcal/g)
 Carbohydrates contain soluble and insoluble
 Fiber (insoluble)- promotes regular bowel movement
 Regulates the rate consumption of blood glucose
 Helps to remove excess cholesterol from the body: fiber binds to the cholesterol in the small intestine, then attaches to the
cholesterol and prevent the cholesterol from entering the bloodstream, and the cholesterol exits the body via feces
 Fiber-rich diets also have a protective role in reducing the occurrence of colon cancer
 Immediate source of energy, glucose is broken
down during the process of cellular respiration,
which produces ATP
 Without the consumption carbohydrates, the
availability of instant energy is reduced.
 Eliminating carbohydrates from the diet is not the
best way to lose weight.
 |Low-calorie diet that is rich in whole grains, fruits,
vegetables, and lean meat, together with plenty of
exercise and water

Chemistry and Structure of The Cell Biological Macromolecules

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry and Structure of The Cell Biological Macromolecules

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry and Structure of The Cell Biological Macromolecules

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURE OF THE CELL

- Every other glucose monomer in cellulose is

- While the *alpha1-4 linkage cannot be broken down

You might also like