Coordinates: 34°S 20°E

Western Cape
The Western Cape (Afrikaans: Wes-Kaap, Xhosa: Ntshona Koloni) is a
province of South Africa, situated on the south-western coast of the country. It
Western Cape
Wes-Kaap (in Afrikaans)
is the fourth largest of the nine provinces with an area of 129,449 square Ntshona Koloni (in Xhosa)
kilometres (49,981 sq mi), and the third most populated, with an estimated 6.5
million inhabitants in 2017.[3] About two-thirds of these inhabitants live in the
Province of South Africa
metropolitan area of Cape Town, which is also the provincial capital. The
Western Cape was created in 1994 from part of the formerCape Province.

Coat of arms
Contents Motto(s): Spes Bona (Good Hope)
Geography
Climate
Cities and towns
Political history
Contribution of the Western Cape in the National Youth
Uprisings
1994 and the Western Cape post-apartheid
Law and government
Municipalities
Economy
Infrastructure and communications
Demographics Location of the Western Cape in South Africa

Education Country South Africa

Cuisine Established 27 April 1994
Winelands Capital Cape Town
References Districts 6
External links City of Cape Town
West Coast
Cape Winelands
Geography Overberg
Eden
The Western Cape Province is roughly L-shaped, extending north and east Central Karoo
from the Cape of Good Hope, in the southwestern corner of South Africa. It
Government
stretches about 400 kilometres (250 mi) northwards along the Atlantic coast
• Type Parliamentary
and about 500 kilometres (300 mi) eastwards along the South African south system
coast (Southern Indian Ocean). It is bordered on the north by the Northern • Premier Helen Zille (DA)
Cape and on the east by theEastern Cape. The total land area of the province is • Legislature Western Cape
129,462 square kilometres (49,986 sq mi),[1]:9 about 10.6% of the country's Provincial
total. It is roughly the size of England or the State of Louisiana. Its capital city Parliament
and largest city is Cape Town, and some other major cities include Area[1]:9
Stellenbosch, Worcester, Paarl, and George. The Garden Route and the • Total 129,462 km2
Overberg are popular coastal tourism areas. (49,986 sq mi)
Area rank 4th in South Africa
The Western Cape is the southernmost region of the African continent with Highest elevation 2,325 m (7,628 ft)
Cape Agulhas as its southernmost point, only 3800 km from the Antarctic Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
coastline. The coastline varies from sandy between capes, to rocky to steep and Population (2011)[1]:18[2]
mountainous in places. The only natural harbour is Saldanha Bay on the west • Total 5,822,734
coast, about 140 km north of Cape Town. However a lack of fresh water in the • Estimate (2017) 6,510,300
region meant that it has only recently been used as a harbour. The province's • Rank 3rd in South Africa
main harbour was built in Table Bay, which in its natural state was fully • Density 45/km2
exposed to the northwesterly storms that bring rain to the province in winter, as (120/sq mi)
well as the almost uninterrupted dry southeasterly winds in summer. But fresh
• Density rank 4th in South Africa
water coming off Table Mountain and Devil's Peak allowed the early European Population groups[1]:21
settlers to build Cape Town on the shores of this less than satisfactory • Coloured 48.8%
anchorage. • Black African 32.8%
• White 15.7%
The province is topographically exceptionally diverse. Most of the province • Indian or Asian 1.0%
falls within the Cape Fold Belt, a set of nearly parallel ranges of sandstone Languages[1]:25
folded mountains of Cambrian-Ordovician age (the age of the rocks is from • Afrikaans 49.7%
510 to about 330 million years ago; their folding into mountains occurred • Xhosa 24.7%
about 350 to about 270 million years ago).[4][5][6] The height of the mountain • English 20.2%
peaks in the different ranges vary from 1000m to 2300m. The valleys between Time zone SAST (UTC+2)
ranges are generally very fertile as they contain the weathered loamy soils of
ISO 3166 code ZA-WC
the Bokkeveld mudstones(see the diagrams on the left).[5]
Website www.westerncape
The far interior forms part of the Karoo. This region of the Province is
.gov.za

generally arid and hilly with a prominent

escarpment that runs close to the Province's most
inland boundary.

The Escarpment marks the southwestern edge of

South Africa's central plateau (see the middle and
bottom diagrams on the left).[5][7] It runs parallel
to the entire South African coastline except in the
very far northeast, where it is interrupted by the
Limpopo River valley, and the far northwest,
where it is interrupted by the Orange River valley.
The 1000 km-long northeastern stretch of the
escarpment is called the Drakensberg, which is
geographically and geologically quite distinct
from the Cape Fold Mountains, which originated
much earlier and totally independently of the
Topography of the Western Cape. The Roggeveld and Nuweveld origin of the escarpment.[5][6][8][9]
mountains are part of theGreat Escarpment (see diagrams below).
The other mountain ranges belong to theCape Fold Belt, also The principal rivers of the province are the Berg
shown in the diagrams below. The Western Cape's inland boundary and Olifants which drain into the Atlantic Ocean,
lies for the most part at the foot of the Great Escarpment. and the Breede and Gourits which drain into the
Indian Ocean.

The vegetation is also extremely diverse, with one of the world's seven floral kingdoms almost exclusively endemic to the province,
namely the Cape Floral Kingdom, most of which is covered byFynbos (from the Afrikaans meaning "Fine Bush" (Dutch: Fijnbosch),
though precisely how it came to be referred to as such, is uncertain.).[10][11] These evergreen heathlands are extremely rich in species
diversity,[10][11] with at least as many plant species occurring on Table Mountain as in the entire United Kingdom.[11] It is
characterised by various types of shrubs, thousands of flowering plant species and some grasses.[10] With the exception of the Silver
 tree, Leucadendron argenteum, which only grows
on the granite and clay soils of the Cape
Peninsula,[12] open fynbos is generally treeless
except in the wetter mountain ravines where
patches of Afromontane forest persist.[10][11]

The arid interior is dominated by Karoo drought-

resistant shrubbery. The West Coast and Little
Karoo are semi-arid regions and are typified by
many species of succulents and drought-resistant
shrubs and acacia trees. The Garden Route on the
south coast (between the Outeniqua Mountains
An approximate SW-NE cross section through South Africa with the and the Southern Indian Ocean) is extremely lush,
Cape Peninsula (with Table Mountain) on left, and northeastern with temperate rainforest (orAfromontane Forest)
KwaZulu-Natal on the right. Diagrammatic and only roughly to scale. covering many areas adjacent to the coast, in the
It shows the major geological structures (coloured layers) that deep river valleys and along the southern slopes
dominate the southern and eastern parts of the country , as well as
of the Outeniqua mountain range. Typical species
the relationship between the Central Plateau, theCape Fold
are hardwoods of exceptional height, such as
Mountains, and the Drakensberg escarpment. The significance and
origin of the geological layers can be found under the headings Yellowwood, Stinkwood and Ironwood trees.
"Karoo Supergroup" and "Cape Supergroup".

Climate
The Western Cape is also climatologically
diverse, with many distinct micro- and
macroclimates created by the varied topography
and the influence of the surrounding ocean
currents. These are the warm Agulhas Current
which flows southwards along South Africa's east
coast, and the cold Benguela Current which is an
upwelling current from the depths of the South
Atlantic Ocean along South Africa's west
coast.[13][14] Thus climatic statistics can vary
greatly over short distances. Most of the province
is considered to have a Mediterranean climate
with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers.
Both the Great Karoo and Little Karoo, in the
A diagrammatic 400 km north-south crosssection through the
interior, have an arid to semi-arid climate with
southern portion of the country at approximately 21° 30’ E (i.e. near
cold, frosty winters and hot summers with
Calitzdorp in the Little Karoo), showing the relationship between the
Cape Fold Mountains (and their geological structure) and the occasional thunderstorms. The Garden Route and
geology of the Little and Great Karoo, as well as the position of the the Overberg on the south coast have a maritime
Great Escarpment. The colour code for the geological layers is the climate with cool, moist winters and mild, moist
same as those used in the diagram above. The heavy black line summers. Mossel Bay in the Garden Route is
flanked by opposing arrows is the fault that runs for nearly 300 km
considered to have the second mildest climate
along the southern edge of theSwartberg Mountains. The Swartberg
worldwide after Hawaii.
Mountain range owes some of its great height to upliftment along
this fault line. The subsurface structures are not to scale.
Thunderstorms are generally rare in the province
(except in the Karoo) with most precipitation
being of a frontal or orographic nature. Extremes of heat and cold are common inland, but rare near the coast. Snow is a common
winter occurrence on the Western Cape Mountains occasionally reaching down into the more inland valleys. Otherwise, frost is
relatively rare in coastal areas and many of the heavily cultivated valleys.
 Cape Town International Airportaverages: January maximum: 26 °C (min: 16 °C), July maximum: 18 °C (min: 7 °C),
annual rainfall: 515mm
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Cape Town annual rainfall: 1395mm
George averages: January maximum: 25 °C (min: 15 °C), July maximum: 19 °C (min: 7 °C), annual rainfall: 715mm
Laingsburg, on the N1 highway in the Great Karoo(coordinates: Lat: S33.20°, Long: E20.85°) annual rainfall:
150 mm, summer daytime temperatures exceeding 30 °C.

Cities and towns

Population over 3 million:

Cape Town
Population 100,000–1,000,000:

George
Paarl
Worcester
Population 50,000–100,000:

Atlantis Oudtshoorn Towns and main roads in the

Knysna Stellenbosch Western Cape
Mossel Bay Wellington
Population 10,000–50,000:

Ashton Gordon's Bay Robertson

Beaufort West Grabouw Saldanha
Bredasdorp Great Brak River St Helena Bay
Caledon Hermanus Swellendam
Ceres Malmesbury Velddrif
Darling Melkbosstrand Villiersdorp
De Doorns Montagu Vredenburg
Dysselsdorp Moorreesburg Vredendal
Fisantekraal Piketberg Wolseley
Franschhoek Plettenberg Bay
Gansbaai Riversdale
Population 5,000–10,000:

Albertinia Klawer Porterville

Bonnievale Kleinmond Prince Albert
Botrivier Ladismith Prince Alfred Hamlet
Citrusdal Laingsburg Riviersonderend
Clanwilliam Lamberts Bay Saron
Genadendal Langebaan Sedgefield
Hawston Lutzville Touws River
Heidelberg Mamre Tulbagh
Hopefield Murraysburg Vanrhynsdorp
Klapmuts Onrusrivier Wilderness

Political history

Contribution of the Western Cape in the National Youth Uprisings

The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the
mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist
Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960. The BCM represented a social movement for political consciousness.

In December 1968, the South African Student Organization (SASO) was formed at a conference held in Marianhill, Natal. The
conference was exclusively attended by Black students. After its launch, SASO became the medium through which black
.[15]
consciousness ideology spread to schools and other university campuses across the country

In 1974, the then South African Minister of Bantu Education and Development, MC Botha, constituted the imposition of using
Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in black schools, effective with students in Grade 7 (Standard 5) upwards. As early as March
1976, students began passive resistance against Afrikaans, fueling the outbreak of the Soweto Uprising on 16 June 1976.
Consequently, the student protests spread to other parts of the country
, and Cape Town became a pivotal site for Western Cape student
revolt.

Student leaders at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) and the University of Cape Town (UCT) organised marches. Poster
parades by UWC and Black Power Salute marches by UCT was broken by the police, resulting in 73 students getting arrested and
detained at Victor Verster Prison, near Paarl.

On 1 September 1976 the unrest spread to the city of Cape Town itself. Approximately 2000 black students from Western Cape
townships, namely Langa, Nyanga and Gugulethu, matched the Cape Town central business district (CBD). Coloured students also
contributed to the protests by peacefully marching to the city, but were blockaded by the police in the CBD. The protests turned
violent when coloured students started burning schools, libraries and a magistrate's court in support of the student revolt. Thereafter,
200,000 coloured workers partook in a two-day strike staying away from work in the Capeown
T area.

According to a report by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), the Western Cape experienced the second highest number
[16]
of deaths and casualties associated with the 1976 uprising protests.

1994 and the Western Cape post-apartheid

In 1994, at the introduction of the Interim Constitution and the first non-racial election, South Africa's original provinces and
bantustans were abolished and nine new provinces were established. The former Cape Province was divided into the Western Cape,
Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and part ofNorth West.

In the 1994 election the Western Cape was one of two provinces that did not elect an African National Congress (ANC) provincial
government (the other being KwaZulu-Natal). The National Party (NP) won 53% of the votes and 23 seats in the 42-seat provincial
legislature, and Hernus Kriel, a former Minister of Law and Order, was elected Premier. He resigned in 1998 and was replaced by
Gerald Morkel.

The 1999 election marked the beginning of a period of great turbulence in Western Cape politics. No party achieved an absolute
majority in the provincial parliament, as the ANC won 18 seats while the New National Party (NNP), successor to the NP, won 17.
The NNP went into coalition with the Democratic Party (DP), which won 5 seats, to form a government, and Morkel remained
Premier. In 2000 the DP and the NNP formalisedtheir coalition by forming theDemocratic Alliance (DA).

In 2001, however, the NNP broke with the DA over the removal of Peter Marais from office as Mayor of Cape Town by DA leader
Tony Leon. The NNP instead went into coalition with the ANC; Gerald Morkel, who was opposed to the split, resigned as Premier
and was replaced by Peter Marais. In 2002 Marais resigned as Premier due to a sexual harassment scandal, and was replaced by NNP
leader Marthinus van Schalkwyk. During the 2003 floor-crossing period four members of the provincial parliament crossed to the
ANC, giving it an absolute majority of 22 seats in the 42-seat house. However, the ANC remained in coalition with the NNP and van
Schalkwyk remained as Premier.

In the 2004 election there was again no absolute winner in the provincial parliament; this time the ANC won 19 seats, the DA won
12, and the NNP won 5. The ANC-NNP coalition continued in power, but van Schalkwyk took up a ministerial post in the national
cabinet and was replaced as Premier by the ANC's Ebrahim Rasool. The NNP was finally dissolved after the 2005 floor-crossing
period and its members joined the ANC, again giving that party an absolute majority of 24 seats. In the
2007 floor-crossing period the
ANC gained a further three members of the provincial parliament. In 2008 Rasool resigned as Premier due to internal party politics,
and was replaced by Lynne Brown.

The 2009 election marked a significant change in Western Cape politics, as the Democratic Alliance won 51% of the votes and an
absolute majority of 22 seats in the provincial parliament, while the ANC won 14 seats with 31% of the vote. The DA leader Helen
Zille was elected Premier. In 2010 the Independent Democrats, which had won 3 seats with 5% of the vote, merged with the DA. In
the 2014 election the DA won 59% of the votes and an absolute majority of 26 seats in the provincial parliament, while the ANC won
14 seats with 32% of the vote.

Law and government

The provincial government is established under the Constitution of the Western
Cape, which was adopted in 1998. The people of the province elect the 42-member
Western Cape Provincial Parliament every five years by a system of party-list
proportional representation. The fifth provincial parliament was elected in the
election of 7 May 2014; 26 seats are held by the Democratic Alliance, 14 by the
African National Congress, and 1 each by the Economic Freedom Fighters and the
African Christian Democratic Party. The provincial parliament is responsible for
legislating within its responsibilities as set out by the national constitution; these
Provincial government headquarters
responsibilities include agriculture, education, environment, health services,
in Cape Town
housing, language policies, tourism, trade, and welfare.

The provincial parliament also elects the Premier of the Western Cape to lead the
provincial executive. Since 2009 the Premiership has been held by Helen Zille, former leader of the Democratic Alliance. The
Premier appoints ten members of the provincial legislature to serve as a cabinet of ministers, overseeing the departments of the
provincial government. These departments are Agriculture, Community Safety, Cultural Affairs and Sport, Economic Development
and Tourism, Education, Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Health, Human Settlements, Local Government, Social
Development, Transport and Public Works, and the Provincial Treasury.

Municipalities
Local government in the Western Cape takes the form of one metropolitan
municipality, the City of Cape Town, and five district municipalities subdivided into
24 local municipalities.

City of Cape Town

West Coast District: Matzikama, Cederberg, Bergrivier, Saldanha Bay,
Swartland
Cape Winelands District: Witzenberg, Drakenstein, Stellenbosch,
Breede Valley, Langeberg
Overberg District: Theewaterskloof, Overstrand, Cape Agulhas,
Swellendam
Map of the municipalities of the
Eden District: Kannaland, Hessequa, Mossel Bay, George, Oudtshoorn, Western Cape
Bitou, Knysna
Central Karoo District: Laingsburg, Prince Albert, Beaufort West

Economy
The Western Cape's total GDP for 2008 wasR268bn, making the province the joint 2nd largest contributor to the country's total GDP,
at 14%. It also has one of the fastest growing economies in the country, growing at 4% in 2008[17] and is expected to grow by 3.2%
in 2011.[18] At 20% the province has a substantially lower unemployment rate than the national average standing at 23% in 2009.[19]
The province's Gini coefficient of 0.63 is lower than South Africa's Gini coefficient of 0.7 making it more equal then the rest of the
country[20] whilst still being extremely high and unequal by international standards. The Western Cape's Human Development Index
is the highest in South Africa at 0.7708 compared to theSouth African averageof 0.6675 in 2003.[21]

The biggest sector in the Western Cape's economy is the financial, business services and realestate sectors contributing approximately
R77 billion in 2008. Manufacturing was the second largest contributor valued at R43.7 billion in 2008 with the agricultural sector
being the fastest growing at 10.6% in the same year.[17] High-tech industries, international call centres, fashion design, advertising
and TV production are niche industries rapidly gaining in importance.[22] The city of Cape Town is ranked as the most
entrepreneurial city in South Africa with Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity being 190% greater than South Africa's national
average.[23]

Infrastructure and communications

The Western Cape has an excellent network of highways comparable with any first-
world country. The primary highways are the N1 (from Cape Town to Three Sisters,
continuing outside the province towards Bloemfontein and Johannesburg), N2 (from
Cape Town to Bloukrans River, towards Port Elizabeth), N7 (from Cape Town to
Bitterfontein, continuing towardsSpringbok and Namibia) and N12 (from George to
Three Sisters, continuing towards Kimberley and Johannesburg). Other routes are
the "R" roads which connect the smaller towns. All major roads are tarred with
major rural gravel roads well maintained. Limited access motorways are limited to
the Cape Metropolitan Area, Winelands and Garden Route, however due to the low
The N1 national route atop the Hex
population density of the remainder of the province, the highways remain efficient
River Pass
and high-speed, except during peak holiday travel seasons, when travel can be slow-
going in places due to heavy traffic.

Telecommunications in the province are highly sophisticated. Landline telephones

are available extensively, and the majority of large urban nodes have access to
ADSL and other high-speed internet services. Mobile cellular networks are world-
class, with reception extending from cities to highways and many remote rural areas.
Mobile networks also play an important role in the internet space due to their speed
and widespread availability. Major cities and towns have access to mobile internet
speeds in excess of 21 Mbit/s (HSDPA+). In areas where HSDPA+ is not available,
networks make provisions for HSDPA, 3G, EDGE or finally GPRS if demand does
not warrant higher speed investment. Railway network in the Western
Cape

Demographics
The 2011 Census recorded the population of the Western Cape as 5,822,734 people living in 1,634,000 households.[1]:8, 63 As the
province covers an area of 129,462 square kilometres (49,986 sq mi),[1]:9 the population density was 45.0 inhabitants per square
kilometre (117/sq mi) and the household density 12.6 per square kilometre (33/sq mi).

49% of the people of the Western Cape described themselves as "Coloured", while 33% described themselves as "Black African",
17% as "White", and 1% as "Indian or Asian".[1]:21 Afrikaans is the plurality language, spoken as the first language of 50% of the
province's population.IsiXhosa is the first language of 25% of the population, whileEnglish is the first language of 20%.[1]:25

Roughly 16% (894,289 people) of the Western Cape's population in 2011 were born in the Eastern Cape, 3% (167,524) in Gauteng
and 1% (61,945) in KwaZulu-Natal. People born outside of South Africa amounted to 4% of the province's population or 260,952
people.[24]
The age distribution of the province was as follows: 25.1% were under the age of 15,
18.3% from 15 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who are
65 years of age or older.[1]:28 The median age is 28 years.[25]:20 For every 100
women there are 96 men.[25]:18

2.7% of residents aged 20 and over have received no schooling, 10.7% have had
only some primary, 5.6% have completed primary school but gone no further, 38%
have had some secondary education without finishing Grade 12, 28% have finished
Grade 12 but gone no further, and 14% have higher education beyond the secondary
[1]:49
level. Overall, 43% of residents have completed high school. Population density in the Western
Cape
90% of households in the province have a flush toilet[1]:84 and 90% have refuse
<1 /km² 100–300 /km²
removed by the local council at least once a week.[1]:96 75% of households have
1–3 /km² 300–1000
piped tap water inside the dwelling, while a further 13% have piped water on their
3–10 /km² /km²
property; 11% receive piped water at a community tap, while 1% have no access to
1000–3000
piped water.[1]:77 One in seven people live in an informal dwelling.[24] 10–30 /km²
/km²
30–100
86.9% of households use electricity for cooking,[1]:84 and 93% use it for >3000 /km²
/km²
lighting.[1]:93 89% of households have a cellphone and 31% have a landline
telephone, while 86% own a television, 81% own a refrigerator, and 34% own a
computer.[1]:99 44% of households have access to the Internet.[1]:101

The average annual household income was R143,460, the second-highest in the
country after Gauteng.[25]:37 As of September 2012, 69% of the population aged
15–64 are economically active, and of these 25% are unemployed. Overall, 52% of
the working-age population are employed.[26] Around 2 million people in the
Western Cape labour market (those aged 16 to 64) are employed, 1.3 million are not
economically active, 552,733 are unemployed with an additional 122,753 who are
[24]
discouraged work seekers who want to work but have given up looking for it.
Dominant home languages in the
According to research conducted by Plus94, the Western Cape is the least racist
Western Cape
province in South Africa.[27]
Afrikaans Tswana
English No language
Education Xhosa dominant

The Western Cape province has the most highly educated residents with a very
skilled workforce in comparison to any other African region.[28] The high school
graduation rate is consistently around 80%, higher than any other province. The proportion of adults with a degree or higher was
4.8% (2005),[22] the highest in the country.

The province also boasts four universities:

Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Stellenbosch University
University of Cape Town
University of the Western Cape
The province is also home to theSouth African Military Academy.
 The University of Cape Town

Cuisine
estern Cape.[29]
Over 50% of all cheese in South Africa is produced in the W

Winelands
The Western Cape is famous for wine production and some of the most beautiful vineyards in the world. The winelands are divided
into six main regions: Boberg, Breede River Valley, Cape South Coast, Coastal Region, Klein Karoo and Olifants River. Each has
unique climate, topography and fertile soils which produce wines of excellent quality
.

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Statistics South Africa. 30 October 2012.
26. Quarterly Labour Force Survey: Quarter 3, 2012(http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02113rdQuarter201
2.pdf) (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 1 November 2012.
27. "The most racist provinces in South Africa"(https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/135621/the-most-racist-provinc
es-in-south-africa/). BusinessTech. 2016-09-07. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
28. "Skilled Workforce reference" (http://www.za-ydf.org/displaysection.php?czacc=&zSelectedSectionID=sec12469502
42). South African Department of Sport And Recreation.
29. Hurt, J.; Ehlers, S. (2008).The Complete Idiot's Guide to Cheeses of the World(https://books.google.com/books?id=
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External links
Provincial Government of the Western Cape
Western Cape Tourism
Western Cape Investment and Trade Promotion Agency
Municipal Demarcation Board
Western Cape on Wazimap.co.za

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