DB2 V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification Prep:: Part 4 of 6, Working With DB2 UDB Data

DB2 V8.
1 Family Fundamentals certification prep:

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data
Skill Level: Introductory
Roman Melnyk ([email protected])

Staff Information Developer
27 Feb 2003
This tutorial introduces you to Structured Query Language (SQL), and helps to give
you a good understanding of how DB2 Universal Database uses SQL to define
database objects (such as tables, views, or indexes) and to manipulate data in a
relational database. This tutorial is the fourth in a series of six tutorials that you can
use to help prepare for the DB2 UDB V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification (Exam
700).
Section 1. Introduction
What this tutorial is about

This tutorial introduces you to Structured Query Language (SQL), and helps to give
you a good understanding of how DB2 Universal Database uses SQL to define
database objects (such as tables, views, or indexes) and to manipulate data in a
relational database.
This tutorial is the fourth in a series of six tutorials that you can use to help prepare
for the DB2 V 8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification (Exam 700). The material in
this tutorial primarily covers the objectives in Section 4 of the exam, which is entitled
"Working with DB2 UDB Data." You can view these objectives at:
http://www.ibm.com/certify/tests/obj700.shtml.
DB2 installation is not covered in this tutorial. If you haven't already done so, you
can download and install a copy of IBM DB2 Universal Database, Enterprise Server
Edition. Installing DB2 will help you understand many of the concepts that are tested
on the DB2 UDB V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification exam. The installation
process is documented in the Quick Beginnings books, which can be found at the
DB2 Technical Support Web site under the Technical Information heading.

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In this tutorial, you will learn:
• The fundamentals of SQL, with a focus on SQL language elements

• How Data Control Language (DCL) is used to provide access control to
database objects
• How Data Definition Language (DDL) is used to create, modify, or drop
database objects
• How Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to select, insert, update,
or delete data
• How to create and call SQL procedures from the command line
Conventions used in this tutorial

The following text highlighting conventions are used in this tutorial:
• Monospaced text is used for SQL statements. UPPERCASE text identifies

SQL keywords, and lowercase text identifies user-supplied values in
example code.
• Except in the code, database object names are given in uppercase

characters, and table column names are given in mixed case.
• Italic text is used when introducing a new term, or to identify a parameter

variable.
All of the examples in this tutorial are based on the SAMPLE database, which comes
with DB2 Universal Database. As noted previously, you can download a trial version
of IBM DB2 Universal Database; however, the examples can be understood without
access to the product, as sample output is provided in most cases.
Section 2. Structured Query Language (SQL)
The parts of speech of SQL

SQL is a language used to define and manipulate database objects. SQL is the
language that you use to define a database table, insert data into the table, change
the data in the table, and retrieve data from the table. Like all languages, SQL has a
defined syntax and set of language elements.

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Most SQL statements contain one or more of the following language elements:
• Characters: Single-byte characters can be a letter (A-Z, a-z, $, #, and @,

or a member of an extended character set), a digit (0-9), or a special
character (including the comma, asterisk, plus sign, percent sign,
ampersand, and several others).
• Tokens: A token is a sequence of one or more characters. A token

cannot contain blank characters unless it is a delimited identifier (one or
more characters enclosed by double quotation marks) or a string
constant.
• Identifiers: An SQL identifier is a token that is used to form a name.
• Data types: The data type of a value determines how DB2 interprets that
value. DB2 supports a large number of built-in data types, and also
supports user-defined data types (UDTs). For information about DB2's
built-in data types, see Data types.
• Constants: A constant specifies a value. Constants are classified as

character, graphic, or hexadecimal string constants, or integer, decimal,
or floating-point numeric constants.
• Functions: A function is a relationship between a set of input data values

and a set of result values. Database functions can be either built in or
user defined. The argument of a column function is a collection of like
values; a column function returns a single value. Examples of built-in
column functions are AVG, MIN, MAX, and SUM. The arguments of a scalar
function are individual scalar values; a scalar function returns a single
value. Examples of built-in scalar functions are CHAR, DATE, LCASE, and
SUBSTR.
• Expressions: An expression specifies a value. There are string

expressions, arithmetic expressions, and case expressions, which can be
used to specify a particular result based on the evaluation of one or more
conditions.
• Predicates: A predicate specifies a condition that is true, false, or

unknown about a given row or group. There are subtypes:
• A basic predicate compares two values (for example, x > y ).

• The BETWEEN predicate compares a value with a range of values.
• The EXISTS predicate tests for the existence of certain rows.

• The IN predicate compares one or more values with a collection of

values.
• The LIKE predicate searches for strings that have a certain pattern.
• The NULL predicate tests for null values.
Data types
The built-in data types can be classified as numeric, character string, graphic string,
binary string, or datetime. There is also a special data type named DATALINK. A
DATALINK value contains a logical reference to a file stored outside of the
database.
Numeric data types include SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, DECIMAL( p, s ), REAL,

and DOUBLE. All numbers have a sign and a precision. The precision is the number
of bits or digits excluding the sign. The sign is considered positive if the value of a
number is zero or more.
• Small integer, SMALLINT: A small integer is a two-byte integer with a

precision of 5 digits. The range of small integers is -32,768 to 32,767.
• Large integer, INTEGER, or INT: A large integer is a four-byte integer

with a precision of 10 digits. The range of large integers is -2,147,483,648
to 2,147,483,647.
• Big integer, BIGINT: A big integer is an eight-byte integer with a

precision of 19 digits. The range of big integers is
-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807.
• Decimal, DECIMAL( p,s ), DEC( p,s ), NUMERIC( p,s ), or NUM( p,s ):

A decimal value is a packed decimal number with an implicit decimal
point. Packed decimal numbers are stored in a variation of binary-coded
decimal (BCD) notation. The position of the decimal point depends on the
precision (p) and the scale (s) of the number. The scale, which is the
number of digits in the fractional part of the number, cannot be negative
or greater than the precision. The maximum precision is 31 digits. The
range of decimals is -10**31+1 to 10**31-1.
• Single-precision floating-point, REAL: A single-precision floating-point

number is a 32-bit approximation of a real number. The number can be
zero or can range from -3.402E+38 to -1.175E-37, or from 1.175E-37 to
3.402E+38.
• Double-precision floating-point, DOUBLE, DOUBLE PRECISION, or

FLOAT: A double-precision floating-point number is a 64-bit

approximation of a real number. The number can be zero or can range

from -1.79769E+308 to -2.225E-307, or from 2.225E-307 to
1.79769E+308.
A character string is a sequence of bytes. Character strings include fixed-length

character strings of type CHAR( n ), and varying-length character strings of type
VARCHAR( n ), LONG VARCHAR, or CLOB( n ). The length of the string is the
number of bytes in the sequence.
• Fixed-length character string, CHARACTER( n ) or CHAR( n ): A

fixed-length character string is between 1 and 254 bytes long. If the length
is not specified, it is assumed to be 1 byte.
• Varying-length character string, VARCHAR( n ), CHARACTER

VARYING( n ), or CHAR VARYING( n ): VARCHAR( n ) type strings are
varying-length character strings that can be up to 32,672 bytes long.
• LONG VARCHAR: LONG VARCHAR type strings are varying-length

character strings that can be up to 32,700 bytes long.
• Character Large Object String, CLOB( n [K|M|G]): A CLOB is a

varying-length character string that can be up to 2,147,483,647 bytes
long. If only n is specified, the value of n is the maximum length. If n K is
specified, the maximum length is n *1,024 (with a maximum value for n of
2,097,152). If n M is specified, the maximum length is n *1,048,576 (with
a maximum value for n of 2,048). If n G is specified, the maximum length
is n *1,073,741,824 (with a maximum value for n of 2). A CLOB is used to
store large single-byte character set (SBCS) character-based data or
mixed (multibyte character set (MBCS) and SBCS) character-based data.
Data types (continued)

A graphic string is a sequence of bytes that represents double-byte character data.
Graphic strings include fixed-length graphic strings of type GRAPHIC( n ) and
varying-length graphic strings of type VARGRAPHIC( n ), LONG VARGRAPHIC,
and DBCLOB( n ). The length of the string is the number of double-byte characters
in the sequence.
• Fixed-length graphic string, GRAPHIC( n ): A fixed-length graphic

string is between 1 and 127 double-byte characters long. If a length is not
specified, it is assumed to be 1 double-byte character.
• Varying-length graphic string, VARGRAPHIC( n ): VARGRAPHIC( n )

type strings are varying-length graphic strings that can be up to 16,336

double-byte characters long.
• LONG VARGRAPHIC: LONG VARGRAPHIC type strings are

varying-length graphic strings that can be up to 16,350 double-byte
characters long.
• Double-byte character large object string, DBCLOB( n [K|M|G]): A

double-byte character large object is a varying-length graphic string of
double-byte characters that can be up to 1,073,741,823 characters long.
If only n is specified, n is the maximum length. If n K is specified, the
maximum length is n *1,024 (with a maximum value for n of 1,048,576). If
n M is specified, the maximum length is n *1,048,576 (with a maximum
value for n of 1,024). If n G is specified, the maximum length is n
*1,073,741,823 (with a maximum value for n of 1). A DBCLOB is used to
store large DBCS (double-byte character set) character-based data.
A binary string is a sequence of bytes. Binary strings include varying-length strings

of type BLOB( n ), which are used to hold nontraditional data such as pictures, voice,
or mixed media, and which can also hold structured data for user-defined types and
user-defined functions.
• Binary large object, BLOB( n [K|M|G]): A binary large object is a

varying-length string that can be up to 2,147,483,647 bytes long. If only n
is specified, n is the maximum length. If n K is specified, the maximum
length is n *1,024 (with a maximum value for n of 2,097,152). If n M is
specified, the maximum length is n *1,048,576 (with a maximum value for
n of 2,048). If n G is specified, the maximum length is n *1,073,741,824
(with a maximum value for n of 2).
Datetime data types include DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP. Datetime values can
be used in certain arithmetic and string operations, and they are compatible with
certain strings, but they are neither strings nor numbers.
• DATE: A DATE is a three-part value (year, month, and day). The range of
the year part is 0001 to 9999. The range of the month part is 1 to 12. The
range of the day part is 1 to n, where the value of n depends on the
month. The length of a DATE column is 10 bytes.
• TIME: A TIME is a three-part value (hour, minute, and second). The

range of the hour part is 0 to 24. The range of both the minute part and
the second part is 0 to 59. If the hour is 24, the minute value and the
second value are both zero. The length of a TIME column is 8 bytes.
• TIMESTAMP: A TIMESTAMP is a seven-part value (year, month, day,

hour, minute, second, and microsecond). The range of the year part is
0001 to 9999. The range of the month part is 1 to 12. The range of the

day part is 1 to n, where the value of n depends on the month. The range
of the hour part is 0 to 24. The range of both the minute part and the
second part is 0 to 59. The range of the microsecond part is 000000 to
999999. If the hour is 24, the minute value, the second value, and the
microsecond value are all zero. The length of a TIMESTAMP column is
26 bytes.
String representations of datetime values: Although internal representations of

DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP values are transparent to the user, dates, times, and
timestamps can be represented by character strings, and the CHAR scalar function
(see The parts of speech of SQL ) can be used to create a string representation of a
datetime value.
• A string representation of a date value is a character string that starts with

a digit and has a length of at least eight characters. Leading zeros can be
omitted from the month and the day parts of the date value.
• A string representation of a time value is a character string that starts with

a digit and has a length of at least four characters. A leading zero can be
omitted from the hour part of the time value, and seconds can be omitted
entirely. If a value for seconds is not specified, it is assumed to be 0.
• A string representation of a timestamp value is a character string that

starts with a digit and has a length of at least 16 characters. The complete
string representation of a timestamp has the form
yyyy-mm-dd-hh.mm.ss.nnnnnn. Leading zeros can be omitted from the
month, day, or hour part of the timestamp value, and microseconds can
be truncated or omitted entirely. If any trailing zeros are omitted from the
microseconds part of the timestamp value, a value of 0 is assumed for the
missing digits.
Special registers
A special register is a storage area that is defined for an application process by the
database manager and is used to store information that can be referenced in SQL
statements. DB2 Universal Database currently supports the following special
registers:
CLIENT ACCTNG CURRENT MAINTAINED TABLE TYPES FOR

OPTIMIZATION
CLIENT APPLNAME CURRENT PATH
CLIENT USERID CURRENT QUERY OPTIMIZATION
CLIENT WRKSTNNAME CURRENT REFRESH AGE
CURRENT DATE CURRENT SCHEMA
CURRENT DBPARTITIONNUM CURRENT SERVER

CURRENT DEFAULT TRANSFORM GROUP CURRENT TIME

CURRENT DEGREE CURRENT TIMESTAMP
CURRENT EXPLAIN MODE CURRENT TIMEZONE
CURRENT EXPLAIN SNAPSHOT USER
To illustrate how useful special registers can be, consider the SALES table, which
has a column named Sales_Date. The following statement inserts a new row into the
SALES table, setting the sales date to the value of the CURRENT DATE special
register:
INSERT INTO sales (sales_date, sales_person, region, sales)

VALUES (CURRENT DATE, 'SMITH', 'Manitoba', 100)
For more information about the INSERT statement, see Using the INSERT
statement to add new rows to tables or views.
The system catalog

The database manager creates and maintains two sets of system catalog views. All
the system catalog views are created when a database is created; they cannot be
explicitly created or dropped. The system catalog views are updated during normal
operation. Most of the system catalog views cannot be modified using data
manipulation language. SELECT privilege on all of the system catalog views is
granted to PUBLIC by default.
One set of system catalog views belongs to the SYSCAT schema; these views are
not directly updatable. A second set of views, representing a subset of views
belonging to the SYSCAT schema, contain statistical information that is used by the
optimizer. The optimizer is a component of the SQL compiler that chooses an
access plan for a DML statement by modeling the execution cost of alternative
access plans and choosing the one with the lowest estimated cost. Views belonging
to the SYSSTAT schema contain some updatable columns.
The system catalog views can be queried to obtain useful information about a
database. For example, the following statement uses the NOT LIKE predicate to
return the name of each user-defined table with an entry in SYSCAT.TABLES, along
with the number of columns in each of those tables, and table status (N = normal; C
= check pending):
SELECT tabname, colcount, status

FROM syscat.tables
WHERE tabschema NOT LIKE 'SYS%'
ORDER BY tabname
And here is a partial result set returned by this query:
TABNAME COLCOUNT STATUS

CL_SCHED 4 N
DEPARTMENT 5 N
EMP_ACT 6 C
For more information about the SELECT statement, see Using the SELECT
statement to retrieve data from database tables.
Section 3. Data Control Language (DCL)
Authorization
DCL is a subset of SQL. It is used to provide access control to database objects.
There are two levels of security to control access to database objects. The first level,
which controls access to the DB2 instance, is managed by the operating system.
This level is called authentication, and involves verifying a user's identity through a
valid user ID and password. The second level of security controls access to a
database on the server.
To access a database on the server, you must establish a connection between your
DB2 client and the database using the SQL CONNECT statement. The syntax of this
statement allows you to specify a user ID and password, which DB2 will use to
authenticate you. You can also request a password change by supplying your user
ID, old password, and new password twice. For example:
CONNECT TO sample USER shaman USING mypassword NEW newpassword CONFIRM newpassword
If you don't specify a user ID and password with the CONNECT statement, DB2 may
use the ID and password you logged on with at the client for authentication, or it may
prompt you to supply a user ID and password.
The following message tells you that you have made a successful connection:
Database Connection Information

Database server = DB2/NT 8.1.0
SQL authorization ID = SHAMAN
Local database alias = SAMPLE
Authorities and privileges

After you are connected, you can access the database, its objects, and the data --

that is, if you have the authority or necessary privileges to do so.
Authorities are broad categories of user rights. They include:
• SYSADM: This authority level gives a user the ability to run utilities, issue
database and database manager commands, and control database
objects throughout the database manager instance. In addition to all of
the capabilities granted to the other authorities, users with SYSADM
authority can migrate a database, modify the database manager
configuration file, and grant DBADM authority.
• SYSCTRL: This authority level enables a user to perform all

administrative tasks, such as running maintenance and utility operations
against the database manager instance and its databases. A user with
SYSCTRL authority cannot access data directly unless specifically
granted additional privileges. A user with SYSCTRL authority or higher
can perform all functions permitted to users with SYSMAINT authority,
and can also create or drop a database; force applications; restore to a
new database; create, drop, or alter a tablespace; and update a
database, node, or distributed connection services (DCS) directory.
• SYSMAINT: A user with this authority level can perform maintenance

activities, but not access data within the database instance. A user with
SYSMAINT or higher authority can update database configuration files,
back up a database or tablespace, restore to an existing database,
restore a tablespace, perform roll-forward recovery, stop or start a
database instance, run traces, and take system monitor snapshots of an
instance or its databases.
• DBADM: This authority level applies to individual databases. A user with

DBADM authority on a database can perform any administrative task on
that database, such as creating database objects, loading data, and
monitoring database activity. A user with DBADM authority can read log
files, create, activate, and drop event monitors, query the state of a
tablespace, update history files, quiesce a tablespace, reorganize a table,
and collect catalog statistics using the runstats utility. The creator of a
database automatically has DBADM authority on that database.
• LOAD: This authority level enables a user to perform load operations on

a particular database. If a user only has LOAD authority, the user must
also have table-level privileges, such as the INSERT privilege, on a table
to be able to load data into that table. If a load operation is to replace
existing data in a table, the user must also have the DELETE privilege on
the table.
Privileges are specific rights that can be granted to users, allowing them to work with

specific objects in the database. A privilege is the right to create or access a

database object. Objects on which privileges can be held include databases,
schemas, tablespaces, tables, views, nicknames, servers, packages, and indexes.
If you create an object, you have full access to that object. This is known as having
CONTROL privilege on the object. A user with CONTROL privilege on an object can
let other users have access to the object, and can give other users permission to
grant privileges on the object. Privileges can be granted or revoked using the SQL
GRANT or REVOKE statement.
Individual privileges, such as SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE, allow a

user to perform a specific function, sometimes on a specific object.
To grant privileges on database objects, you must have SYSADM authority, DBADM
authority, CONTROL privilege, or have the WITH GRANT OPTION (a selectable
option on the GRANT statement) on that object. You must have SYSADM or DBADM
authority to grant CONTROL privilege to another user. You must have SYSADM
authority to grant DBADM authority.
For more extensive treatment of DB2 security, see the second tutorial in this series.
Schemas
A schema is a collection of named objects, such as tables, views, triggers, and
functions. Schemas provide a logical classification of objects in the database. A
schema name is used as the first part of a two-part object name. Consider for
example the name SMITH.STAFF. In this example, the fully qualified name of the
STAFF table includes the schema name, SMITH, to distinguish it from any other
table named STAFF in the system catalog.
The schema itself is a database object. A schema can be explicitly created using the
CREATE SCHEMA statement; it can also be implicitly created when another object is
created, if the user creating the object has IMPLICIT_SCHEMA privilege.
When a database is created, all users have IMPLICIT_SCHEMA privilege. This

allows any user to create objects in any schema not already in existence. An
implicitly created schema allows any user to create other objects in this schema.
Schemas have privileges associated with them. This allows the schema owner to
control which users have the privilege to create, alter, and drop objects in the
schema. A schema owner is initially given all of these privileges on the schema, with
the ability to grant them to others. An implicitly created schema is owned by the
system, and all users are initially given the privilege to create objects in that schema.
A user with SYSADM or DBADM authority can change the privileges held by users
on any schema, even one that was implicitly created.
Authorization IDs and authorization names

An authorization ID is a character string that is obtained by the database manager

when a connection is established between the database manager and an application
process. It designates a set of privileges. Authorization IDs are used by the
database manager to provide authorization checking of SQL statements; an
authorization ID applies to every SQL statement.
An authorization name specified in an SQL statement is simply an identifier that is

used within that statement. For example, an authorization name is used in a CREATE
SCHEMA statement to designate the owner of the schema, and an authorization
name is used in a GRANT or REVOKE statement to designate the target of a grant or
the revoke operation.
Using the GRANT statement

Authorities and privileges can be explicitly granted to an individual user or to a group
through invocation of the GRANT statement. Several flavors of the GRANT statement
are available; the particular one that you'll use will depend on the object on which
privileges are being granted. Objects on which privileges can be granted include
databases, tablespaces, tables, views, indexes, packages, and schemas (see
Schemas ). In general, the GRANT statement looks like this:
GRANT privilege ON object-type

object-name
TO [{USER | GROUP | PUBLIC}] authorization-name
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
Specifying the keyword PUBLIC grants the privilege to all users. Some operating
systems allow users and groups to have the same name. In such cases, you can
specify the optional keyword USER or GROUP to distinguish them. For example:
GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON TABLE staff TO USER rosita WITH GRANT OPTION
In this example, the WITH GRANT OPTION gives Rosita the ability to grant the
INSERT or DELETE privilege to other users. Of course, if another user already has
SYSADM authority, DBADM authority on the database that contains the STAFF
table, or CONTROL privilege on the STAFF table, that user already has the authority
to grant the INSERT or the DELETE privilege on the STAFF table.
Using the REVOKE statement

Authorities and privileges can be explicitly revoked from an individual user or a
group through invocation of the REVOKE statement. As with the GRANT statement,
several flavors of the REVOKE statement are available, depending on the object from
which privileges are being revoked. Objects from which privileges can be revoked
include databases, tablespaces, tables, views, indexes, packages, and schemas. In
general, the REVOKE statement looks like this:

REVOKE privilege ONobject-type

object-name
FROM [{USER | GROUP | PUBLIC}] authorization-name
Specifying the keyword PUBLIC revokes the privilege from all users. Some
operating systems allow users and groups to have the same name. In such cases,
you can specify the optional keyword USER or GROUP to distinguish them.
In the following example, the optional keyword ALL is used to revoke all privileges
held by Joanna on the STAFF table:
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON TABLE staff FROM joanna
To revoke privileges on an object, you must have SYSADM authority, DBADM

authority on the database that contains the object, or CONTROL privilege on the
object. Having the WITH GRANT OPTION on an object does not allow you to revoke
privileges on that object.
Even if you've revoked privileges on an object from a group, you can't be sure you've
revoked privileges from each member of that group. If any members of the group
had previously been granted privileges as individuals or as members of another
group, they retain these privileges unless you issue additional REVOKE statements.
Section 4. Data Definition Language (DDL)
Using the CREATE statement to make new database objects

The CREATE statement is used to create database objects, including:
• Buffer pools
• Event monitors
• Functions
• Indexes
• Schemas
• Stored procedures
• Tables
• tablespaces

• Triggers
• Views
The system catalog is updated whenever you create a database object.
Consider the CREATE TABLE statement. This statement has a large number of
options that let you precisely define the kind of table you want to create. In its
simplest form, the CREATE TABLE statement requires only that you specify one or
more columns and associated data types. Consider this example:
CREATE TABLE org (

deptnumb SMALLINT NOT NULL,
deptname VARCHAR(14),
manager SMALLINT,
division VARCHAR(10),
location VARCHAR(13) )
This statement specifies the creation of a five-column table called ORG. The ORG
table is actually part of the SAMPLE database that comes with DB2. Each column
represents an attribute of the organization. Data pertaining to these attributes can be
collected and stored in the table. The first column, DeptNumb, cannot have NULL
values, because this column will represent a unique key for the table: if each value in
this column is unique, a specific value can be used to uniquely identify a row in the
table.
Using the DECLARE statement to make new database objects

The DECLARE statement is similar to the CREATE statement, except that it is used to
create temporary tables that exist only for the duration of a database connection.
Temporary tables are useful when you are working with intermediate results.
Declared tables can be referenced like any other table, and they can be altered or
dropped like any other table. A table is the only object that can be declared. The
system catalog is not updated when you declare a temporary table. You can declare
a temporary table by using the DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement.
For example:
DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE session.temp1

LIKE employee
ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS
NOT LOGGED
IN mytempspace
In this example, the DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement is used to

declare a temporary table named TEMP1, located in an existing user temporary
tablespace named MYTEMPSPACE. (The user temporary tablespace must already
exist before you can issue this statement.) The columns in this table will have the
same names and definitions as the columns in the EMPLOYEE table. The rows of
the temporary table will be preserved (not deleted) whenever a COMMIT statement is
processed. Finally, changes to the temporary table are not logged (this is the only

option).
Temporary tables must be explicitly (or will be implicitly) qualified by the schema
name SESSION, because each session that defines a declared table has its own
(possibly unique) description of that temporary table.
Using the ALTER statement to change database objects

The ALTER statement is used to change some of the characteristics of an existing
database object, including:
• Buffer pools
• Tables
• tablespaces
• Views
You cannot alter an index. If you want to change an index, you must drop it and then
create a new one with a different definition.
Consider the following example of an ALTER TABLE statement. In this example, a

new column is being added to the ORG table that we created in Using the CREATE
statement to make new database objects. The new State column will eventually
contain a two-character state code for each department record.
ALTER TABLE org

ADD state char(2)
Using the DROP statement to get rid of database objects

You can drop any object that was created through an SQL CREATE or DECLARE
statement, including:
• Buffer pools
• Event monitors
• Functions
• Indexes
• Schemas
• Stored procedures
• Tables
• tablespaces

• Triggers
• Views
The DROP statement removes object definitions from the system catalog and
therefore from the database itself. Here is an example of the DROP TABLE
statement:
DROP TABLE org
Because database objects can be dependent on other database objects, dropping

an object can result in a related object becoming invalid.
Section 5. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Using the SELECT statement to retrieve data from database

tables
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve table or view data. In its simplest form, the
SELECT statement can be used to retrieve all the data in a table. For example, to
retrieve all the STAFF data from the SAMPLE database, issue the following
command:
SELECT * FROM staff
Here is a partial result set returned by this query:
COMM
SALARY
YEARS
JOB
DEPT
NAME
ID
18357.50
7
Mgr
20
Sanders
-10
18171.25
8
Sales
Pernal
20
612.45
17506.75
5
Mgr
38
Marenghi
-30
To restrict the number of rows in a result set, use the FETCH FIRST clause. For
example:
SELECT * FROM staff FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY
You can retrieve specific columns from a table by specifying a select list of column
names separated by commas. For example:

SELECT name, salary FROM staff
Use the DISTINCT clause to eliminate duplicate rows in a result set. For example:
SELECT DISTINCT dept, job FROM staff
Use the AS clause to assign a meaningful name to an expression or an item in the

select list. For example:
SELECT name, salary + comm AS pay FROM staff
Without the AS clause, the derived column would have been named 2, indicating that
it is the second column in the result set.
Using the WHERE clause and predicates to limit the amount of

data returned by a query
Use the WHERE clause to select specific rows from a table or view by specifying one
or more selection criteria, or search conditions. A search condition consists of one or
more predicates. A predicate specifies something about a row that is either true or
false (see The parts of speech of SQL ). When building search conditions, be sure
to:
• Apply arithmetic operations only to numeric data types

• Make comparisons only among compatible data types
• Enclose character values within single quotation marks
• Specify character values exactly as they appear in the database
Let's look at some examples.
• Find the names of staff members whose salaries are greater than
$20,000:
"SELECT name, salary FROM staff

WHERE salary > 20000"
Enclosing the statement within double quotation marks keeps your

operating system from misinterpreting special characters, such as *>; the
greater-than symbol could be interpreted as an output redirection request.
• List the name, job title, and salary of staff members who are not
managers and whose salary is greater than $20,000:

"SELECT name, job, salary FROM staff

WHERE job <> 'Mgr'
AND salary > 20000"
• Find all names that start with the letter S:
SELECT name FROM staff

WHERE name LIKE 'S%'
In this example, the percent sign (%) is a wild card character that
represents a string of zero or more characters.
A subquery is a SELECT statement that appears within the WHERE clause of a main
query, and feeds its result set to that WHERE clause. For example:
"SELECT lastname FROM employee

WHERE lastname IN
(SELECT sales_person FROM sales
WHERE sales_date < '01/01/1996')"
A correlation name is defined in the FROM clause of a query, and can serve as a
convenient short name for a table. Correlation names also eliminate ambiguous
references to identical column names from different tables. For example:
"SELECT e.salary FROM employee e

WHERE e.salary <
(SELECT AVG(s.salary) FROM staff s)"
Using the ORDER BY clause to sort results

Use the ORDER BY clause to sort the result set by values in one or more columns.
The column names that are specified in the ORDER BY clause do not have to be
specified in the select list. For example:
"SELECT name, salary FROM staff

WHERE salary > 20000
ORDER BY salary"
You can sort the result set in descending order by specifying DESC in the ORDER BY
clause:
ORDER BY salary DESC

Using joins to retrieve data from more than one table

A join is a query that combines data from two or more tables. It is often necessary to
select information from two or more tables, since needed data is often distributed. A
join adds columns to the result set. For example, a full join of two three-column
tables produces a result set with six columns.
The simplest join is one in which there are no specified conditions. For example:
SELECT deptnumb, deptname, manager, id, name, dept, job

FROM org, staff
This statement returns all combinations of rows from the ORG table and the STAFF
table. The first three columns come from the ORG tables, and the last four columns
come from the STAFF table. Such a result set (the cross product of the two tables) is
not very useful. What is needed is a join condition to refine the result set. For
example, here is a query that is designed to identify staff members who are
managers:
SELECT deptnumb, deptname, id AS manager_id, name AS manager

FROM org, staff
WHERE manager = id
ORDER BY deptnumb
And here is a partial result set returned by this query:
DEPTNUMB DEPTNAME MANAGER_ID MANAGER

10 Head Office 160 Molinare
15 New England 50 Hanes
20 Mid Atlantic 10 Sanders
Using joins to retrieve data from more than one table

(continued)
The statement we looked at in the last section is an example of an inner join. Inner
joins return only rows from the cross product that meet the join condition. If a row
exists in one table but not the other, it is not included in the result set. To explicitly
specify an inner join, we can rewrite the previous query with an INNER JOIN
operator in the FROM clause:
...
FROM org INNER JOIN staff
ON manager = id
...

The keyword ON specifies the join conditions for the tables being joined. Remember,
DeptNumb and DeptName are columns in the ORG table, and Manager_ID and
Manager are based on columns (ID and Name) in the STAFF table. The result set
for the inner join consists of rows that have matching values for the Manager and ID
columns in the left table (ORG) and the right table (STAFF), respectively. (When you
perform a join on two tables, you arbitrarily designate one table to be the left table
and the other to be the right.)
Outer joins return rows that are generated by an inner join operation, plus rows that
would not be returned by the inner join operation. There are three types of outer
joins:
• A left outer join includes the inner join plus the rows from the left table that
are not returned by the inner join. This type of join uses the LEFT OUTER
JOIN (or LEFT JOIN ) operator in the FROM clause.
• A right outer join includes the inner join plus the rows from the right table
that are not returned by the inner join. This type of join uses the RIGHT
OUTER JOIN (or RIGHT JOIN) operator in the FROM clause.
• A full outer join includes the inner join plus the rows from both the left
table and the right table that are not returned by the inner join. This type
of join uses the FULL OUTER JOIN (or FULL JOIN) operator in the
FROM clause.
More complex queries can be constructed to answer more difficult questions. The
following query is designed to generate a list of employees who are responsible for
projects, identifying those employees who are also managers by listing the
departments that they manage:
SELECT empno, deptname, projname

FROM (employee
LEFT OUTER JOIN project
ON respemp = empno)
LEFT OUTER JOIN department
ON mgrno = empno
The first outer join gets the name of any project for which the employee is
responsible; this outer join is enclosed by parentheses and is resolved first. The
second outer join gets the name of the employee's department if that employee is a
manager.
Using set operators to combine two or more queries into a

single query
You can combine two or more queries into a single query by using the UNION,
EXCEPT, or INTERSECT set operator. Set operators process the results of the

queries, eliminate duplicates, and return the final result set.
• The UNION set operator generates a result table by combining two or

more other result tables.
• The EXCEPT set operator generates a result table by including all rows
that are returned by the first query, but not by the second or any
subsequent queries.
• The INTERSECT set operator generates a result table by including only
rows that are returned by all the queries.
Following is an example of a query that makes use of the UNION set operator. The
same query could use the EXCEPT or the INTERSECT set operator by substituting
the appropriate keyword for UNION.
"SELECT sales_person FROM sales

WHERE region = 'Ontario-South'
UNION
SELECT sales_person FROM sales
WHERE sales > 3"
Using the GROUP BY clause to summarize results

Use the GROUP BY clause to organize rows in a result set. Each group is
represented by a single row in the result set. For example:
SELECT sales_date, MAX(sales) AS max_sales FROM sales

GROUP BY sales_date
This statement returns a list of sales dates from the SALES table. The SALES table
in the SAMPLE database contains sales data, including the number of successful
transactions by a particular sales person on a particular date. There is typically more
than one record per date. The GROUP BY clause groups the data by sales date, and
the MAX function (see Using functions to transform data ) in this example returns the
maximum number of sales recorded for each sales date.
A different flavor of the GROUP BY clause includes the specification of the

GROUPING SETS clause. Grouping sets can be used to analyze data at different
levels of aggregation in a single pass. For example:
SELECT YEAR(sales_date) AS year, region, SUM(sales) AS tot_sales

FROM sales
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (YEAR(sales_date), region, () )
Here, the YEAR function is used to return the year portion of date values, and the
SUM function is used to return the total in each set of grouped sales figures. The
grouping sets list specifies how the data is to be grouped, or aggregated. A pair of

empty parentheses is added to the grouping sets list to get a grand total in the result
set. The statement returns the following:
YEAR REGION TOT_SALES

- - 155
- Manitoba 41
- Ontario-North 9
- Ontario-South 52
- Quebec 53
1995 - 8
1996 - 147
A statement that is almost identical to the previous one, but that specifies the
ROLLUP clause, or the CUBE clause instead of the GROUPING SETS clause, returns
a result set that provides a more detailed perspective on the data, it may, for
instance, provide summaries by location or time.
The HAVING clause is often used with a GROUP BY clause to retrieve results for
groups that satisfy only a specific condition. A HAVING clause can contain one or
more predicates that compare some property of the group with another property of
the group or a constant. For example:
"SELECT sales_person, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales

GROUP BY sales_person
HAVING SUM(sales) > 25"
This statement returns a list of salespeople whose sales totals exceed 25.
Using functions to transform data

A database function is a relationship between a set of input data values and a single
result value. DB2 Universal Database provides many built-in functions, including
column functions and scalar functions:
• Column functions operate on a set of values in a column. For example:
• SUM(sales) returns the sum of the values in the Sales column.

• AVG(sales) returns the sum of the values in the Sales column
divided by the number of values in that column.
• MIN(sales) returns the smallest value in the Sales column.
• MAX(sales) returns the largest value in the Sales column.
• COUNT(sales) returns the number of non-null values in the Sales

column.
• Scalar functions operate on a single value to return another single value.

For example:
• ABS(-5) returns the absolute value of -5 -- that is, 5.

• HEX(69) returns the hexadecimal representation of the number 69 --
that is, 45000000.
• LENGTH('Pierre') returns the number of bytes in the string
"Pierre" -- that is, 6. For a GRAPHIC string, the LENGTH function
returns the number of double-byte characters.
• YEAR('03/14/2002') extracts the year portion of 03/14/2002 --
that is, 2002.
• MONTH('03/14/2002') extracts the month portion of 03/14/2002 --
that is, 3.
• DAY('03/14/2002') extracts the day portion of 03/14/2002 -- that
is, 14.
• LCASE('SHAMAN') or LOWER('SHAMAN') returns a string in which
all of the characters have been converted to lowercase characters --
shaman, in this case.
• UCASE('shaman') or UPPER('shaman') returns a string in which
all of the characters have been converted to uppercase characters --
SHAMAN, in this case.
Using the INSERT statement to add new rows to tables or

views
The INSERT statement is used to add new rows to a table or a view. Inserting a row
into a view also inserts the row into the table on which the view is based. You can:
• Use a VALUES clause to specify column data for one or more rows. For
example:
INSERT INTO staff VALUES (1212,'Cerny',20,'Sales',3,90000.00,30000.00)

INSERT INTO staff VALUES (1213,'Wolfrum',20,'Sales',2,90000.00,10000.00)
Or the equivalent:
INSERT INTO staff (id, name, dept, job, years, salary, comm)
VALUES
(1212,'Cerny',20,'Sales',3,90000.00,30000.00),

(1213,'Wolfrum',20,'Sales',2,90000.00,10000.00)
• Specify a fullselect to identify data that is to be copied from other tables or

views. A fullselect is a statement that generates a result table. For
example:
CREATE TABLE pers LIKE staff

INSERT INTO pers
SELECT id, name, dept, job, years, salary, comm
FROM staff
WHERE dept = 38
Using the UPDATE statement to change data in tables or views

The UPDATE statement is used to change the data in a table or a view. You can
change the value of one or more columns for each row that satisfies the conditions
specified by a WHERE clause. For example:
UPDATE staff
SET dept = 51, salary = 70000
WHERE id = 750
Or the equivalent:
UPDATE staff
SET (dept, salary) = (51, 70000)
WHERE id = 750
If you don't specify a WHERE clause, DB2 updates each row in the table or view!
Using the DELETE statement to get rid of data

The DELETE statement is used to delete entire rows of data from a table. You can
delete each row that satisfies the conditions specified by a WHERE clause. For
example:
DELETE FROM staff

WHERE id IN (1212, 1213)
If you don't specify a WHERE clause, DB2 deletes all the rows in the table or view!

Section 6. SQL procedures
Creating an SQL procedure

An SQL procedure is a stored procedure whose body is written in SQL. The body
contains the logic of the SQL procedure. It can include variable declarations,
condition handling, flow-of-control statements, and DML. Multiple SQL statements
can be specified within a compound statement, which groups several statements
together into an executable block.
An SQL procedure is created when you successfully invoke a CREATE PROCEDURE

(SQL) statement, which defines the SQL procedure with an application server. SQL
procedures are a handy way to define more complex queries or tasks that can be
called whenever they are needed. The following steps will create a command-line
processor (CLP) script (called createSQLproc.db2 ) that will create a simple SQL
procedure:
1. Connect to the SAMPLE database.
2. Issue the following command:
db2 -td@ -vf createSQLproc.db2
This db2 command specifies the -td option flag, which tells the command-line
processor to define and to use @ as the statement termination character; the -v
option flag, which tells the command-line processor to echo command text to
standard output; and the --f option flag, which tells the command-line processor to
read command input from the specified file instead of from standard input.
CREATE PROCEDURE sales_status

(IN quota INTEGER, OUT sql_state CHAR(5))
DYNAMIC RESULT SETS 1
LANGUAGE SQL
BEGIN
DECLARE SQLSTATE CHAR(5);
DECLARE rs CURSOR WITH RETURN FOR
SELECT sales_person, SUM(sales) AS total_sales
FROM sales
GROUP BY sales_person
HAVING SUM(sales) > quota;
OPEN rs;
SET sql_state = SQLSTATE;
END @
This procedure, called SALES_STATUS, accepts an input parameter called quota

and returns an output parameter called sql_state. The procedure body consists of a
single SELECT statement that returns the name and the total sales figures for each
salesperson whose total sales exceed the specified quota.
Most SQL procedures will accept at least one input parameter. In our example, the
input parameter contains a value (quota) that is used in the SELECT statement
contained in the procedure body.
Many SQL procedures will return at least one output parameter. Our example
includes an output parameter (sql_state) that is used to report the success or failure
of the SQL procedure. DB2 returns an SQLSTATE value in response to conditions
that could be the result of an SQL statement. Because the returned SQLCODE or
SQLSTATE value pertains to the last SQL statement issued in the procedure body,
and accessing the values alters the subsequent values of these variables (because
an SQL statement is used to access them), the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE value should
be assigned to and returned through a locally defined variable (such as the sql_state
variable in our example).
The parameter list for an SQL procedure can specify zero or more parameters, each
of which can be one of three possible types:
• IN parameters pass an input value to an SQL procedure; this value

cannot be modified within the body of the procedure.
• OUT parameters return an output value from an SQL procedure.
• INOUT parameters pass an input value to an SQL procedure and return
an output value from the procedure.
SQL procedures can return zero or more result sets. In our example, the
SALES_STATUS procedure returns one result set. This has been done by:
1. Declaring the number of result sets that the SQL procedure will return in
the DYNAMIC RESULT SETS clause.
2. Declaring a cursor in the procedure body (using the WITH RETURN FOR
clause) for each result set that will be returned. A cursor is a named
control structure that is used by an application program to point to a
specific row within an ordered set of rows. A cursor is used to retrieve
rows from a set.
3. Opening the cursor for each result set that will be returned.
4. Leaving the cursor(s) open when the SQL procedure returns.
Variables must be declared at the beginning of the SQL procedure body. To declare

a variable, you must assign a unique identifier to and specify an SQL data type for
the variable and, optionally, assign an initial value to the variable.
The SET clause in our sample SQL procedure is an example of a flow-of-control

clause. The following flow-of-control statements, structures, and clauses can be
used for conditional processing within an SQL procedure body:
• The CASE structure selects an execution path based on the evaluation of

one or more conditions.
• The FOR structure executes a block of code for each row of a table.
• The GET DIAGNOSTICS statement returns information about the

previous SQL statement into an SQL variable.
• The GOTO statement transfers control to a labeled block (a section of one

or more statements identified by a unique SQL name followed by a
colon).
• The IF structure selects an execution path based on the evaluation of

conditions. The ELSEIF and ELSE clauses enable you to branch or to
specify a default action if the other conditions are false.
• The ITERATE clause passes the flow of control to the beginning of a

labeled loop.
• The LEAVE clause transfers program control out of a loop or block of

code.
• The LOOP clause executes a block of code multiple times until a LEAVE,
ITERATE, or GOTO statement transfers control outside of the loop.
• The REPEAT clause executes a block of code until a specified search

condition returns true.
• The RETURN clause returns control from the SQL procedure to the caller.
• The SET clause assigns a value to an output parameter or SQL variable.
• The WHILE clause repeatedly executes a block of code while a specified

condition is true.
To successfully create SQL procedures, you must have installed the DB2

Application Development Client on the database server. (See the first tutorial in this
series for more on the Application Development Client.) DB2 converts SQL
procedure statements into an equivalent C application by using embedded SQL; this
means that before you can create any SQL procedures, you must also install and
configure a supported C compiler on the database server. If your database server
runs on a Windows operating system, but the environment variables for the C
compiler are not system variables, you must update the
DB2_SQLROUTINE_COMPILER_PATH DB2 registry variable on the database server:
• For Microsoft Visual Studio, update the DB2 registry variable with the path
for the vcvars32.bat file.
• For IBM VisualAge for C++, update the DB2 registry variable with the path
for the setenv.bat file.
If your database server runs on a UNIX-based system, DB2 generates an
executable script file ( $HOME/sqllib/function/routine/sr_cpath ) the first
time you compile a stored procedure. This script contains the default values for the
compiler environment variables on your operating system.
Calling an SQL procedure

You can use the SQL CALL statement to call SQL procedures from the DB2
command line. The procedure being called must be defined in the system catalog.
To call the SQL procedure SALES_STATUS (which we outline above; see Creating
an SQL procedure ), perform the following steps:
1. Connect to the SAMPLE database.
2. Issue the following statement:
db2 CALL sales_status (25, ?)
Because parentheses have special meaning to the command shell on

UNIX-based systems, on those systems they must be preceded with a
backslash ( \ ) character or be enclosed by double quotation marks, as
follows:
db2 "CALL sales_status (25, ?)"
Do not include double quotation marks if you are using the command line
processor (CLP) in interactive input mode, characterized by the db2 =>
input prompt.

In this example, a value of 25 for the input parameter quota is passed to the SQL
procedure, as well as a question mark (?) place-holder for the output parameter
sql_state. The procedure returns the name and the total sales figures for each
salesperson whose total sales exceed the specified quota (25). The following is
sample output returned by this statement:
SQL_STATE: 00000
SALES_PERSON TOTAL_SALES
GOUNOT 50
LEE 91
"SALES_STATUS" RETURN_STATUS: "0"
Client applications written in any supported language can call SQL procedures.
Section 7. Summary
Summary
This tutorial was designed to introduce you to Structured Query Language (SQL),
and to some of the ways that DB2 Universal Database uses SQL to define database
objects and to manipulate data in relational databases. This tutorial has covered the
fundamentals of SQL, including SQL language elements, Data Control Language
(DCL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and
SQL procedures.

Resources
• Good places to find additional information about DB2 Universal Database and
SQL are:
• IBM DB2 Universal Database SQL Reference, Vol. 1, Version 8 ,
SC09-4844-00; IBM DB2 Universal Database SQL Reference, Vol. 2,
Version 8 , SC09-4845-00. International Business Machines Corporation,
2002.
• DB2: The Complete Reference . Melnyk, Roman B., and Paul Z.
Zikopoulos, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 2001.
• Check out the other parts of the DB2 V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification
Prep series:
• DB2 V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification Prep, Part 1 of 6: DB2
Planning
• DB2 V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification Prep, Part 2 of 6: DB2
Security
• DB2 V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification Prep, Part 3 of 6: Accessing
DB2 UDB Data
• DB2 V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification Prep, Part 5 of 6: Working
with DB2 UDB Objects
• DB2 V8.1 Family Fundamentals Certification Prep, Part 6 of 6: Data
Concurrency
About the author

Roman Melnyk
Contributing DB2 author.


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DB2 V8.

1 Family Fundamentals certification prep:

Roman Melnyk ([email protected])

What this tutorial is about

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data

In this tutorial, you will learn:

• The fundamentals of SQL, with a focus on SQL language elements

Conventions used in this tutorial

• Monospaced text is used for SQL statements. UPPERCASE text identifies

• Except in the code, database object names are given in uppercase

• Italic text is used when introducing a new term, or to identify a parameter

Section 2. Structured Query Language (SQL)

The parts of speech of SQL

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data

• Characters: Single-byte characters can be a letter (A-Z, a-z, $, #, and @,

• Tokens: A token is a sequence of one or more characters. A token

• Identifiers: An SQL identifier is a token that is used to form a name.

• Constants: A constant specifies a value. Constants are classified as

• Functions: A function is a relationship between a set of input data values

• Expressions: An expression specifies a value. There are string

• Predicates: A predicate specifies a condition that is true, false, or

• A basic predicate compares two values (for example, x > y ).

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data

• The IN predicate compares one or more values with a collection of

Numeric data types include SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, DECIMAL( p, s ), REAL,

• Small integer, SMALLINT: A small integer is a two-byte integer with a

• Large integer, INTEGER, or INT: A large integer is a four-byte integer

• Big integer, BIGINT: A big integer is an eight-byte integer with a

• Decimal, DECIMAL( p,s ), DEC( p,s ), NUMERIC( p,s ), or NUM( p,s ):

• Single-precision floating-point, REAL: A single-precision floating-point

• Double-precision floating-point, DOUBLE, DOUBLE PRECISION, or

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data

approximation of a real number. The number can be zero or can range

A character string is a sequence of bytes. Character strings include fixed-length

• Fixed-length character string, CHARACTER( n ) or CHAR( n ): A

• Varying-length character string, VARCHAR( n ), CHARACTER

• LONG VARCHAR: LONG VARCHAR type strings are varying-length

• Character Large Object String, CLOB( n [K|M|G]): A CLOB is a

Data types (continued)

• Fixed-length graphic string, GRAPHIC( n ): A fixed-length graphic

• Varying-length graphic string, VARGRAPHIC( n ): VARGRAPHIC( n )

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data

double-byte characters long.

• LONG VARGRAPHIC: LONG VARGRAPHIC type strings are

• Double-byte character large object string, DBCLOB( n [K|M|G]): A

A binary string is a sequence of bytes. Binary strings include varying-length strings

• Binary large object, BLOB( n [K|M|G]): A binary large object is a

• TIME: A TIME is a three-part value (hour, minute, and second). The

• TIMESTAMP: A TIMESTAMP is a seven-part value (year, month, day,

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data

String representations of datetime values: Although internal representations of

• A string representation of a date value is a character string that starts with

• A string representation of a time value is a character string that starts with

• A string representation of a timestamp value is a character string that

CLIENT ACCTNG CURRENT MAINTAINED TABLE TYPES FOR

Part 4 of 6, Working with DB2 UDB Data

CURRENT DEFAULT TRANSFORM GROUP CURRENT TIME

INSERT INTO sales (sales_date, sales_person, region, sales)

The system catalog