Understanding the Presidency of Duterte:

From the Lens of Local Officials in Southern Mindanao

Gay L. Valledor
Myranel Ll. Taypin
Ann Karla T. Muñoz
Graduate School, Cor Jesu College, Philippines

Abstract- In a political system, the presidency of a person is considered to be the highest form of
administration in a republican nation. Rodrigo Roa Duterte, commonly known as Digong, the
sixteenth president of the Republic of the Philippines, is the first President who is from the
Mindanao Islands and is known for his hard-handed ruling of Davao City, where he was the
mayor for 22 long years, was elected by majority of Filipinos who are looking forward to a
great change in the political arena. The leadership of President Duterte has been considered as
one of a kind considering his strong political will relative to rebuilding the nation. He was once
dubbed “The Punisher” by Time magazine, and is known for his iron-fisted rule and
unconventional methods of fighting crime in Davao. The purpose of this phenomenological
qualitative study was to explore the reactions of local officials on his presidency in Southern
Mindanao. Of the four municipalities from one of the provinces identified, there were sixteen
participants who without any doubt replied to the Key Informant Interviews (KII) as designed.
The participants were delighted with what the presidency of Duterte has brought great change in
the face of politics in the country. President Duterte’s administration has pinned down and still
continues to struggle irregularities in the society that destroys the future of Filipino people. At
the local level, chief executives are directed to do their part in contributing to the fruition of the
thrusts and priorities of his administration. Hence, programs, projects, and activities laid down
by the local government units (LGUs) shall be implemented relative to better delivery of services
to their constituents such as on health, education, peace and order, security, justice and equality,
livelihood, infrastructure development, and among others. The significance of the study serves as
an eye opener for local officials to appreciate the ways of President Duterte as he manages the
country amidst challenges and criticisms. Some of the noticeably reactions of the local officials
about him includes, his leadership style which is far more satisfying than the previous ones, his
determination to serve the people no matter what and how, his down-to-earth attitude, regardless
of his bad-mouthing. He has gone very far since the 2014 when calls about him running the
presidency, He became the most popular ordinary man on earth, the “probinsyano from Davao”
attracted more the voters during the 2016 General Elections than his much more dominant
opponents.

Keywords: Political System, Presidency, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Great Change, Strong Political
Will, Phenomenological, Local Officials, Philippines

INTRODUCTION

In a political system, the presidency of a person is considered to be the highest form of

administration in a republican nation. The style of his leadership shall lead to a promising form
of government that regain socio-economic development in the country. Rodrigo Roa
Duterte, the sixteenth president of the Republic of the Philippines, was elected by
majority of Filipinos who are looking forward to a great change in the political arena. President
Duterte’s support in the May 2016 national election primarily came from the elite groups and the
middle class who seek security in their personal lives, apart from the poorest voters who needed
to uplift their way of life (Thompson, M.R., 2016).
Being the president of a nation requires strong political will as manifested in the Duterte
administration. His platforms include poverty alleviation, better delivery of social services,
justice and equality, anti-drugs campaign, fight against corruption, accelerating infrastructure
development, and among others. Having a folksy style and bad-tough-guy image, President
Duterte’s administration assured urgent end over increasing crime, cut down corruption in the
bureaucracy, as well as, giving high priority in the infrastructure sector (Teehankee, J. C. &
Thompson, M. R., 2016). In addition, Duterte’s proposed constitutional changes were apparently
focused on introducing federalism in the Philippine government. Somehow, Duterte assures that
only aggressive strongman rule can bring orderly administration in the country (Thompson, M.
R., 2016). This would somehow realize decentralization and devolution of powers in the
government. All of these and the many others concern most on the socio-economic development
of the country, giving its way to a more comfortable living conditions of the Filipino people.
Duterte’s priorities are domestic. Law and order, anti-corruption and crushing the drug problem
are at the top of his agenda. He aims to devolve power from the central government to the
provinces (retrieved from www.eurasiareview.com).
At the local level, chief executives are directed to do their part in contributing to the
fruition of the thrusts and priorities of the presidency of Duterte. Hence, programs, projects, and
activities laid down by the local government units (LGUs) shall be implemented relative to better
delivery of services to their constituents such as on health, education, peace and security, justice
and equality, livelihood, infrastructure development, and among others. (Pretorius, D. and
Schurink, W., 2007) explains that improving the delivery of services to constituents of the local
government units requires transformation of the institution and re-organization of powers.
Taking for instance in the sustainability of health services delivery at the local level, (Pradeep, H.
U. S. 2011) suggests to mobilize public participation, local officials to introduce new strategies
and innovations, as well as employing a five-year plan, enhancement of competencies for local
health service staff, and encouraging private-public partnership (PPP).
The significance of the study serves as an eye opener for local officials to appreciate the
ways of President Duterte as he manages the country amidst challenges and criticisms. In the
delivery of services to their constituents, local officials are directed to religiously perform their
tasks and responsibilities as they are expected to contribute to the thrusts and priorities of the
Duterte’s administration.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to explore the reactions on
the presidency of Duterte for local officials in Southern Mindanao.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the reactions of local officials on the presidency of Duterte?
2. What are the adjustments made by the local officials in delivering their services to
their constituents?

METHODOLOGY
 In this study, the researchers employed the processes of qualitative research including
research design, participants, sampling, data sources, data collection, data analysis and
interpretation, trustworthiness, and ethical considerations described as follows:

Research Design. This study applied a qualitative design using phenomenological

tradition which aims to describe, understand, and interpret the lived experiences of participants.
Phenomenological research is an inductive, descriptive research approach developed from
phenomenological philosophy; it aims to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the
person. Further, phenomenological qualitative research deals with phenomena that are difficult
or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and symbols; it
may involve content analysis (retrieved from http://medical-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phenomenological+research).

Participants. The participants of this study are local officials who were elected and are
active in their duties. Excluded in this study are those appointed local officials residing in
Southern Mindanao to include Barangay Secretary, Barangay Treasurer, Committee Chairs, and
among others.

Sampling. This study used purposive sampling. To save time and money in conducting this
study, the researchers opted to engage in purposive sampling that involved Key Informant
Interviews method. Retrieved from http://research-methodology.net, purposive sampling (also
known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in which
researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to
participate in the study. There were fifteen participants who courteously responded to the
questions which were done on a one-on-one interview. According to (Elmusharaf , 2012), in
purposive sampling, researcher attempts to obtain sample that appears to him/her to be
representative of the population.
Data Sources. The data in this study were primarily sourced by the researchers using
Key Informant Interviews (KII) and research materials downloaded from the internet such as
citations, articles, journals, and among others. According to (Elmusharaf , 2012), key informants,
as a result of their personal skills, or position within a society, are able to provide more
information and a deeper insight into what is going on around them.
Data Collection. In collecting the data of this study, the researchers used Key Informant
Inter-view (KII) through constructed survey questions. The participants’ responses were
primarily based on their own understanding of the phenomenon being studied. Data collection is
the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established
systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes (retrieved from https://ori.hhs.gov/ education/products/n_illinois_u/
datamanagement/dctopic.html).
Data Analysis and Interpretation. In the analysis of data drawn from the participants,
the re-searchers based them in the lived experiences of the participants through their actual
responses during the one-on-one interview conducted. The use of field notes and voice recording
also supported the re-searchers in the interpretation of the participants’ statements. According to
(Savenye, Robinson, 2004), researchers generally analyze for patterns in observations through
the entire data collection phase (re-trieved from: https://ori.hhs.gov/
education/products/n_illinois_u/datamanagement/datopic.html)
Trustworthiness
In terms of data trustworthiness of the study, trustworthiness has grown to be a crucial
concept as it enables investigators to explain the virtues of qualitative terms outside of the
parameters which are generally used in quantitative research. The purpose of trustworthiness in
qualitative research is to support the argument that the inquiry’s results are “worth paying
attention to” (retrieved from http://universalteacher.com/1/trustworthiness-in-qualitative-
research/).
To further define the meaning of data trustworthiness, the researchers considered four
components in this study. These are the following as mentioned by DeVault (2017): (a)
credibility; (b) transferability; (c) dependability; and, (d) confirmability.

a) Credibility. It contributes to a belief in the trustworthiness of data by using

triangulation and member checks which are commonly used methods to
address credibility. This is done by asking the same research questions prepared by the
researchers to different study participants and by collecting data from different sources
such as citations, articles, journals, and by using different methods to answer those
research questions. To further assure the credibility of this study, the constructed guide
questions were evaluated by some research experts in school who gave us the
 permission to pursue with the right questions to draw out the right answers from the
study participants.
b) Transferability. As to transferability, it is the generalization of the study findings to
other situations and contexts. The study results are then simplified to assure that it can
be applied to other studies, whether or not similar in nature. To attend to the concern of
transferability, purposive sampling can be employed since specific information is
emphasized relative to the context in data collection. Such that the information of this
study can be utilized for future studies.
c) Dependability. As to dependability, it seems more related to reliability which is
dependent upon validity. Sometimes data validity is evaluated by using data audit. This
data audit can be conducted should the data set is very substantial such that the auditor
can determine if the research situation is applicable. In this study, the researchers
plainly depended on the views and actual experiences of the study participants as they
sincerely answered the constructed interview guide questions.
d) Confirmability. In qualitative research, confirmability refers to the objective of the
researchers to get the right answers of the right questions that have been prepared. The
study participants give their views in the conduct of the study by way of an individual
interview and have been backed-up by affixing their signatures on the participants
verification form. Likewise, confirmability is a degree of impartiality such that the
findings are generated by the participants and not of the researchers’ prejudice, spur or
welfare (retrieved from: http://www.qualres.org/HomeLinc-3684.html).

Ethical Considerations

As a way of adhering to ethical standards in conducting research, the researchers prepared

informed consent form where the participants affix their signatures. There was no naming of
names for the participants, only codes are used, to assure that their credibility and privacy are
being protected. Everyone who participates in your study should have freely consented to
participation, without being coerced or unfairly pressurised (retrieved from
http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/).
 Likewise, confidentiality is the utmost priority of the researchers in dealing with the study
participants. Beforehand, the researchers asked the participants of their willingness to participate
in the study and assured that their identities are of paramount anonymity. Yet, confidentiality is
not always easy or even possible to measure the dangers of a certain context to a given
population, let alone to individuals. It is therefore essential to protect the identity of the person
from whom you gather information (retrieved from http://fieldresearch.msf.org/
msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/).

RESULTS
Strong Political Will. President Duterte undoubtedly is "The Man with Principle", very
strong and has a political will. The most fruitful success strategy is to begin with leadership
tools, including a vision of the future, cement the change in place with management tools, such
as role definitions and control systems and use the pure power tools of punishments as a last
resort, when all else fails
(Belias, D., & Koustelios, A., 2014).

“Ang akng nauyonan jud niya sa iyang pagka presidente ang iyahang pagka matinud-anon, nga
wa jud syay giingn nga gpili bsan paman ug pinakasuod nya basta kng nakasala ka, may
desisyon nga nakasala ka jud..mao man nay insakto na tawo, nga bilang pangulo kabalo ka mo
disiplina sa imong mga katawhan”, P14, Q1.2. “What I like about the president is his being
True, he treats everyone equally no matter how dear someone to him, if he commits mistake, he
will bear the consequence.. That is what a a man should be, that being the president he knowa
how to discipline his followers”

War on Drugs – well-implemented. Among all the many benefits enumerated, this drug-war
was the most popular. Since taking office on June 30, 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo
Duterte has carried out a “war on drugs” that has led to the deaths of over 7,000 Filipinos to date,
mostly urban poor. At least 2,555 of the killings have been attributed to the Philippine National
Police. Duterte and other senior officials have instigated and incited the killings in a campaign
that could amount to crimes against humanity. (Human Rights Watch | 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th
Floor | New York, NY 10118-3299 USA | t 1.212.290.4700).

“About sa kuan drugs..sa kani sa una maam kaning akoang barangay grabe sa drugs ni; tng kuan
tng tokhang na programa, gsunod jud to namo, nisuporta jud mi ato.. nakita nato na murag na
change na jud.. gahitak ni akoang barangay dri sa una maam sa drugs.. hapit nani karn ma drug-
free barangay”, (P11, Q1.3). “About the drugs, before my barangay was very prominent into
drugs; that Tok-Hang program, we supported that.. I have seen the changes visibly, if before this
was very infected, now it is nearly a drug-free barangay”.

Bad-mouthing, Ill-tempered President.Despite the president's foul-mouth, majority, if not all,

understood him or even accepted that flaw about him. According to most,

It’s just his ways, just like that, well everybody said it. The European Union: Giving an entire
economic bloc the middle finger might seem odd, but Duterte did just that to the EU, during a
speech in Davao this week. For extra clarity, he also said “f*** you” not once but twice.
(Retrieved from https://qz.com/789336/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-85-days-of-of-
insults-firings-and-killings/)

“Kuan lang sa inistoryahan ug pamalikas; malain ug sabut ang wala naanad nga tao kay sagulan
pamalikas; ang foreign investor mahadlok nuon kay lahi ila pagtan-aw”, P3, Q1.5. It is just in his
ways in uttering those bad words; he could be misinterpreted by those who weren’t used to
it..then added more violent language, he scared away foreign investors, they were turned-off”

DISCUSSION
The centerpiece of Duterte’s campaign platform was suppressing the three so-
called evils: crime, illegal drugs and corruption, which he believes are undermining security
across all sectors and hampering the growth of the domestic economy. He pledged to instill
discipline with an iron fist for everyone to adhere to the rule of law and strengthen the country’s
justice system (Manhit, D., 2016). These things were the issues he was and still very mad about
stopping, no matter what the cost is. Even before when he was still the Mayor in Davao for 20
years or so, these are his priorities, too, along with the 911, No-Smoking and Speed Limit
Policies.
The mayor’s mass appeal and quirky sense of humor brought him to the Presidency,
that’s for sure, we can now conclude that after all the interviews we conducted to the different
local officials from different places in Southern Mindanao.
More……………….

IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY

The result of the study opens windows of opportunities for individuals or agencies
particularly the government. For government and other agencies, the result would help them
understand this new phenomenon and create mechanisms to support and promote it. Here is a
job opportunity open to all kinds of people, regardless of educational qualification. If supported
with mechanisms, such as providing a fast internet connection, work from home individuals are
surely on the forefront of offering different services via the internet. As a whole, people will
have jobs, and the economy grows.
For those who are so mothers who cannot just leave their babies or children for work, the
result of the study is a feedback for them to be still able to earn without sacrificing family
responsibilities. For the jobless, professionals or not, working online is one of the best
alternatives. This study shows how the participants enjoyed having their jobs, which is
highlighted by their experience of the advantages of working from home.
For those in the academe, the result of the study is a challenge for them to integrate into
their class discussion. Working from home is a phenomenon that is advantageous to many
people. Educating students about the prospects, benefits, and opportunities of working online
will allow students to earn while still studying. When they graduate, they have choices of where
and how to practice their profession.
For future research, it is interesting to dwell on the impact of work from home
phenomenon to society as a whole. Is this worth continuing? Is this not a path for brain drain?
What about the psychological mindset of those people working from home? There are a lot of
areas for possible research within this phenomenon.
CONCLUDING REMARKS

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