002 Principles of Orthographic Projection MN112 PDF

ENGINEERING DRAWING
(Principles of Orthographic Projection)

PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION(OVERVIEW)
• There is an object to view
• Projection is done if an imaginary

transparent plane is introduced
such that the object is in between
the observer and the plane.
PROJECTION(OVERVIEW)
• A right angle is an angle of exactly
90° (degrees)
• A right angle is an internal angle

which is equal to 90°
• The 90° is rarely written in.
• If a box is seen in the corner, it

indicate a right angle.
PROJECTION(DEFINITIONS)
• Projection is a view of an object
• Projectors are lines or rays drawn from the object to the plane
• Plane of Projection is the transparent plane on which projections are drawn
• Ortho means right angle
• Graphic means drawing
• Orthographic means right angled drawing

PROJECTION(TYPES OF PROJECTIONS)
Perspective
Preferred for
Visualization
Pictorial Axonometric
Oblique
Projections
Specifications
First Angle
Preferred for
Orthographic
Third Angle
PROJECTION(ORTHOGRAPHIC)
• Pictorial projection is the projection in which the description of the object is completely
understood in one view.
• Engineering drawings are normally intended to indicate the shape and size of an object.
However, all objects have three dimensions normally length, breadth and depth which
are represented by a technique called orthographic projection.
• Orthographic projection is the one in which projectors are perpendicular to the plane on
which the projection is obtained
• Our lecture will narrow down to orthographic Projection.

PROJECTION(ORTHOGRAPHIC)
• You need to know:
• Which views to show and how to orient them in a drawing
• How to represent key information such as edges, surfaces, vertices,

hidden lines, centerlines, and other information
PROJECTION(SIX PRINCIPAL VIEWS)
• In engineering and other fields, a complete and clear description of
the shape and size of an object is necessary to be sure that it is
manufactured exactly as the designer intended.
• To provide this information about a 3D object, typically a number of

systematically arranged views are used.
• The system of views is called multiview projection.

• Each view provides certain definite
information.
• For example, a front view shows the

true shape and size of surfaces that
are parallel to the front of the
object.
Rotate the object to observe different views

• Any object can be viewed from six
• mutually perpendicular directions
which are known as six principal
views.
• six views can be thought as what an
observer would see by moving
around the object.
• The term plan may also be used for
the top view.
• To make drawings easier to read, the views are arranged on the paper in a
standard way.
• For third angle the top, front, and bottom views align vertically
• Also the rear, left-side, front, and right-side views align horizontally.
• For first angle the, and bottom, front and top views align vertically
• Also the rear, right-side, front, left-side views align horizontally.

PROJECTION(PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS)
• The three principal dimensions of an
object are width, height, and depth
• In engineering drawing, these fixed

terms are used for dimensions shown in
certain views, regardless of the shape
of the object.
• The front view shows only the height

and width of the object and not the
depth.
PROJECTION(PROJECTION METHOD)
• Figure on the right illustrates the
front view of an object drawn using
an orthographic projection.
• Imagine a sheet of glass parallel to

the front surfaces of the object
which represent a plane of
projection.
• In orthographic projection, rays (or
projectors) from all points on the
edges or contours of the object
extend parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of
projection.
• If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal face of the
object, they would form a box.
• The outside observer would see six standard views (front, rear, top, bottom,
right-side, left-side) of the object through the sides of the imaginary glass
box.
• To organize the views of a 3D object on a flat sheet of paper, imagine the six
planes of the glass box being unfolded to lie flat.
• Think of all planes except the rear plane as hinged to the frontal plane.
• Each plane folds out away from the frontal plane.
• The representation of the hinge lines of the glass box in a drawing are known
as folding lines.
PROJECTION(SPACING BETWEEN VIEWS)
• Spacing between views is mainly a matter of appearance.
• Views should be spaced well apart but close enough to appear related to
each other.
• Space between the views may be needed to add dimensions

PROJECTION(TRANSFER DIMENSIONS)
• The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond point-for-
point.
• The dimensions can be transferred between the top and side views either
with dividers or with a scale
• Marking the distances on a scrap of paper and using it like a scale works well
when sketching.
• It is convenient to use a 45° miter
line to project dimensions between
top and side views
• Because the miter line is drawn at

45°, depths shown vertically in the
top view can be transferred to be
shown as horizontal depths in the
side view and vice versa.
• Measuring from a reference surface
• To transfer a dimension from one
view to a related view (a view that
shares that dimension), measure
from a plane that shows on edge in
both views as in figure to the right.
PROJECTION(NECESSARY VIEWS)
• Both the right and left views do not need to be shown (nearly identical), so
usually the right-side view is drawn.
• This is also true of the top and bottom views, and of the front and rear views.
• The top, front, and right-side views, arranged together
• These are called the three regular (necessary) views because they are the
views most frequently used.
• A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to clearly and
completely describe the object.
• Choose the views that have the fewest hidden lines and show essential
contours or shapes most clearly.
• Complicated objects may require more than three views
• Many objects need only two views to clearly describe their shape.
• If an object requires only two views, and the left-side and right-side views
show the object equally well, use the right-side view.
• If an object requires only two views, and the top and bottom views show the
object equally well, choose the top view.
• If only two views are necessary and the top view and right-side view show
the object equally well, choose the combination that fits best on your paper.
PROJECTION(FIRST- AND THIRD-)
• Imagine the projection of views as unfolding a glass box made from the
viewing planes.
• There are two main systems used for projecting and unfolding the views:
• third-angle projection (used in USA, Canada and some other countries)
• first-angle projection (used primarily in Europe and Asia)
• Errors can result in a drawing when a first-angle drawing is confused with a

third-angle drawing.
PROJECTION(FIRST- AND THIRD-)
• Because of the global nature of engineering drawings, you should
understand both methods but one at a time.
PROJECTION(FIRST- ANGLE PROJECTION)
• Assume that a small block is made
35 mm x 30 mm x 20 mm and that
two of the corners are cut away as
shown below in three stages
• Pictorial view of the Block • In order to describe the
orthographic views, we need to
select a principal view and in this
case we have chosen the view in
direction of arrow A to be the view
from the front.
• The five arrows point to different surfaces • The views are designated as follows:
of the block and five views will result. • View in direction A is the view from the
front,
• The arrows themselves are positioned
• View in direction B is the view from the left,
square to the surfaces, that is at 90º to the
surfaces and they are also at 90º, or • View in direction C is the view from the
right,
multiples of 90º to each other.
• View in direction D is the view from above,
• View in direction E is the view from below.
• In first angle projection the views in the directions of arrows B, C, D, and E are
arranged with reference to the front view as follows:
• The view from B is placed on the right,
• The view from C is placed on the left,
• The view from D is placed underneath,
• The view from E is placed above.
• It is customary to state the projection used on orthographic drawings to remove all

doubt, or use the distinguishing symbol
PROJECTION(THIRD- ANGLE PROJECTION)
• The difference between first and
third angle projection is in the
arrangement of views and, with
reference to the illustration in figure
to the right.
PROJECTION(THIRD - ANGLE PROJECTION)
• The views are now positioned as follows:
• View B from the left is placed on the left,
• View C from the right is placed on the

right,
• View D from above is placed above,

and
• View E from below is placed underneath

plane.
PROJECTION(PROJECTION SYMBOLS)
• Projection symbols are used on
drawings to indicate which system
of projection is used.
• Whenever drawings will be used

internationally you should include
this symbol in the title block area.
PROJECTION(DRAWING PROCEDURES)
• Generally, industrial draughtsmen do not complete one view on a drawing
before starting the next, but rather work on all views together.
• The following series of drawings shows stages in producing a typical working

drawing in first angle projection.
• Step 1: Estimate the space required
for each of the views from the
overall dimensions in each plane,
and position the views on the
available drawing sheet so that the
spaces between the three drawings
are roughly the same.
• Step 2: In each view, mark out the
main center-lines. Position any
complete circles, in any view, and
line them from the start, if possible.
• Here complete circles exist only in

the plan view.
• Step 3: Complete the plan view and
project up into the front view the
sides of the cylindrical parts.
• Step 4: Complete the front and end
views. Add dimensions, and check
that the drawing (mental check)
can be redrawn from the
dimensions given; otherwise the
dimensioning is incomplete. Add
the title and any necessary notes.
• It is generally advisable to mark out the same feature in as many views
as is possible at the same time.

246 CHAPTER 6 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
6.3 CENTERLINES = Centerline

Centerlines (symbol: ) are used to
indicate symmetrical axes of objects
or features, bolt circles, and paths of
motion as shown in Figure 6.34. Center-
lines are useful in dimensioning. They (c)
(a) (b)
are not needed on unimportant rounded Bolt Path of motion
or filleted corners or on other shapes that circle
(BC)
are self-locating.
6.34 Centerlines (d) (e) (f)
6.4 LAYING OUT A DRAWING

If you use 2D CAD, you can move the views later, keeping the shape of the part. Although you can easily change the scale
them in alignment, so you do not need to give as much atten- of a CAD drawing after it is created, placing the dimensions
tion to placement of the views in the beginning as if you were and views on the sheet requires some planning. If you consider
laying them out by hand. When using 3D CAD to generate the purpose of the drawing, the planned scale, and the space
views, you should still plan how the sheet will show the infor- that will be required for adding notes and dimensions, you will
mation clearly and select the necessary views to best represent save the time of having to rearrange their placement later.
HAND LAYOUT OF A METRIC THREE-VIEW DRAWING
Top 1 Determine space desired between the (about 11”)

58 front and right-side views (C), say 280
32 mm. Add this space to the sum of the
45 B
length of the views that will be aligned R side
along the long edge of the sheet (108 +
S T E P by S T E P
(about 8.5”)
58
58 + 32 = 198). To set equal distances to
108 the paper edge, subtract this total from the 216
Front R side D
sheet width, then divide the remaining
45
number by two (280 −198 = 82, and
82 ÷ 2 = 41). Do the same for the views to be aligned along the short side B
of the paper, selecting a desired space between the views. Space D need not
108 58
match C. Remember to leave space for dimensions as you plan your sheet. A C A
1 4
5
2 6
3
4 7
8
9 21 22
10
15 11 12
14 1617 18 19 20
13
2 Set off vertical and horizontal 3 Construct the views, drawing 4 Add hidden lines and
spacing measurements with light tick horizontal, vertical, and then darken final lines.
marks along the edge of the sheet as shown. inclined construction lines in the
Locate centerlines from these spacing order shown above.
marks, and construct arcs and circles.

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ENGINEERING DRAWING

(Principles of Orthographic Projection)

• Projection is done if an imaginary

• A right angle is an internal angle

• The 90° is rarely written in.

• If a box is seen in the corner, it

• Plane of Projection is the transparent plane on which projections are drawn

• Ortho means right angle

• Graphic means drawing

• Orthographic means right angled drawing

• Our lecture will narrow down to orthographic Projection.

• Which views to show and how to orient them in a drawing

• How to represent key information such as edges, surfaces, vertices,

• To provide this information about a 3D object, typically a number of

• The system of views is called multiview projection.

• For example, a front view shows the

Rotate the object to observe different views

• Also the rear, right-side, front, left-side views align horizontally.

• In engineering drawing, these fixed

• The front view shows only the height

• Imagine a sheet of glass parallel to

• Each plane folds out away from the frontal plane.

• Space between the views may be needed to add dimensions

• Because the miter line is drawn at

• The top, front, and right-side views, arranged together

• Complicated objects may require more than three views

• first-angle projection (used primarily in Europe and Asia)

• Errors can result in a drawing when a first-angle drawing is confused with a

• It is customary to state the projection used on orthographic drawings to remove all

• View C from the right is placed on the

• View D from above is placed above,

• View E from below is placed underneath

• Whenever drawings will be used

• The following series of drawings shows stages in producing a typical working

• Here complete circles exist only in

• It is generally advisable to mark out the same feature in as many views

as is possible at the same time.

6.3 CENTERLINES = Centerline

6.34 Centerlines (d) (e) (f)

6.4 LAYING OUT A DRAWING

HAND LAYOUT OF A METRIC THREE-VIEW DRAWING

Top 1 Determine space desired between the (about 11”)

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