ARCHITECHTURE or FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF

8085

Address Bus:
The address bus is a group of 16 lines generally identified as
A0 to A15.
The address bus is unidirectional: bits flow in one
direction-from the MPU to peripheral devices.
The MPU uses the address bus to perform the first function:
identifying a peripheral or a memory location.

Data Bus:-
 The data bus is a group of eight lines used for data flow.
These lines are bi-directional - data flow in both directions
between the MPU and memory and peripheral devices.
The MPU uses the data bus to perform the second function:
transferring binary information.
The eight data lines enable the MPU to manipulate 8-bit data
ranging from 00 to FF (28 = 256 numbers).
The largest number that can appear on the data bus is
11111111.

Control Bus:

The control bus carries synchronization signals and providing

timing signals.
The MPU generates specific control signals for every
operation it performs. These signals are used to identify a device
type with which the MPU wants to communicate.

Registers of 8085:-
The 8085 have six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit
data during program execution.
These registers are identified as B, C, D, E, H, and L.
They can be combined as register pairs-BC, DE, and HL-to
perform some 16-bit operations.
 The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is part of the
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).
This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform
arithmetic and logical operations.
The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.

Flags:-
The ALU includes five flip-flops that are set or reset according
to the result of an operation.
The microprocessor uses the flags for testing the data
conditions.
They are Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary
Carry (AC) flags. The most commonly used flags are Sign, Zero, and
Carry.
The bit position for the flags in flag register is,

1.Sign Flag (S) :-

After execution of any arithmetic and logical operation, if D7 of
the result is 1, the sign flag is set. Otherwise it is reset.
D7 is reserved for indicating the sign; the remaining is the
magnitude of number .
If D7 is 1, the number will be viewed as negative number. If D7 is
0, the number will beviewed as positive number.
2.Zero Flag (z):-
If the result of arithmetic and logical operation is zero, then
zero flag is set otherwise it is reset.

3.Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC):-

If D3 generates any carry when doing any arithmetic and
logical operation, this flag is set. Otherwise it is
reset.

4.Parity Flag (P):-

If the result of arithmetic and logical operation contains even
number of 1's then this flag will be set and if it is odd number of
1's it will be reset.

5.Carry Flag (CY):-

If any arithmetic and logical operation result any carry then carry
flag is set otherwise it is reset.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):

It is used to perform the arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, increment and decrement
and logical operations like AND, OR and EX-OR.
It receives the data from accumulator and registers.
 According to the result it set or reset the flags.

Program Counter (PC):

This 16-bit register sequencing the execution of instructions.
It is a memory pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit
addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register.
The function of the program counter is to point to the
memory address of the next instruction to be executed.

When an opcode is being fetched, the program counter is

incremented by one to point to the next memory location.

Stack Pointer (Sp):-

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory
pointer.
It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the
stack.
The beginning of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit
address in the stack pointer (register).

Temporary Register:-
It is used to hold the data during the arithmetic and logical
operations.
Instruction Register:-
When an instruction is fetched from the memory, it is loaded in
the instruction register.

Instruction Decoder :-
It gets the instruction from the instruction register and decodes
the instruction.
It identifies the instruction to be performed.

Serial I/O Control:-

It has two control signals named SID and SOD for serial data
transmission. Interrupt Control Unit:
It receives hardware interrupt signals and sends an
acknowledgement for receiving the interrupt signal.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):-

It is used to perform the arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, increment and decrement
and logical operations like AND, OR and EX-OR.
It receives the data from accumulator and registers.
According to the result it set or reset the flags.
Program Counter (PC) :-
This 16-bit register sequencing the execution of
instructions.
It is a memory pointer. Memory locations have
16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit
register.
The function of the program counter is to point
to the memory address of the next instruction to be
executed.
When an opcode is being fetched, the program
counter is incremented by one to point to the next
memory location.

Stack Pointer (Sp):-

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory
pointer.
It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the
stack.
The beginning of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit
address in the stack pointer (register).

Timing and Control unit:-

It has three control signals ALE, RD (Active low) and WR
 (Active low) and three status signals IO/M(Active low), S0 and S1.
ALE is used for provide control signal to synchronize the
components of microprocessor and timing for instruction to
perform the operation.
RD (Active low) and WR (Active low) are used to indicate
whether the operation is reading the data from memory or writing
the data into memory respectively.
IO/M(Active low) is used to indicate whether the operation is
belongs to the memory or peripherals.

8085 Pin Configuration

The pins of a 8085 microprocessor can be classified into
seven groups

Address bus
A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of memory/IO
address.

Data bus
AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.
Control and status signals

These signals are used to identify the nature of operation. There

are 3 control signal and 3 status signals.

Three control signals are RD, WR & ALE.

RD This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory
device is to be read and is ready for accepting data available on
the data bus.
WR This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to
be written into a selected memory or IO location.
ALE It is a positive going pulse generated when a new
operation is started by the microprocessor. When the pulse goes
high, it indicates address. When the pulse goes down it indicates
data.
Three status signals are IO/M, S0 & S1.

IO/M:-
This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory
operations, i.e. when it is high indicates IO operation and when it
is low then it indicates memory operation.

S1 & S0 :-
These signals are used to identify the type of current operation .
Power supply

There are 2 power supply signals VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v
power supply and VSS indicates ground signal.

Clock signals
There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.
X1, X2 A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two
pins and is used to set frequency of the internal clock generator.
This frequency is internally divided by 2.

CLK OUT This signal is used as the system clock for devices
connected with the microprocessor.

Interrupts & externally initiated signals

Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to request

the microprocessor to perform a task. There are 5 interrupt
signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. We will
discuss interrupts in detail in interrupts section.
INTA It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.
RESET IN This signal is used to reset the microprocessor by
setting the program counter to zero.
RESET OUT This signal is used to reset all the connected
devices when the microprocessor is reset.
 READY This signal indicates that the device is ready to send
or receive data. If READY is low, then the CPU has to wait for
READY to go high.
HOLD This signal indicates that another master is
requesting the use of the address and data buses.
HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) It indicates that the CPU has
received the HOLD request and it will relinquish the bus in the
next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after the HOLD signal is
removed.

Serial I/O signals

There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD and these signals are
used for serial communication.
SOD (Serial output data line) The output SOD is
set/reset as specified by the SIM instruction.
SID (Serial input data line) The data on this line is loaded
into accumulator whenever a RIM instruction is executed .

Addressing Modes in 8085

These are the instructions used to transfer the data from one
register to another register, from the memory to the register, and
from the register to the memory without any alteration in the
content. Addressing modes in 8085 is classified into 5 groups

Immediate addressing mode

 In this mode, the 8/16-bit data is specified in the instruction
itself as one of its operand. For example: MVI K, 20F: means
20F is copied into register K.

Register addressing mode

In this mode, the data is copied from one register to another.
For example: MOV K, B: means data in register B is copied to
register K.

Direct addressing mode

In this mode, the data is directly copied from the given address
to the register. For example: LDB 5000K: means the data at
address 5000K is copied to register B.

Indirect addressing mode

In this mode, the data is transferred from one register to
another by using the address pointed by the register. For
example: MOV K, B: means data is transferred from the
memory address pointed by the register to the register K.

Implied addressing mode

This mode doesnt require any operand; the data is specified by
the opcode itself. For example: CMP.
Instruction Set OF 8085

The 8085 instructions are classified into following

categories:

Data Transfer instructions:

This type is used to copy data from one location(source) to
the other location(destination). Following are the type of data
transfer operations:
Between Registers, specific data byte to a register or a memory
location, between a memory location and a register, between
an I/O device and the accumulator.

Arithmetic Operations:
These instructions are used to perform addition,
substraction, increment and decrement.
FOR EX:-ADD
R-M . Add register or memory, to the accumulator

Logical Operations:-
These instructions are used to perform logical operations
 with the contents of the accumulator. Typical instructions
perform AND, EX-OR, Rotate, Compare, Complement etc.

Branching Operations:-
These instructions are used to alter the sequence of program
execution either conditionally or unconditionally. EXAMPLES:
Jump, Call, Return etc.

Machine Control Operations :-

These instructions are used to control machine functions e.g.

Halt, Interrupt, Do nothing