GFK2222P

GE
Intelligent Platforms
Programmable Control Products
PACSystems*
CPU Reference Manual, GFK-2222P
July 2010
GFL-002
Warnings, Cautions, and Notes

as Used in this Publication
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iii PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................1-1
New Features.................................................................................................................... 1-2
PACSystems Control System Overview ........................................................................... 1-2
Programming and Configuration .............................................................................. 1-2
Process Systems ..................................................................................................... 1-2
PACSystems CPU Models....................................................................................... 1-3
RX3i Overview ......................................................................................................... 1-4
RX7i Overview ......................................................................................................... 1-5
Migrating Series 90 Applications to PACSystems ............................................................ 1-6
PACSystems Documentation ........................................................................................... 1-7
CPU Features and Specifications ................................................................................2-1

Common CPU Features ................................................................................................... 2-1
Firmware Storage in Flash Memory......................................................................... 2-1
Operation, Protection, and Module Status ............................................................... 2-1
Ethernet Global Data................................................................................................ 2-1
RX7i Features and Specifications..................................................................................... 2-2
CPE010, CPE020 and CRE020 Models .................................................................. 2-2
CPE030/CRE030 and CPE040/CRE040 Models .................................................... 2-5
Embedded Ethernet Interface .................................................................................. 2-8
RX3i Features and Specifications................................................................................... 2-12
IC695CPU310 ........................................................................................................ 2-12
IC695CPU315 and IC695CPU320/CRU320 Models ............................................. 2-14
CPU Configuration ........................................................................................................3-1

Configuring the CPU......................................................................................................... 3-1
Configuration Parameters................................................................................................. 3-2
Settings Parameters................................................................................................. 3-2
Modbus TCP Address Map ...................................................................................... 3-3
Scan Parameters ..................................................................................................... 3-4
Memory Parameters................................................................................................. 3-6
Fault Parameters...................................................................................................... 3-8
Redundancy Parameters (Redundancy CPUs Only)............................................. 3-10
Transfer List ........................................................................................................... 3-10
Port 1 and Port 2 Parameters ................................................................................ 3-10
Scan Sets Parameters ........................................................................................... 3-14
Power Consumption Parameters ........................................................................... 3-14
Setting a Temporary IP Address..................................................................................... 3-15
Storing (Downloading) Hardware Configuration ............................................................. 3-17
Configuring the RX7i Embedded Ethernet Interface ...................................................... 3-18
GFK-2222P v
Contents
CPU Operation ...............................................................................................................4-1

CPU Sweep ...................................................................................................................... 4-2
Parts of the CPU Sweep .......................................................................................... 4-3
CPU Sweep Modes.................................................................................................. 4-6
Program Scheduling Modes ............................................................................................. 4-9
Window Modes ................................................................................................................. 4-9
Data Coherency in Communications Windows ................................................................ 4-9
Run/Stop Operations ...................................................................................................... 4-10
CPU Stop Modes ................................................................................................... 4-10
Stop-to-Run Mode Transition ................................................................................. 4-11
Run/Stop Mode Switch Operation.......................................................................... 4-12
Flash Memory Operation ................................................................................................ 4-13
Logic/Configuration Source and CPU Operating Mode at Power-up ............................. 4-14
Clocks and Timers .......................................................................................................... 4-16
Elapsed Time Clock ............................................................................................... 4-16
Time-of-Day Clock ................................................................................................. 4-16
Watchdog Timer..................................................................................................... 4-18
System Security .............................................................................................................. 4-19
Passwords and Privilege Levels ............................................................................ 4-19
OEM Protection...................................................................................................... 4-20
PACSystems I/O System................................................................................................ 4-21
I/O Configuration .................................................................................................... 4-21
Genius I/O .............................................................................................................. 4-23
Genius Global Data Communications.................................................................... 4-24
I/O System Diagnostic Data Collection .................................................................. 4-24
Power-Up and Power-Down Sequences ........................................................................ 4-26
Power-Up Sequence .............................................................................................. 4-26
Power-Down Sequence ......................................................................................... 4-28
Retention of Data Memory Across Power Failure.................................................. 4-28
Program Organization...................................................................................................5-1
Structure of a PACSystems Application Program ............................................................ 5-1
Blocks....................................................................................................................... 5-1
Functions and Function Blocks ................................................................................ 5-1
How Blocks Are Called............................................................................................. 5-2
Nested Calls............................................................................................................. 5-2
Types of Blocks........................................................................................................ 5-3
Local Data .............................................................................................................. 5-13
Parameter Passing Mechanisms ........................................................................... 5-14
Languages ............................................................................................................. 5-16
Controlling Program Execution ....................................................................................... 5-18
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Contents
Interrupt-Driven Blocks ................................................................................................... 5-19

Interrupt Handling................................................................................................... 5-19
Timed Interrupts ..................................................................................................... 5-20
I/O Interrupts .......................................................................................................... 5-21
Module Interrupts ................................................................................................... 5-21
Interrupt Block Scheduling ..................................................................................... 5-21
Program Data .................................................................................................................6-1

Variables ........................................................................................................................... 6-2
Mapped Variables .................................................................................................... 6-2
Symbolic Variables................................................................................................... 6-2
I/O Variables ............................................................................................................ 6-3
Arrays ....................................................................................................................... 6-6
Variable Indexes and Arrays .................................................................................... 6-6
Ensuring that a Variable Index Does not Exceed the Upper Boundary of an Array 6-8
Reference Memory ........................................................................................................... 6-9
Word (Register) References .................................................................................... 6-9
Bit (Discrete) References ....................................................................................... 6-11
User Reference Size and Default ................................................................................... 6-12
%G User References and CPU Memory Locations............................................... 6-12
Genius Global Data......................................................................................................... 6-13
Transitions and Overrides............................................................................................... 6-13
Retentiveness of Logic and Data.................................................................................... 6-14
Data Scope ..................................................................................................................... 6-15
System Status References ............................................................................................. 6-16
%S References ...................................................................................................... 6-16
%SA, %SB, and %SC References ........................................................................ 6-17
Fault References.................................................................................................... 6-19
How Program Functions Handle Numerical Data........................................................... 6-21
Data Types ............................................................................................................. 6-21
Floating Point Numbers.......................................................................................... 6-22
User Defined Types ........................................................................................................ 6-25
Working with UDTs ................................................................................................ 6-25
UDT Properties ...................................................................................................... 6-25
UDT Limits.............................................................................................................. 6-26
Run Mode Store of UDTs....................................................................................... 6-26
UDT Operational Notes.......................................................................................... 6-27
Example ................................................................................................................. 6-27
Word-for-Word Changes................................................................................................. 6-28
Operands for Instructions ............................................................................................... 6-29
GFK-2222P Contents vii

Contents
Ladder Diagram Programming.....................................................................................7-1

Advanced Math Functions ................................................................................................ 7-2
Exponential/Logarithmic Functions .......................................................................... 7-3
Square Root ............................................................................................................. 7-4
Trig Functions .......................................................................................................... 7-5
Inverse Trig – ASIN, ACOS, and ATAN................................................................... 7-6
Bit Operation Functions .................................................................................................... 7-7
Data Lengths for the Bit Operation Functions.......................................................... 7-8
Bit Position ............................................................................................................... 7-9
Bit Sequencer......................................................................................................... 7-10
Bit Set, Clear .......................................................................................................... 7-13
Bit Test ................................................................................................................... 7-14
Logical AND, Logical OR, and Logical XOR .......................................................... 7-15
Logical NOT ........................................................................................................... 7-18
Masked Compare................................................................................................... 7-19
Rotate Bits.............................................................................................................. 7-22
Shift Bits ................................................................................................................. 7-23
Coils ................................................................................................................................ 7-25
Coil Checking ......................................................................................................... 7-25
Graphical Representation of Coils ......................................................................... 7-25
Set, Reset Coil ....................................................................................................... 7-26
Transition Coils ...................................................................................................... 7-28
Contacts.......................................................................................................................... 7-31
Continuation Contact.............................................................................................. 7-32
Fault Contact.......................................................................................................... 7-32
High and Low Alarm Contacts ............................................................................... 7-33
No Fault Contact .................................................................................................... 7-33
Normally Closed and Normally Open Contacts ..................................................... 7-34
Transition Contacts ................................................................................................ 7-35
Control Functions............................................................................................................ 7-39
Do I/O ..................................................................................................................... 7-40
Edge Detectors ...................................................................................................... 7-43
Drum....................................................................................................................... 7-45
For Loop ................................................................................................................. 7-48
Mask I/O Interrupt .................................................................................................. 7-51
Read Switch Position ............................................................................................. 7-52
Scan Set IO ............................................................................................................ 7-53
Suspend I/O ........................................................................................................... 7-55
Suspend or Resume I/O Interrupt .......................................................................... 7-57
Conversion Functions ..................................................................................................... 7-58
Convert Angles....................................................................................................... 7-59
Convert UINT or INT to BCD4................................................................................ 7-59
Convert DINT to BCD8........................................................................................... 7-60
Convert BCD4, UINT, DINT, or REAL to INT......................................................... 7-61
viii PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Contents
Convert BCD4, INT, DINT, or REAL to UINT......................................................... 7-63

Convert BCD8, UINT, INT, REAL or LREAL to DINT ............................................ 7-65
Convert BCD4, BCD8, UINT, INT, DINT, and LREAL to REAL............................. 7-67
Convert REAL to LREAL........................................................................................ 7-69
Convert DINT to LREAL......................................................................................... 7-69
Truncate ................................................................................................................. 7-70
Counters ......................................................................................................................... 7-71
Down Counter ........................................................................................................ 7-72
Up Counter ............................................................................................................. 7-73
Data Move Functions...................................................................................................... 7-75
Array Size............................................................................................................... 7-77
Array Size Dimension Function Blocks .................................................................. 7-78
Block Clear ............................................................................................................. 7-80
Block Move............................................................................................................. 7-81
BUS_ Functions ..................................................................................................... 7-82
Communication Request........................................................................................ 7-88
Data Initialization.................................................................................................... 7-93
Data Initialize ASCII ............................................................................................... 7-94
Data Initialize Communications Request ............................................................... 7-95
Data Initialize DLAN ............................................................................................... 7-95
Move....................................................................................................................... 7-96
Move Data .............................................................................................................. 7-98
Move Data Explicit ................................................................................................. 7-99
Move From Flat .................................................................................................... 7-100
Operation.............................................................................................................. 7-100
Move to Flat ......................................................................................................... 7-102
Shift Register........................................................................................................ 7-104
Size Of.................................................................................................................. 7-106
Swap .................................................................................................................... 7-107
Data Table Functions.................................................................................................... 7-108
Array Move ........................................................................................................... 7-110
Math Functions ............................................................................................................. 7-126
Absolute Value ..................................................................................................... 7-127
Add ....................................................................................................................... 7-128
Divide ................................................................................................................... 7-130
Modulus................................................................................................................ 7-131
Multiply ................................................................................................................. 7-132
Scale .................................................................................................................... 7-134
Subtract ................................................................................................................ 7-135
Program Flow Functions............................................................................................... 7-136
Argument Present ................................................................................................ 7-136
Call ....................................................................................................................... 7-138
Comment.............................................................................................................. 7-141
Jump..................................................................................................................... 7-142
GFK-2222P Contents ix
Contents
Master Control Relay/End Master Control Relay ................................................. 7-143

Wires .................................................................................................................... 7-145
Relational Functions ..................................................................................................... 7-146
Compare............................................................................................................... 7-147
E ........................................................................................................................... 7-148
EQ_DATA............................................................................................................. 7-149
Range................................................................................................................... 7-150
Timers ........................................................................................................................... 7-151
Timed Contacts .................................................................................................... 7-151
Timer Function Blocks.......................................................................................... 7-152
Built-In Timer Function Blocks ............................................................................. 7-152
Standard Timer Function Blocks.......................................................................... 7-163
Function Block Diagram ...............................................................................................8-1

Advanced Math Functions ................................................................................................ 8-2
EXPT Function ......................................................................................................... 8-3
Bit Operation Functions .................................................................................................... 8-4
Logical AND, Logical OR, and Logical XOR ............................................................ 8-6
Logical NOT ............................................................................................................. 8-8
Comments......................................................................................................................... 8-9
Text Block................................................................................................................. 8-9
Comparison Functions.................................................................................................... 8-10
E ............................................................................................................................. 8-12
Control Functions............................................................................................................ 8-13
Counters ......................................................................................................................... 8-15
Data Move Functions...................................................................................................... 8-16
Fan Out .................................................................................................................. 8-19
Move Data .............................................................................................................. 8-20
Math Functions ............................................................................................................... 8-23
Add ......................................................................................................................... 8-25
Divide ..................................................................................................................... 8-26
Modulus.................................................................................................................. 8-27
Multiply ................................................................................................................... 8-28
Negate.................................................................................................................... 8-29
Subtract .................................................................................................................. 8-30
Program Flow Functions................................................................................................. 8-31
Timers ............................................................................................................................. 8-32
Built-in Timer Function Blocks ............................................................................... 8-32
Standard Timer Function Blocks............................................................................ 8-33
Type Conversion Functions ............................................................................................ 8-34
Convert WORD to INT ........................................................................................... 8-36
Convert WORD to UINT......................................................................................... 8-37
Convert DWORD to DINT ...................................................................................... 8-37
Convert INT or UINT to WORD.............................................................................. 8-38
Convert DINT to DWORD ...................................................................................... 8-38
x PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Contents
Service Request Function ............................................................................................9-1

Operation of SVC_REQ Function ..................................................................................... 9-3
Ladder Diagram ....................................................................................................... 9-3
Function Block Diagram ........................................................................................... 9-4
SVC_REQ 1: Change/Read Constant Sweep Timer........................................................ 9-5
SVC_REQ 2: Read Window Modes and Time Values ..................................................... 9-7
SVC_REQ 3: Change Controller Communications Window Mode .................................. 9-8
SVC_REQ 4: Change Backplane Communications Window Mode and Timer Value..... 9-9
SVC_REQ 5: Change Background Task Window Mode and Timer Value .................... 9-10
SVC_REQ 6: Change/Read Number of Words to Checksum........................................ 9-11
SVC_REQ 7: Read or Change the Time-of-Day Clock .................................................. 9-13
Parameter Block Formats ...................................................................................... 9-13
SVC_REQ 8: Reset Watchdog Timer............................................................................. 9-20
SVC_REQ 9: Read Sweep Time from Beginning of Sweep .......................................... 9-21
SVC_REQ 10: Read Target Name ................................................................................. 9-22
SVC_REQ 11: Read Controller ID.................................................................................. 9-23
SVC_REQ 12: Read Controller Run State ..................................................................... 9-24
SVC_REQ 13: Shut Down (Stop) CPU .......................................................................... 9-25
SVC_REQ 14: Clear Controller or I/O Fault Table ......................................................... 9-26
SVC_REQ 15: Read Last-Logged Fault Table Entry ..................................................... 9-27
SVC_REQ 16: Read Elapsed Time Clock...................................................................... 9-30
SVC_REQ 17: Mask/Unmask I/O Interrupt .................................................................... 9-32
Masking/Unmasking Module Interrupts.................................................................. 9-32
SVC_REQ 18: Read I/O Forced Status.......................................................................... 9-34
SVC_REQ 19: Set Run Enable/Disable ......................................................................... 9-35
SVC_REQ 20: Read Fault Tables .................................................................................. 9-36
Non-Extended Formats .......................................................................................... 9-36
Extended Formats.................................................................................................. 9-38
SVC_REQ 20 Examples ........................................................................................ 9-40
SVC_REQ 21: User-Defined Fault Logging ................................................................... 9-41
SVC_REQ 22: Mask/Unmask Timed Interrupts ............................................................. 9-43
SVC_REQ 23: Read Master Checksum......................................................................... 9-44
SVC_REQ 24: Reset Module ......................................................................................... 9-45
SVC_REQ 25: Disable/Enable EXE Block and Standalone C Program Checksums .... 9-46
SVC_REQ 29: Read Elapsed Power Down Time .......................................................... 9-47
SVC_REQ 32: Suspend/Resume I/O Interrupt............................................................... 9-48
SVC_REQ 45: Skip Next I/O Scan ................................................................................. 9-50
SVC_REQ 50: Read Elapsed Time Clock...................................................................... 9-51
SVC_REQ 51: Read Sweep Time from Beginning of Sweep ........................................ 9-53
SVC_REQ 56: Logic Driven Read of Nonvolatile Storage ............................................. 9-54
Operation................................................................................................................ 9-54
Parameter Block..................................................................................................... 9-55
SVC_REQ 56 Example .......................................................................................... 9-58
GFK-2222P Contents xi
Contents
SVC_REQ 57: Logic Driven Write to Nonvolatile Storage.............................................. 9-59

Operation................................................................................................................ 9-59
Parameter Block..................................................................................................... 9-62
SVC_REQ 57 Example .......................................................................................... 9-64
PID Built-in Function Block ........................................................................................10-1

Operands of the PID Function ........................................................................................ 10-2
Operands for LD Version of PID Function Block ................................................... 10-2
Operands for FBD Version of PID Function Block ................................................. 10-3
Reference Array for the PID Function............................................................................. 10-4
Scaling Input and Outputs...................................................................................... 10-4
Reference Array Parameters ................................................................................. 10-5
Operation of the PID Function ...................................................................................... 10-10
Automatic Operation ............................................................................................ 10-10
Manual Operation................................................................................................. 10-10
Time Interval for the PID Function ....................................................................... 10-11
PID Algorithm Selection (PIDISA or PIDIND) and Gain Calculations........................... 10-12
Error Term ............................................................................................................ 10-13
Derivative Term.................................................................................................... 10-13
CV Bias Term ....................................................................................................... 10-14
CV Amplitude and Rate Limits ............................................................................. 10-14
Sample Period and PID Function Block Scheduling............................................ 10-15
Determining the Process Characteristics ..................................................................... 10-16
Setting Tuning Loop Gains ........................................................................................... 10-17
Basic Iterative Tuning Approach .......................................................................... 10-17
Setting Loop Gains Using the Ziegler and Nichols Tuning Approach.................. 10-17
Ideal Tuning Method ............................................................................................ 10-18
Example ........................................................................................................................ 10-19
Structured Text Programming....................................................................................11-1

Language Overview........................................................................................................ 11-1
Statements ............................................................................................................. 11-1
Expressions............................................................................................................ 11-1
Operators ............................................................................................................... 11-2
Structured Text Syntax........................................................................................... 11-3
Statement Types............................................................................................................. 11-4
Assignment Statement ........................................................................................... 11-5
Function Call .......................................................................................................... 11-6
RETURN Statement............................................................................................. 11-10
IF Statement......................................................................................................... 11-11
CASE Statement .................................................................................................. 11-12
FOR Statement .................................................................................................... 11-14
WHILE Statement ................................................................................................ 11-16
REPEAT Statement ............................................................................................. 11-17
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Contents
ARG_PRES Statement ........................................................................................ 11-18

Exit Statement...................................................................................................... 11-19
Communications .........................................................................................................12-1
Ethernet Communications .............................................................................................. 12-2
Embedded Ethernet Interface ................................................................................ 12-2
Ethernet Interface Modules .................................................................................... 12-2
Serial Communications................................................................................................... 12-3
Serial Port Communications Capabilities............................................................... 12-3
Configurable Stop Mode Protocols ........................................................................ 12-4
Serial Port Pin Assignments................................................................................... 12-4
Serial Port Baud Rates........................................................................................... 12-7
Series 90-70 Communications and Intelligent Option Modules...................................... 12-8
Communications Coprocessor Module (CMM) ...................................................... 12-8
Programmable Coprocessor Module (PCM).......................................................... 12-9
DLAN/DLAN+ (Drives Local Area Network) Interface.......................................... 12-10
Serial I/O, SNP and RTU Protocols ............................................................................13-1

Configuring Serial Ports Using the COMM_REQ Function ............................................ 13-2
COMM_REQ Function Example ............................................................................ 13-2
Timing..................................................................................................................... 13-2
Sending Another COMM_REQ to the Same Port.................................................. 13-2
Invalid Port Configuration Combinations................................................................ 13-3
COMM_REQ Command Block Parameter Values ................................................ 13-3
Sample COMM_REQ Command Blocks ............................................................... 13-4
Calling Serial I/O COMM_REQs from the CPU Sweep.................................................. 13-7
Compatibility........................................................................................................... 13-7
Status Word for Serial I/O COMM_REQs .............................................................. 13-8
Serial I/O COMM_REQ Commands ............................................................................... 13-9
Overlapping COMM_REQs.................................................................................... 13-9
Initialize Port Function (4300) .............................................................................. 13-10
Set Up Input Buffer Function (4301) .................................................................... 13-11
Flush Input Buffer Function (4302) ...................................................................... 13-11
Read Port Status Function (4303) ....................................................................... 13-12
Write Port Control Function (4304) ...................................................................... 13-14
Cancel COMM_REQ Function (4399) ................................................................. 13-15
Autodial Function (4400) ...................................................................................... 13-16
Write Bytes Function (4401)................................................................................. 13-18
Read Bytes Function (4402) ................................................................................ 13-19
Read String Function (4403) ................................................................................ 13-21
RTU Slave Protocol ...................................................................................................... 13-23
Message Format .................................................................................................. 13-23
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)........................................................................ 13-28
Calculating the CRC-16 ....................................................................................... 13-29
Sample CRC-16 Calculation ................................................................................ 13-29
GFK-2222P Contents xiii

Contents
Calculating the Length of Frame.......................................................................... 13-31

RTU Message Descriptions ................................................................................. 13-32
RTU Scratch Pad ................................................................................................. 13-48
Communication Errors ......................................................................................... 13-49
RTU Slave/SNP Slave Operation With Programmer Attached............................ 13-51
SNP Slave Protocol ...................................................................................................... 13-52
Permanent Datagrams ......................................................................................... 13-52
Communication Requests (COMM_REQs) for SNP............................................ 13-52
Diagnostics ..................................................................................................................14-1
Fault Handling Overview................................................................................................. 14-2
System Response to Faults ................................................................................... 14-2
Fault Tables ........................................................................................................... 14-2
Fault Actions and Fault Action Configuration......................................................... 14-3
Using the Fault Tables.................................................................................................... 14-4
Controller Fault Table............................................................................................. 14-4
I/O Fault Table ....................................................................................................... 14-6
System Handling of Faults.............................................................................................. 14-8
System Fault References....................................................................................... 14-8
Using Fault Contacts............................................................................................ 14-11
Using Point Faults ................................................................................................ 14-13
Using Alarm Contacts .......................................................................................... 14-13
Controller Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions ................................................... 14-14
Loss of or Missing Rack (Group 1) ...................................................................... 14-15
Loss of or Missing Option Module (Group 4) ...................................................... 14-16
Addition of, or Extra Rack (Group 5).................................................................... 14-16
Reset of, Addition of, or Extra Option Module (Group 8) ..................................... 14-17
System Configuration Mismatch (Group 11)........................................................ 14-18
System Bus Error (Group 12)............................................................................... 14-24
CPU Hardware Failure (Group 13) ...................................................................... 14-24
Module Hardware Failure (Group 14) .................................................................. 14-25
Option Module Software Failure (Group 16) ........................................................ 14-25
Program or Block Checksum Failure (Group 17)................................................. 14-27
Battery Status (Group 18) .................................................................................... 14-28
Constant Sweep Time Exceeded (Group 19) ...................................................... 14-28
System Fault Table Full (Group 20)..................................................................... 14-29
I/O Fault Table Full (Group 21) ........................................................................... 14-29
User Application Fault (Group 22) ...................................................................... 14-29
CPU Over Temperature (Group 24)..................................................................... 14-31
Power Supply Fault (Group 25) ........................................................................... 14-32
No User Program on Power-Up (Group 129)....................................................... 14-32
Corrupted User Program on Power-Up (Group 130) ........................................... 14-33
Window Completion Failure (Group 131)............................................................. 14-34
Password Access Failure (Group 132) ................................................................ 14-34
Null System Configuration for Run Mode (Group 134) ....................................... 14-34
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Contents
CPU System Software Failure (Group 135)......................................................... 14-35

Communications Failure During Store (Group 137) ............................................ 14-36
Noncritical CPU Software Event (Group 140)...................................................... 14-37
I/O Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions.............................................................. 14-38
Fault Extra Data ................................................................................................... 14-38
I/O Fault Groups................................................................................................... 14-38
I/O Fault Categories ............................................................................................. 14-39
Circuit Faults (Category 1) ................................................................................... 14-41
Loss of Block (Category 2)................................................................................... 14-47
Addition of Block (Category 3) ............................................................................. 14-48
I/O Bus Fault (Category 6) ................................................................................... 14-49
Module Fault (Category 8) ................................................................................... 14-50
Addition of IOC (Category 9)................................................................................ 14-51
Loss of or Missing IO Controller (Category 10).................................................... 14-51
IOC (I/O Controller) Software Fault (Category 11) .............................................. 14-52
Forced and Unforced Circuit (Categories 12 and 13) ......................................... 14-52
Loss of or Missing I/O Module (Category 14) ..................................................... 14-53
Addition of I/O Module (Category 15) ................................................................. 14-53
Extra I/O Module (Category 16) ........................................................................... 14-53
Extra Block (Category 17) .................................................................................... 14-54
IOC Hardware Failure (Category 18) ................................................................... 14-54
GBC Stopped Reporting Faults (Category 19) .................................................... 14-54
GBC Software Exception (Category 21) .............................................................. 14-55
Block Switch (Category 22).................................................................................. 14-56
Reset of IOC (Category 27) ................................................................................. 14-56
Diagnostic Logic Blocks................................................................................................ 14-57
DLB Operation ..................................................................................................... 14-58
Executing DLBs.................................................................................................... 14-60
DLB Example ....................................................................................................... 14-63
Performance Data......................................................................................................... A-1

Boolean Execution Times ................................................................................................. A-1
Instruction Timing.............................................................................................................. A-2
Function/Function Block Execution Times ............................................................... A-3
Incremental Times.................................................................................................. A-13
Overhead Sweep Impact Times ..................................................................................... A-16
Base Sweep Times ................................................................................................ A-16
What the Sweep Impact Tables Contain................................................................ A-18
Programmer Sweep Impact Times ........................................................................ A-18
I/O Scan and I/O Fault Sweep Impact ................................................................... A-19
Ethernet Global Data Sweep Impact...................................................................... A-25
Sweep Impact of Intelligent Option Modules.......................................................... A-28
I/O Interrupt Performance and Sweep Impact ....................................................... A-29
Timed Interrupt Performance ................................................................................. A-30
Example of Predicted Sweep Time Calculation ..................................................... A-31
GFK-2222P Contents xv
Contents
User Memory Allocation .............................................................................................. B-1

Items that Count Against User Memory............................................................................ B-2
User Program Memory Usage .......................................................................................... B-3
%L and %P Program Memory.................................................................................. B-3
Program Logic and Overhead .................................................................................. B-3
xvi PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Chapter Introduction
1
This manual contains general information about PACSystems CPU operation and
program content. It also provides detailed descriptions of specific programming
requirements.
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the PACSystems family of products,
including new features, product overviews, and a list of related documentation.
CPU hardware features and specifications are provided in chapter 2.
Installation procedures are described in the PACSystems RX7i Installation Manual,
GFK-2223 and the PACSystems RX3i Installation Manual, GFK-2314.
CPU Configuration is described in chapter 3. Configuration using the programming
software determines characteristics of module operation and establishes the program
references used by each module in the system. For details on configuration of the
embedded RX7i Ethernet interface as well as the rack-based RX7i and RX3i Ethernet
Interface modules, refer to TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems,
GFK-2224.
CPU Operation is described in chapter 4.
Programming Features are described in chapters 5 through 9 and Appendix A.
■ Elements of an Application Program: chapter 5
■ Program Data: chapter 6
■ Ladder Diagram (LD) instruction set reference: chapter 7
■ Function Block Diagram (FBD) instruction set reference: chapter 8
■ The Service Request Function: chapter 9
■ The PID Function: chapter 10
■ Structured Text (ST): chapter 11
Ethernet and Serial Communications are described in chapter 12.
Serial I/O, SNP, and RTU Protocols are described in chapter 13.
Diagnostics, including Fault Handling and Diagnostic Logic Blocks are described in
chapter 14.
Instruction Timing is provided in appendix A.
User Memory Allocation is described in Appendix B.
GFK-2222P 1-1
1
New Features
Note: A given feature may not be implemented on all PACSystems CPUs. To
determine whether a feature is available on a given CPU model and firmware
version, please refer to the Important Product Information (IPI) document
provided with the CPU.
This revision of the PACSystems CPU Reference Manual includes the following new
features, introduced in firmware versions 6.01 and 6.02:
Support for OEM protection in flash-based systems that do not use a battery. For
details, see “OEM Protection” in chapter 4.
The block name is now provided in User Application faults.
Support for RX3i CPU315, 1GHz CPU with 20MB user memory.
PACSystems Control System Overview

The PACSystems controller environment combines performance, productivity, openness
and flexibility. The PACSystems control system integrates advanced technology with
existing systems. The result is seamless migration that protects your investment in I/O
and application development.
Programming and Configuration

Proficy* Machine Edition programming software provides a universal engineering
development environment for all programming, configuration and diagnostics of
PACSystems. A PACSystems CPU is programmed and configured using the
programming software to perform process and discrete automation for various
applications. The CPU communicates with I/O and smart option modules through a rack-
mounted backplane. It communicates with the programmer and/or HMI devices via the
Ethernet ports (may be embedded for RX7i) or via the serial ports 1 and 2 using Serial
I/O, or Modbus RTU slave protocols.
Process Systems
PACSystems CPUs with firmware version 5.0 and later support Proficy Process Systems
(PPS). PPS is a complete, tightly integrated, seamless process control system using
PACSystems, Proficy HMI/SCADA, and Proficy Production Management Software to
provide control, optimization, and performance management to manage and monitor
batch or continuous manufacturing. It delivers the tools required to design, implement,
document, and maintain an automated process. For information about purchasing PPS
software, refer to the Support website.
1-2 PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual – July 2010 GFK-2222P

1
PACSystems CPU Models

Family Catalog Description
Number
RX3i CPUs IC695CPU310 300MHz Celeron CPU, 10 MB user memory
IC695CPU315 1 GHz Celeron-M CPU, 20 MB user memory
IC695CPU320 1 GHz Celeron-M CPU, 64 MB user memory
IC695NIU001 300MHz Celeron NIU. For information, see the PACSystems
RX3i Ethernet NIU User’s Manual, GFK-2439
RX3i Redundancy CPU IC695CRU320 1 GHz Celeron-M CPU, 64 MB user memory
RX7i CPUs with embedded IC698CPE010 300MHz, Celeron CPU, 10MB user memory
Ethernet Interface
IC698CPE020 700MHz, Pentium CPU, 10 MB user memory,
IC698CPE030 600MHz, Pentium-M CPU, 64MB user memory
IC698CPE040 1800MHz, Pentium-M CPU, 64MB user memory
RX7i Redundancy CPUs IC698CRE020 700MHz, Pentium CPU, 10 MB user memory
with embedded
IC698CRE030 600MHz, Pentium-M CPU, 64MB user memory
Ethernet Interface
IC698CRE040 1800MHz, Pentium-M CPU, 64MB user memory
PACSystems CPU models have the following features in common:
■ Programming in Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, Structured Text and C.
■ Floating point (real) data functions.
■ Configurable data and program memory.
■ Battery-backed RAM for user data (program, configuration, register data, and
symbolic variable) storage
■ Non-volatile built-in flash memory for user data (program, configuration, register data,
and symbolic variable) storage. Use of this flash memory is optional.
■ Battery backup for program, data, and time of day clock.
■ Configurable Run/Stop mode switch.
■ Embedded RS-232 and RS-485 communications.
■ Up to 512 program blocks. Maximum size for a block is 128KB.
■ Auto Located Symbolic Variables, which allows you to create a variable without
specifying a reference address.
■ Bulk memory area accessed via reference table %W. The upper limit of this memory
area can be configured to the maximum available user RAM.
■ Larger reference table sizes, compared to Series 90* CPUs: 32Kbits for discrete %I
and %Q and up to 32K words each for analog %AI and %AQ.
■ Online Editing mode that allows you to easily test modifications to a running program.
(For details on using this feature, refer to the programming software online help and
Proficy Logic Developer Getting Started, GFK-1918.)
■ Bit in word referencing that allows you to specify individual bits in a WORD reference
in retentive memory as inputs and outputs of Boolean expressions, function blocks,
and calls that accept bit parameters.
■ In-system upgradeable firmware.
GFK-2222P Chapter 1 Introduction 1-3

1
RX3i Overview
The RX3i control system hardware consists of an RX3i universal backplane and up to
seven Series 90-30 expansion or remote racks. The CPU can be in any slot in the
universal backplane except the last slot, which is reserved for the serial bus transmitter,
IC695LRE001.
The RX3i supports user defined Function Blocks (LD logic only) and Structured Text
programming.
The RX3i universal backplane uses a dual bus that provides both:
■ High-speed PCI for fast throughput of new advanced I/O.
■ Serial backplane for easy migration of existing Series 90-30 I/O
The RX3i universal backplane and Series 90-30 expansion/remote racks support the
Series 90-30 Genius Bus Controller and Motion Control modules, and most Series
90-30/RX3i discrete and analog I/O with catalog prefixes IC693 and IC694. RX3i modules
with catalog prefixes IC695, including the Ethernet and other communications modules
can only be installed in the universal backplane. See the PACSystems RX3i System
Manual, GFK-2314 for a list of supported modules.
RX3i supports hot standby (HSB) CPU redundancy, which allows a critical application or
process to continue operating if a failure occurs in any single component. A CPU
redundancy system consists of an active unit that actively controls the process and a
backup unit that is synchronized with the active unit and can take over the process if it
becomes necessary. Each unit must have a redundancy CPU, (IC695CRU320). The
redundancy communication path is provided by IC695RMX128 Redundancy Memory
Xchange (RMX) modules set up as redundancy links. For details on the operation of
PACSystems redundancy systems, refer to the PACSystems Hot Standby CPU
Redundancy User’s Guide, GFK-2308.
RX3i communications features include:
■ Open communications support includes Ethernet, and serial protocols. The Ethernet
Interface (resides in a backplane slot) has dual RJ-45 ports connected through an
auto-sensing switch. This eliminates the need for rack-to-rack switches or hubs. The
Ethernet Interface supports upload, download and online monitoring, and provides 32
SRTP channels and allows a maximum of 48 simultaneous SRTP server
connections. For details on Ethernet Interface capabilities, refer to TCP/IP Ethernet
Communications for PACSystems, GFK-2224.
■ The RX3i supports PROFIBUS communications via the PROFIBUS Master module.
For details, refer to the PACSystems RX3i PROFIBUS Modules User’s Manual,
GFK-2301.
■ Two serial ports, one RS-232 and one RS-485.

1
RX7i Overview
The RX7i control system hardware consists of an RX7i rack and up to seven
Series 90-70 expansion racks. The CPU resides in slot 1 of the main rack. RX7i racks
use a VME64 backplane that provides up to four times the bandwidth of existing VME
based systems, including the current Series 90-70 systems for faster I/O throughput. The
VME64 base supports all standard VME modules including Series 90-70 I/O and VMIC
modules.
Expansion racks support Series 90-70 discrete and analog I/O, the Genius Bus
Controller, and the High Speed Counter. The CPU provides an embedded auto-sensing
10/100 Mbps half/full duplex Ethernet interface.
RX7i supports hot standby (HSB) CPU redundancy, which allows a critical application or
process to continue operating if a failure occurs in any single component. A CPU
redundancy system consists of an active unit that actively controls the process and a
backup unit that is synchronized with the active unit and can take over the process if it
becomes necessary. Each unit must have a redundancy CPU, (IC698CRE020, CRE030
or CRE040). The redundancy communication path is provided by IC698RMX016
Redundancy Memory Xchange (RMX) modules set up as redundancy links. For details
on the operation of PACSystems redundancy systems, refer to the PACSystems Hot
Standby CPU Redundancy User’s Guide, GFK-2308.
Note: Extended operation with dissimilar CPU types is not allowed. During normal
operation, the primary and secondary units in an HSB redundancy system must
have the same CPU model type.
The primary and secondary units of an HSB redundancy system can have
dissimilar model types for a limited time, for the purpose of system upgrade only.
Fail wait times for the higher performance CPU in a dissimilar redundant pair
may need to be increased to allow synchronization.
RX7i communications features include:
■ Open communications support includes Ethernet, Genius, and serial protocols.
■ A built-in 10/100mb Ethernet interface that has dual RJ-45 ports connected through
an auto-sensing switch for upload, download and online monitoring. This eliminates
the need for rack-to-rack switches or hubs. The CPU Ethernet Interface provides
basic remote control system monitoring from a web browser and allows a combined
total of up to 16 web server and FTP connections. For details on Ethernet Interface
capabilities, refer to TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems, GFK-2224.
■ Two serial ports, one RS-232 and one RS-485.
■ An RS-232 isolated Ethernet station manager serial port.

1
Migrating Series 90 Applications to PACSystems

The PACSystems control system provides cost-effective expansion of existing systems.
Support for existing Series 90 modules, expansion racks and remote racks protects your
hardware investment. You can upgrade on your timetable without disturbing panel wiring.
■ The RX3i supports most Series 90-30 modules, expansion racks, and remote racks.
For a list of supported I/O, Communications, Motion, and Intelligent modules, see the
PACSystems RX3i Installation Manual, GFK-2314.
■ The RX7i supports most existing Series 90-70 modules, expansion racks and Genius
networks. For a list of supported I/O, Communications, and Intelligent modules, see
the PACSystems RX7i Installation Manual, GFK-2223.
■ Conversion of Series 90-70 and Series 90-30 programs preserves existing
development effort.
■ Conversion of VersaPro and Logicmaster applications to Machine Edition allows
smooth transition to PACSystems.

1
PACSystems Documentation
PACSystems Manuals
PACSystems CPU Reference Manual, GFK-2222
TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems, GFK-2224
Station Manager for PACSystems, GFK-2225
PACSystems C Toolkit User’s Guide, GFK-2259
PACSystems Memory Xchange Modules User’s Manual, GFK-2300
PACSystems Hot Standby CPU Redundancy User’s Manual, GFK-2308
Proficy Machine Edition Logic Developer Getting Started, GFK-1918
Proficy Process Systems Getting Started Guide, GFK-2487
RX3i Manuals
PACSystems RX3i Hardware and Installation Manual, GFK-2314
DSM324i Motion Controller for PACSystems RX3i and Series 90-30, GFK-2347
PACSystems RX3i PROFIBUS Modules User’s Manual, GFK-2301
PACSystems RX3i MAXON Software User’s Manual, GFK-2409
PACSystems RX3i Ethernet NIU User’s Manual, GFK-2439
PACMotion Multi-Axis Motion Controller User’s Manual, GFK-2448
RX7i Manuals
PACSystems RX7i Hardware and Installation Manual, GFK-2223
PACSystems RX7i User's Guide to Integration of VME Modules, GFK-2235
Genius Bus Controller User’s Manual, GFK-2017
Series 90 Manuals
Series 90 Programmable Coprocessor Module and Support Software, GFK-0255
Series 90 PLC Serial Communications Driver User's Manual, GFK-0582
C Programmer's Toolkit for Series 90 PLCs User's Manual, GFK-0646
Installation Requirements for Conformance to Standards, GFK-1179
TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for the Series 90 PLC Station Manager
Manual, GFK-1186
Series 90-70 Programmable Controller Installation Manual, GFK-0262
Series 90-70 CPU Instruction Set Reference Manual, GFK-0265
Series 90-30 Genius Bus Controller, GFK-1034
Series 90-30 System Manual, GFK-1411
Ethernet NIU User’s Manual, GFK-2296
Genius I/O System User’s Manual, GEK-90486-1
Genius I/O Analog and Discrete Blocks User’s Manual, GEK-90486-2
In addition to these manuals, datasheets and product update documents describe
individual modules and product revisions. The most recent PACSystems documentation
is available on the Support website.
If you purchased this product through an Authorized Channel Partner, please contact
them directly.

Chapter CPU Features and Specifications
2
This chapter provides details on the hardware features of the PACSystems CPUs and
their specifications.
Common CPU Features

Firmware Storage in Flash Memory
The CPU uses non-volatile flash memory for storing the operating system firmware. This
allows firmware to be updated without disassembling the module or replacing EPROMs.
The operating system firmware is updated by connecting a PC compatible computer to
the module’s serial port and running the software included with the firmware upgrade kit.
Operation, Protection, and Module Status

Operation of the CPU can be controlled by the three-position Run/Stop switch or remotely
by an attached programmer and programming software. Program and configuration data
can be locked through software passwords. The status of the CPU is indicated by the
CPU LEDs on the front of the module. (On the RX7i CPUs, seven LEDs indicate the
status of the Ethernet interface.) For details, see “Indicators” for each PACSystems
family.
Note: The RESET pushbutton is provided to support future features and has no effect
on CPU operation in the current version.
Ethernet Global Data

Each PACSystems CPU supports up to 255 simultaneous EGD pages across all Ethernet
interfaces in the PLC. EGD pages must be configured in the programming software and
stored into the CPU. The EGD configuration can also be loaded from the CPU into the
programming software. Both produced and consumed pages can be configured.
PACSystems CPUs support the use of only part of a consumed EGD page, and EGD
page production and consumption to the broadcast IP address of the local subnet.
The PACSystems CPU supports 2msec EGD page production and timeout resolution.
EGD pages can be configured for a production period of 0, indicating the page is to be
produced every output scan. The minimum period for these “as fast as possible” pages
is 2msec.
During EGD configuration, PACSystems Ethernet interfaces are identified by their
Rack/Slot location.
GFK-2222P 2-1
2
RX7i Features and Specifications

CPE010, CPE020 and CRE020 Models
CPU
■ IC698CPE010: 300MHz CPU microprocessor 700MHz
■ IC698CPE020: 700MHz CPU microprocessor
OK
■ IC698CRE020: 700MHz CPU microprocessor with redundancy RUN
ENA
For details on the operation of the embedded Ethernet interface,
refer to page 2-8.0H
CPU Serial Ports RUN

ENABLE
RUN
The CPU has three independent, on-board serial ports, accessed DIS
by connectors on the front of the module. Ports 1 and 2 provide STOP
serial interfaces to external devices. Port 1 or port 2 can be used for

firmware upgrades. The third on-board serial port is used as the RESET
Ethernet Station Manager port. All serial ports are isolated. For
serial port pin assignments and details on serial communications, BATTERY
ACCESS
refer to chapter 13.
C
CPU Indicators O
M
2
Five CPU LEDs indicate the operating status of various CPU
functions.
LED State CPU Operating State
C1 ACTIVE
On Blinking Off C2
OK On CPU has passed its powerup S

diagnostics and is functioning properly. C T
O A
M
OK Off CPU problem. EN and RUN LEDs may M
1
be blinking in an error code pattern, G
R
which can be used by technical
support for troubleshooting. This
condition and any error codes should EOK
be reported to your technical support LAN
representative. STAT
OK, EN, RUN CPU is in boot mode and is waiting for
10/100 ENET 1A
Blinking in unison a firmware update through a serial

port.
100 LINK
OK Blinking CPU in Stop/Halt state; possible
Other LEDs off. watchdog timer fault. Refer to the fault
10/100 ENET 1B
tables. If the programmer cannot

connect, cycle power with battery
attached and refer to fault tables. 100 LINK
RUN On CPU is in Run mode

RUN Off CPU is in Stop mode. ETHERNET
RESTART
EN On Output scan is enabled.

EN Off Output scan is disabled.
C1 (port 1) Blinking Signal activity on port.
C2 (port 2) Blinking

2
Specifications – CPE010, CPE020 and CRE020 Models

For environmental specifications, see “RX7i General Specifications” in Appendix A of the
RX7i Installation Manual, GFK-2223.
Battery Life: Memory retention For estimated battery life under various conditions, refer to page 2-4.
1H
Program storage Up to 10 Mbytes of battery-backed RAM

10 Mbytes of non-volatile flash user memory
Power requirements
CPE010 +5 VDC: 3.2 Amps nominal
+12 VDC: 0.042 Amps nominal
-12 VDC: 0.008 Amps nominal
CPE020, CRE020 +5 VDC: 4.5 Amps nominal
Operating Temperature CPE010: 0 to 50°C (32°F to 122°F
0 to 60°C (32°F to 140°F) with fan tray
CPE020, CRE020: 0 to 60°C (32°F to 140°F), fan tray required
Floating point Yes
Boolean execution speed, typical
CPE010 0.195ms per 1000 Boolean instructions
CPE020, CRE020 0.14ms per 1000 Boolean instructions
Time of Day Clock accuracy Maximum drift of ±9 seconds per day.
Can be synchronized to an Ethernet time master within ±2ms of the SNTP
time stamp.
Elapsed Time Clock (internal timing) ±0.01% maximum
accuracy
Embedded communications RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet interface
Serial Protocols supported Modbus RTU Slave, SNP, Serial I/O
To determine availability for a given firmware version, please refer to the
Important Product Information document provided with the CPU.
Ethernet Ports Embedded auto-sensing 10/100 Mbps half/full duplex Ethernet interface
VME Compatibility System designed to support the VME64 standard ANSI/VITA 1
Program blocks Up to 512 program blocks. Maximum size for a block is 128KB.
Memory %I and %Q: 32Kbits for discrete
(For a detailed listing of memory areas, %AI and %AQ: configurable up to 32Kwords
refer to chapter 6.) %W: configurable up to the maximum available user RAM
Managed memory (Symbolic and I/O variables combined): configurable
up to 10 Mbytes
Error Checking and Correction CRE020 only.
GFK-2222P Chapter 2 CPU Features and Specifications 2-3

2
Ethernet Interface Specifications

Web-based data monitoring Up to 16 web server and FTP connections (combined)
Ethernet data rate 10Mb/sec and 100Mb/sec
Physical interface 10BaseT RJ45
WinLoader support Yes
Number of EGD configuration-based 255
pages
Time synchronization SNTP
Selective consumption of EGD Yes
Load EGD configuration from PLC to Yes
programmer
Remote Station Manager over UDP Yes
Local Station Manager (RS-232) Dedicated RS-232 port
Configurable Advanced User Parameters Yes
Battery Life Estimates for CPE010 and CPE020/CRE020

To avoid loss of RAM memory contents, routine maintenance procedures should include
scheduled replacement of the CPU’s lithium battery pack, IC698ACC701. The following
table lists estimates of battery life that can be used to develop a battery replacement
schedule.
Nominal IC698ACC701 Battery Pack Installed Life

Nominal Life
with Applied Power On:
Controller Average Temperature
100% of the Time 0% of the Time
IC698CPE010 20°C (68°F) 5 years 40 days
IC698CPE020
IC698CRE020
The IC698ACC701 battery pack has a nominal shelf life of 5 years when stored at an
average temperature of 20°C (68°F).
Note: An external Auxiliary Battery Module, IC693ACC302 can be used to provide
long-term battery backup for any PACSystems CPU. For details, refer to the
datasheet for the Auxiliary Battery Module, GFK-2124.
Error Checking and Correction, IC698CRE020

Redundancy CPUs are shipped with error checking and correction (ECC) enabled.
Enabling ECC results in slightly slower system performance, primarily during power-up,
because it uses an extra 8 bits that must be initialized. If you upgrade the firmware on the
non-redundancy CPU model IC698CPE020 to support redundancy, you must set the
ECC jumper to the enabled state as described in the installation instructions provided
with the upgrade kit.
The CRE020 performance measurements provided in appendix A were done with ECC
enabled.
For details on ECC, refer to the PACSystems Hot Standby CPU Redundancy User’s
Guide, GFK-2308.

2
CPE030/CRE030 and CPE040/CRE040 Models

CPE030/CRE030: 600MHz Pentium-M microprocessor
CPE040/CRE040: 1800MHz Pentium-M microprocessor
CPE040
For details on the embedded Ethernet interface, refer to page 2-8. 2H
CPU Serial Ports CPU OK

RUN
The CPU has three independent, isolated, on-board serial ports, OUTS ENA
IO FORCE
accessed by connectors on the front of the module. Ports 1 and 2 BATTERY
provide serial interfaces to external devices and can be used for SYS FLT
firmware upgrades. The third serial port is a dedicated Ethernet Station

RUN I/O
Manager port. For serial communications, see chapter 14. STOP ENABLE
CPU Indicators RUN OUTPUT

DISABLE
Seven CPU LEDs indicate CPU operating status.
RESET
LED State CPU Operating State
On Blinking Off BATTERY
ACCESS
CPU OK On CPU has passed its powerup
diagnostics and is functioning properly.
C
O
CPU OK Off CPU problem. RUN and OUTPUTS M
ENABLED LEDs may be blinking in an 2
error code pattern, which can be used
by technical support for diagnostics.
This condition and any error codes
should be reported to your technical C2 ACTIVE
C1
support representative.
CPU OK, OUTS ENA, CPU is in boot mode and is waiting for S
C T
RUN Blinking in a firmware update through a serial O A
M
unison port. 1
M
G
OK Blinking CPU in Stop/Halt state; possible R
Other LEDs off. watchdog timer fault. Refer to the fault

tables. If the programmer cannot
EOK
connect, cycle power with battery
attached and refer to fault tables. LAN
STAT
RUN Off CPU is in Stop mode.
10/100 ENET 1A
OUTS ENA On Output scan is enabled.

OUTS ENA Off Output scan is disabled.
100 LINK
I/O FORCE On Override is active on a bit reference
10/100 ENET 1B
(Not used by CRE030 and CRE040.)

BATTERY On Battery has failed or is not attached.
100 LINK
To provide reliable backup, routine
maintenance should include scheduled
battery replacement. See “Battery Life ETHERNET
RESTART
Estimates” provided on page 2-7. 3H
SYS FAULT On CPU is in Stop/Faulted mode because

a fatal fault has occurred.
C1 (port 1) Signal activity on port.
Blinking
C2 (port 2)
Blinking

2
Specifications – CPE030/CRE030 and CPE040/CRE040 Models

For environmental specifications, see “RX7i General Specifications” in Appendix A of the
RX7i Installation Manual, GFK-2223.
Battery: Memory retention Uses an IC693ACC302 Auxiliary Battery Module. For estimated battery life
under various conditions, see page 2-7.4H
For details on the operation of the Auxiliary Battery Module, refer to the
datasheet, GFK-2124.
Note: The IC698ACC701 RX7i Replacement Battery is not compatible
with the CPE030, CRE030, CPE040 and CRE040 CPU modules.
Power requirements CPE030/CRE030:+5 VDC: 3.2 Amps nominal
CPE040/CRE040: +5 VDC: 6.8 Amps nominal
Operating temperature CPE030/CRE030: 0 to 50°C (32°F to 122°F
0 to 60°C (32°F to 140°F) with fan tray
CPE040/CRE040: 0 to 60°C (32°F to 140°F), fan tray required
Floating point Yes
Boolean execution speed, typical: CPE030/CRE030: 0.069ms per 1000 Boolean instructions
CPE040/CRE040: 0.024ms per 1000 Boolean instructions
time stamp.
Elapsed Time Clock (internal ±0.01% maximum
timing) accuracy
Embedded communications RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet interface
To determine availability for a given firmware version, please refer to the
Important Product Information document provided with the CPU.
Ethernet Ports Embedded auto-sensing 10/100 Mbps half/full duplex Ethernet interface
[Optional] Station Manager cable IC200CBL001
for Ethernet Interface
VME Compatibility System designed to support the VME64 standard ANSI/VITA 1
(For a detailed listing of memory %AI and %AQ: configurable up to 32Kwords
areas, refer to chapter 7.) %W: configurable up to the maximum available user RAM
Managed memory (Symbolic and I/O variables combined): configurable up
to 10 Mbytes
Error checking and correction CRE030 and CRE040 only

2
Ethernet Interface Specifications

Web-based data monitoring Up to 16 web server and FTP connections (combined)
Ethernet data rate 10Mb/sec and 100Mb/sec
Physical interface 10BaseT RJ45
WinLoader support Yes
Number of EGD configuration- 255
based pages
Time synchronization SNTP
Selective consumption of EGD Yes
Load EGD configuration from PLC Yes
to programmer
Remote Station Manager over UDP Yes
Local Station Manager (RS-232) Dedicated RS-232 port
Configurable Advanced User Yes
Parameters
Battery Life Estimates for IC698CPE030/CRE030 and IC698CPE040/CRE040

scheduled replacement of the IC693ACC302 battery pack. The following table lists
estimates of battery life that can be used to develop a battery replacement schedule.
Nominal Battery Life with Applied Power OFF (100% Usage)
0ºC* 20ºC 60ºC*
20 days 30 days 35 days
* The nominal backup values are estimated at 20ºC. Backup time increases
approximately 17% at 60ºC and decreases approximately 32% at 0ºC.
Error Checking and Correction, IC698CRE030 and IC698CRE040

Redundancy CPUs are shipped with error checking and correction (ECC) enabled.
Enabling ECC results in slightly slower system performance, primarily during power-up,
because it uses an extra 8 bits that must be initialized. If you upgrade the firmware on a
non-redundancy CPU model to support redundancy, you must set the ECC jumper to the
enabled state as described in the installation instructions provided with the upgrade kit.
Guide, GFK-2308.
Note: Multiple Recoverable Memory Error faults may be generated when a single-bit
ECC error is detected. When a single-bit ECC error is detected, the value
presented to the microprocessor is corrected. However, the value stored in RAM
is not corrected until the next time the microprocessor writes to that RAM
location.

2
Embedded Ethernet Interface

Ethernet Ports
The embedded Ethernet Interface provides two RJ-45 Ethernet ports. Either or both of
these ports may be connected to other Ethernet devices. Each port automatically senses
the data rate (10Mbps or 100Mbps), duplex (half duplex or full duplex), and cabling
arrangement (straight through or crossover) of the attached link.) For Ethernet port pin
assignments, refer to chapter 12. For details on Ethernet communications, refer to the
following manuals:
TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems User’s Guide, GFK-2224
PACSystems TCP/IP Communications Station Manager Manual, GFK-2225
Caution
The two ports on the Ethernet Interface must not be connected,
directly or indirectly to the same device. The hub or switch
connections in an Ethernet network must form a tree; otherwise
duplication of packets may result.
Ethernet Interface Indicators

The Ethernet Interface indicators consist of seven light emitting diodes (LEDs). All are
single-color green LEDs controlled by the Ethernet interface.
■ Module OK (EOK)
■ LAN online (LAN)
■ Status (STAT)
■ Two activity LEDS (LINK)
■ Two speed LEDS (100)
The EOK, LAN, and STAT LEDs are grouped together and indicate the state and status
of the Ethernet interface.
Each Ethernet port has two green LED indicators, Link and 100. The LINK LED indicates
the network link status and activity. This LED is illuminated when the link is physically
connected and blinks when traffic is detected at the port. Note that traffic at the port does
not necessarily mean that traffic is present at the Ethernet interface, since the traffic may
be going between ports of the switch. The 100 LED indicates the network data speed (10
or 100 Mb/sec). This LED is illuminated if the network connection is 100 Mbps.
LED operation is described in the following tables.

2
Ethernet LED Operation

LED State
On Blinking Off Ethernet Operating State
EOK Blink error code Hardware Failure

LAN Off
STAT Off
EOK Fast Blink Performing Diagnostics
LAN Off
STAT Off
EOK Slow Blink Waiting for Ethernet configuration from
LAN Off CPU
STAT Off
EOK Slow Blink* Waiting for IP Address
LAN On/Traffic/Off
STAT Slow Blink*
(* EOK and STAT blink in unison)
EOK On Operational
LAN On/Traffic/Off
STAT On/Off
EOK Slow Blink** Software Load
LAN Slow Blink**
STAT Slow Blink**
(** All LEDs blink in unison)
EOK LED Operation

The EOK LED indicates whether the Ethernet interface is able to perform normal
operation. This LED is on for normal operation and flashing for all other operations. When
a hardware or unrecoverable runtime failure occurs, the EOK LED blinks a two-digit error
code identifying the failure. The LED first blinks to indicate the most significant error digit,
then after a brief pause blinks again to indicate the least significant error digit. After a
long pause the error code display repeats.

2
EOK LED Blink Codes for Ethernet Hardware Failures

Blink Code Description
0x12 Undefined or Unexpected Interrupt.
0x13 Timer failure during power up diagnostics.
0x14 DMA failure during power up diagnostics.
0x21 RAM failure during power up diagnostics.
0x22 Stack error during power up diagnostics.
0x23 Shared Memory Interface error during power up diagnostics.
0x24 Firmware CRC (cyclic redundancy check) error during power up or Factory
Test.*
0x25 Run time exception
0x31 Undefined instruction or divide by zero
0x32 Software interrupt
0x33 Instruction prefetch abort
0x34 Data abort
0x35 Unexpected Runtime IRQ
0x36 Unexpected Runtime FIQ (fast interrupt request)
0x37 Reserved Exception or branch through zero
* CRC error or software error during normal operation causes Ethernet restart.
LAN LED Operation

The LAN LED indicates access to the Ethernet network. During normal operation and
while waiting for an IP address, the LAN LED blinks to indicate network activity. This LED
remains on when the Ethernet interface is not actively accessing the network but the
network is available, and it is off if network access is not available. The definition of the
network being available as indicated by this LED is that the Ethernet physical interface is
available and one or both of the Ethernet ports is connected to an active network.
STAT LED Operation

The STAT LED indicates the condition of the Ethernet interface in normal operational
mode. If the STAT LED is off, an event has been entered into the exception log and is
available for viewing via the Station Manager interface. The STAT LED is on during
normal operation when no events are logged.
In the other states, the STAT LED is either off or blinking and helps define the operational
state of the module.
Ethernet Port LEDs Operation (100Mb and Link/Activity)

Each of the two Ethernet ports has two green LED indicators, 100 and LINK. The 100
LED indicates the network data speed (10 or 100 Mb/sec). This LED is illuminated if the
network connection is 100 Mbps.
The LINK LED indicates the network link status and activity. This LED is illuminated
when the link is physically connected and blinks when traffic is detected at the port. Note
that traffic at the port does not necessarily mean that traffic is present at the Ethernet
interface, since the traffic may be going between ports of the switch.

2
Ethernet Restart Pushbutton

The Ethernet Restart pushbutton is used to manually restart the Ethernet firmware
without power cycling the entire control system. It is recessed to prevent accidental
operation. The restart does not occur until the pushbutton is released.
The type of restart behavior is selected by the length of time that the pushbutton is
depressed. The pushbutton-controlled restart operations are listed in the following table,
along with the LED indications for each. In all cases, the EOK, LAN and STAT LEDs
briefly turn on in unison as an LED test. The Ethernet port LEDs are not affected by a
manual restart of the Ethernet firmware.
Restart Operation Depress Ethernet Restart Ethernet LEDs
pushbutton for Illuminated
Normal restart Less than 5 seconds EOK, LAN, STAT
Restart without Ethernet plug-in 5 to 10 seconds LAN, STAT
applications
Restart into Firmware Update More than 10 seconds STAT
operation
Normal Restart
When the Ethernet Restart pushbutton is pressed for less than 5 seconds, the Ethernet
interface will restart into normal operation.
Restart without Ethernet plug-in applications

When the Restart pushbutton is pressed and held for 5 to 10 seconds, the Ethernet
interface will restart into normal operation but does not start any optional Ethernet plug-in
applications. This is typically done during troubleshooting.
Restart into with Firmware Update operation

When the Ethernet Restart pushbutton is pressed and held for more than 10 seconds, the
Ethernet interface will restart into firmware update operation. This is typically done during
troubleshooting to bypass possibly invalid firmware and allow valid firmware to be loaded
using WinLoader.
Until the firmware update actually begins, you can manually exit the firmware update and
restart with the existing firmware by pressing the Ethernet Restart pushbutton again.

2
RX3i Features and Specifications

CPU OK
RUN
IC695CPU310 OUTPUTS DISABLED

I/O FORCE
BATTERY
■ IC695CPU310: 300 MHz CPU microprocessor SYSTEM FAULT CPU310
RESET
Serial Ports
RUN I/O
STOP ENABLE
RUN OUTPUT DISABLE

The CPU has two independent, on-board serial ports, COM 1
accessed by connectors on the front of the module. Ports 1
and 2 provide serial interfaces to external devices. Either port
can be used for firmware upgrades. For serial port pin COM1 ACTIVE
assignments and details on serial communications, refer to COM2 ACTIVE
chapter 12.
Indicators COM 2
The eight CPU LEDs indicate the operating status of various

BATT
CPU functions.
LED State
On Blinking Off CPU Operating State
CPU OK On CPU has passed its powerup diagnostics and is functioning

properly.*
CPU OK Off CPU problem. RUN and OUTPUTS ENABLED LEDs may be
blinking in an error code pattern, which can be used by technical
support for troubleshooting. This condition and any error codes
should be reported to your technical support representative.
CPU OK, OUTPUTS ENABLED, RUN CPU is in boot mode and is waiting for a firmware update through a
Blinking in unison serial port.
OK Blinking CPU in Stop/Halt state; possible watchdog timer fault. Refer
Other LEDs off. to the fault tables. If the programmer cannot connect, cycle
power with battery attached and refer to fault tables.
OUTPUTS ENABLED On Output scan is enabled.
OUTPUTS ENABLED Off Output scan is disabled.
I/O FORCE On Override is active on a bit reference.
BATTERY Blinking The Battery Low indication is not supported and should be ignored.
BATTERY On The Battery Failed indication is not supported on the CPU310 and
should be ignored. For more information, refer to Important Product
Information, GFK-2329.
Note: To provide reliable backup, routine maintenance should
include scheduled battery replacement. See “Battery Life
Estimates” on page 2-13.5H
SYSTEM FAULT On CPU is in Stop/Faulted mode because a fatal fault has occurred.
COM1 Blinking Signal activity on port.
COM2 Blinking
*After initialization sequence is complete.

2
Specifications – CPU310
For environmental specifications, see Appendix A of the PACSystems RX3i System
Manual, GFK-2314.
Battery: Memory retention For estimated battery life under various conditions, see “Battery Life
6H
Estimates,” below.
10Mbyte of non-volatile flash user memory
Power requirements +3.3 VDC: 1.25 Amps nominal
Operating Temperature 0 to 60°C (32°F to 140°F)
Floating point Yes
Boolean execution speed, typical 0.195ms per 1000 Boolean instructions
Can be synchronized to an Ethernet time master within ±2ms of the
SNTP time stamp.
Elapsed Time Clock (internal timing) accuracy ±0.01% maximum
Embedded communications RS-232, RS-485
Backplane Dual backplane bus support: RX3i PCI and high speed serial bus
PCI compatibility System designed to be electrically compliant with PCI 2.2 standard
Flash memory endurance rating 100,000 write/erase cycles minimum
(For a detailed listing of memory areas, refer to %AI and %AQ: configurable up to 32Kwords
chapter 7.) %W: configurable up to the maximum available user RAM
Managed memory (Symbolic and I/O variables combined):
configurable up to 10 Mbytes
Battery Life Estimates for CPU310

scheduled replacement of the CPU’s lithium battery pack. The following table lists
estimates of battery life that can be used to develop a battery replacement schedule.
Nominal IC698ACC701 Battery Pack Installed Life

Nominal Life
with Applied Power On:
Controller Average Temperature
100% of the Time 0% of the Time
IC695CPU310 20°C (68°F) 5 years 40 days
The IC698ACC701 battery pack has a nominal shelf life of 5 years when stored at an
average temperature of 20°C (68°F).
Note: An external Auxiliary Battery Module, IC693ACC302, can be used to provide
long-term battery backup for any PACSystems CPU. For details, refer to the
datasheet for the Auxiliary Battery Module, GFK-2124.

2
IC695CPU315 and IC695CPU320/CRU320 Models CPU OK

RUN
I/O FORCE
BATTERY
OUTPUTS ENABLED SYS FLT
■ IC695CPU315: 1 GHz CPU microprocessor
CPU320
■ IC695CPU320: 1 GHz CPU microprocessor
RESET
RUN I/O
STOP ENABLE
■ IC695CRU320: 1 GHz CPU microprocessor with
redundancy RUN OUTPUT DISABLE
COM 1
Serial Ports
COM1 ACTIVE
The CPU has two independent, on-board serial ports,
COM2 ACTIVE
accessed by connectors on the front of the module. Ports 1
and 2 provide serial interfaces to external devices. Either
port can be used for firmware upgrades. For serial port pin
assignments and details on serial communications, refer to COM 2
chapter 12.
BATT
Indicators
The eight CPU LEDs indicate the operating status of various CPU functions.
LED State
On Blinking Off CPU Operating State
CPU OK On CPU has passed its powerup diagnostics and is functioning

properly.*
CPU OK Off CPU problem. RUN and OUTPUTS ENABLED LEDs may be
blinking in an error code pattern, which can be used by technical
support for troubleshooting. This condition and any error codes
should be reported to your technical support representative.
CPU OK, OUTPUTS ENABLED, RUN CPU is in boot mode and is waiting for a firmware update through a
Blinking in unison serial port.
OK Blinking CPU in Stop/Halt state; possible watchdog timer fault. Refer
Other LEDs off. to the fault tables. If the programmer cannot connect, cycle
power with battery attached and refer to fault tables.
OUTPUTS ENABLED On Output scan is enabled.
OUTPUTS ENABLED Off Output scan is disabled.
I/O FORCE On Override is active on a bit reference.
BATTERY On Battery has failed or is not attached.
Note: To provide reliable backup, routine maintenance should
include scheduled battery replacement. See
“Specifications” on page 2-15.
7H
SYSTEM FAULT On CPU is in Stop/Faulted mode because a fatal fault has occurred.
COM1 Blinking Signal activity on port.
COM2 Blinking
*After initialization sequence is complete.

2
Specifications – CPU315 and CPU320

For environmental specifications, see Appendix A of the PACSystems RX3i System
Manual, GFK-2314.
Battery: Memory retention Estimated 30 days using an IC693ACC302 Auxiliary Battery Module
at 20ºC.
For details on the operation of the Auxiliary Battery Module, refer to the
datasheet, GFK-2124.
Note: The IC698ACC701 Lithium Battery Pack is not compatible with
the CPU320 or CPU315.
Program storage
CPU315 Up to 20MB of battery-backed RAM
20MB of non-volatile flash user memory
CPU320 Up to 64 MB of battery-backed RAM
64 MB of non-volatile flash user memory
Floating point Yes
Boolean execution speed, typical 0.047 ms per 1000 Boolean instructions
time stamp.
Elapsed Time Clock (internal timing) ±0.01% maximum
accuracy
(For a detailed listing of memory areas, %AI and %AQ: configurable up to 32Kwords
refer to chapter 7.) %W: configurable up to the maximum available user RAM
Managed memory (Symbolic and I/O variables combined): configurable up
to 20 MB (CPU315) or 64 MB (CPU320)

2
CRU320 Specifications
Note: For environmental specifications and compliance to standards (for example, FCC
or European Union Directives), refer to the PACSystems RX3i System
Manual, GFK-2314.
Battery: Memory retention Estimated 30 days using an IC693ACC302 Auxiliary Battery Module at 20ºC.
For details on the operation of the Auxiliary Battery Module, refer to the datasheet,
GFK-2124.
Note: The IC698ACC701 Lithium Battery Pack is not compatible with
the CRU320 and must not be used.
Floating point Yes
Boolean execution speed, typical 0.047 ms per 1000 Boolean instructions
Time of Day Clock accuracy Maximum drift of 2 seconds per day
Elapsed Time Clock (internal timing) 0.01% maximum
accuracy
Serial Protocols supported Modbus RTU Slave, SNP Slave, Serial I/O
%AI and %AQ: configurable up to 32Kwords
%W: configurable up to the maximum available user RAM
Symbolic: configurable up to 64 Mbytes
Memory error checking and Single bit correcting and multiple bit checking.
correction (ECC)
Switchover Time* Maximum 1 logic scan, minimum 3.133 msec.
Typical Base Sweep Time 3.66 msec: 1K Discrete I/O, 125 Analog I/O and 1K Registers
(Reference Data Transfer List 3.87 msec: 2K Discrete I/O, 250 Analog I/O and 2K Registers
Impact)**
4.30 msec: 4K Discrete I/O, 500 Analog I/O and 4K Registers
5.16 msec: 8K Discrete I/O, 1K Analog I/O and 8K Registers
Maximum amount of data in Up to 2 Mbytes
redundancy transfer list
Number of redundant redundancy Up to two IC695RMX128 synchronization links are supported.
links supported
* Switchover time is defined as the time from failure detection until backup CPU is
active in a redundancy system.
** Symbolic variable and Reference data can be exchanged between redundancy
controllers. Up to 2 Mbytes of data is available for transfer.

2
Error Checking and Correction, IC695CRU320

Rx3i Redundancy CPUs provide error checking and correction (ECC), which results in
slightly slower system performance, primarily during power-up, because it uses an extra
8 bits that must be initialized.
Guide, GFK-2308.
Note: Multiple Recoverable Memory Error faults may be generated when a single-bit
ECC error is detected. When a single-bit ECC error is detected, the value
presented to the microprocessor is corrected. However, the value stored in RAM
is not corrected until the next time the microprocessor writes to that
RAM location.

Chapter CPU Configuration
3
The PACSystems CPU and I/O system is configured using Machine Edition Logic
Developer-PLC programming software.
The CPU verifies the physical module and rack configuration at power-up and periodically
during operation. The physical configuration must be the same as the programmed
configuration. Differences are reported to the CPU alarm processor for configured fault
response. Refer to the Machine Edition Logic Developer-PLC Getting Started Manual,
GFK-1918 and the online help for a description of configuration functions.
Note: A CPE020, CPE030 or CPE040 can be converted to the corresponding
redundancy CPU (CRE020, CRE030 or CRE040) by installing different firmware
and moving a jumper. Detailed instructions are included in the firmware upgrade
kit for the redundancy CPU.
Configuring the CPU

To configure the CPU using the Logic Developer-PLC programming software, do the
following:
1. In the Project tab of the Navigator, expand
your PACSystems Target, the hardware
configuration, and the main rack (Rack 0).
2. Right click the CPU slot and choose
Configure. The Parameter Editor window
displays the CPU parameters.
Note: An RX7i CPU must be installed in slot 1.
The RX3i CPU occupies two slots and
can be installed in any pair of slots except
the two highest numbered slots in the
rack.
3. To edit a parameter value, click the desired tab, then click in the appropriate Values
field. Refer to “Configuration Parameters” on page 3-2 for information on these fields.
0H
4. Store the configuration to the PLC so these settings can take effect. For details, see
“Storing (Downloading) a Configuration” on page 3-17.1H
Note: The embedded Ethernet Interface (RX7i only) is displayed in a subslot of the CPU
slot. For details on configuring the embedded Ethernet Interface, refer to
chapter page 3-18.
2H
GFK-2222P 3-1
3
Configuration Parameters
Settings Parameters
These parameters specify basic operating characteristics of the CPU. For details on how
these parameters affect CPU operation, refer to chapter 5.
Settings Parameters
Passwords Specifies whether passwords are Enabled or Disabled. Default: Enabled.
Note: When passwords are disabled, they cannot be re-enabled without clearing PLC
memory.
Stop-Mode I/O Specifies whether the I/O is scanned while the PLC is in Stop mode. Default: Disabled.
Scanning (Always Disabled for Redundancy CPU.)
Note: This parameter corresponds to the I/O ScanStop parameter on a Series 90-70
PLC.
Watchdog Timer (ms) (Milliseconds in 10 ms increments.) Requires a value that is greater than the program
sweep time.
The watchdog timer is designed to detect "failure to complete sweep" conditions. The CPU
restarts the watchdog timer at the beginning of each sweep. The watchdog timer
accumulates time during the sweep. The software watchdog timer is useful in detecting
abnormal operation of the application program, which could prevent the PLC sweep from
completing within the watchdog time period.
Valid range: 10 through 2550, in increments of 10.
Default: 200.
Note: For details on setting the watchdog timer in a CPU redundancy system, refer to the
PACSystems Hot Standby CPU Redundancy User’s Guide, GFK-2308.
Logic/Configuration Specifies the location/source of the logic and configuration data that is to be used (or
Power-up Source loaded/copied into RAM) after each power up.
Choices: Always RAM, Always Flash, Conditional Flash.
Default: Always RAM.
Data Power-up Source Specifies the location/source of the reference data that is to be used (or loaded/copied into
RAM) after each power up.
Choices: Always RAM, Always Flash, Conditional Flash.
Default: Always RAM.
Run/Stop Switch Enables or disables the Run/Stop Mode Switch.
Choices:
Enabled: Enables you to use the physical switch on the PLC to switch the PLC into Stop
mode or from Stop mode into Run mode and clear non-fatal faults.
Disabled: Disables the physical Run/Stop switch on the PLC.
Default: Enabled.
Note: If both serial ports are configured for any protocol other than RTU Slave or SNP
Slave, the Run/Stop switch should not be disabled without first must making sure
that there is a way to stop the CPU, or take control of the CPU through another
device such as the Ethernet module. If the CPU can be set to Stop mode, it will
switch the protocol from Serial I/O to the Stop Mode protocol (default is RTU
Slave). For details on Stop mode settings, refer to “Port 1 and Port 2 Parameters”
on page 3-10.
3H

3
Settings Parameters
Memory Protection Enables or disables the Memory Protect feature associated with the Run/Stop Mode Switch.
Switch Choices:
Enabled: Memory Protect is enabled, which prevents writing to program memory and
configuration and forcing or overriding discrete data.
Disabled: Memory Protect is disabled.
Default: Disabled.
Power-up Mode Selects the CPU mode to be in effect immediately after power-up.
Choices: Last, Stop, Run.
Default: Last (the mode it was in when it last powered down).
Note: If the battery is missing or has failed and if Logic/Configuration Power-up Source is
set to Always RAM, the CPU powers up in Stop mode regardless of the setting of
the Power-up Mode parameter.
Modbus Address Specifies the type of memory mapping to be used for data transfer between Modbus TCP/IP
Space Mapping Type clients and the PACSystems controller.
Choices:
Disabled: The “Disabled” setting is intended for use in systems containing older Ethernet
firmware that does not support Modbus TCP.
Standard Modbus Addressing: Causes the Ethernet firmware to use the standard map,
which is displayed on the Modbus TCP Address Map tab.
Default: Disabled
For details on the PACSystems implementation of Modbus/TCP server, refer to TCP/IP
Modbus TCP Address Map

This read-only tab displays the standard mapping assignments between Modbus address
space and the CPU address space. All Ethernet modules and daughterboards in the
PACSystems controller use Modbus-to-PLC address mapping based on this map.
Modbus The Modbus protocol uses five reference table designations:
Register 0xxxx Coil Table. Mapped to the %Q table in the CPU.
1xxxx Input Discrete Table. Mapped to the %I table in the CPU.
3xxxx Input Register Table. Mapped to the %AI register table in the CPU.
4xxxx Holding Register Table. Mapped to the %R table in the CPU.
6xxxx File Access Table. Mapped to the %W table in the CPU.
Start Address Lists the beginning address of the mapped region.
End Address Lists the ending address of the mapped region. For word memory types (%AI, %R and %W) the
highest address available is configured on the Memory tab.
PLC Memory Lists the memory type of the mapped region.
Length Displays the length of the mapped region.
GFK-2222P Chapter 3 CPU Configuration 3-3

3
Scan Parameters
These parameters determine the characteristics of CPU sweep execution.
Scan Parameters
Sweep Mode The sweep mode determines the priority of tasks the CPU performs during the
sweep and defines how much time is allotted to each task. The parameters that
can be modified vary depending on the selection for sweep mode.
The Controller Communications Window, Backplane Communications Window,
and Background Window phases of the PLC sweep can be run in various modes,
based on the PLC sweep mode.
Choices:
■ Normal mode: The PLC sweep executes as quickly as possible. The overall
PLC sweep time depends on the logic program and the requests being
processed in the windows and is equal to the time required to execute the
logic in the program plus the respective window timer values. The window
terminates when it has no more tasks to complete. This is the default value.
■ Constant Window mode: Each window operates in a Run-to-Completion mode.
The PLC alternates among three windows for a time equal to the value set for
the window timer parameter. The overall PLC sweep time is equal to the time
required to execute the logic program plus the value of the window timer. This
time may vary due to sweep-to-sweep differences in the execution of the
program logic.
■ Constant Sweep mode: The overall PLC sweep time is fixed. Some or all of
the windows at the end of the sweep might not be executed. The windows
terminate when the overall PLC sweep time has reached the value specified
for the Sweep Timer parameter.
Logic Checksum Words The number of user logic words to use as input to the checksum algorithm each
sweep.
Default: 16.
Controller Communication (Available only when Sweep Mode is set to Normal.) Execution settings for the
Window Mode Controller Communications Window.
Choices:
■ Complete: The window runs to completion. There is no time limit.
■ Limited: Time sliced. The maximum execution time for the Controller
Communications Window per scan is specified in the Controller
Communications Window Timer parameter.
Default: Limited.
Note: This parameter corresponds to the Programmer Window Mode parameter
on a Series 90-70 PLC.
Controller Communications (Available only when Sweep Mode is set to Normal. Read-only if the Controller
Window Timer (ms) Communications Window Mode is set to Complete.) The maximum execution time
for the Controller Communications Window per scan. This value cannot be greater
than the value for the watchdog timer.
The valid range and default value depend on the Controller Communications
Window Mode:
■ Complete: There is no time limit.
■ Limited: Valid range: 0 through 255 ms. Default: 10.
Note: This parameter corresponds to the Programmer Window Timer parameter
on a Series 90-70 PLC.

3
Scan Parameters
Backplane Communication (Available only when Sweep Mode is set to Normal.) Execution settings for the
Window Mode Backplane Communications Window.
Choices:
Complete: The window runs to completion. There is no time limit.
Limited: Time sliced. The maximum execution time for the Backplane
Communications Window per scan is specified in the Backplane Communications
Window Timer parameter.
Default: Complete.
Backplane Communications (Available only when Sweep Mode is set to Normal. Read-only if the Backplane
Window Timer (ms) Communications Window Mode is set to Complete.) The maximum execution time
for the Backplane Communications Window per scan. This value can be greater
than the value for the watchdog timer.
The valid range and the default depend on the Backplane Communications
Window Mode:
■ Complete: There is no time limit. The Backplane Communications Window
Timer parameter is read-only.
■ Limited: Valid range: 0 through 255 ms. Default: 255. (10ms for Redundancy
CPUs.)
Background Window (Available only when Sweep Mode is set to Normal.) The maximum execution time
Timer (ms) for the Background Communications Window per scan. This value cannot be
greater than the value for the watchdog timer.
Valid range: 0 through 255
Default: 0 (5ms for Redundancy CPUs)
Sweep Timer (ms) (Available only when Sweep Mode is set to Constant Sweep.) The maximum
overall PLC scan time. This value cannot be greater than the value for the
watchdog timer.
Some or all of the windows at the end of the sweep might not be executed. The
windows terminate when the overall PLC sweep time has reached the value
specified for the Sweep Timer parameter.
Valid range: 5 through 2550, in increments of 5. If the value typed is not a multiple
of 5ms, it is rounded to the next highest valid value.
Default: 100.
Window Timer (ms) (Available only when Sweep Mode is set to Constant Window.) The maximum
combined execution time per scan for the Controller Communications Window,
Backplane Communications Window, and Background Communications Window.
This value cannot be greater than the value for the watchdog timer.
Default: 10.
Number of Last Scans (Available only for CPUs with firmware version 1.5 and greater.) The number of
scans to execute after the PACSystems CPU receives an indication that a
transition from Run to Stop mode should occur. (Used for Stop and Stop Fault, but
not Stop Halt.)
Choices: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Default:
0 when creating a new PACSystems target.
0 when converting a Series 90-70 target to a PACSystems target.
1 when converting a Series 90-30 target to a PACSystems target.

3
Memory Parameters
The PACSystems user memory contains the application program, hardware configuration
(HWC), registers (%R), bulk memory (%W), analog inputs (%AI), analog outputs (%AQ),
and managed memory.
Managed memory consists of allocations for symbolic variables and I/O variables. The
symbolic variables feature allows you to create variables without having to manually
locate them in memory. An I/O variable is a symbolic variable that is mapped to a
module’s inputs and outputs in the hardware configuration. For details on using symbolic
variables and I/O variables, refer to chapter 7.
The amount of memory allocated to the application program and hardware configuration is
automatically determined by the actual program (including logic C data, and %L and %P),
hardware configuration (including EGD and AUP), and symbolic variables created in the
programming software. The rest of the user memory can be configured to suit the
application. For example, an application may have a relatively large program that uses
only a small amount of register and analog memory. Similarly, there might be a small logic
program but a larger amount of memory needed for registers and analog inputs and
outputs.
Appendix B provides a summary of items that count against user memory.
Calculation of Memory Required for Managed Memory

The total number of bytes required for symbolic and I/O variables is calculated as follows:
[((number of symbolic discrete bits) * 3) / (8 bits/byte)]
+ [((number of I/O discrete bits) * Md) / (8 bits/byte)]
+ [(number of symbolic words) * (2 bytes/word)]
+ [(number of I/O words) * (Mw bytes/word)]
Md = 3 or 4. The number of bits is multiplied by 3 to keep track of the force, transition, and
value of each bit. If point faults are enabled, the number of I/O discrete bits is multiplied
by 4.
Mw = 2 or 3. There are two 8-bit bytes per 16-bit word. If point faults are enabled, the
number of bytes is multiplied by 3 because each I/O word requires an extra byte.
Calculation of Total User Memory Configured

The total amount of configurable user memory (in bytes) configured in the CPU is
calculated as follows:
total managed memory (bytes)
+ total reference words * (2 bytes/word)
+ [if Point Faults are enabled] (total words of %AI memory + total words of %AQ
memory) * (1 byte / word)
+ [if Point Faults are enabled] (total bits of %I memory + total bits of %Q memory) / 8
bits/byte)
Note: The total reference points is considered system memory and is not counted
against user memory.

3
Memory Allocation Configuration

Memory Parameters
Reference Points
%I Discrete Input, %Q Discrete Output, The upper range for each of these memory types. Read only.
%M Internal Discrete, %S System, %SA
System, %SB System, %SC System, %T
Temporary Status, %G Genius Global
Total Reference Points Read only. Calculated by the programming software.
Reference Words
%AI Analog Input Valid range: 0 through 32,640 words.
Default: 64
%AQ Analog Output Valid range: 0 through 32,640 words.
Default: 64
%R Register Memory Valid range: 0 through 32,640 words.
Default: 1024.
%W Bulk Memory Valid range: 0 through maximum available user RAM.
Increments of 2048 words.
Default: 0.
Total Reference Words Read only. Calculated by the programming software.
Managed Memory
Symbolic Discrete (Bits) The configured number of bits reserved for symbolic discrete variables.
Valid range: 0 through 83,886,080 in increments of 32768 bits.
Default: 32,768.
Symbolic Non-Discrete (Words) The configured number of 16-bit register memory locations reserved for
symbolic non-discrete variables.
Valid range: 0 through 5,242,880 in increments of 2048 words.
Default: 65,536.
I/O Discrete (Bits) The configured number of bits reserved for discrete IO variables.
Valid range: 0 through 83,886,080 in increments of 32768 bits.
Default: 0
I/O Non-Discrete (Words) The configured number of 16-bit register memory locations reserved for
non-discrete IO variables.
Valid range: 0 through 5,242,880 in increments of 2048 words.
Default: 0
Total Managed Memory Required (Bytes) Read only. See page 3-6 for calculation.
4H
Total User Memory Required (Bytes) Read only. See page 3-6 for calculation.
5H
Point Fault References The Point Fault References parameter must be enabled if you want to use
fault contacts in your logic. Assigning point fault references causes the
CPU to reserve additional memory.
When you download both the HWC and the logic to the PLC, the
download routine checks if there are fault contacts in the logic and if there
are, it checks if the HWC to download has the Point Fault References
parameter set to Enabled. If the parameter is Disabled, an error is
displayed in the Feedback Zone.
When you download only logic to the PLC, the download routine checks if
there are fault contacts in the logic and if there are, it checks if the HWC
on the PLC has the Point Fault References parameter set to Enabled. If
the parameter is Disabled, an error is displayed in the Feedback Zone.

3
Fault Parameters
You can configure each fault action to be either diagnostic or fatal.
A diagnostic fault does not stop the PLC from executing logic. It sets a diagnostic
variable and is logged in a fault table.
A fatal fault transitions the PLC to the Stop Faulted mode. It also sets a diagnostic
variable and is logged in a fault table.
Fault Parameters
Loss of or Missing Rack (Fault group 1.) When BRM failure or loss of power loses a rack or when a
configured rack is missing, system variable #LOS_RCK (%SA12) turns ON. (To
turn it OFF, fix the hardware problem and cycle power on the rack.)
Default: Diagnostic.
Loss of or Missing I/O Controller (Fault group 2.) When a Bus Controller stops communicating with the PLC or
when a configured Bus Controller is missing, system variable #LOS_IOC
(%SA13) turns ON. (To turn it OFF, replace the module and cycle power on the
rack containing the module.)
Loss of or Missing I/O Module (Fault group 3.) When an I/O module stops communicating with the PLC CPU or a
configured module is missing, system variable #LOS_IOM (%SA14) turns ON. (To
turn it OFF, replace the module and cycle power on the rack containing the
module.)
Loss of or Missing Option (Fault group 4.) When an option module stops communicating with the PLC CPU
Module or a configured option module is missing, system variable #LOS_SIO (%SA15)
turns ON. (To turn it OFF, replace the module and cycle power on the rack
containing the module.)
System Bus Error (Fault group 12.) When a bus error occurs on the backplane, system variable
#SBUS_ER (%SA32) turns ON. (To turn it OFF, cycle power on the main rack.)
Default: Fatal.
I/O Controller or I/O Bus Fault (Fault group 9.) When a Bus Controller reports a bus fault, a global memory fault,
or an IOC hardware fault, system variable #IOC_FLT (%SA22) turns ON. (To turn
it OFF, cycle power on the rack containing the module when the configuration
matches the hardware after a download.)
System Configuration Mismatch (Fault group 11.) When a configuration mismatch is detected during system
power-up or during a download of the configuration, system variable #CFG_MM
(%SA9) turns ON. (To turn it OFF, power up the PLC when no mismatches are
present or download a configuration that matches the hardware.)
This parameter determines the fault action when the CPU is not running. If a
system configuration mismatch occurs when the CPU is in Run mode, the fault
action will be Diagnostic. This prevents the running CPU from going to
STOP/FAULT mode. To override this behavior, see “Configuring the CPU to Stop
Upon Loss of a Critical Module” on page 3-9.
6H
Default: Fatal.
Recoverable Local Memory Error Redundancy CPUs only. (Fault group 38) Determines whether a single-bit ECC
error causes the CPU to stop or allows it to continue running.
Choices: Diagnostic, Fatal.
Note: When a multiple-bit ECC error occurs, a Fatal Local Memory Error fault
(error code 169) is logged in the CPU Hardware Fault Group (group number 13).

3
Fault Parameters
CPU Over Temperature (Fault group 24, error code 1.) When the operating temperature of the CPU
exceeds the normal operating temperature, system variable #OVR_TMP (%SA8)
turns ON. (To turn it OFF, clear the controller fault table or reset the PLC.)
Controller Fault Table Size (Read-only.) The maximum number of entries in the Controller Fault Table.
Value set to 64.
I/O Fault Table Size (Read-only.) The maximum number of entries in the I/O Fault Table.
Value set to 64.
Configuring the CPU to Stop Upon the Loss of a Critical Module

In some cases, you may want to override the Run mode behavior of the System
Configuration Mismatch fault. A given module may be critical to the PLC’s ability to
properly control a process. In this case, if the module fails then it may be better to have
the CPU go to stop mode, especially if the CPU is acting as a backup unit in a redundant
system.
One way to cause the CPU to stop is to set the configured action for a Loss-of-Module
fault to Fatal so that the CPU stops if a module failure causes a loss-of-module fault. The
correct loss-of-module fault must be chosen for the critical module of interest: I/O
controller, I/O module, and Option module. The Ethernet communications module is an
example of an Option module.
This approach has a couple of disadvantages. First, it applies to all modules of that
category, which may include modules that are not critical to the process. Second, it relies
on the content of the fault table. If the table is cleared via program logic or user action, the
CPU will not stop.
In systems that use Ethernet Network Interface Units (ENIU) for remote I/O, a critical
module of interest may be the Ethernet module that provides the network connection to
the ENIU. Other techniques can be used to provide a more selective response to an
Ethernet module failure than the Loss-of-Option module fault. One technique is to use
application logic to monitor the Ethernet Interface Status bits, which are described in
“Monitoring the Ethernet Interface Status Bits” in the TCP/IP Ethernet for PACSystems
User’s Manual, GFK-2224. If the logic determined that a critical Ethernet module was
malfunctioning, it could execute SVC_REQ #13 to stop the CPU.
Since the ENIU uses Ethernet Global Data to communicate with the PACSystems CPU,
another selective technique is to monitor the Exchange Status Words to determine the
health of individual EGD exchanges. For details on this status word, refer to “Exchange
Status Word Error Codes” in GFK-2224. Because the types of errors indicated by the
exchange status word may be temporary in nature, stopping the CPU may not be an
appropriate response for these errors. Nevertheless, the status could be used to tailor the
application’s response to changing conditions in the EGD network.
In some cases the critical module may reside in an expansion rack. In that case, in
addition to the loss-of-module fault, it is recommended to set the Loss-of-Rack fault to
Fatal. Then if the rack fails or loses power, the CPU will go to stop mode.

3
Redundancy Parameters (Redundancy CPUs Only)

These parameters apply only to redundancy CPUs. For details on configuring CPU for
redundancy, refer to the PACSystems Hot Standby CPU Redundancy User’s Guide,
GFK-2308.
Transfer List
These parameters apply only to redundancy CPUs. For details on configuring CPU for
redundancy, refer to the PACSystems Hot Standby CPU Redundancy User’s Guide,
GFK-2308.
Port 1 and Port 2 Parameters

These parameters configure the operating characteristics of the CPU serial ports. Ports 1
and 2 have the same set of configuration parameters. The protocol (Port Mode)
determines the parameters that can be set for each port.
Port Parameters
Port Mode The protocol to execute on the serial port. Determines the list of parameters displayed on the Port tab.
Only the parameters required by the selected protocol are displayed.
Choices:
■ RTU Slave mode: Reserved for the use of the Modbus RTU Slave protocol. This mode also
permits connection to the port by an SNP master, such as the Winloader utility or the programming
software.
■ Message mode: The port is open for user logic access. This mode enables C language blocks to
perform serial port I/O operations via the C Runtime Library functions.
■ Available: The port is not to be used by the PLC firmware.
■ SNP Slave: Reserved for the exclusive use of the SNP slave. This mode permits connection to
the port by an SNP master, such as the Winloader utility or the programming software.
■ Serial I/O: Enables you to perform general-purpose serial communications by using COMMREQ
functions.
Default: RTU Slave.
Note: If both serial ports are configured for any protocol other than RTU Slave or SNP Slave, the
Run/Stop switch should not be disabled without first making sure that there is a way to stop
the CPU, or take control of the CPU through another device such as the Ethernet module. The
Serial I/O protocol is only active when the CPU is in run mode. If the CPU can be set to Stop
mode, it will switch the protocol from Serial I/O to the Stop Mode protocol (default is RTU
Slave). If an SNP Master, such as the programming software in Serial mode, begins
communicating on a port, the RTU protocol automatically switches to SNP Slave. As long as
the CPU can be stopped, the port’s protocol can be auto-switched to one that enables serial
programmer connection. For Stop Mode protocols, see page 3-12. 7H
If the Ethernet module is available, you can control the CPU by connecting the Machine
Edition programming software to the Ethernet port.

3
Port Parameters
Station (RTU Slave only) ID for the RTU Slave.
Address Valid range: 1 through 247.
Default: 1.
Note: You should avoid using station address 1 for any other Modbus slave in a PACSystems
control system because the default station address for the CPU is 1. The CPU uses the
default address in two situations:
1. If you power up without a configuration, the default station address of 1 is used.
2. When the Port Mode parameter is set to Message Mode, and Modbus becomes the protocol in
stop mode, the station address defaults to 1.
In either of these situations, if you have a slave configured with a station address of 1,
confusion may result when the CPU responds to requests intended for that slave.
Note: The least significant bit of the first byte must be 0. For example, in a station address of
090019010001, 9 is the first byte.
Data Rate (All Port Modes except Available.) Data rate (bits per second) for the port.
Choices: 1200 Baud, 2400 Baud, 4800 Baud, 9600 Baud, 19.2k Baud, 38.4k Baud, 57.6k Baud, 115.2k
Baud.
Default: 19.2k Baud.
Data Bits (Available only when Port Mode is set to Message mode or Serial I/O.) The number of bits in a word for
serial communication. SNP uses 8-bit words.
Choices: 7, 8.
Default: 8.
Flow Control (RTU slave, Message Mode, or Serial I/O.) Type of flow control to be used on the port.
Choices:
For Serial I/O Port Mode: None, Hardware, Software (XON/XOFF).
For all other Port Modes: None, Hardware.
Default: None.
Note: The Hardware flow-control is RTS/CTS crossed.
Parity (All Port Modes except Available.) The parity used in serial communication. Can be changed if required
for communication over modems or with a different SNP master device.
Choices: None, Odd, Even.
Default: Odd.
Stop bits (Available only when Port Mode is set to Message Mode, SNP Slave or Serial I/O.) The number of stop
bits for serial communication. SNP uses 1 stop bit.
Choices: 1, 2.
Default: 1.
Physical (All port modes except Available.) The type of physical interface that this protocol is communicating
Interface over.
Choices:
■ 2-wire: There is only a single path for receive and transmit communications. The receiver is
disabled while transmitting.
■ 4-wire: There is a separate path for receive and transmit communications and the transmit line is
driven only while transmitting.
■ 4-wire Transmitter on: There is a separate path for receive and transmit communications and the
transmit line is driven continuously. Note that this choice is not appropriate for SNP multi-drop
communications, since only one device on the multi-drop line can be transmitting at a given time.
Default: 4-wire Transmitter On.

3
Port Parameters
Turn Around (Available only when Port Mode is set to SNP Slave.) The Turn Around Delay Time is the minimum
Delay Time time interval required between the reception of a message and the next transmission. In 2-wire mode,
(ms) this interval is required for switching the direction of data transmission on the communication line.
Valid range: 0 through 2550 ms, in increments of 10.
Default: 0.
Timeout (s) (Available only when Port Mode is set to SNP Slave.) The maximum time that the slave will wait to
receive a message from the master. If a message is not received within this timeout interval, the slave
will assume that communications have been disrupted, and then it will wait for a new attach message
from the master.
Valid range: 0 through 60 seconds.
Default: 10.
SNP ID (Available only when Port Mode is set to SNP Slave.) The port ID to be used for SNP communications.
In SNP multi-drop communications, this ID is used to identify the intended receiver of a message. This
parameter can be left blank if communication is point to point. To change the SNP ID, click the values
field and enter the new ID. The SNP ID is up to seven characters long and can contain the
alphanumeric characters (A through Z, 0 through 9) or the underline (_).
Specify Stop (All port modes except Available.) Determines whether you accept the default stop mode or set it
Mode yourself.
Choices:
No: The default stop mode is used.
Yes: The stop mode parameters appear and you can select the stop mode. If you set the stop mode to
the same protocol as the run mode, then the other stop mode parameters are read-only and are set to
the same values as for the run mode.
Default: No.
Stop Mode (Available only when Specify stop mode is set to Yes.) The stop mode protocol to execute on the serial
port. If you set the stop mode to the same protocol as for the run mode, then the other stop mode
parameters are read-only and are set to the same values as for the run mode.
Choices and defaults are determined by the Port Mode setting.
■ SNP Slave: Reserved for the exclusive use of the SNP slave.
■ RTU Slave: Reserved for the exclusive use of the Modbus RTU Slave protocol.
If the Stop mode protocol is different from the Port mode protocol, you can set parameters for the Stop
mode protocol.
If you do not select a Stop mode protocol, the default protocol with default parameter settings is used.
Port (Run) Mode Stop Mode
RTU Slave Choices: SNP Slave, RTU Slave

Default: RTU Slave.
Message Mode Choices: SNP Slave, RTU Slave

Default: RTU Slave.
Available Available
SNP Slave SNP Slave
Serial I/O Choices: SNP Slave, RTU Slave

Default: RTU Slave.
Note: Setting the Port Mode to RTU Slave and the Stop Mode to SNP Slave may cause loss of
programmer connection and delayed reconnection when the controller transitions from Stop to
Run mode. To avoid this behavior, select SNP Slave for the Port Mode and do not specify a
Stop Mode. For additional details, see “RTU Slave/SNP Slave Operation With Programmer
Attached” in Chapter 14.

3
Port Parameters
Turn Around (Available only when Stop Mode is set to SNP Slave.) The Turn Around Delay Time is the minimum
Delay Time time interval required between the reception of a message and the next transmission. In 2-wire mode,
(ms) this interval is required for switching the direction of data transmission on the communication line.
Valid range: 0 through 2550 ms, in increments of 10.
Default:
■ When the Stop Mode is different from the Port Mode: 0 ms.
■ When the Stop Mode is the same as the Port Mode: the value is read-only and is set to the same
value as the Turn Around Delay Time for the Port Mode.
Timeout (s) (Available only when Stop Mode is set to SNP Slave.) The maximum time that the slave will wait to
receive a message from the master. If a message is not received within this timeout interval, the slave
will assume that communications have been disrupted, and then it will wait for a new attach message
from the master.
Valid range: 0 through 60 seconds.
Default:
■ When the Stop Mode is different from the Port Mode: 10 seconds.
value as the Timeout for the Port Mode.
SNP ID (Available only when Stop Mode is set to SNP Slave.) The port ID to be used for SNP communications.
In SNP multi-drop communications, this ID is used to identify the intended receiver of a message. This
parameter can be left blank if communication is point to point. To change the SNP ID, click the values
field and enter the new ID. The SNP ID is up to seven characters long and can contain the
alphanumeric characters (A through Z, 0 through 9) or the underline (_).
Default:
■ When the Stop Mode is different from the Port Mode: the default is blank.
value as the SNP ID for the Port Mode.
Station (Available only when Stop Mode is set to RTU slave.) ID for the RTU Slave.
Address Valid range: 1 through 247.
Default:
■ When the Stop Mode is different from the Port Mode: 1.
value as the Station Address for the Port Mode.

3
Scan Sets Parameters

You can create multiple sets of asynchronous I/O scans, with a unique scan rate assigned
to each scan set. You can assign up to 31 scan sets for a total of 32. Scan set 1 is the
standard scan set where I/O is scanned once per sweep. Each module is assigned to a
scan set in the module’s configuration. Scan Set 1 is the default scan set.
Scan Set Parameters
Number A sequential number from 1 to 32 is automatically assigned to each scan set. Scan set 1 is
reserved for the standard scan set.
Scan Type Determines whether the scan set is enabled (as a fixed scan) or is disabled.
Choices: Disabled, Fixed Scan.
Default: Disabled.
Number of Sweeps (Editable only when the Scan Type is set to Fixed Scan.) The scan rate of the scan set. Double-
click the field, then select a value. A value of 0 prevents the I/O from being scanned.
Valid range: 0 through 64.
Default: 1.
Output Delay (Editable only when the Number of Sweeps is non-zero.) The number of sweeps that the output
scan is delayed after the input scan has occurred. Double-click on field, then select a value.
Valid range: 0 to (number of Sweeps - 1)
Default: 0.
Description (Editable only when the Scan Type is set to Fixed Scan.) Brief description of the scan set (32
characters maximum).
Power Consumption Parameters

The programming software displays the power consumed by the CPU (in Amps) for each voltage
provided by the power supply.

3
Setting a Temporary IP Address

To initiate Ethernet communications between the programming software and the
PACSystems, you first need to set an IP address. You can use the Set Temporary IP
Address utility to specify an IP address or download a hardware configuration with an IP
address through a serial port.
The following restrictions apply when using the Set Temporary IP Address utility:
■ To use the Set Temporary IP Address utility, the PLC CPU must not be in RUN mode.
IP address assignment over the network will not be processed until the CPU is
stopped and is not scanning outputs.
■ The Set Temporary IP Address utility does not function if communications with the
networked PACSystems target travel through a router. The Set Temporary IP Address
utility can be used if communications with the networked PACSystems target travel
across network switches and hubs.
■ The current user logged on the computer running the Set Temporary IP Address utility
must have full administrator privileges.
■ The target PACSystems must be located on the same local sub-network as the
computer running the Set Temporary IP Address utility. The sub-network is specified
by the computer's subnet mask and the IP addresses of the computer and the
PACSystems Ethernet Interface.
Note: To set the IP address, you will need
the MAC address of the Ethernet
Interface.
1. Connect the PACSystems to the
Ethernet network.
2. In the Project tab of the Navigator, right
click the PACSystems target, choose
Offline Commands, and then choose Set
Temporary IP Address. The Set
Temporary IP Address dialog box
appears.
3. In the Set Temporary IP Address dialog
box, do the following:
■ Specify the MAC address.
■ In the IP Address to Set box, specify
the temporary IP address you want
to set on the PACSystems.
■ If necessary, select the Enable
Network Interface Selections check
box and specify the IP address of
the network interface on which the
PACSystems is located.
4. When the fields are properly configured, click the Set IP button.
5. The IP Address of the specified PACSystems will be set to the indicated address. This
may take up to a minute.

3
After the programmer is connected, the actual IP address for the Ethernet interface, which
is set in the hardware configuration, should be downloaded to the controller. The
temporary IP address remains in effect until the Ethernet interface is restarted, power-
cycled or until the hardware configuration is downloaded or cleared.
Cautions
The temporary IP address set by the Set IP utility is not retained through a
power cycle. To set a permanent IP Address, you must set the target's IP
Address property and download (store) HWC to the PACSystems.
The Set Temporary IP Address utility can assign a temporary IP address even if
the target Ethernet Interface has previously been configured to a non-default IP
address. (This includes overriding an IP address previously configured by the
programmer.)
Use this IP Address assignment mechanism with care.

3
Storing (Downloading) Hardware Configuration

A PACSystems control system is configured by creating a configuration file in the
programming software, then transferring (downloading) the file from the programmer to
the CPU via serial port1, serial port 2, or an Ethernet Interface. If you use a serial port, it
must be configured as RTU Slave (default) or SNP Slave.
The CPU stores the configuration file in its non-volatile RAM memory. After the
configuration is stored, I/O scanning is enabled or disabled according to the newly stored
configuration parameters.
1. If you are using an Ethernet Interface to store the hardware configuration to the
PACSystems, you must set the IP address in the Ethernet Interface using the Initial IP
Address utility (see page 3-15).
8H
2. Make sure the CPU is in Stop mode.

3. In Logic Developer-PLC
software, go to the Project
tab of the Navigator, right
click the Target node, and
choose Download to PLC.
4. In the Download to PLC
dialog box, select the items
to download and click OK.
Note: If you download to a PACSystems target that already has a project on it, the
existing project is overwritten.
Note: If I/O variables are configured, hardware configuration and logic cannot be stored
independently. They must be stored at the same time.

3
Configuring the RX7i Embedded Ethernet Interface

Only RX7i CPUs provide an embedded Ethernet interface.
Before you can use the embedded Ethernet Interface, you must configure it using the
programming software. To configure the embedded Ethernet interface:
1. In the Project tab of the Navigator,
expand your PACSystems Target, the
hardware configuration, and the main
rack (Rack 0).
2. Expand the CPU slot (Slot 1). The
Ethernet Interface daughterboard is
displayed as “Ethernet”.
3. Right click the daughterboard slot and
choose Configure. The Parameter Editor
window displays the Ethernet Interface
parameters.
Ethernet interface configuration includes the following additional procedures. For details
on completing these steps, refer to the TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems
User’s Manual, GFK-2224.
▪ Assigning a temporary IP address for initial network operation, such as connecting the
programmer to download the hardware configuration.
▪ Configuring the characteristics of the Ethernet interface.
▪ Configuring Ethernet Global Data (if used).
▪ (Optional, not required for most systems). Setting up the RS-232 port for Local Station
Manager operation. This is part of the basic Ethernet Interface configuration.
▪ (Optional, not required for most systems). Configuring advanced parameters. This
requires creating a separate ASCII parameter file that is stored to the PLC with the
hardware configuration. The Ethernet Interface has a set of default Advanced User
Parameter values that should only be changed in exceptional circumstances by
experienced users.
▪ (Optional) Setting up the PLC for Modbus/TCP Server operation.

Chapter
CPU Operation
4
This chapter describes the operating modes of a PACSystems CPU and describes the
tasks the CPU carries out during these modes. The following topics are discussed:
■ CPU Sweep
■ Program Scheduling Modes
■ Window Modes
■ Run/Stop Operations
■ Flash Memory Operation
■ Clocks and Timers
■ System Security
■ I/O System
■ Power-Up and Power-Down Sequences
GFK-2222P 4-1
4
CPU Sweep
The application program in the CPU executes repeatedly until stopped by a command
from the programmer, from another device, from the Run/Stop switch on the CPU
module, or a fatal fault occurs. In addition to executing the application program, the CPU
obtains data from input devices, sends data to output devices, performs internal
housekeeping, performs communications tasks, and performs self-tests. This sequence
of operations is called the sweep.
The CPU sweep runs in one of three sweep modes:
Normal Sweep In this mode, each sweep can consume a variable amount of time. The Logic
Window is executed in its entirety each sweep. The Communications and
Background Windows can be set to execute in Limited or Run-to-Completion
mode.
Constant In this mode, each sweep begins at a user-specified Constant Sweep time after
Sweep the previous sweep began. The Logic Window is executed in its entirety each
sweep. If there is sufficient time at the end of the sweep, the CPU alternates
among the Communications and Background Windows, allowing them to
execute until it is time for the next sweep to begin.
Constant In this mode, each sweep can consume a variable amount of time. The Logic
Window Window is executed in its entirety each sweep. The CPU alternates among the
Communications and Background Windows, allowing them to execute for a time
equal to the user-specified Constant Window timer.
Note: The information presented above summarizes the different sweep modes. For
additional information, refer to “CPU Sweep Modes” on page 4-6. 0H
The CPU also operates in one of four Run/Stop Modes (for details, see “Run/Stop
Operations” on page 4-10): 1H
■ Run/Outputs Enabled
■ Run/Outputs Disabled
■ Stop/IO Scan
■ Stop/No IO

4
Parts of the CPU Sweep

There are seven major phases in a typical CPU sweep as shown in the following figure.
Housekeeping
Start-of-Sweep
input scan
Application Program
Task Execution
(Logicwindow)
Output Scan
Prog
window no
scheduled
?
yes
Controller
Communications
Window
Comm
no
window
scheduled
?
yes
Backplane
Communications
Window
Background no
task
scheduled
?
yes
Background task
Window
Start next sweep
Parts of a Typical CPU Sweep
GFK-2222P Chapter 4 CPU Operation 4-3

4
Major Phases in a Typical CPU Sweep

Phase Activity
Housekeeping The housekeeping portion of the sweep performs the tasks necessary to prepare for the start
of the sweep. This includes updating %S bits, determining timer update values, determining
the mode of the sweep (Stop or Run), and polling of expansion racks.
Expansion racks are polled to determine if power has just been applied to an expansion rack.
Once an expansion rack is recognized, then configuration of that rack and all of its modules
are processed in the Controller Communications Window.
Input Scan During the input scan, the CPU reads input data from the Genius Bus Controllers and input
modules. If data has been received on an EGD page, the CPU copies the data for that page
from the Ethernet interface to the appropriate reference memory. For details, see TCP/IP
Ethernet Communications for PACSystems, GFK-2224
Note: The input scan is not performed if a program has an active Suspend I/O function on
the previous sweep.
Application Program Task The CPU solves the application program logic. It always starts with the first instruction in the
Execution (Logic Window) program. It ends when the last instruction is executed. Solving the logic creates a new set of
output data.
For details on controlling the execution of programs, refer to chapter 6.
Interrupt driven logic can execute during any phase of the sweep. For details, refer to chapter
6.
A list of execution times for instructions can be found in Appendix A.
Output Scan The CPU writes output data to bus controllers and output modules. The user program
checksum is computed.
During the output scan, the CPU sends output data to the Genius Bus Controllers and output
modules. If the producer period of an EGD page has expired, the CPU copies the data for
that page from the appropriate reference memory to the Ethernet interface. The output scan
is completed when all output data has been sent.
If the CPU is in Run mode and it is configured to perform a background checksum
calculation, the background checksum is performed at the end of the output scan. The
default setting for number of words to checksum each sweep is 16. If the words to checksum
each sweep is set to zero, this processing is skipped. The background checksum helps
ensure the integrity of the user logic while the CPU is in Run mode.
The output scan is not performed if a program has an active Suspend I/O function on the
current sweep.
Controller Communications Window Services the onboard Ethernet and serial ports. In addition, reconfiguration of expansion
racks and individual modules occurs during this portion of the sweep.
The CPU always executes this window. The following items are serviced in this window:
■ Reconfiguration of expansion racks and individual modules. During the Controller
Communications Window, highest priority is given to reconfiguration. Modules are
reconfigured as needed, up to the total time allocated to this window. Several sweeps
are required to complete reconfiguration of a module.
■ Communications activity involving the embedded Ethernet port and the two CPU's serial
ports
Time and execution of the Controller Communications Window can be configured using the
programming software. It can also be dynamically controlled from the user program using
Service Request function #3. The window time can be set to a value from 0 to 255
milliseconds (default is 10 milliseconds).
Note that if the Controller Communications Window is set to 0, there are two alternate ways
to open the window: perform a power-cycle without the battery, or go to Stop mode.

4
Phase Activity
Backplane Communications Communications with intelligent devices occur during this window. The rack-based Ethernet
Window Interface module communicates in the Backplane Communications window. During this part
of the sweep the CPU communicates with intelligent modules such as the Genius Bus
Controller and TCP/IP Ethernet modules.
In this window, the CPU completes any previously unfinished request before executing any
pending requests in the queue. When the time allocated for the window expires, processing
stops.
The Backplane Communications Window defaults to Complete (Run to Completion) mode.
This means that all currently pending requests on all intelligent option modules are
processed every sweep. This window can also run in Limited mode, in which the maximum
time allocated for the window per scan is specified.
The mode and time limit can be configured and stored to the CPU, or it can be dynamically
controlled from the user program using Service Request function #4. The Backplane
Communications Window time can be set to a value from 0 to 255ms (default is 255ms). This
allows communications functions to be skipped during certain time-critical sweeps.
Background Window CPU self-tests occur in this window.
A CPU self-test is performed in this window. Included in this self-test is a verification of the
checksum for the CPU operating system software.
The Background Window time defaults to 0 milliseconds. A different value can be configured
and stored to the CPU, or it can be changed online using the programming software.
Time and execution of the Background Window can also be dynamically controlled from the
user program using Service Request function #5. This allows background functions to be
skipped during certain time-critical sweeps.

4
CPU Sweep Modes
Normal Sweep Mode

In Normal Sweep mode, each sweep can consume a variable amount of time. The Logic
window is executed in its entirety each sweep. The Communications windows can be set
to execute in a Limited or Run-to-Completion mode. Normal Sweep is the most common
sweep mode used for control system applications.
The following figure illustrates three successive CPU sweeps in Normal Sweep mode.
Note that the total sweep times may vary due to sweep-to-sweep variations in the Logic
window, Communications windows, and Background window.
SWEEP n SWEEP n+1 SWEEP n+2

HK HK HK
INPUT INPUT INPUT
LOGIC LOGIC LOGIC
OUTPUT
CC
OUTPUT
BPC
CC
BG
BPC OUTPUT
BG CC
BPC
Abbreviations:
HK = Housekeeping BG
CC = Controller Communications Window
BPC = Backplane Communications Window
BG = Background Window
Typical Sweeps in Normal Sweep Mode
Constant Sweep Mode

In Constant Sweep mode, each sweep begins at a specified Constant Sweep time after
the previous sweep began. The Logic Window is executed in its entirety each sweep. If
there is sufficient time at the end of the sweep, the CPU alternates among the Controller
Communications, Backplane Communications, and Background Windows, allowing them
to execute until it is time for the next sweep to begin. Some or all of the Communications
and Background Windows may not be executed. The Communications and Background
Windows terminate when the overall CPU sweep time has reached the value specified as
the Constant Sweep time.
One reason for using Constant Sweep mode is to ensure that I/O data are updated at
constant intervals.
The value of the Constant Sweep timer can be configured to be any value from 5 to 2550
milliseconds. The Constant Sweep timer value may also be set and Constant Sweep

4
mode may be enabled or disabled by the programming software or by the user program
using Service Request function #1. The Constant Sweep timer has no default value; a
timer value must be set prior to or at the same time Constant Sweep mode is enabled.
The Ethernet Global data page configured for either consumption or production can add
up to 1 millisecond to the sweep time. This sweep impact should be taken into account
when configuring the CPU constant sweep mode and setting the CPU watchdog timeout.
If the sweep exceeds the Constant Sweep time in a given sweep, the CPU places an
oversweep alarm in the CPU fault table and sets the OV_SWP (%SA0002) status
reference at the beginning of the next sweep. Additional sweep time due to an oversweep
condition in a given sweep does not affect the time given to the next sweep.
The following figure illustrates four successive sweeps in Constant Sweep mode with a
Constant Sweep time of 100 milliseconds. Note that the total sweep time is constant, but
an oversweep may occur due to the Logic Window taking longer than normal.
SWEEP n SWEEP n+1 SWEEP n+2 SWEEP n+3
t = 0 ms t = 100 ms t = 220 ms t = 320 ms
HK HK HK HK
INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT
LOGIC LOGIC LOGIC LOGIC
OUTPUT
Constant OUTPUT
CC
Sweep CC
Time OUTPUT
BPC
CC BPC
BPC BG
BG
SYS
SYS BG
BG
Abbreviations:
20 ms oversweep
HK = Housekeeping OUTPUT
PRG = Programmer Window.
BPC = Backplane Communications Window.
Typical Sweeps in Constant Sweep Mode

4
Constant Window Mode

In Constant Window mode, each sweep can consume a variable amount of time. The
Logic Window is executed in its entirety each sweep. The CPU alternates among the
three windows, allowing them execute for a time equal to the value set for the Constant
Window timer. The overall CPU sweep time is equal to the time required to execute the
Housekeeping, Input Scan, Logic Window, and Output Scan phases of the sweep plus
the value of the Constant Window timer. This time may vary due to sweep-to-sweep
variances in the execution time of the Logic Window.
An application that requires a certain amount of time between the Output Scan and the
Input Scan, permitting inputs to settle after receiving output data from the program, would
be ideal for Constant Window mode.
The value of the Constant Window timer can be configured to be any value from 3 to 255
milliseconds. The Constant Window timer value may also be set by the programming
software or by the user program using Service Request functions #3, #4, and #5.
The following figure illustrates three successive sweeps in Constant Window mode. Note
that the total sweep times may vary due to sweep-to-sweep variations in the Logic
Window, but the time given to the Communications and Background Windows is
constant. Some of the Communications or Background Windows may be skipped,
suspended, or run multiple times based on the Constant Window time.
SWEEP n SWEEP n+1 SWEEP n+2
HK HK HK
INPUT INPUT INPUT
LOGIC LOGIC LOGIC
OUTPUT
CC
OUTPUT
CC BPC
BPC OUTPUT
BG BG CC
CC CC
SYS Constant
Window
BG Time
Abbreviations: BPC
HK = Housekeeping
BPC = Backplane Communications Window
Typical Sweeps in Constant Window Mode

4
Program Scheduling Modes

The CPU supports one program scheduling mode, the Ordered mode. An ordered
program is executed in its entirety once per sweep in the Logic Window.
Window Modes
The previous section describes the phases of a typical CPU sweep. The Controller
Communications, Backplane Communications, and Background windows can be run in
various modes, based on the CPU sweep mode. (CPU sweep modes are described in
detail on page 4-6.) The following three window modes are available:
2H
Run-to- In Run-to-Completion mode, all requests made when the window has started
Completion are serviced. When all pending requests in the given window have completed,
the CPU transitions to the next phase of the sweep. (This does not apply to the
Background window because it does not process requests.)
Constant In Constant Window mode, the total amount of time that the Controller
Communications window, Backplane Communications window, and
Background window run is fixed. If the time expires while in the middle of
servicing a request, these windows are closed, and communications will be
resumed the next sweep. If no requests are pending in this window, the CPU
cycles through these windows the specified amount of time polling for further
requests. If any window is put in constant window mode, all are in constant
window mode.
Limited In Limited mode, the maximum time that the window runs is fixed. If time
expires while in the middle of servicing a request, the window is closed, and
communications will be resumed the next time that the given window is run. If
no requests are pending in this window, the CPU proceeds to the next phase of
the sweep.
Data Coherency in Communications Windows

When running in Constant or Limited Window mode, the Controller and Backplane
Communications Windows may be terminated early in all CPU sweep modes. If an
external device, such as CIMPLICITY HMI, is transferring a block of data, the coherency
of the data block may be disrupted if the communications window is terminated prior to
completing the request. The request will complete during the next sweep; however, part
of the data will have resulted from one sweep and the remainder will be from the
following sweep. When the CPU is in Normal Sweep mode and the Communications
Window is in Run-to-Completion mode, the data coherency problem described above
does not exist.
Note: External devices that communicate to the CPU while it is stopped will read
information as it was left in its last state. This may be misleading to operators
viewing an HMI system that does not indicate CPU Run/Stop state. Process
graphics will often indicate everything is still operating normally.
Also, note that non-retentive outputs do not clear until the CPU is changed from
Stop to Run.

4
Run/Stop Operations
The PACSystems CPUs support four run/stop modes of operation. You can change
these modes in the following ways: the Run/Stop switch, configuration from the
programming software, LD function blocks, and system calls from C applications.
Switching to and from various modes can be restricted based on privilege levels, position
of the Run/Stop switch, passwords, etc.
Mode Operation
Run/Outputs The CPU runs user programs and continually scans inputs and updates physical
Enabled outputs, including Genius and Ethernet outputs. The Controller and Backplane
Communications Windows are run in Limited, Run-to-Completion, or Constant
mode.
Run/Outputs The CPU runs user programs and continually scans inputs, but updates to
Disabled physical outputs, including Genius and Field Control, are not performed.
Physical outputs are held in their configured default state in this mode. The
Controller and Backplane Communications Windows are run in Limited, Run-to-
Completion, or Constant mode.
Stop/IO Scan The CPU does not run user programs, but the inputs and outputs are scanned.
Enabled The Controller and Backplane Communications Windows are run in Run-to-
Completion mode. The Background Window is limited to 10 ms.
Stop/IO Scan The CPU does not run user programs, and the inputs and outputs are not
Disabled scanned. The Controller and Backplane Communications Windows are run in a
Run-to-Completion mode. The Background Window is limited to 10 ms.
Note: Stop mode I/O scanning is always disabled for redundancy CPUs.
Note: You cannot add to the size of %P and %L reference tables in Run Mode unless
the %P and %L references are the first of their type in the block being stored or
the block being stored is a totally new block.
CPU Stop Modes

The CPU has two modes of operation while it is in Stop mode:
■ I/O Scan Enabled - the Input and Output scans are performed each sweep
■ I/O Scan Disabled - the Input and Output scans are skipped
When the CPU is in Stop mode, it does not execute the application program. You can
configure whether the I/O is scanned during Stop mode. Communications with the
programmer and intelligent option modules continue in Stop mode. Also, bus receiver
module polling and rack reconfiguration continue in Stop mode.
In both Stop modes, the Controller Communications and Backplane Communications
windows run in Run-to-Completion mode and the Background window runs in Limited
mode with a 10 millisecond limit.
The number of last scans can be configured in the hardware configuration. Last scans
are completed after the CPU has received an indication that a transition from Run to Stop
or Stop Faulted mode should occur. The default is 0.
SVCREQ13 can be used in the application program to stop the CPU after a specified
number of scans. All I/O will go to their configured default states, and a diagnostic
message will be placed in the CPU Fault Table.

4
Start-of-Sweep
Housekeeping
Executes in
Input Scan Stop-I/O Scan Enabled
mode only
Executes in
Output Scan Stop-I/O Scan Enabled
mode only
Controller Runs
Communications to
Window completion
Backplane Runs
Communications to
Window Completion
Limited
Background Task
(10ms)
Window
CPU Sweep in Stop- I/O Disabled and Stop- I/O Enabled Modes
Stop-to-Run Mode Transition

The CPU performs the following operations on Stop-to-Run transition:
■ Validation of sweep mode and program scheduling mode selections
■ Validation of references used by programs with the actual configured sizes
■ Re-initialization of data areas for external blocks and standalone C programs
■ Clearing of non-retentive memory

4
Run/Stop Mode Switch Operation

The Run/Stop mode switch has three positions:
Switch Position CPU and Sweep Mode Memory Protection
Run I/O Enable The CPU runs with I/O sweep enabled. User program memory is read only.
Run Output Disable The CPU runs with I/O sweep disabled. User program memory is read only.
Stop The CPU is not allowed to go into Run mode. User program memory can be written.
The Run/Mode switch can be disabled in the programming software HWC. The switch’s
memory protection function can be disabled separately in HWC. The Run/Mode switch is
enabled by default. The memory protection functionality is disabled by default.
The Read Switch Position (Switch_Pos) function allows the logic to read the current
position of the Run/Stop switch, as well as the mode for which the switch is configured.
For details, refer to chapter 8.

4
Flash Memory Operation

The CPU stores the current configuration and application in battery-backed RAM. With
PACSystems, you also have the option to store the Logic, Hardware Configuration, and
Reference Data into resident flash memory. The PACSystems CPU provides enough
flash memory to hold all of user space (10MB), all reference tables that aren't counted
against user space, and any overhead required. For details on which items count against
user memory space, please refer to appendix B.
By default, the CPU reads program logic and configuration, and reference table data from
RAM at powerup. However, logic/configuration and reference tables can each be
configured to always read from flash or conditionally read from flash. To configure these
parameters in the programming software, select the CPU’s Settings tab in Hardware
Configuration.
If conditional flash is selected as the power-up source, the CPU powers up from flash
only if a corrupted memory condition is detected or if there is no battery attached during
the power cycle. Conditional powerup from flash is recommended, because data in flash
is non-volatile and does not require a battery to maintain its data.
If logic/configuration and/or reference tables are configured for conditional powerup from
flash, these items are restored from flash to battery-backed RAM when user memory is
corrupted or was not preserved (i.e. no battery). If logic/configuration and/or reference
memory are configured for conditional powerup from flash and user memory has been
preserved, no flash operation will occur.
If logic/configuration and/or reference tables are configured to always power up from
flash, these items are restored from flash to battery-backed RAM regardless of the state
of the user memory.
Note: If any component (logic/configuration or reference tables) is read from flash,
OEM-mode and passwords are also read from flash.
In addition to configuring where the CPU obtains logic, configuration, and data during
powerup, the programming software provides the following flash operations:
■ Write a copy of the current configuration, application program, and reference tables
(excluding overrides) to flash memory. Note that a write-to-flash operation causes all
components to be stored to flash.
■ Read a previously stored configuration and application program, and/or reference
table values from flash into RAM.
■ Verify that flash and RAM contain identical data.
■ Clear flash contents.
Flash read and write operations copy the contents of flash memory or RAM as individual
files. The programming software displays the progress of the copy operation and allows
you to cancel a flash read or write operation during the copy process instead of waiting
for the entire transfer process to complete. The entire user memory image must be
successfully transferred for the flash copy to be considered successful. If an entire write-
to-flash transfer is not completed due to canceling, power cycle, or some other
intervention, the CPU will clear flash memory. Similarly, if a read-from-flash transfer is
interrupted, RAM will be cleared.

4
Logic/Configuration Source and CPU Operating Mode at Power-up

Flash and user memory can contain different values for the Logic/Configuration Power-up
Source parameter. The following tables summarize how these settings determine the
logic/configuration source after a power cycle. CPU mode is affected by the Power-up
Mode, Run/Stop Switch and Stop-Mode I/O Scanning parameters, Run/Stop mode switch
position, and the power down mode as shown in the tables on page 4-15. 3H
Before Power Cycle After Power Cycle

Logic/Configuration Logic/Configuration Origin of
Power-up Source Power-up Source Logic/Configuration
in Flash in RAM CPU Mode
Always Flash Memory not preserved Flash See “CPU Mode when Memory Not Preserved/
(i.e. no battery or memory corrupted) Power-up Source is Flash” on page 4-15.
4H
Always Flash No configuration in RAM, memory Flash See” Memory Preserved” on

preserved page 4-15.
5H
Always Flash Always Flash Flash

Always Flash Conditional Flash Flash
Always Flash Always RAM Flash
Conditional Flash Memory not preserved Flash See “CPU Mode when Memory Not Preserved/
(i.e. no battery or memory corrupted) Power-up Source is Flash” on page 4-15.
6H
Conditional Flash No configuration in RAM, memory Uses default Stop Disabled

preserved logic/configuration
Conditional Flash Always Flash RAM See ”CPU Mode when Memory Preserved” on
Conditional Flash Conditional Flash RAM page 4-15.
7H
Conditional Flash Always RAM RAM

Always RAM Memory not preserved Uses default Stop Disabled
(i.e. no battery or memory corrupted) logic/configuration
Always RAM No configuration in RAM, memory Uses default Stop Disabled
Always RAM Always Flash Flash See ”CPU Mode when Memory Preserved” on
Always RAM Conditional Flash RAM page 4-15.
8H
Always RAM Always RAM RAM

No Configuration in Flash Memory not preserved Uses default Stop Disabled
(i.e. no battery or memory corrupted) logic/configuration
No Configuration in Flash No configuration in RAM, memory Uses default Stop Disabled
No Configuration in Flash Always Flash RAM See ”CPU Mode when Memory Preserved” on
page 4-15.
No Configuration in Flash Conditional Flash RAM
9H
No Configuration in Flash Always RAM RAM

4
CPU Mode when Memory Not Preserved/Power-up Source is Flash

Power-up Mode Run/Stop Switch Run/Stop Switch Position CPU Mode
Run Enabled Stop Stop Disabled
Run Enabled Run Disabled Run Disabled
Run Enabled Run Enabled Run Enabled
Run Disabled N/A Run Disabled
Stop N/A N/A Stop Disabled
Last Enabled Stop Stop Disabled
Last Enabled Run Disabled Run Disabled
Last Enabled Run Enabled Run Disabled
Last Disabled N/A Run Disabled
CPU Mode when Memory Preserved

Power-up Mode Run/Stop Switch Stop-Mode I/O Scanning Run/Stop Switch Power Down CPU Mode
Position Mode
Run Enabled Enabled Stop N/A Stop Enabled
Run Enabled Disabled Stop N/A Stop Disabled
Run Enabled N/A Run Disabled N/A Run Disabled
Run Enabled N/A Run Enabled N/A Run Enabled
Run Disabled N/A N/A N/A Run Enabled
Stop N/A Enabled N/A N/A Stop Enabled
Stop N/A Disabled N/A N/A Stop Disabled
Last Enabled Enabled Stop Stop Disabled Stop Disabled
Last Enabled Enabled Stop Stop Enabled Stop Enabled
Last Enabled Enabled Stop Run Disabled Stop Enabled
Last Enabled Enabled Stop Run Enabled Stop Enabled
Last Enabled Disabled Stop N/A Stop Disabled
Last Enabled N/A Run Disabled Stop Disabled Stop Disabled
Last Enabled Enabled Run Disabled Stop Enabled Stop Enabled
Last Enabled Disabled Run Disabled Stop Enabled Stop Disabled
Last Enabled N/A Run Disabled Run Disabled Run Disabled
Last Enabled N/A Run Disabled Run Enabled Run Disabled
Last Enabled N/A Run Enabled Stop Disabled Stop Disabled
Last Enabled Enabled Run Enabled Stop Enabled Stop Enabled
Last Enabled Disabled Run Enabled Stop Enabled Stop Disabled
Last Enabled N/A Run Enabled Run Disabled Run Disabled
Last Enabled N/A Run Enabled Run Enabled Run Enabled
Last Disabled N/A N/A Stop Disabled Stop Disabled
Last Disabled Enabled N/A Stop Enabled Stop Enabled
Last Disabled Disabled N/A Stop Enabled Stop Disabled
Last Disabled N/A N/A Run Disabled Run Disabled
Last Disabled N/A N/A Run Enabled Run Enabled

4
Clocks and Timers

Clocks and timers provided by the CPU include an elapsed time clock, a time-of-day
clock, and software and hardware watchdog timers.
For information on timer functions and timed contacts provided by the CPU instruction
set, see “Timers and Counters” in chapter 8.
Elapsed Time Clock

The elapsed time clock tracks the time elapsed since the CPU powered on. The clock is
not retentive across a power failure; it restarts on each power-up. This seconds count
rolls over (seconds count returns to zero) approximately 100 years after the clock begins
timing.
Because the elapsed time clock provides the base for system software operations and
timer function blocks, it may not be reset from the user program or the programmer.
However, the application program can read the current value of the elapsed time clock by
using Service Request #16 or Service Request #50, which provides higher resolution.
Time-of-Day Clock
A hardware time-of-day clock maintains the time of day (TOD) in the CPU. The time-of-
day clock maintains the following seven time functions:
■ Year (two digits)
■ Month
■ Day of month
■ Hour
■ Minute
■ Second
■ Day of week
The TOD clock is battery-backed and maintains its present state across a power failure.
The time-of-day clock handles month-to-month and year-to-year transitions and
automatically compensates for leap years through year 2036.
You can read and set the hardware TOD time and date through the application program
using Service Request function #7. For details, see chapter 10.

4
High-Resolution Time of Day Software Clock

A high-resolution software TOD clock is implemented in firmware to provide nanoseconds
resolution. When the high-resolution software TOD clock is set, the hardware TOD clock
is set with the YYYY: Mon: Day: Hr: Min: Sec fields in the POSIX time, the RTC is read,
and the delta between the POSIX time and the value read from the RTC is computed and
saved. Thus, if 1-second resolution is desired the hardware TOD clock is read.
Otherwise, the high-resolution software TOD clock is read to provide greater resolution.
When the latter occurs, the hardware RTC is read and the saved delta added to the value
read.
When the SNTP Time Transfer feature is implemented, all SNTP time updates received
at the CPU shall update the high-resolution software TOD clock.
Synchronizing the High-resolution Time of Day Clock to an SNTP Network Time Server
In an SNTP system, a computer on the network (called an SNTP server) sends out a
periodic timing message to all SNTP-capable Ethernet Interfaces on the network, which
synchronize their internal clocks with this SNTP timing message. If SNTP is used to
perform network time synchronization, the timestamp information typically has ±10
millisecond accuracy between PLCs on the same network.
Synchronizing the CPU TOD clock to an SNTP server allows you to set a consistent time
across multiple systems. Once the CPU TOD clock is synchronized with the SNTP time,
all produced EGD exchanges will use the CPU’s TOD for the time stamp.
The CPU TOD clock is set with accuracy within ±2 ms of the SNTP time stamp.
TOD clock synchronization is enabled on an Ethernet module by the advanced user
parameter (AUP), ncpu_sync. The CPU must also use a COMMREQ in user logic to
select an Ethernet module as the time master. For additional information, refer to
“Timestamping of Ethernet Global Data Exchanges” in chapter 4 of TCP/IP

4
Watchdog Timer
Software Watchdog Timer

A software watchdog timer in the CPU is designed to detect “failure to complete sweep”
conditions. The timer value for the software watchdog timer is set by using the
programming software. The allowable range for this timer is 10 to 2550 milliseconds; the
default value is 200 milliseconds. The software watchdog timer always starts from zero at
the beginning of each sweep.
The software watchdog timer is useful in detecting abnormal operation of the application
program that prevents the CPU sweep from completing within the user-specified time.
Examples of such abnormal application program conditions are as follows:
■ Excessive recursive calling of a block
■ Excessive looping (large loop count or large amounts of execution time for each
iteration)
■ Infinite execution loop
When selecting a software watchdog value, always set the value higher than the longest
expected sweep time to prevent accidental expiration. For Constant Sweep mode,
allowance for oversweep conditions should be considered when selecting the software
watchdog timer value.
The watchdog timer continues during interrupt execution. Queuing of interrupts within a
single sweep may cause watchdog timer expiration.
If the software watchdog timeout value is exceeded, the OK LED blinks, and the CPU
goes to Stop/Halt mode. Certain functions, however, are still possible. A fault is placed in
the CPU fault table, and outputs go to their default state. The CPU will only communicate
with the programmer; no other communications or operations are possible. To recover,
power must be cycled on the rack or backplane containing the CPU.
To extend the current sweep beyond the software watchdog timer value, the application
program may restart the software watchdog timer using Service Request function #8.
However, the software watchdog timer value may only be changed from the configuration
software.
Note that Service Request Function #8 does not reset the output scan timer implemented
on the Genius Bus Controller.
Hardware Watchdog Timer

A backup circuit provides additional protection for the CPU. If this backup circuit
activates, the CPU is immediately placed in Reset mode. Outputs go to their default state
and no communications of any form are possible, and the CPU will halt. To recover,
power must be cycled.
Note: Fatal Fault Retries is not supported by PACSystems.

4
System Security
The PACSystems CPU supports the following two types of system security:
■ Passwords/privilege levels
■ OEM protection
Passwords and Privilege Levels

Passwords are a configurable feature of the PACSystems CPU. Their use is optional and
can be set up using the programming software. Passwords provide different levels of
access privilege for the CPU when the programmer is Online. Passwords are not used if
the programmer is in Offline mode.
The default state is no password protection. Each privilege level in the CPU may have a
unique password; however, the same password can be used for more than one level.
Passwords are one to seven ASCII characters in length. Passwords can be changed only
through the programming software.
After passwords have been set up, access to the CPU via any communications path is
restricted from the levels at which the passwords are set, unless the proper password
has been entered. Once a password has successfully been accepted, access to the
privilege level requested and below is granted (for example, providing the password for
level 3 allows access to functions at levels 1, 2, and 3).
Note: The Run Mode switch on the CPU overrides password protection. Even though
the programmer may not be able to switch between Run and Stop mode, the
switch on the CPU can do so.
Privilege Levels
Level Password Access Description
4 Yes Write to configuration or logic. Configuration may only be written in Stop mode; logic
may be written in Stop or Run mode. Set or delete passwords for any level.
Note: This is the default privilege for a connection to the CPU if no passwords are
defined.
3 Yes Write to configuration or logic when the CPU is in Stop mode, including word-for-word
changes, addition/deletion of program logic, and the overriding of discrete I/O.
2 Yes Write to any data memory. This does not include overriding discrete I/O. The CPU
can be started or stopped. CPU and I/O fault tables can be cleared.
1 Yes Read any CPU data, except for passwords. This includes reading fault tables,
performing datagrams, verifying logic/configuration, loading program and
configuration, etc. from the CPU. None of this data may be changed. At this level,
transition to Run mode from the programmer is not allowed.
Protection Level Request from Programmer

Upon connection to the CPU, the programmer requests the CPU to move to the highest
non-protected level.
The programmer requests a privilege level change by supplying the new privilege level
and the password for that level. If the password sent by the programmer does not agree
with the password stored in the CPU’s password access table for the requested level, the
privilege level change is denied and a fault is logged in the CPU fault table. The current

4
privilege level is maintained, and no change occurs. A request to change to a privilege

level that is not password protected is made by supplying the new level and a null
password. A privilege change may be to a lower level as well as to a higher level.
Disabling Passwords
The use of password protection is optional. If you want to prevent the use of password
protection, passwords can be disabled using the programming software.
Note: To enable passwords after they have been disabled, the CPU must be power-
cycled with the battery removed.
Password protection prevents firmware upgrades. Prior to attempting a firmware

upgrade, disable password protection, then enable it after the upgrade.
OEM Protection
OEM protection is similar to the passwords and privilege levels. However, OEM
protection provides a higher level of security. The OEM protection feature is
enabled/disabled using a 1 to 7 character password. When OEM protection is enabled,
all read and write access to the CPU program and configuration is prohibited.
Protection for an OEMs’ investment in software is provided in the form of a special
password known as the OEM key. When the OEM key has been given a non-blank value,
the CPU may be placed in a mode in which reads, writes, and verification of the logic
and/or configuration are prohibited. This allows a third-party OEM to create Control
Programs for the CPU and then set the OEM-locked mode, which prevents the end user
from reading or modifying the program.
OEM Protection in Systems that Load from Flash Memory
For users that want the CPU to load from flash upon powerup, a special provision is
made to activate OEM protection based on the OEM key stored in flash memory. With
firmware versions 6.01 and later, if the OEM key that was stored to flash is non-blank,
and the CPU is configured to load logic/configuration from flash, then upon powerup
OEM protection is activated automatically. This is true even when OEM protection is not
re-activated after the download. This enables users to employ OEM protection in
flash-based systems that do not use a battery.
Users should be careful to record the OEM key for future reference if they are storing a
non-blank OEM key to flash memory. If disabling OEM protection, be sure to clear the
OEM key that is stored in flash memory.
In firmware versions earlier than 6.01, the OEM protection was not preserved unless a
battery was attached.
OEM Protection and Firmware Upgrades
A firmware upgrade via the Winloader tool may be performed while a CPU is OEM
protected. However, with firmware versions 6.01 and later, if a non-blank OEM key is
stored to flash memory, and the CPU is configured to load logic/configuration from flash,
then OEM protection remains active after the completion of a firmware upgrade.
In firmware versions earlier than 6.01, when the CPU was configured to load
logic/configuration from flash and a non-blank OEM key was stored to flash memory, the
OEM protection did not remain active and reactivation was required after a
firmware upgrade.

4
PACSystems I/O System

The PACSystems I/O system provides the interface between the CPU and other devices.
The PACSystems I/O system supports:
■ I/O and Intelligent option modules.
■ Ethernet Interface
■ Motion modules (RX3i)
■ The Genius I/O system (RX7i). A Genius I/O Bus Controller (GBC) module provides
the interface between the RX7i CPU and a Genius I/O bus.
I/O Configuration
Module Identification
In addition to the catalog number, the programming software stores a Module ID for each
configured module in the hardware configuration that it delivers to the CPU. The CPU
uses the Module ID to determine how to communicate with a given module.
When the hardware configuration is downloaded to the CPU (and during subsequent
power-ups), the CPU compares the Module IDs stored by the programmer with the IDs of
the modules physically present in the system. If the Module IDs do not match, a System
Configuration Mismatch fault will be generated.
Because I/O modules of similar type may share the same Module ID, it is possible to
download a configuration containing a module catalog number that does not match the
module that is physically present in the slot without generating a System Configuration
Mismatch.
Certain discrete modules with both reference memory inputs and reference memory
outputs will experience invalid I/O transfer if incorrect configuration is stored from a
similar mixed I/O module. No fault or error condition will be detected during configuration
store and the module will be operational, although not in the manner described by
configuration.
For example, a configuration swap between the IC693MDL754 output module and
IC693MDL660 input module will not be detected as a configuration mismatch, but I/O
data transfer between the module and the CPU reference memory will be invalid. If the
input module (MDL660) is sent the configuration of the output module (MDL754) with the
following parameters: Reference Address: %Q601
Module Status Reference: %I33
Hold Last State Enable
It will receive inputs at the module status reference %I33 and the status of the module will
be received at %Q601.
If the output module is sent the configuration of the input module with the following
parameters: Reference Address: %I601
Input Filter: Enable
Digital Filter Settings Reference: %I65
It will output values at the digital filter settings reference %I65 and the status of the
module will be received at %I601.

4
Default Conditions for I/O Modules

Interrupts
Some input modules can be configured to send an interrupt to the application program.
By default, this interrupt is disabled and the input filter is set to slow. If changed by the
programming software, the new settings are applied when the configuration is stored and
during subsequent power-cycles.
Outputs
Some output modules have a configurable output default mode that can be specified as
either Off or Hold Last State. If a module does not have a configurable output default
mode, its output default mode is Off. The selected action applies when the CPU
transitions from Run/Enabled to Run/Disabled or Stop mode, or experiences a fatal fault.
At power-up, Series 90-30 discrete output modules default to all outputs off. They will
retain this default condition until the first output scan from the PLC. Analog output
modules can be configured with a jumper located on the module’s removable terminal
block to either default to zero or retain their last state.
Inputs
Input modules that have a configurable input default mode can be configured to Hold Last
State or to set inputs to 0. If a module does not have a configurable input default mode,
its input default mode is Off. The selected action applies when the CPU transitions from
Run/Enabled to Run/Disabled or Stop mode, or experiences a fatal fault.
For details on the powerup and stop mode behavior of other modules, refer to the
documentation for that module.
Multiple I/O Scan Sets

Up to 32 I/O scan sets can be defined for a PACSystems CPU. A scan set is a group of
I/O modules that can be assigned a unique scan rate. A given I/O module can belong to
one scan set. By default, all I/O modules are assigned to scan set 1, which is scanned
every sweep.
For some applications, the CPU logic does not need to have the I/O information every
sweep. The I/O scan set feature allows the scanning of I/O points to be more closely
scheduled with their use in user logic programs. If you have a large number of I/O
modules, you may be able to significantly reduce scan time by staggering the scanning of
those modules.
A disadvantage of placing all modules into different scan sets appears when the CPU is
transitioning from Stop to Run. In that case, scan sets with a programmed delay are not
scanned on the first sweep. These modules' outputs are not enabled until the new data
has been scanned to them, perhaps many scans later. Therefore there is a period of time
during which the user logic is executing and some modules' outputs are disabled. During
that time, outputs of those modules are in the module’s stop-mode state. Stop-mode
behavior is module-dependent. Some modules zero their outputs, some hold their last
scanned state (if any), and some force their outputs to a configured default value. When
the module's outputs are enabled, the module uses the last scanned value, which will
either be zero or the contents of the register the module uses to hold the corresponding
output values from the reference tables.

4
Genius I/O
The Genius Bus Controller (GBC) controls a single Genius I/O bus. Any type of Genius
I/O device may be attached to the bus.
In the I/O fault table, the rack, slot, bus, module, and I/O point number are given for a
fault. Bus number one refers to the bus on the single-channel GBC.
Genius I/O Configuration

The programming software can configure a subset of the parameters associated with
Genius I/O blocks.
Genius I/O blocks have a number of parameters that can be set using the Genius I/O
Hand-Held Monitor. These parameter values are stored in EEPROM in the block itself.
The serial bus address (SBA) and baud rate must be set using the Genius I/O Hand-Held
Monitor. For specific information on Genius I/O block types, configuration, and setup,
refer to the Genius I/O System User’s Manuals, GEK-90486-1 and -2.
Through the COMMREQ function block, the application program can request the GBC to
change any default condition on a specific block. However, the block only accepts this
change if it is not in Config Protect mode. If Config Protect mode is set, only the Hand-
Held Monitor can be used to change the defaults. The format of the COMMREQ function
block for Genius I/O is described in the Series 90-70 Genius Bus Controller User’s
Manual, GFK-2017 and the Series 90-30 Genius Bus Controller User’s Manual,
GFK-1034.
Genius I/O Data Mapping
Genius I/O discrete inputs and outputs are stored as bits in the CPU Bit Cache memory.
Genius I/O analog data is stored in the application RAM allocated for that purpose (%AI
and %AQ). Analog data is always stored one channel per one word (16 bit).
An analog grouped module consumes (in the input and output data memories) only the
amount of data space required for the actual inputs and outputs. For example, the Genius
I/O 115 VAC Grouped Analog Block, IC660CBA100, has four inputs and two outputs. It
consumes four words of Analog Input memory (%AI) and two words of Analog Output
memory.
A discrete grouped module, each point of which is configurable with the Hand-Held
Monitor (HHM) to be input, output, or output with feedback, consumes an amount in both
discrete input memory (%I) and discrete output memory (%Q) equal to its physical size.
Therefore, the eight-point Discrete Grouped Block (IC660CBD100) requires eight bits in
the %I memory and eight bits in the %Q memory, regardless of how each point on the
block is configured.

4
Analog Grouped Block

The six-channel Analog Grouped block contains four analog input channels and two
analog output channels. When this block gets its turn on the Genius I/O Bus, it
broadcasts the data for all four input channels in one broadcast control message. Then,
when the GBC gets its turn, it sends the data for both output channels to the block in a
directed control message.
Low-Level Analog Blocks

Unlike the Analog Grouped block, the low-level analog blocks, such as the Thermocouple
and RTD blocks, are input-only blocks. All have six channels.
Genius Global Data Communications

The PACSystems RX7i supports the sharing of data among multiple control systems that
share a common Genius I/O bus. This mechanism provides a means for the automatic
and repeated transfer of %G, %I, %Q, %AI, %AQ, %R, and %W data. No special
application programming is required to use global data since it is integrated into the I/O
scan. Controllers that have Genius I/O capability can send global data to an RX7i and
can receive data from an RX7i. The programming software is used to configure the
receiving and transmitting of global data on a Genius I/O bus.
Note: Genius global data communications do not continue to operate when the RX7i
CPU is in Stop-I/O Scan Disabled mode. However, if the CPU is in Stop-I/O Scan
Enabled mode, Genius global data communications continue to operate.
I/O System Diagnostic Data Collection

Diagnostic data in a PACSystems I/O system is obtained in either of the following two
ways:
■ If an I/O module has an associated bus controller, the bus controller provides the
module’s diagnostic data for the CPU. For details on GBC faults, see “PACSystems
Handling of GBC Faults” on page 4-25.10H
■ For I/O modules not interfaced through a bus controller, the CPU’s I/O Scanner
subsystem generates the diagnostic bits based on data provided by the module.
The diagnostic bits are derived from the diagnostic data sent from the I/O modules to
their I/O controllers (CPU or bus controller). Diagnostic bits indicate the current fault
status of the associated module. Bits are set when faults occur and are cleared when
faults are cleared.
Diagnostic data is not maintained for modules from other manufacturers. The application
program must use the BUS Read function blocks to access diagnostic information
provided by those boards.
Discrete I/O Diagnostic Information

The CPU maintains diagnostic information for each discrete I/O point. Two memory
blocks are allocated in application RAM for discrete diagnostic data, one for %I memory
and one for %Q memory. One bit of diagnostic memory is associated with each I/O point.
This bit indicates the validity of the associated I/O data. Each discrete point has a fault
reference that can be interrogated using two special contacts: a fault contact (-[F]-) and a

4
no-fault contact (-[NF]-). The CPU collects this fault data if enabled to do so by the
programming software. The following table shows the state of the fault and no-fault
contacts.
Condition [FAULT] [NOFLT]
Fault Present ON OFF
Fault Absent OFF ON
Analog I/O Diagnostic Data

Diagnostic information is made available by the CPU for each analog channel associated
with analog modules and Genius analog blocks. One byte of diagnostic memory is
allocated to each analog I/O channel. Since each analog I/O channel uses two bytes of
%AI and %AQ memory, the diagnostic memory is half the size of the data memory.
The analog diagnostic data contains both diagnostics and process data with the process
data being the High Alarm and Low Alarm bits. The diagnostic data is referenced with the
-[F]- and -[NF]- contacts. The process bits are referenced with the high alarm (-[HA]- and
low alarm (-[LA]-) contacts. The memory allocation for analog diagnostic data is one byte
per word of analog input and analog output allocated by programming software. When an
analog fault contact is referenced in the application program, the CPU does an Inclusive
OR on all the bits in the diagnostic byte except the process bits. The alarm contact is
closed if any diagnostic bit is ON and OFF only if all bits are OFF.
PACSystems Handling of GBC Faults

Defaulting of input data associated with failed/lost GBCs
When a GBC is missing, mismatched, or otherwise failed, the CPU applies the Input
Default setting for each device on that Genius bus when defaulting the input data. If the
device is configured for HOLD LAST STATE, the data is left alone. If the device is
configured for OFF, the input data is set to 0. If a redundant GBC is operational, the input
data is not affected.
Application of default input and diagnostic data for lost redundant blocks
When a GBC reports that a redundant block is lost, the CPU updates the input data
tables and input diagnostic tables with the default data during the very next input scan.
The output diagnostic data tables are updated during the very next output scan.

4
Power-Up and Power-Down Sequences

Power-Up Sequence
System power-up consists of the following parts:
■ Power-up self-test
■ CPU memory validation
■ System configuration
■ Intelligent option module self-test completion
■ Intelligent option module dual port interface tests
■ I/O system initialization
Power-Up Self-Test
On system power-up, many modules in the system perform a power-up diagnostic self-
test. The CPU module executes hardware checks and software validity checks. Intelligent
option modules perform setup and verification of on-board microprocessors, software
checksum verification, local hardware verification, and notification to the CPU of self-
check completion. Any failed tests are queued for reporting to the CPU during the system
configuration portion of the cycle.
If a low or failed battery indication is present, a fault is logged in the CPU fault table.
CPU Memory Validation

The next phase of system power-up is the validation of the CPU memory. First, the
system verifies that the battery is not low and that battery-backed RAM areas are still
valid. A known area of battery-backed application RAM is checked to determine if data
was preserved. Next, if a ladder diagram program exists, a checksum is calculated
across the _MAIN ladder block. If no ladder diagram program exists, a checksum is
calculated across the smallest standalone C program.
When the system is sure that the application RAM is preserved, a known area of the bit
cache area is checked to determine if the bit cache data was preserved. If this test
passes, the Bit Cache memory is left containing its power-up values. (Non-retentive
outputs are cleared on a transition from Stop to Run mode.) If the checksum is not valid
or the retentive test on the application RAM fails, the bit cache memory is assumed to be
in error and all areas are cleared. The CPU is now in a cleared state, the same as if a
new CPU module were installed. All logic and configuration files must be stored from the
programmer to the CPU.

4
System Configuration
After completing its self-test, the CPU performs the system configuration. It first clears all
of the system diagnostic bits in the bit cache memory. This prevents faults that were
present before power-down, but are no longer present, from accidentally remaining as
faulted. Then it polls each module in the system for completion of the module’s self-test.
The CPU reads information from each module, comparing it with the stored (downloaded)
rack/slot configuration information. Any differences between actual configuration and the
stored configuration are logged in the fault tables.
Intelligent Option Module Self-Test Completion

Intelligent option modules may take a longer time to complete their self-tests than the
CPU due to the time required to test communications media or other interface devices.
As an intelligent option module completes its initial self-tests, it tells the CPU the time
required to complete the remainder of these self-tests. During this time, the CPU provides
whatever additional information the module needs to complete its self-configuration, and
the module continues self-tests and configuration. If the module does not report back in
the time it specified, the CPU marks the module as faulted and makes an entry in one of
the fault tables. When all self-tests are complete, the CPU obtains reports generated
during the module’s power-up self-test and places fault information (if any) in the fault
tables.
Intelligent Option Module Dual Port Interface Tests

After completion of the intelligent option module self-test and results reporting, integrity
tests are jointly performed on the dual-port interface used by the CPU and intelligent
option module for communications. These tests validate that the two modules are able to
pass information back and forth, as well as verify the interrupt and semaphore
capabilities needed by the communications protocol. After dual port interface tests are
complete, the communications messaging system is initialized.
I/O System Initialization

If the module is an input module, no further configuration is required. If the module is an
output module, the module is commanded to go to its default state. The output modules
default to all outputs off at power-up and in failure mode, unless configured otherwise.
A bus transmitter module is interrogated about what expansion racks are present in the
system. Based on the bus transmitter module’s response, the CPU adds those racks and
their associated slots into the list of slots to be configured.
Finally, the I/O Scanner performs its initialization. The I/O Scanner initializes all the I/O
controllers in the system by establishing the I/O connections to each I/O bus on the I/O
controller and obtaining all I/O configuration data from that I/O controller. This
configuration data is compared with the stored I/O configuration and any differences
reported in the I/O fault table. The I/O Scanner then sends each I/O controller a list of the
I/O modules to be configured on the I/O bus. After the I/O controllers have been
initialized, the I/O Scanner replaces the factory default settings in all I/O modules with
any application-specified settings.

4
Power-Down Sequence
System power-down occurs when the power supply detects that incoming AC power has
dropped for more than 15ms.
Retention of Data Memory Across Power Failure

Because application RAM is battery-backed, the following types of data are preserved
across a power cycle:
■ Application program
■ Fault tables and other diagnostic data
■ Checksums on programs and blocks
■ Override data
■ Data in register (%R), local register (%L), and program register (%P) memory
■ Data in analog memory (%AI and %AQ)
■ State of discrete inputs (%I)
■ State of retentive discrete outputs (%Q)
■ State of retentive discrete internals (%M)
The following types of data are not preserved across a power cycle:
■ State of discrete temporary memory (%T)
■ %M and %Q memories used on non-retentive -()- coils
■ State of discrete system internals (system bits, fault bits, reserved bits)

Chapter Program Organization
This chapter provides information about the operation of application programs in a

PACSystems CPU.
■ Structure of the Application Program
■ Controlling Program Execution
■ Interrupt-Driven Blocks
Structure of a PACSystems Application Program

A PACSystems application consists of one block-structured application program. The
application program contains all the logic needed to control the operations of the CPU and
the modules in the system. Application programs are created using the programming
software and transferred to the CPU. Programs are stored in the CPU’s non-volatile memory.
During the CPU Sweep (described in chapter 4), the CPU reads input data from the modules
in the system and stores the data in its configured input memory locations. The CPU then
executes the entire application program once, using this fresh input data. Executing the
application program creates new output data that is placed in the configured output memory
locations.
After the application program completes its execution, the CPU writes the output data to
modules in the system.
A block-structured program always includes a _MAIN block. Program execution begins with
the _MAIN block. Counting the _MAIN block, the program can contain up to 512 blocks.
Blocks
A block is a named section of executable logic that can be downloaded to and run on the
target controller. The logic in a block can include functions, function blocks and calls to other
blocks.
Functions and Function Blocks

A function is a type of instruction that has no internal storage (instance data). Therefore, it
produces the same result for the same set of input values every time it executes.
A function block defines data as a set of inputs and output parameters that can be used as
software connections to other blocks and internal variables. It has an algorithm that runs
every time the function block is executed. Because a function block has instance data, that is
it can store values, it has a defined state.
GFK-2222P 5-1
5
The following table describes the types of instructions that make up the PACSystems
instruction set.
Instruction Type Instance Data Examples
Functions None BIT_SEQ, ADD, RANGE
Built-in function blocks WORD array. TMR, PID_IND, PID_ISA
Standard function blocks Structure variable. (See “Instance Data TP, TOF, TON
Structures” on page 5-8.)0H
Note: A user defined function block (UDFB) is a block of logic that can be called in your
program logic to create multiple instances of the block, allowing you to create a block
of logic once and reuse it as if it was a standard function block instruction. For
additional information, see pages 5-3 and 5-7.
1H 2H
How Blocks Are Called

A block executes when called from the program logic in
the _MAIN block or another block. In this example,
LD_BLK1 is always called. Conditional logic can be
used to control calling a block. For LD_BLK2 to be
called, input %I00500 and output %Q00100 must be
ON. For details on using the Call function, refer to
chapter 7 (LD programming), chapter 8 (FBD
programming) or chapter 11 (ST programming).
Nested Calls
The CPU allows nested block calls as long as there is enough execution stack space to
support the call. If there is not enough stack space to support a given block call, an
“Application Stack Overflow” fault is logged. In these circumstances, the CPU cannot execute
the block. Instead, it sets all of the block’s Boolean outputs to FALSE, and resumes execution
at the point after the block call instruction.
Note: To halt the CPU when there is not enough stack space to execute a block, there are
two choices. The best method is to add logic to detect the occurrence of any User
Application Fault by testing the diagnostic bit %SA38, and then call SVC_REQ 13 to
halt the CPU. An alternative method is to add logic that tests for a negative OK value
coming out of the block and then call SVC_REQ 13 to halt the CPU.
A call depth of eight levels or more can be expected, except in rare cases where several of
the called blocks have very large numbers of parameters. The actual call depth achieved
depends on several factors, including the amount of data (non-Boolean) flow used in the
blocks, the particular functions called by the blocks, and the number and types of parameters
defined for the blocks. If blocks use less than the maximum amount of stack resources, more
than eight nested calls may be possible. The call level nesting counts the _MAIN block as
level 1.

5
Types of Blocks
PACSystems supports four types of blocks.
Programming
Block Type Local Data Size Limit Parameters
Languages
Block Has its own local data LD 128 KB 0 inputs
FBD 1 output
ST
Parameterized Block Inherits local data LD 128 KB 63 inputs
from caller FBD 64 outputs
ST
User Defined Function Has its own local data LD 128 KB 63 inputs
Block (UDFB) FBD 64 outputs
ST Unlimited internal member
variables
External Block Inherits local data C user memory size limit 63 inputs
from caller (10 MB) 64 outputs
All PACSystems block types automatically provide an OK output parameter. The name used
to reference the OK parameter within a block is Y0. Logic within the block can read and write
the Y0 parameter. When a block is called, its Y0 parameter is automatically initialized to
TRUE. This will result in a positive power flow out of the block call instruction when the block
completes execution, unless Y0 is set to FALSE within the logic of the block.
For all block types, the maximum number of input parameters is one less than the maximum
number of output parameters. This is because the EN input to the block call is not considered
to be an input parameter to the block. It is used in LD language to determine whether or not
to call the block, but is not passed into the block if the block is called.
Program Blocks
Any block can be a program block. The _MAIN block is automatically declared when you
create a block-structured program. When you declare any other block, you must assign it a
unique block name. A block is automatically configured with no input parameters and one
output parameter (OK).
When a block-structured program is executed, the _MAIN block is automatically executed.
Other blocks execute when called from the program logic in the _MAIN block, another block,
or itself. In the following example, if %M00001 is ON, the block named ProcessEGD will be
executed:
Program Blocks and Local Data

Program blocks support the use of %P global data. In addition, each block, except _MAIN,
has its own %L local data. Blocks do not inherit %L local data from their callers.
GFK-2222P Chapter 5 Program Organization 5-3

5
Using Parameters With a Program Block

Every block is automatically defined to have one formal ‘power flow’ (or OK) output
parameter, named Y0. Y0 is a BOOL parameter of LENGTH 1, passed by initial-value result.
It indicates successful execution of the block. It can be read and written to by the logic within
the block.
Parameterized Blocks
Any block except _MAIN can be a parameterized block. When you declare a parameterized
block, you must assign it a unique block name. A parameterized block can be configured with
up to 63 input and 64 output parameters.
A parameterized block executes when called from the program logic in the _MAIN block,
another block, or itself. In the following example, if %I00001 is set, the parameterized block
named LOAD_41 will be executed.
Parameterized Blocks and Local Data

Parameterized blocks support the use of %P global data. Parameterized blocks do not have
their own %L data, but instead inherit the %L data of their calling blocks. Parameterized
blocks also inherit the FST_EXE system reference and “time stamp” data that is used to
update timer functions from their calling blocks. If %L references are used within a
parameterized block and the block is called by _MAIN, %L references will be inherited from
the %P references wherever encountered in the parameterized block (for example, %L0005 =
%P0005).
Note: It is possible, by using Online Editing in the programming software to cause a
parameterized block to use %L higher than allowed because of the way it inherits
data. Using a word-for-word change to restore this reference to a valid address does
not correct the block because the variable still exists in the variable list. Deleting the
variable from the variable list does not cause an update to the CPU, so the
parameterized block still sees the reference out of range fault. To correct this
condition, you must remove the unused variables from the variable list after deleting
them from the logic.
Using Parameters with a Parameterized Block

A parameterized block may be defined to have between 0 and 63 formal input parameters,
and between 1 and 64 formal output parameters. A ‘power-flow out’ (or OK) parameter,
named Y0, is automatically defined for every parameterized block. It is a BOOL parameter of
LENGTH 1, and indicates the successful execution of the parameterized block. It can be read
and written to by the parameterized block’s logic.

5
The following table lists the TYPEs, LENGTHs, and parameter-passing mechanisms allowed
for parameterized block parameters. (For definitions of the parameter passing types, see
“Parameter Passing Mechanisms” on page 5-14.) 3H
Type Length Default Parameter Passing Mechanism

BOOL 1 to 256 INPUTS: by reference
OUTPUTS: by value result; except Y0, which is by initial-value
result
BYTE 1 to INPUTS: by reference
1024 OUTPUTS: by reference
INT, UINT, and WORD 1 to 512 INPUTS: by reference
OUTPUTS: by reference
DINT, REAL, and 1 to 256 INPUTS: by reference
DWORD OUTPUTS: by reference
LREAL 1 to 128 INPUTS: by reference
function block* 1 INPUTS: by reference
OUTPUTS: not allowed
UDFB* 1 INPUTS: by reference
User Defined Type 1 to INPUTS: by reference
(UDT) 1024 OUTPUTS: not allowed
* A maximum of 16 input parameters can be of type function block or UDFB.
The PACSystems default parameter passing mechanisms correspond to the way that
parameterized subroutine block (PSB) parameters are passed on 90-70 controllers. The
parameter passing mechanisms of formal parameters cannot be changed from their default
values.
Arguments, or “actual parameters” are passed into a parameterized block when a
parameterized block call is executed. In general, arguments to formal parameters may come
from any memory type, may be data flow, and may be constants (when the formal
parameter’s LENGTH is 1). The following list contains the restrictions on arguments relative
to this general rule:
■ %S memory addresses cannot be used as arguments to any output parameter. This is
because user logic is not allowed to write to %S memory.
■ Indirect references used as arguments are resolved immediately before the
parameterized block is called, and the corresponding direct reference is passed into the
block. For example, where %R1 contains the value 10 and @R1 is used as an argument
to a call, immediately before calling the block, @R1 is resolved to be %R10, and %R10 is
passed in as the argument to the block. During execution of the block, the argument
remains as %R10, regardless of whether the value in %R1 changes.

5
In general, formal parameters within a parameterized block may be used with any instruction
or with any block call, as long as their TYPE and LENGTH are compatible with what the
instruction, function, or block call requires. The following list contains the restrictions on
formal parameters relative to this general rule:
■ Formal parameters cannot be used on legacy transitional contacts or coils, or on FAULT,
NOFLT, HIALM, or LOALM contacts. However, formal parameters can be used on IEC
transitional contacts and coils.
■ Formal BOOL input parameters cannot be used on coils or as output arguments to a
function or to a block call.
■ Formal parameters cannot be used with the DO I/O function.
■ Formal parameters cannot be used with indirect referencing.

5
User Defined Function Blocks

Users can define their own blocks, which have parameters and instance data, instead of
being limited to the standard and built-in function blocks provided in the PACSystems
instruction set. In many cases, the use of this feature results in a reduction in total program
size.
A member variable Once defined, multiple instances of a UDFB can be created by calling it within the program
is not passed into logic. Each instance has its own unique copy of the function block’s instance data, which
or out of a UDFB as
a parameter. A
consists of the function block’s internal member variables and all of its input and output
member variable is parameters except those that are passed by reference. When a UDFB is called on a given
used only within the instance, the UDFB’s logic operates on that instance’s copy of the instance data. The values
logic of a function
block.
of the instance data persist from one execution of the UDFB to the next.
A UDFB cannot be triggered by an interrupt.
UDFB logic is created using FBD, LD or ST. UDFB logic can make calls to all the other types
of PACSystems blocks (blocks, parameterized blocks, external blocks and other UDFBs).
Blocks, parameterized blocks, and other UDFBs can make calls to UDFBs.
Unless otherwise stated, the PACSystems implementation of UDFBs meets the IEC 61131-3
requirements for user defined function blocks.
Defining a UDFB
To create a UDFB in the programming software, create an LD, FBD or ST block in the
Program Blocks folder. In the Properties for the block, select Function Block.
To define instance data for a UDFB, select Parameters in the block’s properties. Input and
output parameters are defined in the same way as for parameterized blocks. In the following
example, three internal member variables are defined: temp, speed, and modelno.

5
Creating UDFB Instances

You create an instance of a UDFB by calling it in your logic and assigning an instance name
in the function properties.
In the following LD example, the first rung creates two instances of the UDFB, Motors. The
instance variables associated with the instances are motors.motor1 and motors.motor2. The
second rung uses the two instances of the internal variable temp in logic.
Instance Data Structures

A variable with the format function_block_name.instance_name is
automatically created for each instance of a UDFB. The instance data
makes up a single composite variable that is of a structure type. The
example to the right shows the variable structures associated with two
instances of the UDFB named Motors. Each instance variable has
elements corresponding to parameters In1, Out1, and Y0, and internal
variables modelno, speed, and temp.
Instances are created as symbolic variables, never as mapped
variables. This ensures that instance data is only referenced by the
instance name and not by a memory address, which means that no
aliases can be created for the UDFB data elements. The indirect
reference operator cannot be used on an instance variable because
indirect references are not permitted on symbolic variables.
UDFBs and Scope

Unlike a parameterized subroutine, a UDFB has its own %L memory.
By default, internal variables of a UDFB have local scope, making them visible only to the
logic inside the UDFB. They cannot be read or written by any external logic or by the
hardware configuration. An internal variable can be made visible outside the UDFB by
changing its scope to global. Logic outside the UDFB can read but cannot write to internal
variables whose scope is global.
Note: If you give internal variables global scope, your application will not conform to IEC
requirements.

5
Using Parameters with UDFBs

UDFBs support up to 63 inputs and up to 64 outputs.
Each UDFB has a predefined Boolean output parameter, Y0, which the CPU sets to true
upon each invocation of the block. Y0 can be controlled by logic within the block and provides
the output status of the block.
The following table lists the TYPEs, LENGTHs, and parameter-passing mechanisms allowed
for UDFB parameters. For additional information on parameter passing, see “Parameter
Passing Mechanisms” on page 5-14. 4H
Type Length Parameter Passing Mechanism Retentiveness of Instance

Data for Parameters
BOOL 1 to 256 INPUTS: by reference, constant reference, Not Applicable if passed by
value, or value result. (Default: value) reference, since not stored in
instance data.
Can be retentive (default) or
nonretentive for value or value
result.
OUTPUTS: by result; except Y0, which is by Retentive (default) or
initial-value result Nonretentive
BYTE 1 to INPUTS: by reference, constant reference, Retentive for value or value
1024 value, or value result. (Default: value) result.
OUTPUTS: by result Not applicable for reference
INT, UINT, and WORD 1 to 512 INPUTS: by reference, constant reference, Retentive for value or value
value, or value result. (Default: value) result.
DINT, REAL, and 1 to 256 INPUTS: by reference, constant reference, Retentive for value or value
DWORD value, or value result. (Default: value) result.
LREAL 1 to 128 INPUTS: by reference, constant reference, Retentive for value or value
value, or value result. (Default: value) result.
Function block (standard 1 INPUTS: by reference, constant reference, Not applicable since passed by
or PACMotion) (Default: reference) reference
OUTPUTS: by result
UDFB* 1 INPUTS: by reference, constant reference, Not applicable since passed by
friend reference
UDT 1 to INPUTS: by reference, constant reference Not applicable since passed by
1024 OUTPUTS: not allowed reference
* A maximum of 16 input parameters can be of type UDFB.

If an input parameter is passed by reference or by value result, it requires an argument. All
other parameters of a UDFB are optional. That is, they do not have to be given arguments on
each instance of the UDFB. If no argument is given for an optional parameter, the variable
element associated with the parameter retains the value it previously had.
UDFB outputs cannot be passed as arguments to input parameters that are passed by
reference or passed by value result. This restriction prevents modification of a UDFB output.

5
Using Internal Member Variables with UDFBs

A UDFB can have any number of internal member variables. Internal variables’ values are
not passed through the input and output parameters. An internal variable cannot have the
same name as a parameter of the UDFB it is defined in.
An internal variable can be:
■ Any basic type supported by PACSystems (BOOL, INT, UINT, DINT, REAL, LREAL,
BYTE, WORD, and DWORD).
■ A UDFB type. Such member variables are known as nested instances. For example, the
function block “Motor” can have an internal variable of type “Valve,” where Valve is a
UDFB type. Note that defining a member variable as a UDFB type does not create an
instance.
A nested instance cannot be of the same type as the UDFB being defined because this
would set up an infinitely recursive definition. Nor can any level of a nested instance be of
the same type as the parent UDFB being defined. For example, the UDFB “Motor” cannot
have an internal variable of type “Valve,” if the Valve UDFB contains an internal variable
of type “Motor.”
■ A UDT. A structured, user-defined data type consisting of elements of other selected data
types.
■ A one-dimensional array.
Internal variables of TYPE BOOL can be retentive (default) or nonretentive. All other TYPEs
must be retentive.
Member variables corresponding to a UDFB’s input parameters cannot be read or written
outside of the UDFB. (This is more restrictive than the IEC 61131-3 requirements for user
defined function blocks.) Member variables corresponding to the UDFB’s output parameters
can be read but not written outside the UDFB.
Internal member variables that have basic types may be given initial values. The same initial
values apply to all instances of a UDFB. If an initial value isn’t given, the internal member
variable is set to zero when the application transitions to RUN mode for the first time.
An internal member variable that is a nested instance has initial values as specified by its
UDFB type definition.
Initial values are not stored during a RUN mode store. They will not take effect until a Stop
mode store is performed.
UDFB Logic
An instance of a BOOL parameter or internal variable can be forced ON or OFF, or used with
transition-detecting instructions. The exception to this is that BOOL input parameters passed
by reference cannot be forced or used with the Series 90-70 legacy transition-detecting
instructions (POSCOIL, NEGCOIL, POSCON and NEGCON) because their values are not
stored in instance data.
All input parameters to a UDFB, and their corresponding instance data elements, can be read
by their UDFB’s logic.
Input parameters that are passed by reference or passed by value result to a UDFB can be
written to by their UDFB’s logic. Input parameters passed by value cannot be written to by

5
their UDFB logic. Note that the restriction on writing to input parameters passed by value
does not apply to other types of blocks.
All UDFB output parameters can be both read and written to by their logic.
UDFB Operation with Other Blocks

A UDFB instance that is of global scope can be invoked by another UDFB’s logic or any other
block’s logic.
A UDFB instance that is passed (by reference) as an argument to a UDFB can be invoked by
the UDFB’s logic.
A UDFB instance that is passed (by reference) as an argument to a parameterized block can
be invoked by the parameterized block’s logic.
The output parameters, and their corresponding instance data elements, of a UDFB instance
that is passed as an argument can be read but not modified by the receiving block’s logic.
The input parameters of a UDFB instance that is passed as an argument cannot be read or
modified by the receiving block’s logic. The internal variables of a UDFB instance that is
passed as an argument cannot be modified by the receiving block’s logic. They can be read if
their scope is global, but not if their scope is local.
External Blocks
External blocks are developed using external development tools as well as the C
Programmer’s Toolkit for PACSystems. Refer to the C Programmer’s Toolkit for PACSystems
User’s Manual, GFK-2259 for detailed information regarding external blocks.
Any block except _MAIN can be an external block. When you declare an external block, you
must assign it a unique block name. It can be configured with up to 63 input parameters and
64 output parameters.
An external block executes when called from the program logic in the _MAIN block or from
the logic in another block, parameterized block, or UDFB. External blocks themselves cannot
call any other block. In the following example, if %I00001 is set, the external block named
EXT_11 is executed.
Note: Unlike other block types, external blocks cannot call other blocks.
External Blocks and Local Data

External blocks support the use of %P global data. External blocks do not have their own %L
data, but instead inherit the %L data of their calling blocks. They also inherit the FST_EXE
system reference and the “time stamp” data that is used to update timer function blocks from
their calling blocks. If %L references are used within an external block and the block is called
by _MAIN, %L references will be inherited from the %P references wherever encountered in
the external block (for example, %L0005 = %P0005).

5
Initialization of C Variables
When an external block is stored to the CPU, a copy of the initial values for its global and
static variables is saved. However, if static variables are declared without an initial value, the
initial value is undefined and must be initialized by the C application. (Refer to “Global
Variable Initialization” and “Static Variable” in the C Programmer’s Toolkit for PACSystems,
GFK-2259). The saved initial values are used to re-initialize the block’s global and static
variables whenever the CPU transitions from Stop to Run.
Using Parameters With an External Block

An external block may be defined to have between zero and 63 formal input parameters and
between one and 64 formal output parameters. A ‘power-flow out’ (or OK) parameter, named
Y0, is automatically defined for every external block. Y0 is a BOOL parameter of LENGTH 1,
and indicates the successful execution of the block. It can be read and written to by the
external block’s logic.
The following table gives the TYPEs, LENGTHs, and parameter-passing mechanisms
allowed for external block parameters.
Type Length Default Parameter Passing Mechanism
BOOL 1 to 256 INPUTS: by reference
OUTPUTS: by reference; except Y0, which is
by initial-value result
BYTE 1 to 1024 INPUTS: by reference
INT, UINT, and WORD 1 to 512 INPUTS: by reference
DINT, REAL, and 1 to 256 INPUTS: by reference
DWORD OUTPUTS: by reference
LREAL 1 to 128 INPUTS: by reference
UDT* 1 to 128 INPUTS: by reference
* To use a UDT, you must include the UDT definition as a C structure in the external block.
For details, see "Using a UDT as a C block input parameter data type" in the online help.
The PACSystems default parameter passing mechanisms correspond to the way that
external block parameters are passed on 90-70 controllers. The parameter passing
mechanisms of formal parameters cannot be changed from their default values.
You must define a name for each formal input and output parameter.
Arguments, or “actual parameters”, are passed into an external block when an external block
call is executed.
Arguments may be any valid reference address including an indirect reference, may be flow,
or may be a constant if the corresponding parameter’s LENGTH is 1.

5
Local Data
Each block or UDFB in a block-structured program has an associated local data block.
_MAIN’s data block memory is referenced by %P; all other data block memories are
referenced by %L.
The size of the data block is dependent on the highest reference in its block for %L and in all
blocks for %P.
data data
%P %L
_MAIN
Block
block 2
Data
%L
Block
3
Data
%L
Block
4
All blocks within the program can use data associated with the _MAIN block (%P). Blocks
and UDFBs can use their own %L data as well as the %P data that is available to all blocks.
The _MAIN block cannot use %L.
External blocks and parameterized blocks can use the Local Data (%L) of their calling block
as well as the %P data of the _MAIN block. If a parameterized block or external block is
called by MAIN, all %L references in the parameterized block or external block will actually be
references to corresponding %P references (for example, %L0005 = %P0005). In addition to
inheriting the Local Data of their calling blocks, parameterized blocks and external blocks
inherit the FST_EXE status of their calling blocks.
data
%P
Inherits as %L PSB 1
_MAIN or
EB 1
Block
data
%L
Inherits as %L PSB 2
or
BLOCK EB 2
1

5
Parameter Passing Mechanisms

All blocks (except _MAIN) have at least one parameter and thus are affected by parameter
passing mechanisms. A “parameter passing mechanism” describes the way that data is
passed from an argument in a calling block to a parameter in the called block, and from the
parameter in the called block back to the argument in the calling block.
PACSystems supports the following parameter-passing mechanisms: pass by reference,
pass by constant reference, pass by value, pass by value result, pass by result and pass by
initial-value result. An additional type, pass by friend, is available when the input Data Type is
a UDFB. A parameter is defined by its TYPE, LENGTH, and parameter passing mechanism.
When a parameter is passed by reference, the address of its argument is passed into
the function block instance or parameterized block. All logic within the called block that
reads or writes to the parameter directly reads or writes to the actual argument.
When a parameter is passed by constant reference, the CPU passes a reference
address pointer, symbolic variable pointer, or I/O variable pointer into the function block
instance or parameterized block. The instance or block can only read the reference
address or variable.
When a parameter is passed by friend (UDFB inputs only), the CPU passes a UDFB
instance variable pointer into the function block instance or parameterized block. The
instance or block can write to any output or member, whether public or private, of the
UDFB instance variable passed as a friend.
Tip: In the logic of a UDFB, when you want to pass the UDFB as a friend, assign the
pseudo-variable "#This" to the input that expects an instance variable of that UDFB type.
In the following example, the In2 input of the LDPSB parameterized block expects a
UDFB instance variable friend of the ABC data type. Inside the logic of ABC, assign
"#This" to In2 in the call to LDPSB.

5
When a parameter is passed by value (UDFB inputs only), the value of its argument is
copied into a local stack memory associated with the called block. All logic within the
called block that reads or writes to the parameter is reading or writing to this stack
memory. Thus no changes are ever made to the actual argument.
When a parameter is passed by value result (UDFB inputs only), the value of its
argument is copied into a local stack memory associated with the called block, and the
address of its argument is saved. All logic within the called block that reads or writes to
the parameter is reading or writing to this stack memory. When the called block
completes its execution, the value in the stack memory is copied back to the actual
argument’s address. Thus no changes are made to the actual argument while the called
block is executing, but when it completes execution, the actual argument is updated.

5
Languages
Ladder Diagram (LD)

Logic written in Ladder Diagram language consists of a sequence of rungs that execute from
top to bottom. The logic execution is thought of as “power flow”, which proceeds down along
the left “rail” of the ladder, and from left to right along each rung in sequence.
Power Relay Coil
Rail Power flow into function Power flow out of function
Multiplication function
The flow of logical power through each rung is controlled by a set of simple program
instructions that work like mechanical relays and output coils. Whether or not a relay passes
logical power flow along the rung depends on the content of a memory location with which
the relay has been associated in the program. For instance, a relay might pass positive
power flow if its associated memory location contains the value 1. The same relay passes
negative power flow if the memory location contains the value 0.
Usually an instruction that receives negative power flow does not execute and propagates the
negative power flow on to the next instruction in the rung. However, some instructions such
as timers and counters execute even when they receive negative power flow, and may even
pass positive power flow out. Once a rung completes execution, with either positive or
negative power flow, power flows down along the left rail to the next rung.
Within a rung, there are many complex functions that are part of the standard function library
and can be used for operations like moving data stored in memory, performing math
operations, and controlling communications between the CPU and other devices in the
system. Some program functions, such as the Jump function and Master Control Relay, can
be used to control the execution of the program itself. Together, this large group of Ladder
Diagram instructions and standard library functions makes up the instruction set of the CPU.

5
Function Block Diagram

Function Block Diagram (FBD) is an IEC 61131-3 graphical programming language that
represents the behavior of functions, function blocks and programs as a set of interconnected
graphical blocks.
FBD depicts a system in terms of the flow of signals between processing elements, in a
manner very similar to signal flows depicted in electronic circuit diagrams. Instructions are
shown with inputs entering from the left and outputs exiting on the right. A function block type
name is always shown within the element and the name of the function block instance is
shown above the element.
Instance of
UDFB, “Weight” Solve Order
Wire indicates data flow

from output to input
Instance of
UDFB, “Weight”
The order of execution of instructions in an FBD is determined by the following:

1. The display position of the instruction in the FBD editor
2. Whether the inputs to the FBD instruction are resolved.
To determine the order of execution of FBD instructions in the FBD editor, the FBD compiler
performs the following steps:
1. The FBD compiler scans the instructions in the FBD editor, beginning from left to right,
and top to bottom. When an instruction is encountered, the compiler attempts to resolve
the instruction, that is, the inputs are known. If the inputs are known, the instruction is
solved, and scanning continues for the next instruction.
2. If the current instruction cannot be resolved, that is, the inputs are not known, then the
compiler scans for the previous instruction, using the wire connecting the output of the
previous instruction to the input of the current instruction.
3. If the previous instruction can be resolved, the compiler calculates the output. The output
of the previous instruction then becomes the input to the current instruction, the current
instruction is resolved, and scanning continues for the next instruction.
4. If the previous instruction cannot be resolved, that is, the inputs are not known, then step
2 is repeated until an instruction is encountered, which can be resolved.

5
Structured Text
The Structured Text (ST) programming language is an IEC 1131-3 textual programming
language. A structured text program consists of a series of statements, which are constructed
from expressions and language keywords. A statement directs the PLC to perform a specified
action. Statements provide variable assignments, conditional evaluations, iteration, and the
ability to call other blocks. For details on ST statements, parameters, keywords, and
operators supported by PACSystems, refer to chapter 11, “Structured Text.”
Blocks, parameterized blocks, and UDFBs can be programmed in ST. The _MAIN program
block can also be programmed in ST.
A block programmed in ST can call blocks, parameterized blocks, and UDFBs.
Controlling Program Execution

There are many ways in which program execution can be controlled to meet the system’s
timing requirements. The PACSystems CPU instruction set contains several powerful control
functions that can be included in an application program to limit or change the way the CPU
executes the program and scans I/O. For details on using these functions, refer to chapter 7.
The following is a partial list of the commonly used methods:
■ The Jump (JUMPN) function can be used to cause program execution to move either
forward or backward in the logic. When a JUMPN function is active, the coils in the part of
the program that is skipped are left in their previous states (not executed with negative
power flow, as they are with a Master Control Relay). Jumps cannot span blocks.
■ The nested Master Control Relay (MCRN) function can be used to execute a portion of
the program logic with negative power flow. Logic is executed in a forward direction and
coils in that part of the program are executed with negative power flow. Master Control
Relay functions can be nested to 255 levels deep.
■ The Suspend I/O function can be used to stop both the input scan and output scan for
one sweep. I/O can be updated, as necessary, during the logic execution through the use
of DO I/O instructions.
■ The Service Request function can be used to suspend or change the time allotted to the
window portions of the sweep.
■ Program logic can be structured so that blocks are called more or less frequently,
depending on their importance and on timing constraints. The CALL function can be used
to cause program execution to go to a specific block. Conditional logic placed before the
Call function controls the circumstances under which the CPU executes the block logic.
After the block execution is finished, program execution resumes at the point in the logic
directly after the CALL instruction.

5
Interrupt-Driven Blocks
Three types of interrupts can be used to start a block’s execution:
■ Timed Interrupts are generated by the CPU based on a user-specified time interval with
an initial delay (if specified) applied on Stop-to-Run transition of the CPU.
■ I/O Interrupts are generated by I/O modules to indicate discrete input state changes
(rising/falling edge), analog range limits (low/high alarms), and high speed signal
counting events.
■ Module Interrupts are generated by VME modules. A single interrupt is supported per
module.
Caution
Interrupt-driven block execution can interrupt the execution of non-
interrupt-driven logic. Unexpected results may occur if the interrupting
logic and interrupted logic access the same data. If necessary, Service
Request #17 or Service Request # 32 can be used to temporarily mask
I/O and Timed Interrupt-driven logic from executing when shared data
is being accessed.
Interrupt Handling
An I/O, Module, or Timed interrupt can be associated with any block except _MAIN, as long
as the block has no parameters other than an OK output. After an interrupt has been
associated with a block, that block executes each time the interrupt trigger occurs. A given
block can have multiple timed, I/O, and module interrupt triggers associated with it. It is
executed each time any one of its associated interrupts triggers. For details on how interrupt
blocks are prioritized, refer to “Interrupt Block Scheduling” on page 5-21.
5H
If a parameterized block or external block is triggered by an interrupt, it inherits %P data as

its %L local data. For example, a %L00005 reference in the parameterized block or C block
actually references %P00005.
Note: Timer function blocks do not accumulate time if used in a block that is executed as a
result of an interrupt.
Blocks that are triggered by interrupts can make calls to other blocks. The application stack
used during interrupt-driven execution is different from the stack used during normal block-
structured program execution. In particular, the nested call limit is different from the limit
described for calls from the _MAIN block. If a call results in insufficient stack space to
complete the call, the CPU logs an ”Application Stack Overflow” fault.

5
Note: We strongly recommend that interrupt-driven blocks not be called from the _MAIN
block or other non-interrupt driven blocks because the interrupt and non-interrupt
driven blocks could be reading and writing the same global memories at
indeterminate times relative to each other. In the example below INT1, INT2,
BLOCK5, and PB1 should not be called from _MAIN, BLOCK2, BLOCK3, or
BLOCK4.
INT Block 1
_MAIN Block INT Block 2

Block 2
Block
5
Block
3
PB
1
Block
4
Timed Interrupts
A block can be configured to execute on a specified time interval with an initial delay (if
specified) applied on a Stop-to-Run transition of the CPU.
To configure a timed interrupt block, specify the following parameters in the scheduling
properties for the block:
Time Base The smallest unit of time that you can specify for Interval and Delay. The time base
can be 1.0 second, 0.10 second, or 0.01 second, or 0.001 second.
Interval Specifies how frequently the block executes in multiples of the time base.
Delay (Optional) Specifies an additional delay for the first execution of the block in multiples
of the time base.
The first execution of a Timed Interrupt block will occur at

((delay * time base) + (interval * time base)) after the CPU is placed in Run mode.

5
I/O Interrupts
A block can be triggered by an interrupt input from certain hardware modules. For example,
on the 32-Circuit 24 VDC Input Module (IC697MDL650), the first input can be configured to
generate an interrupt on either the rising or falling edge of the input signal. If the interrupt is
enabled in the module configuration, that input can serve as a trigger to cause the execution
of a block.
To configure an I/O interrupt, specify a trigger in the scheduling properties for the block. The
trigger must be a global variable in %I, %AI or %AQ memory, or an I/O variable. (An I/O
variable is a form of symbolic variable that is mapped to a module I/O point in hardware
configuration.)
PACSystems modules that can trigger user interrupt logic always send the interrupt to the
CPU when configured to do so. If the CPU is in Stop mode when it receives the interrupt, it
does not run the user interrupt block. The CPU does not run the user interrupt block when it
transitions from Stop to Run mode.
Module Interrupts
A block can be triggered by an interrupt from a VME module if the VME Interrupt parameter is
enabled in the module’s hardware configuration. The PACSystems CPU supports one
interrupt per module.
To configure a module interrupt, specify the module by rack/slot/interrupt ID as the Trigger in
the scheduling properties for the block.
Interrupt Block Scheduling

You can select one of two types of interrupt block scheduling at the target level:
■ Normal block scheduling allows you to associate a maximum of 64 I/O and Module
Interrupts and 16 Timed Interrupts. With normal block scheduling, all interrupt-triggered
blocks have equal priority. This is the default scheduling mode.
■ Preemptive block scheduling allows you to associate a maximum of 32 interrupt
triggers. With preemptive block scheduling, each trigger can be assigned a relative
priority.
Normal Block Scheduling

Interrupt-driven logic has the highest priority of any user logic in the system. The execution of
a block triggered from an interrupt preempts the execution of the normal CPU sweep
activities. Execution of the normal CPU sweep activities is resumed after the interrupt-driven
block execution completes.
If the CPU receives one or more interrupts while executing an interrupt block, it places the
incoming interrupts into the queue while it finishes executing the current interrupt block.
Timed interrupt driven blocks are queued ahead of I/O or Module driven blocks. I/O or
Module interrupt driven blocks are queued in the order in which the interrupts are received. If
an interrupt driven block is already in the queue, additional interrupts that occur for this block
are ignored.

5
Preemptive Block Scheduling

Preemptive scheduling allows you to assign a priority to each interrupt trigger. The priority
values range from 1 to 16, with 1 being the highest. A single block can have multiple
interrupts with different priorities or the same priorities.
An incoming interrupt is handled according to its priority compared to that of the currently
executing block as follows:
■ If an incoming interrupt has a higher priority than the interrupt associated with the block
that is currently executing, the currently executing block is stopped and put in the
interrupt queue. The block associated with the incoming interrupt begins executing.
■ If an incoming interrupt has the same priority as the interrupt trigger associated with the
block that is currently executing, that block continues to execute and the incoming
interrupt is placed in the queue.
■ If an incoming interrupt has a lower priority than the interrupt associated with the block
that is currently executing, the incoming interrupt is placed in the queue.
When the CPU completes the execution of an interrupt block, the block associated with the
interrupt trigger that has the highest priority in the queue begins execution — or resumes
execution if the block's execution was preempted by another interrupt block and was placed
in the queue.
If multiple blocks in the queue have the same interrupt priority, their execution order is not
deterministic.
Note: Certain functions, such as DOIO, BUS_RD, BUS_WRT, COMMREQ,
SCAN_SET_IO, and some SVC_REQs may cause a block to yield to another queued
block that has the same priority.

Chapter Program Data
6
This chapter describes the types of data that can be used in an application program,
and explains how that data is stored in the PACSystems CPU’s memory.
■ Variables
■ Reference Memory
■ User Reference Size and Default
■ Genius Global Data
■ Transitions and Overrides
■ Retentiveness of Logic and Data
■ Data Scope
■ System Status References
■ How Program Functions Handle Numerical Data
■ User Defined Types (UDTs)
■ Word-for-Word Changes
■ Operands for Instructions
GFK-2222P 6-1
6
Variables
A variable is a named storage space for data values. It represents a memory location
in the target PACSystems CPU.
A variable can be mapped to a reference address (for example, %R00001). If you do
not map a variable to a specific reference address, it is considered a symbolic
variable. The programming software handles the mapping for symbolic variables in a
special portion of PACSystems user space memory.
The kinds of values a variable can store depends on its data type. For example,
variables with a UINT data type store unsigned whole numbers with no fractional part.
Data types are described in “How Program Functions Handle Numerical Data” on
9H
page 6-21.
10H
In the programming software, all variables in a project are displayed in the Variables
tab of the Navigator. You create, edit, and delete variables in the Variables tab. Some
variables are also created automatically by certain components (such as TIMER
variables when you add a Timer instruction to ladder logic). The data type and other
properties of a variable, such as reference address are configured in the Inspector.
For more information about system variables, which are created when you create a
target in the programming software, refer to page 6-16.
1H
Mapped Variables
Mapped (manually located) variables are assigned a specific reference address. For
details on the types of reference memory and their uses, refer to page 6-9. 12H
Symbolic Variables
Symbolic variables are variables for which you do not specify a reference address
(similar to a variable in a typical high-level language). Except as noted in this section,
you can use these in the same ways that you use mapped variables.
In the programming software, a symbolic variable is displayed with a blank address.
You can change a mapped variable to a symbolic variable by removing the reference
address from the variable’s properties. Similarly, you can change a symbolic variable
into a mapped variable by specifying a reference address for the variable in its
properties.
The memory required to support symbolic variables counts against user space. The
amount of space reserved for these variables is configured on the Memory tab in the
CPU hardware configuration.

6
Restrictions on the Use of Symbolic Variables

■ Symbolic variables cannot be used with indirect references (for example,
@Name). For a description of indirect references, see page 6-9.
13H
■ Only global scope Symbolic variables can be used in EGD pages.

■ A variable must be globally scoped and published (internal or external) to be used
in a C block.
■ Symbolic variables cannot be used in the COMMREQ status word.
■ Use of symbolic variables is not supported on web pages.
■ Symbolic Boolean variables are not allowed on non-BOOL parameters.
■ Symbolic non-discrete variables cannot be used on Series 90-70 style Transitional
contacts and coils. (Symbolic discrete variables are supported.)
■ Overrides and Forces cannot be used on symbolic non-discrete variables.
(Symbolic discrete variables are supported.)
■ Arrays of the following data types are not supported:
0H
Arrays of user defined function block (UDFB) instance variables.

Arrays of PACMotion function block instance variables.
Arrays of TON, TOF, or TP instance variables.
Arrays of reference ID variables (RIVs) that contain one or more linked RIV
elements.
Note: A RIV array is supported when none of its elements is linked.
I/O Variables
An I/O variable is a symbolic variable that is mapped to a terminal in the hardware
configuration. A terminal can be one of the following: Physical discrete or analog I/O
point on a PACSystems module or on a Genius device, a discrete or analog status
returned from a PACSystems module, or Global Data. The use of I/O variables allows
you to configure hardware modules without having to specify the reference addresses
to use when scanning their inputs and outputs. Instead, you can directly associate
variable names with a module’s inputs and outputs.
As with symbolic variables, memory required to support I/O variables counts against
user space. You can configure the space available for I/O variables in the Memory tab
of the PACSystems CPU.
For a given module or Genius bus, you must use either I/O variables or manually
located mapped variables: you cannot use both in combination. It is not necessary to
map all points on a module. Points that are disconnected or unused can be skipped.
When points are skipped, space is reserved in user memory for that point (that is, a
32-point discrete module will always use 32 bits of memory).
The hardware configuration (HWC) and logic become coupled in a PACSystems
target on your computer as soon as you do one of the following: Enable I/O variables
for a module or Genius bus (even if you don't create any I/O variables), use one or
more symbolic variables in the Ethernet Global Data (EGD) component, or upload a
coupled HWC and logic from a PACSystems PLC. The HWC and logic become
coupled in a PACSystems controller when coupled HWC and logic are downloaded
to it.
GFK-2222P Chapter 6 Program Data 6-3

6
Effects of coupled HWC and logic:

Whether the HWC and logic are coupled in the PACSystems target on your
computer or in the PACSystems controller, you cannot download or upload
the HWC and logic independently.
When the HWC and logic are coupled in the PACSystems controller, you
cannot clear the HWC and the logic independently.
As for any download, you cannot run mode store (RMS) the HWC and logic
independently.
The HWC must be completely equal for you to make word-for-word changes,
launch the Online Test mode of Test Edit, or accept the edits of Test Edit.
I/O variables can be used any place that other symbolic variables are supported, such
as in logic as parameters to built-in function blocks, user defined function blocks,
parameterized function blocks, C blocks, bit-in-word references, and transitional
contacts and coils.
Restrictions on the Use of I/O Variables

Since I/O variables are a form of symbolic variable, the same restrictions that
apply to other symbolic variables of the same data type and array bounds apply to
I/O variables.
Only a global variable can become an I/O variable. A local variable cannot
become an I/O variable.
You can map only a discrete variable to a discrete terminal.
You can map only a non-discrete variable to an analog terminal.
Arrays and UDT variables must fit on the number of terminals in the reference
address node counting from and including the terminal where you enter the array
head or UDT variable. For example, if you have 32 analog terminals and you have
a WORD array of 12 elements, you can map it to terminal 21 or any terminal
before it (1 through 20).
You can map a discrete array only to a terminal 8n+1, where n = 0, 1, 2, and so
on. The "+1" is there because the terminals are numbered beginning with 1. If you
map it to a terminal other than 8n+1, an error occurs upon validation.
An I/O variable cannot be mapped to more than one location in hardware
configuration.
For the DO_IO function block, if an I/O variable is assigned to the ST parameter,
then the same I/O variable must also be assigned to the END parameter, and the
entire module is scanned.
Some I/O modules do not support the use of I/O variables. For a list of modules
that support I/O variables, please refer to the Important Product Information for
Logic Developer – PLC programming software.

6
I/O Variable Format

When you map an I/O variable, the format used is %vdr.s.[z.]g.t:
v = I (input) or Q (output)
d = data type: X (discrete) or W (analog).
r = rack number
s = slot number
[z] = subslot number. This element and the period that follows it appear only if
there is a subslot, for example, the SBA number of a Genius device. This value is
set to 0 for a PACSystems RX7i Ethernet daughterboard.
g = segment number or number of the reference address node. Set to 0 for the
first reference address node on the Terminals tab, to 1 for the second reference
node, and so on.
t = terminal number. One-based, that is, the numbering begins at 1.
Supported I/O Variable Types
Data Type Supported Data
Number of Consecutive Terminals Required
Mnemonic Types
BOOL variable 1
BOOL array Number of elements in array.
X
BYTE variable 8
BYTE array 8n, where n is the number of array elements.
DINT variable 2
DINT array Number of elements in array times 2
DWORD variable 2
DWORD array Number of elements in array times 2
INT variable 1
INT array Number of elements in array
LREAL variable 4
W
LREAL array Number of elements in array times 4
REAL variable 2
REAL array Number of elements in array times 2
UINT variable 1
UINT array Number of elements in array
WORD variable 1
WORD array Number of elements in array

6
I/O Variable Examples
The I/O variable, Sample_IO_Variable is mapped to a non-discrete (W) output point

(Q) on the module located in rack 0, slot 8. The variable is mapped to the first point in
the first group of non-discrete output reference addresses.
The I/O variable, IO_VAR_EXAMPLE, is mapped to a discrete (X) input point (I) on
the module located in rack 0, slot 5. The point is located in the module’s third group of
discrete input points and is point 2 in that group.
Arrays
An array is a complex data type composed of a series of variable elements with
identical data types. Any variable can become an array, except for another array, a
variable element, or a UDFB. In Machine Edition, you can create single-dimensional
arrays and two-dimensional arrays.
In the controller CPU, each element of an array is treated as a separate variable with
a separate, read-only reference address. The "root" node of the array variable also
has a reference address that is editable. When you set or change the reference
address of the "root" node of an array variable, the reference addresses of its
elements are filled in with a range of addresses starting at that reference address and
incremented for each element so as to create contiguous non-overlapping memory.
Variable Indexes and Arrays

PACSystems CPUs with firmware version 6.00 or later support variable indexes
for arrays. With a variable index, when logic is executed, the value of the variable is
evaluated and the corresponding array element is accessed.
Note: The numbering of array elements is zero-based.
For example, to access an element of the array named ABC, you could write
ABC[DEF] in logic. When logic is executed, if the value of DEF is 5, then ABC[DEF] is
equivalent to ABC[5], and the sixth element of array ABC is accessed.
If the value of the variable index exceeds the array boundary, a non-fatal fault is
logged to the CPU fault table. In LD, the instruction for which this occurred does not
pass power to the right.
Requirements and Support

An index variable must be of the INT, UINT, or DINT data type.
The valid range of values for an index variable is 0 through Y, where Y = [the number
of array elements in the array] - 1. Ensuring that a variable index does not exceed the
upper boundary of an array.

6
An index variable can be one of the following:

Symbolic variable
I/O variable
Variable mapped to % memory areas such as %R
Structure element
Array element with a constant index
Array element with a variable index
Alias variable
In the logic of a UDFB or parameterized block: formal parameter
The following support a variable index:
Array elements of any data type except STRING
Parameter array elements of any data type
Alias variables
Dimensional support:
One-dimensional (1D) formal parameter arrays in the logic of a UDFB or
parameterized block
2D support for the top level of an array of structures and 1D support for a
structure element that is an array. For example:
PQR[a, b].STRU[y].Zed,
where Zed is an element of the array of structures STRU, which itself is an
element of the 2D array of structures PQR.
1D and 2D arrays for other variables
Other features:
An array with a variable index supports a bit reference, for example
1H
MyArray[nIndex].X[4],
where .X[4] is the fifth bit of the value stored in MyArray[nIndex]. The bit
reference itself, [4] in the example, must be a constant.
In LD, the following word-for-word changes are supported for array elements
with variable indexes:
Replacing an index variable with another index variable
Replacing an index variable with a constant
Replacing a constant with an index variable
In LD, Diagnostic Logic Blocks support the use of array elements with
variable indexes.
The following do not support array elements with variable indexes:
Indirect references
EGD variables
Reference ID variables (RIVs) and I/O variables when accessed in the
Hardware Configuration
Note: In logic, RIVs and I/O variables support variable indexes.
STRING variables

6
A variable index cannot be one of the following:

A math expression. For example, ABC[GH+1] is not supported.
An indirect reference. For example, W[@XYZ] is not supported.
A bit reference. For example, ABC[DEF.X[3]] is not supported.
Note: You can use a bit reference on an array element designated by a
variable index. For example, ABC[DEF].X[3] is supported.
An array head. For example, if MNP and QRS are arrays, MNP[QRS] is not
supported, but MNP[QRS[3]] and MNP[QRS[TUV]] are, where TUV is an
index variable.
A negative index. This generates a run-time non-fatal CPU fault.
A value greater than Y, where Y = [number of array elements] - 1. This
generates a run-time non-fatal CPU fault.
Ensuring that a Variable Index Does not Exceed the Upper Boundary of an Array
One-Dimensional Array
1. Once per scan, execute ARRAY_SIZE_DIM1 to count the number of elements in
the array.
Note: The array size of a variable can be changed in a run mode store but it will
not be changed while logic is executing.
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM1 places the count value in the variable associated with its
output Q.
2. Before executing an instruction that uses a variable index, compare the value of
the index variable with the number of elements in the array.
Tip: In LD, use a RANGE instruction.
Notes Checking before executing each instruction that uses an indexed variable is
recommended in case logic has modified the index value beyond the array
size or in case the array size has been reduced before the scan to less than
the value of an index variable that has not been reduced accordingly since.
Valid range of an index variable: 0 through (n–1), where n is the number of
array elements. Array indexes are zero-based.
Two-Dimensional Array
Execute both ARRAY_SIZE_DIM1 and ARRAY_SIZE_DIM2 to count the
number of elements in respectively the first and second dimensions of
the array.

6
Reference Memory
The CPU stores program data in bit memory and word memory. Both types of
memory are divided into different types with specific characteristics. By convention,
each type is normally used for a specific type of data, as explained below. However,
there is great flexibility in actual memory assignment.
Memory locations are indexed using alphanumeric identifiers called references. The
reference’s letter prefix identifies the memory area. The numerical value is the offset
within that memory area, for example %AQ0056.
Word (Register) References

Type Description
%AI The prefix %AI represents an analog input register. An analog input register holds the value of
one analog input or other non-discrete value.
%AQ The prefix %AQ represents an analog output register. An analog output register holds the value
of one analog output or other non-discrete value.
%R Use the prefix %R to assign system register references that will store program data such as the
results of calculations.
%W Retentive Bulk Memory Area, which is referenced as %W (WORD memory).
%P Use the prefix %P to assign program register references that will store program data with the
_MAIN block. This data can be accessed from all program blocks. The size of the %P data block
is based on the highest %P reference in all blocks. %P addresses are available only to the LD
program they are used in, including C blocks called from LD blocks; they are not system-wide.
Note: All register references are retained across a power cycle to the CPU.
Indirect References
An indirect reference allows you to treat the contents of a variable assigned to an LD
instruction operand as a pointer to other data, rather than as actual data. Indirect
references are used only with word memory areas (%R, %W, %AI, %AQ, %P, and
%L). An indirect reference in %W requires two %W locations as a DWORD indirect
index value. For example, @%W0001 would use the %W2:W1 as a DWORD index
into the %W memory range. The DWORD index is required because the %W size is
greater than 65K.
Indirect references cannot be used with symbolic variables.
To assign an indirect reference, type the @ character followed by a valid reference

address or variable name. For example, if %R00101 contains the value 1000,
@R00101 instructs the CPU to use the data location of %R01000.
Indirect references can be useful when you want to perform the same operation to
many word registers. Use of indirect references can also be used to avoid repetitious
logic within the application program. They can be used in loop situations where each
register is incremented by a constant or by a value specified until a maximum is
reached.

6
Bit in Word References

Bit in word referencing allows you to specify individual bits in a word reference type as
inputs and outputs of Boolean expressions, functions, and calls that accept bit
parameters (such as parameterized blocks). This feature is restricted to word
references in retentive memory. The bit number in the bit within word construct must
be a constant.
You can use the programmer or an HMI to set an individual bit on or off within a word,
or monitor a bit within a word. Also, C blocks can read, modify, and write a bit within a
word.
Bit in Word references can be used in the following situations:
■ In retentive 16-bit memory (AI, AQ, R, W, P, and L) and symbolics.
■ On all contacts and coils except legacy transition contacts (POSCON/NEGCON)
and transition coils (POSCOIL/NEGCOIL).
■ On all functions and call parameters that accept single or unaligned bit
parameters.
Functions that accept Parameters
unaligned discrete references
ARRAY MOVE (BIT) SR and DS
ARRAY RANGE (BIT) Q
MOVE (BIT) IN and Q
SHFR (BIT) IN, ST and Q
The use of Bit in Word references has the following restrictions:

■ Bit in Word references cannot be used on legacy transition contacts
(POSCON/NEGCON) and transition coils (POSCON/NEGCON).
■ The bit number (index) must be a constant; it cannot be a variable.
■ Bit addressing is not supported for a constant.
■ Indirect references cannot be used to address bits in 16-bit memory.
2H
■ You cannot force a bit within 16-bit memory.
Examples:
%R2.X [0] addresses the first (least significant) bit of %R2
%R2.X [1] addresses the second bit of %R2. In the examples
In the examples [0] and [1] are the bit indexes. Valid bit indexes for the different
variable types are:
BYTE variable [0] through [7]
WORD, INT, or UINT variable [0] through [15]
DWORD or DINT variable [0] through [31]

6
Bit (Discrete) References

Type Description
%I Represents input references. %I references are located in the input status table, which stores
the state of all inputs received from input modules during the last input scan. A reference
address is assigned to discrete input modules using your programming software. Until a
reference address is assigned, no data will be received from the module. %I memory is always
retentive.
%Q Represents physical output references. The coil check function checks for multiple uses of %Q
references with relay coils or outputs on functions. You can select the level of coil checking
desired (Single, Warn Multiple, or Multiple).
%Q references are located in the output status table, which stores the state of the output
references as last set by the application program. This output status table’s values are sent to
output modules at the end of the program scan. A reference address is assigned to discrete
output modules using your programming software. Until a reference address is assigned, no
data is sent to the module. A particular %Q reference may be either retentive or non-retentive.
%M Represents internal references. The coil check function of your programming software checks
for multiple uses of %M references with relay coils or outputs on functions. A particular %M
reference may be either retentive or non-retentive.
%T Represents temporary references. These references are never checked for multiple coil use
and can, therefore, be used many times in the same program even when coil use checking is
enabled—this is not a recommended practice because it makes subsequent trouble-shooting
more difficult. %T may be used to prevent coil use conflicts while using the cut/paste and file
write/include functions. Because this memory is intended for temporary use, it is cleared on
Stop-to-Run transitions and cannot be used with retentive coils.
%S Represent system status references. These references are used to access special CPU data
%SA such as timers, scan information, and fault information. For example, the %SC0012 bit can be
%SB used to check the status of the CPU fault table. Once the bit is set on by an error, it will not be
%SC reset until after the sweep. %S, %SA, %SB, and %SC can be used on any contacts.
■ %SA, %SB, and %SC can be used on retentive coils -(M)-.
Note: Although the programming software forces the logic to use retentive coils with %SA,
%SB, and %SC references, most of these references are not preserved across
battery-backed power cycles.
%S can be used as word or bit-string input arguments to functions or function blocks.
%SA, %SB, and %SC can be used as word or bit-string input or output arguments to functions
and function blocks.
For a description of the behavior of each bit, see “System Status References” on page 6-16. 14H
%G Represents global data references. These references are used to access data shared among
several control systems.
Note: For details on retentiveness, refer to “Retentiveness of Logic and Data” on
page 6-14.
15H

6
User Reference Size and Default

Maximum user references and default reference sizes are listed in the table below.
Item Range Default
Reference Points
%I reference 32768 bits 32768 bits
%Q reference 32768 bits 32768 bits
%M reference 32768 bits 32768 bits
%S total (S, SA, SB, SC) 512 bits 512 bits
(128 each) (128 each)
%T reference 1024 bits 1024 bits
%G 7680 points 7680 points
Total Reference Points 107520 107520
Reference Words
%AI reference 0—32640 words 64 words
%AQ reference 0—32640 words 64 words
%R, 1K word increments 0—32640 words 1024 words
%W 0—maximum available user RAM 0 words
Total Reference Words 0—maximum available user RAM 1152 words
%L (per block) 8192 words 8192 words
%P (per program) 8192 words 8192 words
Managed Memory
Symbolic Discrete 0—83,886,080 (bits) 32768
Symbolic Non-Discrete 0—5,242,880 (words) 65536
I/O Discrete 0 through 83,886,080 0
I/O Non-Discrete 0 through 5,242,880. 0
Total Symbolic 0—42,088,704 bytes 143360
(This is the total memory available for the combined total
of symbolic memory. This also includes other user
memory use, program etc.)
%G User References and CPU Memory Locations

The CPU contains one data space for all of the global data references (%G). The
internal CPU memory for this data is 7680 bits long. For Series 90-70 systems, the
programming software subdivides this range using %G, %GA, %GB, %GC, %GD, and
%GE prefixes—allowing each of these prefixes to be used with bit offsets in the range
1–1280. For PACSystems, these ranges are converted to %G.

6
Genius Global Data

PACSystems supports the sharing of data among multiple control systems that share
a common Genius I/O bus. This mechanism provides a means for the automatic and
repeated transfer of %G, %I, %Q, %AI, %AQ, and %R data. No special application
programming is required to use global data since it is integrated into the I/O scan. All
devices that have Genius I/O capability can send and receive global data from a
PACSystems CPU.
Using I/O variables (page 6-3), you can directly associate variable names to a
16H
module’s Genius global data that is scanned as part of an input/output scan.
Transitions and Overrides

The %I, %Q, %M, and %G user references, and symbolic variables of type BOOL,
have associated transition and override bits. %T, %S, %SA, %SB, and %SC
references have transition bits but not override bits. The CPU uses transition bits for
counters, transitional contacts, and transitional coils. Note that counters do not use
the same kind of transition bits as contacts and coils. Transition bits for counters are
stored within the locating reference.
The transition bit for a reference tells whether the most recent value (ON, OFF) written
to the reference is the same as the previous value of the reference. Therefore when a
reference is written and its new value is the same as its previous value, its transition
bit is turned OFF. When its new value is different from its previous value, its transition
bit is turned ON. The transition bit for a reference is affected every time the reference
is written to. The source of the write is immaterial; it can result from a coil execution,
an executed function’s output, the updating of reference memory after an input scan,
etc.
When override bits are set, the associated references cannot be changed from the
program or the input device; they can only be changed on command from the
programmer. Overrides do not protect transition bits. If an attempted write occurs to
an overridden memory location, the corresponding transition bit is cleared.

6
Retentiveness of Logic and Data

Data is defined as retentive if it is saved by the CPU when the CPU transitions from
STOP mode to RUN mode.
The following items are retentive:
■ program logic
■ fault tables and diagnostics
■ checksums for program logic
■ overrides and output forces
■ word data (%R, %W, %L, %P, %AI, %AQ)
■ bit data (%I, %G, fault locating references, and reserved bits)
■ %Q and %M variables that are configured as retentive (%T data is non-retentive
and therefore not saved on STOP to RUN transitions.)
■ symbolic variables that have a data type other than BOOL
■ symbolic variables of BOOL type that are configured as retentive
■ Retentive data is also preserved during battery-backed power-cycles of the CPU.
Exceptions to this rule include the fault locating references and most of the %S,
%SA, %SB, and %SC references. These references are initialized to zero at
power-up regardless of the state of the battery. (See page 6-16 for a description
17H
of the behavior of each system status reference.)

When %Q or %M variables are configured as retentive, the contents are retained
through power loss and Run-to-Stop-to-Run transitions.

6
Data Scope
Each of the user references has “scope”; that is, it may be available throughout the
system, available to all programs, restricted to a single program, or restricted to local
use within a block.
User Reference Type Range Scope
%I, %Q, %M, %T, %S, %SA, %SB, Global From any program, block, or host
%SC, %G, %R, %W, %AI, %AQ, computer. Variables defined in these
convenience references, fault locating registers have system (global) scope by
references default. However, variables with local
scope can also be assigned in these
registers.
Symbolic variable Global From any program, block, or host
computer. Symbolic variables have
system (global) scope by default.
However, symbolic variables with local
scope can be created using the naming
conventions for local variables.
I/O variable Global From any program, block, or host
computer.
%P Program From any block, but not from other
programs (also available to a host
computer).
%L Local From within a block only (also available to
a host computer).
In an LD block:
■ %P should be used for program references that are shared with other blocks.
■ %L are local references that can be used to restrict the use of register data to that
block. These local references are not available to other parts of the program.
■ %I, %Q, %M, %T, %S, %SA, %SB, %SC, %G, %R, %W, %AI, and %AQ
references are available throughout the system.

6
System Status References

System status references in the CPU are assigned to %S, %SA, %SB, and %SC
memory. The four timed contacts (time tick references) include #T_10MS, #T_100MS,
#T_SEC, and #T_MIN. Examples of other system status references include
#FST_SCN, #ALW_ON, and #ALW_OFF
Note: %S bits are read-only bits; do not write to these bits. You may, however, write
to %SA, %SB, and %SC bits.
Listed below are available system status references that may be used in an
application program. When entering logic, either the reference or the nickname can be
used. Refer to chapter 15 for more detailed fault descriptions and information on
correcting faults.
%S References
Reference Name Definition
%S0001 #FST_SCN Current sweep is the first sweep in which the LD executed. Set the first time the user
program is executed after a Stop/Run transition and cleared upon completion of its
execution.
%S0002 #LST_SCN Set when the CPU transitions to run mode and cleared when the CPU is performing
its final sweep. The CPU clears this bit and then performs one more complete sweep
before transitioning to Stop or Stop Faulted mode. If the number of last scans is
configured to be 0, %S0002 will be cleared after the CPU is stopped and user logic
will not see this bit cleared.
%S0003 #T_10MS 0.01 second timed contact.
%S0004 #T_100MS 0.1 second timed contact.
%S0005 #T_SEC 1.0 second timed contact.
%S0006 #T_MIN 1.0 minute timed contact.
%S0007 #ALW_ON Always ON.
%S0008 #ALW_OFF Always OFF.
%S0009 #SY_FULL Set when the CPU fault table fills up (size configurable with a default of 16 entries).
Cleared when an entry is removed from the CPU fault table and when the CPU fault
table is cleared.
%S0010 #IO_FULL Set when the I/O fault table fills up (size configurable with a default of 32 entries).
Cleared when an entry is removed from the I/O fault table and when the I/O fault table
is cleared.
%S0011 #OVR_PRE Set when an override exists in %I, %Q, %M, or %G, or symbolic BOOL memory.
%S0012 #FRC_PRE Set when force exists on a Genius point.
%S0013 #PRG_CHK Set when background program check is active.

%S0014 #PLC_BAT CPE030, CRE030, CPE040, CRE040, CPU315, CPU320 and CRU320 only. This
contact is updated when a change in the battery status occurs.
Note: This indication is not supported on these models and should be ignored. To
provide reliable backup, routine maintenance should include scheduled
battery replacement. See “Battery Life Estimates” in Chapter 2 for specific
CPU models.
Note: The #FST_EXE name is not associated with a %S address, it must be referenced by the name
“#FST_EXE” only. This bit is set when transitioning from Stop to Run and indicates that the
current sweep is the first time this block has been called.

6
%SA, %SB, and %SC References

Note: %SA, %SB, and %SC contacts are not set or reset until the input scan phase
of the sweep following the occurrence of the fault or a clearing of the fault
table(s). %SA, %SB, and %SC contacts can also be set or reset by user logic
and CPU monitoring devices.
%SA0001 #PB_SUM Set when a checksum calculated on the application program does not match the reference
checksum. If the fault was due to a temporary failure, the condition can be cleared by
again storing the program to the CPU. If the fault was due to a hard RAM failure, then the
CPU must be replaced.
To clear this bit, clear the CPU fault table or power cycle the CPU.
%SA0002 #OV_SWP Set when the CPU detects that the previous sweep took longer than the time specified by
the user. To clear this bit, clear the CPU fault table or power cycle the CPU. Only occurs if
the CPU is in Constant Sweep mode.
%SA0003 #APL_FLT Set when an application fault occurs. To clear this bit, clear the CPU fault table or power
cycle the CPU.
%SA0009 #CFG_MM Set when a configuration mismatch fault is logged in the fault tables. To clear this bit, clear
the CPU fault table or power cycle the CPU.
%SA0008 #OVR_TMP Set when the operating temperature of the CPU exceeds the normal operating
temperature, 58ºC. To clear this bit, clear the CPU fault table or power cycle the CPU.
%SA0010 #HRD_CPU Set when the diagnostics detects a problem with the CPU hardware. To clear this bit, clear
the CPU fault table or power cycle the CPU.
%SA0011 #LOW_BAT Not supported for the CPU battery and should be ignored. See page 6-20 for details.
18H
%SA0012 #LOS_RCK Set when an expansion rack stops communicating with the CPU. To clear this bit, clear the
CPU fault table or power cycle the CPU.
%SA0013 #LOS_IOC Set when a Bus Controller stops communicating with the CPU.
To clear this bit, clear the I/O fault table or power cycle the CPU.
%SA0014 #LOS_IOM Set when an I/O module stops communicating with the CPU.
%SA0015 #LOS_SIO Set when an option module stops communicating with the CPU.
%SA0017 #ADD_RCK Set when an expansion rack is added to the system.
%SA0018 #ADD_IOC Set when a Bus Controller is added to a rack.
%SA0019 #ADD_IOM Set when an I/O module is added to a rack.
%SA0020 #ADD_SIO Set when an intelligent option module is added to a rack.
%SA0022 #IOC_FLT Set when a Bus Controller reports a bus fault, a global memory fault, or an IOC hardware
fault. To clear this bit, clear the I/O fault table or power cycle the CPU.
%SA0023 #IOM_FLT Set when an I/O module reports a circuit or module fault.
%SA0027 #HRD_SIO Set when a hardware failure is detected in an option module.
%SA0029 #SFT_IOC Set when there is a software failure in the I/O Controller.

6

%SA0031 #SFT_SIO Set when an option module detects an internal software error.
%SA0032 #SBUS_ER Set when a bus error occurs on the VME bus backplane
%SA0081 – Set when a user-defined fault is logged in the CPU fault table.
%SA0112 To clear these bits, clear the CPU fault table or power cycle the CPU. For more
information, see discussion of Service Request 21 in chapter 10.
%SB0001 #WIND_ER Set when there is not enough time to start the Programmer Window in Constant Sweep
mode.
%SB0009 #NO_PROG Set when the CPU powers up with memory preserved, but no user program is present.
Cleared when the CPU powers up with a program present or by clearing the CPU fault
table.
%SB0010 #BAD_RAM Set when the CPU detects corrupted RAM memory at power-up. Cleared when the CPU
detects that RAM memory is valid at power-up or by clearing the CPU fault table.
%SB0011 #BAD_PWD Set when a password access violation occurs. Cleared when
the CPU fault table is cleared or when the CPU is power cycled.
%SB0012 #NUL_CFG Set when an attempt is made to put the CPU in Run mode when there is no configuration
data present.
%SB0013 #SFT_CPU Set when the CPU detects an error in the CPU operating system software.
%SB0014 #STOR_ER Set when an error occurs during a programmer store operation.
%SB0016 #MAX_IOC Set when more than 32 IOCs are configured for the system.
%SB0017 #SBUS_FL Set when the CPU fails to gain access to the bus.
%SC0009 #ANY_FLT Set when any fault occurs that causes an entry to be placed in the CPU or I/O fault table.
Cleared when both fault tables are cleared or when the CPU is power cycled.
%SC0010 #SY_FLT Set when any fault occurs that causes an entry to be placed in the CPU fault table.
Cleared when the CPU fault table is cleared or when the CPU is power cycled.
%SC0011 #IO_FLT Set when any fault occurs that causes an entry to be placed in the I/O fault table. Cleared
when the I/O fault table is cleared or when the CPU is power cycled.
%SC0012 #SY_PRES Set as long as there is at least one entry in the CPU fault table. Cleared when the CPU
fault table is cleared.
%SC0013 #IO_PRES Set as long as there is at least one entry in the I/O fault table. Cleared when the I/O fault
table is cleared.
%SC0014 #HRD_FLT Set when a hardware fault occurs. Cleared when both fault tables are cleared or when the
CPU is power cycled.
%SC0015 #SFT_FLT Set when a software fault occurs. Cleared when both fault tables are cleared or when the
CPU is power cycled.

6
Fault References
The fault references are discussed in chapter 15 of this manual but are presented
here for your convenience.
System Fault References

System Fault Reference Description
#ANY_FLT Any new fault in either table since the last power-up or clearing of
the fault tables
#SY_FLT Any new system fault in the CPU fault table since the last power-
up or clearing of the fault tables
#IO_FLT Any new fault in the I/O fault table since the last power-up or
clearing of the fault tables
#SY_PRES Indicates that there is at lease one entry in the CPU fault table
#IO_PRES Indicates that there is at least one entry in the I/O fault table
#HRD_FLT Any hardware fault
#SFT_FLT Any software fault
Configurable Fault References

Configurable Faults
(Default Action Description
#SBUS_ER (diagnostic) System bus error. (The BSERR signal was generated on the VME system bus.)
#SFT_IOC (diagnostic) Non-recoverable software error in a Genius Bus Controller.
#LOS_RCK (diagnostic) Loss of rack (BRM failure, loss of power) or missing a configured rack.
#LOS_IOC (diagnostic) Loss of Bus Controller missing a configured Bus Controller.
#LOS_IOM (diagnostic) Loss of I/O module (does not respond) or missing a configured I/O module.
#LOS_SIO (diagnostic) Loss of intelligent option module (does not respond) or missing a configured module.
#IOC_FLT (diagnostic) Non-fatal bus or Bus Controller error—more than 10 bus errors in 10 seconds (error
rate is configurable).
#CFG_MM (fatal) Wrong module type detected during power-up, store of configuration, or Run mode.
The CPU does not check the configuration parameters set up for individual modules
such as Genius I/O blocks.

6
Non-Configurable Faults
Non-Configurable Faults
(Action) Description
#SBUS_FL (fatal) System bus failure. The CPU was not able to access the VME bus. BUSGRT-NMI
error.
#HRD_CPU (fatal) CPU hardware fault, such as failed memory device or failed serial port.
#HRD_SIO (diagnostic) Non-fatal hardware fault on any module in the system.
#SFT_SIO (diagnostic) Non-recoverable software error in a LAN interface module.
#PB_SUM (fatal) Program or block checksum failure during power-up or in Run mode.
#LOW_BAT (diagnostic) The low battery indication is not supported for the CPU battery.
The CPU may set this bit when an I/O module or special-purpose module has reported
a low battery. In this case, a fault will be reported in the I/O fault table.
#OV_SWP (diagnostic) Constant sweep time exceeded.
#SY_FULL, IO_FULL CPU fault table full
(diagnostic) I/O fault table full
#IOM_FLT (diagnostic) Point or channel on an I/O module—a partial failure of the module.
#APL_FLT (diagnostic) Application fault.
#ADD_RCK (diagnostic) New rack added, extra, or previously faulted rack has returned.
#ADD_IOC (diagnostic) Extra I/O Bus Controller or reset of I/O Bus Controller.
#ADD_IOM (diagnostic) Previously faulted I/O module is no longer faulted or extra I/O module.
#ADD_SIO (diagnostic) New intelligent option module is added, extra, or reset.
#NO_PROG (information) No application program is present at power-up. Should only occur the first time the
CPU is powered up or if the battery-backed RAM containing the program fails.
#BAD_RAM (fatal) Corrupted program memory at power-up. Program could not be read and/or did not
pass checksum tests.
#WIND_ER (information) Window completion error. Servicing of Programmer or Logic Window was skipped.
Occurs in Constant Sweep mode.
#BAD_PWD (information) Change of privilege level request to a protection level was denied; bad password.
#NUL_CFG (fatal) No configuration present upon transition to Run mode. Running without a configuration
is similar to suspending the I/O scans.
#SFT_CPU (fatal) CPU software fault. A non-recoverable error has been detected in the CPU. May be
caused by Watchdog Timer expiring.
#MAX_IOC (fatal) The maximum number of bus controllers has been exceeded. The CPU supports 32
bus controllers.
#STOR_ER (fatal) Download of data to CPU from the programmer failed; some data in CPU may be
corrupted.

6
How Program Functions Handle Numerical Data

Regardless of where data is stored in memory – in one of the bit memories or one of
the word memories – the application program can handle it as different data types.
Data Types
Type Name Description Data Format
BOOL Boolean The smallest unit of memory. Has two states, 1 or 0. A
BOOL array may have length N.
BYTE Byte Has an 8-bit value. Has 256 values (0–255). A BYTE
array may have length N.
WORD Word Uses 16 consecutive bits of data memory. The valid Register
range of word values is 0000 hex to FFFF hex. (16 bit states)
16 1
DWORD Double Word Has the same characteristics as a single word data Register 2 Register 1
type, except that it uses 32 consecutive bits in data
memory instead of only 16 bits. 32 17 16 1
(32 bit states)
UINT Unsigned Uses 16-bit memory data locations. They have a valid Register
Integer range of 0 to +65535 (FFFF hex). (Binary value)
16 1
INT Signed Uses 16-bit memory data locations, and are Register 1 (Two’s
Integer represented in 2’s complement notation. The valid S Complement
range of an INT data type is –32768 to +32767. 16 1 value)
s=sign bit (0=positive,

1=negative)
DINT Double Stored in 32-bit data memory locations (two consecutive Register 2 Register 1
Precision 16-bit memory locations). Always signed values (bit 32 s
Integer is the sign bit). The valid range of a DINT data type is 32 17 16 1
(Binary value)
-2147483648 to +2147483647
s=sign bit (0=positive,
1=negative)
REAL Floating Point Uses 32 consecutive bits (two consecutive 16-bit Register 2 Register 1
memory locations). The range of numbers that can be
stored in this format is from ±1.401298E-45 to 32 17 16 1
(IEEE format)
±3.402823E+38. For the IEEE format, refer to “Floating
Point Numbers” on page 6-22.19H
LREAL Double Uses 64 consecutive bits (four consecutive 16-bit Register 2 Register 1
Precision memory locations). The range of numbers that can be
Floating Point stored in this format is from ±2.2250738585072020E- 32 17 16 1
308 to ±1.7976931348623157E+308. For the IEEE Register 4 Register 3
format, refer to “Floating Point Numbers” on page 6-22. 20H
64 49 48 33
(IEEE format)

6
Type Name Description Data Format

BCD-4 Four-Digit Uses 16-bit data memory locations. Each binary coded Register 1
BCD decimal (BCD) digit uses four bits and can represent 4 3 2 1 (4 BCD digits)
numbers between 0 and 9. This BCD coding of the 16 13 9 5 1
bits has a legal value range of 0 to 9999.
BCD-8 Eight-Digit Uses two consecutive 16-bit data memory locations (32 Register 2 Register 1
BCD consecutive bits). Each BCD digit uses 4 bits per digit to 8 7 6 5 4 3 8 1
represent numbers from 0 to 9. The complete valid 32 29 25 21 17 16 13 9 5 1
range of the 8-digit BCD data type is 0 to 99999999. (8 BCD digits)
MIXED Mixed Available only with the MUL and DIV functions. The 16 16 32
MUL function takes two integer inputs and produces a =
double integer result. The DIV function takes a double 32 16 16
=
integer dividend and an integer divisor to product an
integer result.
ASCII ASCII Eight-bit encoded characters. A single word reference is
required to make two (packed) ASCII characters. The
first character of the pair corresponds to the low byte of
the reference word. The remaining 7 bits in each section
are converted.
Note: Using functions that are not explicitly bit-typed will affect transitions for all bits in the
written byte/word/dword. For information about using floating point numbers, refer to
“Floating Point Numbers” on page 6-22. 21H
Floating Point Numbers

Floating point numbers are stored in one of two IEEE 754 standard formats that uses
adjacent 16-bit words: 32-bit single precision or 64-bit double precision.
The REAL data type represents single precision floating point numbers. The LREAL
data type represents double precision floating point numbers. REAL and LREAL
variables are typically used to store data from analog I/O devices, calculated values,
and constants.
Types of Floating Point Variables

Data Type Precision and Range
REAL Limited to 6 or 7 significant digits, with a range of approximately
±1.401298x10-45 through ±3.402823x1038.
LREAL Limited to 17 significant digits, with a range of approximately
±2.2250738585072020x10-308 to ±1.7976931348623157x10308.
Note: The programming software allows 32-bit and 64-bit arguments (DWORD,
DINT, REAL, and LREAL) to be placed in discrete memories such as %I, %M,
and %R in the PACSystems target. This is not allowed on Series 90-70
targets. (Note that any bit reference address that is passed to a non-bit
parameter must be byte-aligned. This is the same as the Series 90-70 CPU.)

6
Internal Format of REAL Numbers

Bits 17-32 Bits 1-16
32 17 16 1
23-bit mantissa
8-bit exponent
1-bit sign (Bit 32)
Register use by a single floating point number is diagrammed below. For example, if
the floating point number occupies registers R5 and R6, R5 is the least significant
register and R6 is the most significant register.
Most Significant Register Least Significant Register
Bits 17-32 Bits 1-16
32 17 16 1
Most Significant Bit Least Significant Bit Most Significant Bit Least Significant Bit
Internal Format of LREAL Numbers

Bits 49-64 Bits 33-48 Bits 17-32 Bits 1-16
52-bit mantissa
11-bit exponent
1-bit sign (Bit 64)
Errors in Floating Point Numbers and Operations

Overflow occurs when a REAL or LREAL function generates a number outside the
allowed range. When this occurs, the Enable Out output of the function is set Off, and
the result is set to positive infinity (for a number greater than the upper limit) or
negative infinity (for a number less than the lower limit). You can determine where this
occurs by testing the sense of the Enable Out output.
IEEE 754 Infinity Representations

REAL LREAL
POS_INF (positive infinity) = 7F800000h = 7FF0000000000000h
NEG_INF (negative infinity) = FF800000h = 7FF0000000000001h
If the infinities produced by overflow are used as operands to other REAL or LREAL
functions, they may cause an undefined result. This undefined result is referred to as
an NaN (Not a Number). For example, the result of adding positive infinity to negative
infinity is undefined. When the ADD_REAL function is invoked with positive infinity
and negative infinity as its operands, it produces an NaN. If any operand of a function
is a NaN, the result will be some NaN.
Note: For NaN, the Enable Out output is Off (not energized).

6
Binary representations of Infinity and NaN values have exponents that contain all 1s.
IEEE 754 Representations of NaN values:

REAL LREAL
7F800001 through 7FF8000000000001 through
7FFFFFFF 7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FF800001 through FFF0000000000001 through
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
Note: For releases 5.0 and greater, the CPU may return slightly different values for
NaN compared to previous releases. In some cases, the result is a special
type of NaN displayed as #IND in Machine Edition. In these cases, for
example, EXP(-infinity), power flow out of the function is identical to that in
previous releases.

6
User Defined Types

A UDT is a structured data type consisting of elements of other selected data types.
Each top-level UDT element can be one of the following:
Top-level UDT Element Example
Simple data type, except STRING INT
Another UDT, except any in which the A UDT named UDT_ABC has a top-level element whose data
current UDT is nested at any level. type is another UDT, named UDT_2.
Note: A UDT cannot be nested within itself.
Array of a simple data type LREAL array of length 8.
Array of UDTs A UDT named UDT_ABC has a top-level element that is an
Note: A UDT cannot be nested within itself. array whose data type is another UDT, named UDT_row.
Working with UDTs

1. In Machine Edition, add a UDT as a node under a
target in the Project tab of the Navigator.
A UDT is saved with the target it’s used in.
2. Edit the UDT properties and define the elements in
the UDT’s structure.
3. Create a variable whose data type is the UDT.
By default, the variable resides in symbolic memory. You can convert the
symbolic variable to an I/O variable by assigning it to an I/O terminal.
4. Use the variable in logic.
UDT Properties
Name: The UDT’s name. Maximum length: 32 characters.
Description: The user-defined description of the UDT.
Memory Type: The type of symbolic or I/O variable memory in which a variable of this
UDT resides.
Non-Discrete: (Default) Word-oriented memory organized in groups of 16
contiguous bits.
Discrete: Bit-oriented memory.
Notes: You cannot nest a UDT of one memory type in a UDT of a different
memory type.
Changing the memory type propagates to existing variables of this UDT only
after target validation.
Is Fixed Size: If set to True, you can increase the Size (Bytes) value to a maximum of
65,535 bytes to create a buffer at the end of the UDT. The buffer is included in the
memory allocated to every downloaded variable of that UDT data type. Use of a buffer
may allow run mode store of a UDT when the size of the UDT definition has changed.
For details, see page 6-26. 2H
If set to False (default), the Size (Bytes) value is read-only and does not include a
buffer at the end of the UDT.

6
Size (bytes): (Read-only when Is Fixed Size is set to False.) The total number of
bytes required to store a structure variable of the user-defined data type (UDT).
Bytes Remaining: (Read-only; displayed if Is Fixed Size is set to True.) The UDT's
buffer size; the number of bytes available before the actual size of the UDT reaches
the value of the Size (bytes) property.
UDT Limits
Maximum number of UDTs per target: 2048
Maximum UDT size: 65,535 bytes
Note: Bit spares created to line up the end of a section of BOOL variables or
arrays with the end of a byte will count toward the maximum size.
Maximum number of top-level UDT elements: 1024
Maximum array size of a top-level UDT element: 1024 array elements
UDTs do not support the following:
- Two-dimensional arrays
- Function block data types
- Enumerated data types
You cannot nest a UDT of one memory type in a UDT of a different memory type.
You cannot alias a variable to a UDT variable or UDT variable element.
A FAULT contact supports a BOOL element of a UDT I/O variable, but not a
BOOL element of a UDT parameter in a UDFB or parameterized block.
POSCON and NEGCON do not support BOOL elements of UDT parameters in
parameterized blocks or UDFBs.
Run Mode Store of UDTs

An RMS can be performed on a target that contains a variable of a UDT, unless:
An operation in the UDT editor modifies the offset or bit mask of an element that
has the same name before and after the operation.
The size of the UDT definition increases.
Array length increases.
The memory type of the UDT definition changes.
There is a data type change in the UDT definition, except for the following
interchangeable data types:
- WORD, INT, UINT
- DWORD, DINT
The UDT definition is renamed.

6
UDT Operational Notes

By default, a UDT variable resides in symbolic memory. You can convert the
symbolic variable to an I/O variable.
All UDT elements are public and, therefore, readable and writeable.
Properties of elements of UDT variables:
The Input Transfer List and Output Transfer List properties are read-only and set
to False.
The Retentive property is editable only for BOOLs and only if the UDT Memory
Type is discrete. For UDTs whose Memory Type is non-discrete, a BOOL
variable has its Retentive property set to True during validation.
UDT variables are supported in LD, FBD, and ST blocks, as well as in Diagnostic
Logic Blocks.
For additional operational notes, refer to the programmer Help.
Example
You want to set up six COMMREQ commands to send values to a series of six
identical intelligent modules that require individualized data of the same data types in
the same format, specified by the manual for the intelligent module. This data contains
header information and several words of data.
You could proceed as follows:
1. Add a UDT named COMMREQ6 and edit it to contain the data in the required
3H
data types and sequence.

2. Create an array of length 6, named ABC, of the COMMREQ6 data type.
3. The array resides in symbolic memory. You can convert the symbolic variable to
4H 5H
an I/O variable.
4. Populate the variable. If the value of an element needs to be the same for all six
COMMREQ6 elements, you can set up an ST for loop that uses a variable index
6H 7H
to populate each element with the same data, for example:

for i = 1 to 6 do
ABC[i].WaitFlag := 0;
end_for;
5. Just before issuing one or more COMM_REQs, use the MOVE_TO_FLAT
8H
instruction to "flatten" the COMMREQ6 array or one or more of its top-level

elements from a structure to a "flat" series of contiguous registers in an area of %
memory supported by COMM_REQ.
6. Issue the COMM_REQs based on the % memory registers that you just populated
with the MOVE_TO_FLAT instruction.

6
Although you can populate the memory registers directly without a UDT and
MOVE_TO_FLAT, there are advantages when working with UDT variables:
UDT variables reside in symbolic or I/O variable memory, which protects them
from memory overlaps and offers more protection against overwriting, whereas
reference memory areas offer no such protection. It is best to use reference
memory just before issuing a COMM_REQ.
You can work with meaningful structure variable names and structure element
names.
You can set up loops with variable indexes to populate some of the values.
Word-for-Word Changes
Many changes to the program that do not modify the size of the program are
considered word-for-word changes. Examples include changing the type of contact or
coil, or changing a reference address used for an existing function block.
Symbolic Variables
Creating, deleting, or modifying a symbolic variable definition is not a word-for-word
change.
The following are word-for-word changes:
■ Switching between two symbolic variables
■ Switching between an symbolic variable and a mapped variable
■ Switching between a constant and a symbolic variable

6
Operands for Instructions

The operands for PACSystems instructions can be in the following forms:
■ Constants
■ Variables that are located in any of the PACSystems memory areas (%I, %Q,
%M, %T, %G, %S, %SA, %SB, %SC, %R, %W, %L, %P, %AI, %AQ)
■ Symbolic variables, including I/O variables
■ Parameters of a Parameterized block or C block
■ Power flow
■ Data flow
■ Computed references such as indirect references or bit-in-word references
■ BOOL arrays
An operand’s type and length must be compatible with that of the parameter it is being
passed into. PACSystems instructions and functions have the following operand
restrictions:
■ Constants cannot be used as operands to output parameters because output
values cannot be written to constants.
■ Variables located in %S memory cannot be used as operands to output
parameters because %S memory is read-only.
■ Variables located in %S, %SA, %SB, and %SC memories cannot be used as
operands to numerical parameters such as INTs, DINTs, REALs, LREALs, etc.
■ Data flow is prohibited on some input parameters of some functions. This occurs
when the function, during the course of its execution, actually writes a value to the
input parameter. Data flow is prohibited in these cases because data flow is
stored in a temporary memory and any updated value assigned to it would be
inaccessible to the user application.
■ The arguments to EN, OK, and many other BOOLEAN input and output
parameters are restricted to be power flow.
■ Restrictions on using Parameterized block or External block parameters as
operands to instructions or functions are documented in chapter 6.
■ References in discrete memory (I, Q, M, and T) must be byte-aligned.

6
Note the following:

■ Indirect references, which are available for all WORD-oriented memories (%R,
%W, %P, %L, %AI, %AQ), can be used as arguments to instructions wherever
located variables in the corresponding WORD-oriented memory are allowed. Note
that indirect references are converted into their corresponding direct references
immediately before they are passed into an instruction or function.
■ Bit-in-word references are generally allowed on contact and coil instructions other
than transition contacts and coils. They are also allowed as arguments to function
parameters that accept single or unaligned bits.
BOOL arrays can be used as parameters to an instruction instead of variables of other
data types. The array must be of sufficient length to replace the given data type. For
example, instead of using a 16-bit INT variable, you could use a BOOL array of
length 16 or more.
The following conditions must be met:
The BOOL array must be byte-aligned, that is, the reference address of the first
element of the BOOL array must be 8n + 1, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. For
example, %M00033 is byte-aligned, because 33 = (8 * 4) + 1.
The parameter in question must support discrete memory reference addresses.
The instruction in question must not have a Length parameter. (The Length
parameter is displayed as ?? in the LD editor until a value is assigned.)
The data type to be replaced with a BOOL array must be one of the following:
Data Type Minimum Length
BYTE 8
INT, UINT, WORD 16
DINT, DWORD, REAL 32
REAL 64
Excess bits are ignored. For example, if you use a BOOL array of length 12
instead of an 8-bit BYTE, the last four bits of the BOOL array are ignored.

Chapter Ladder Diagram Programming
This chapter describes the programming instructions that can be used to create ladder logic
programs for the PACSystems control system.
For an overview of the types of operands that can be used with instructions, refer to
“Operands for Instructions” in chapter 6.
The ladder logic implementation of the PACSystems instruction set includes the following
categories:
■ Advanced Math ......................................................................................7-2 1H
■ Bit Operations ........................................................................................7-7 2H
■ Coils .....................................................................................................7-253H
■ Contacts ...............................................................................................7-31 4H
■ Control Functions .................................................................................7-39 5H
■ Conversion Functions ..........................................................................7-58 6H
■ Counters...............................................................................................7-71 7H
■ Data Move Functions ...........................................................................7-75 8H
■ Data Table Functions.........................................................................7-108 9H
■ Math Functions...................................................................................7-126 10H
■ Program Flow Functions ....................................................................7-136 1H
■ Relational Functions ..........................................................................7-146 12H
■ Timers ................................................................................................7-151
13H
■ Motion Functions and Function Blocks

The RX3i CPUs support 56 PLCopen compliant motion functions and function blocks.
Details of these function blocks can be found in the PACMotion Multi-Axis Motion
Controller User’s Manual, GFK-2448.
GFK-2222P 7-1
7 Advanced Math Functions
Advanced Math Functions

The Advanced Math functions perform logarithmic, exponential, square root, trigonometric,
and inverse trigonometric operations.
Function Mnemonic Description
IN
Exponential EXP_REAL Raises e to the value specified in IN (e ). Calculates the inverse
EXP_LREAL natural logarithm of the IN operand.
EXPT_REAL Calculates IN1 to the IN2 power (IN1IN2).
EXPT_LREAL
Inverse Trig ACOS_REAL Calculates the inverse cosine of the IN operand and expresses the
ACOS_LREAL result in radians.
ASIN_REAL Calculates the inverse sine of the IN operand and expresses the
ASIN_LREAL result in radians.
ATAN_REAL Calculates the inverse tangent of the IN operand and expresses the
ATAN_LREAL result in radians.
Logarithmic LN_REAL Calculates the natural logarithm of the operand IN.
LN_LREAL
LOG_REAL Calculates the base 10 logarithm of the operand IN.
LOG_LREAL
Square SQRT_DINT Calculates the square root of the operand IN, a double-precision
Root integer, and stores in Q the double-precision integer portion of the
square root of the input IN.
SQRT_INT Calculates the square root of the operand IN, a single-precision
integer, and stores in Q the single-precision integer portion of the
square root of the input IN.
SQRT_REAL Calculates the square root of the operand IN, a real number, and
SQRT_LREAL stores the real-number result in Q
Trig COS_REAL Calculates the cosine of the operand IN, where IN is expressed in
COS_LREAL radians.
SIN_REAL Calculates the sine of the operand IN, where IN is expressed in
SIN_LREAL radians.
TAN_REAL Calculates the tangent of the operand IN, where IN is expressed in
TAN_LREAL radians.

Advanced Math Functions 7
Exponential/Logarithmic Functions
When an exponential or logarithmic function receives power flow, it performs the appropriate
operation on the REAL or LREAL input value(s) and places the result in output Q.
The inverse natural log
(EXP) function raises e to the
power specified by IN.
The Power of X (EXPT)

function raises the value of
input IN1 to the power
specified by the value IN2.
The Base 10 Logarithm

(LOG) function calculates the
base 10 logarithm of IN.
The Natural Logarithm (LN)

function calculates the
logarithm of IN.
The power flow output is energized when the function is performed, unless overflow or one of
the following invalid conditions occurs:
■ IN < 0, for LOG or LN
■ IN1 < 0, for EXPT
■ IN is negative infinity, for EXP
■ IN, IN1, or IN2 is a NaN (Not a Number)
Operands of the Exponential/Logarithmic Functions

Parameter Description Allowed Operands Optional
IN or IN1 For EXP, LOG, and LN, IN contains the All except variables located in %S—%SC No
REAL or LREAL value to be operated on.
The EXPT function has two inputs, IN1
and IN2. For EXPT, IN1 is the base value
and IN2 is the exponent.
IN2 (EXPT) The REAL or LREAL exponent for EXPT. All except variables located in %S—%SC No
Q Contains the REAL or LREAL All except constants and variables located No
logarithmic/exponential value of IN or of in %S—%SC
IN1 and IN2.
GFK-2222P Chapter 7 Ladder Diagram Programming 7-3

Square Root
Mnemonics:
SQRT_DINT
SQRT_INT
SQRT_REAL
SQRT_LREAL
When the Square Root function receives power flow, it finds the square root of IN and stores
the result in Q. The output Q must be the same data type as IN.
The power flow output is energized when the function is performed without overflow, unless
one of these invalid REAL operations occurs:
■ If IN < 0, Q is set to 0 and ENO is set FALSE.
■ If IN is a NaN (Not a Number), Q will also be an NaN value and ENO will be set false.
Example
The square root of the integer number located at %AI0001 is placed into %R00003 when
%I00001 is ON.
Operands for the Square Root Function

IN The value to calculate the All except variables located in %S - %SC No
square root of. If IN < 0, the
function does not pass power
flow.
Q The calculated square root. All except constants and variables located in %S - No
%SC

Advanced Math Functions 7
Trig Functions
Mnemonics:
SIN_REAL
SIN_LREAL
COS_REAL
COS_LREAL
TAN_REAL
TAN_LREAL
The SIN, COS, and TAN functions are used to find the trigonometric sine, cosine, and
tangent, respectively, of an input whose units are radians. When one of these functions
receives power flow, it computes the sine (or cosine or tangent) of IN and stores the result in
output Q.
The SIN, COS, and TAN functions accept a broad range of input values, where –263 < IN < 263, (263 is
approximately 9.22x1018). Input values outside this range will produce incorrect results.
The power flow output is energized unless the following invalid condition occurs:
■ IN or Q is a NaN (Not a Number)
Operands
IN Number of radians. All except variables located in %S—%SC No
–263 < IN < 263
Q Trigonometric value of IN (REAL or LREAL) All except constants and variables located No
in %S—%SC
Example
The COS of the value in V_R00001 is placed in V_R00033.

Inverse Trig – ASIN, ACOS, and ATAN

Mnemonics:
ASIN_REAL
ASIN_LREAL
ACOS_REAL
ACOS_LREAL
ATAN_REAL
ATAN_LREAL
When an Inverse Sine (ASIN), Inverse Cosine (ACOS), or Inverse Tangent (ATAN) function
receives power flow, it respectively computes the inverse sine, inverse cosine or inverse
tangent of IN and stores the result in radians in output Q.
The ASIN and ACOS functions accept a narrow range of input values, where –1 ≤ IN ≤ 1.
Given a valid value for the IN parameter, the ASIN function produces a result Q such that:
π π
ASIN(IN) = − ≤Q≤
2 2
The ACOS function produces a result Q such that:
ACOS(IN) = −0 ≤ Q ≤ π
The ATAN function accepts the broadest range of input values, where – ∞ ≤ IN ≤ + ∞. Given
a valid value for the IN parameter, the ATAN function produces a result Q such that:
π π
ATAN(IN) = − ≤Q≤
2 2
The power flow output is energized unless one of the following invalid conditions occurs:
■ IN is outside the valid range for ASIN, ACOS, or ATAN
■ IN is a NaN (Not a Number)
Operands of Inverse Trig Functions

Paramete Description Allowed Operands Optional
r
IN The REAL or LREAL value to process. All except variables located in %S - %SC No
ASIN and ACOS: -1 ≤ IN ≤ 1
ATAN: – ∞ ≤ IN ≤ + ∞
Q Trigonometric value of IN. REAL or LREAL All except constants and variables located No
value expressed in radians. in %S - %SC
ASIN: (-π/2) ≤ Q ≤ (π/2)
ACOS: 0 ≤ Q ≤ π
ATAN: (-π/2) ≤ Q ≤ (π/2)

Bit Operation Functions 7
Bit Operation Functions

The Bit Operation functions perform comparison, logical, and move operations on bit strings.
Function Mnemonics Description
Bit Position BIT_POS_DWORD Bit Position. Locates a bit set to 1 in a bit string.
BIT_POS_WORD
Bit Sequencer BIT_SEQ Bit Sequencer. Sequences a string of bit values, starting at ST. Performs a
bit sequence shift through an array of bits. The maximum length allowed is
256 words.
Bit Set, Clear BIT_SET_DWORD Bit Set. Sets a bit in a bit string to 1.
BIT_SET_WORD
BIT_CLR_DWORD Bit Clear. Clear a bit within a string by setting that bit to 0.
BIT_CLR_WORD
Bit Test BIT_TEST_DWORD Bit Test. Tests a bit within a bit string to determine whether that bit is
BIT_TEST_WORD currently 1 or 0.
Logical AND AND_DWORD Compares the bit strings IN1 and IN2 bit by bit. When a pair of
AND_WORD corresponding bits are both 1, places a 1 in the corresponding location in
output string Q; otherwise, places a 0 in the corresponding location in Q.
Logical NOT NOT_DWORD Logical invert. Sets the state of each bit in output bit string Q to the opposite
NOT_WORD state of the corresponding bit in bit string IN1.
Logical OR OR_DWORD Compares the bit strings IN1 and IN2 bit by bit. When a pair of
OR_WORD corresponding bits are both 0, places a 0 in the corresponding location in
output string Q; otherwise, places a 1 in the corresponding location in Q.
Logical XOR XOR_DWORD Compares the bit strings IN1 and IN2 bit by bit. When a pair of
XOR_WORD corresponding bits are different, places a 1 in the corresponding location in
the output bit string Q; when a pair of corresponding bits are the same,
places a 0 in Q.
Masked MASK_COMP_DWORD Masked Compare. Compares the contents of two separate bit strings with
Compare MASK_COMP_WORD the ability to mask selected bits.
Rotate Bits ROL_DWORD Rotate Left. Rotates all the bits in a string a specified number of places to
ROL_WORD the left.
ROR_DWORD Rotate Right. Rotates all the bits in a string a specified number of places to
ROR_WORD the right.
Shift Bits SHIFTL_DWORD Shift Left. Shifts all the bits in a word or string of words to the left by a
SHIFTL_WORD specified number of places.
SHIFTR_DWORD Shift Right. Shifts all the bits in a word or string of words to the right by a
SHIFTR_WORD specified number of places.

7 Bit Operation Functions
Data Lengths for the Bit Operation Functions

The Bit Operation functions operate on a single WORD or DWORD of data or up to 256
WORDs or DWORDs that occupy adjacent memory locations.
Bit Operation functions treat the WORD or DWORD data as a continuous string of bits, with
bit 1 of the first WORD or DWORD being the Least Significant Bit (LSB). The last bit of the
last WORD or DWORD is the Most Significant Bit (MSB). For example, if you specify three
WORDs of data beginning at reference %R0100, they are treated as 48 contiguous bits.
Warning
Overlapping input and output reference address ranges in multiword functions
is not recommended, as it can produce unexpected results.
Note that for all functions (Bit Test, Bit Set, Bit Clear, and Bit Position) that return a bit
position indicator as an output parameter (POS), bit position numbering starts at 1, not 0, as
shown in the diagram above.

Bit Position
The Bit Position function locates a bit set to 1 in a bit string.

Each scan that power is received, the function scans the bit string starting at IN. When the
function stops scanning, either a bit equal to 1 has been found or the entire length of the
string has been scanned.
POS is set to the position within the bit string of the first non-zero bit; POS is set to zero if no
non-zero bit is found.
A string length of 1 to 256 WORDs or DWORDs can be selected. The function passes power
flow to the right whenever it receives power.
Operands
Length (??) The number of WORDs or Constants No
DWORDs in the bit string.
1 ≤ Length ≤ 256.
IN The data to operate on All. Constants may only be used No
when Length is 1.
Q Energized if a bit set to 1 is Flow Yes

found
POS An unsigned integer giving All except constants and variables No
the position of the first located in %S - %SC
nonzero bit found, or zero if
no non-zero bit is found
Examples
When V_I00001 is set, the bit string starting at V_M00001 is searched until a bit equal to 1 is
found, or 6 words have been searched. Coil V_Q00001 is turned on. If a bit equal to 1 is
found, its location within the bit string is written to V_AQ0001 and V_Q00002 is turned on.
For example, if V_00001 is set, bit V_M00001 is 0, and bit V_M0002 is 1, the value written to
V_AQ0001 is 2.

Bit Sequencer
The Bit Sequencer (BIT_SEQ) function performs a bit sequence shift
through a series of contiguous bits.
The operation of BIT_SEQ depends on the value of the reset input (R),
and both the current value and previous value of the enabling power
flow input (EN):
R Current Execution EN Previous Execution EN Current Execution Bit Sequencer Execution

ON ON/OFF ON/OFF Bit sequencer resets
OFF OFF ON Bit sequencer increments/decrements
by 1
OFF Bit sequencer does not execute
ON ON/OFF Bit sequencer does not execute
The reset input (R) overrides the enabling power flow (EN) and always resets the sequencer.
When R is active, the current step number is set to the value of the optional N operand. If you
did not specify N, the step number is set to 1. All bits in the bit sequencer, ST, are set to 0,
except for the bit pointed to by the current step, which is set to 1.
When EN is active and R is not active, and the previous EN was OFF, the bit pointed to by
the current step number is cleared. The current step number is incremented or decremented,
based on the direction (DIR) operand. Then the bit pointed to by the new step number is set
to 1.
■ When the step number is being incremented and it goes outside the range of
(1 ≤ step number ≤ Length), it is set back to 1.
■ When the step number is being decremented and it goes outside the range of
(1 ≤ step number ≤ Length), it is set to Length.
The parameter ST is optional. If it is not used, BIT_SEQ operates as described above, except
that no bits are set or cleared. The function just cycles the current step number through its
allowed range.
BIT_SEQ passes power to the right whenever it receives power.
Note: Before using the BIT_SEQUENCER function block, the current step number (Word 1
in the control block) must be set to an integer value between 1 and the length, as
defined in the function block properties. Failure to properly initialize the step number
in the BIT_SEQUENCER function block may result in the CPU going to STOP-HALT
mode.
Asserting the Reset parameter (R), before using the BIT SEQUENCER function block
assures that the current step number is set to a valid value.

Memory Required for Bit Sequencer

Each bit sequencer uses a three word array of control block information. The control block
can be a symbolic variable or it can be located in %R, %W, %L, or %P memory:
Word 1 current step number
Word 2 length of sequence (in
bits)
Word 3 control word
Note: Do not write to the control block memory registers from other functions.
Word 3 (the control word) stores the state of the Boolean inputs and outputs of its associated
function in the following format:
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Reserved
Reserved
OK (status input
EN (enable input
Notes:
■ Bits 0 through 13 are not used.
■ In the N operand, bits are entered as 1 through 16, not 0 through 15.
Operands for Bit Sequencer

Warning
Do not write to the Control Block memory with other instructions. Overlapping
references may cause erratic operation of BIT_SEQ.
Address Beginning address of the Control Block, Symbolic variables, No
(????) which is a three-word array: variables located in %R,
Word 1: current step number %W, %P, or %L
Word 2: length of sequence in bits
Word 3: control word, which tracks the
status of the last enabling power flow and
the status of the power flow to the right.
Length (??) The number of bits in the bit sequencer, ST, Constants No
that BIT_SEQ will step through. 1 ≤ Length
≤ 256.
R When R is energized, the step number of Flow No
BIT_SEQ is set to the value in N (default =
1), and the bit sequencer, ST, is filled with
zeros, except for the current step number
bit.
DIR (Direction) When DIR is energized, the step Flow No
number of BIT_SEQ is incremented prior to
the shift. Otherwise, it is decremented.


N The value that the step number is set to All except variables Yes
when R is energized. Default value is 1. 1 ≤ located in %S - %SC
N ≤ Length. If N < 1, the step number will
be reset to 1 when R is energized. If N >
Length, the step number will be reset to
Length. Must be an integer variable or
constant.
ST Contains the first word of the bit sequencer. All except constants, Yes
If ST is not used, the Bit Sequencer flow, and variables
function operates as described above, located in %S
except that no bits are set or cleared. The
function just cycles the current step number
(in word 1 of the control block) through its
allowed range.
If ST is in %M memory and the Length is 3,
the bit sequencer occupies 3 bits; the other
5 bits of the byte are not used. If ST is in
%R memory, and the Length is 17, the bit
sequencer uses 4 bytes, all of %R1 and
%R2.
Example
In the following example, a #FST_SCN system variable is used to set CLEAR to ON for one
scan. This sets the step number in Word 1 of the Bit Sequencer’s control block to an initial
value of 3.
The Bit Sequencer operates on register memory %R00001. Its control block is stored in
registers %R0010, %R0011, and %R0012. When CLEAR is active, the sequencer is reset
and the current step is set to step number 3, as specified in N. The third bit of %R0001 is set
to one and the other seven bits are set to zero.
When NXT_CYC is active and CLEAR is not active, the bit for step number 3 is cleared and
the bit for step number 2 or 4 (depending on whether DIRECTION is energized) is set.

Bit Set, Clear

Mnemonics
BIT_SET_DWORD
BIT_SET_WORD
BIT_CLR_DWORD
BIT_CLR_WORD
The Bit Set (BIT_SET_DWORD and BIT_SET_WORD) function sets a bit in a bit string to 1.
The Bit Clear (BIT_CLR_DWORD and BIT_CLR_WORD) function clears a bit in a string by
setting the bit to 0.
Each scan that power is received; the function sets or clears the specified bit. If a variable
rather than a constant is used to specify the bit number, the same function can set or clear
different bits on successive scans. Only one bit is set or cleared, and the transition
information for that bit is updated. The transition status of all the other bits in the bit string is
not affected.
The function passes power flow to the right, unless the value for BIT is outside the specified
range.
Operands
Length The number of WORDs or DWORDs in Constants
(??) the bit string. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256.
IN The first WORD or DWORD of the data to All except constants, flow, and variables
process located in %S
BIT The number of the bit to set or clear in IN. All except variables located in %S - %SC
1 ≤ BIT ≤ (16 * Length) for WORD.
1 ≤ BIT ≤ (32 * length) for DWORD
Examples
Example 1
Whenever input V_I0001 is set, bit 12 of the string beginning at
reference %R00040 (as specified by variable V_R0040) is set
to 1.
Example 2
Whenever V_I00001 is set, %M00043, the third bit of the string
beginning at %M00041, is set to 1. Note that neither the status
nor the transition value of any of the other bits in the same byte
as %M00043 (e.g., %M00041, %M00042, %M00044, etc.) is
affected by the BIT_SET function.

Bit Test
When the Bit Test function receives power flow, it tests a bit within a bit
string to determine whether that bit is currently 1 or 0. The result of the
test is placed in output Q.
Each scan that power is received, the Bit Test function sets its output Q to
the same state as the specified bit. If a register rather than a constant is
used to specify the bit number, the same function can test different bits on
successive sweeps. If the value of BIT is outside the range (1 ≤ BIT ≤ (16
* length) for a WORD and 1 ≤ BIT ≤ (32 * length) for a DWORD), then Q is
set OFF.
You can specify a string length of 1 to 256 WORDs or DWORDs.
Note: When using the Bit Test function, the bits are numbered 1 through 16 for a WORD,
not 0 through 15. They are numbered 1 through 32 for a DWORD.
Operands
Length The number of WORDs or DWORDs in the data string to test. 1 ≤ Constant No
(??) Length ≤ 256.
IN The first WORD or DWORD in the data to test All No
BIT The number of the bit to test in IN. 1 ≤ BIT ≤ (16*Length). All except variables located in %S No
- %SC
Q The state of the specific bit tested; Q is energized if the bit tested Flow No
is a 1.
Example 1
When input V_I0001 is set, the bit at the location
contained in reference PICKBIT is tested. The bit is
part of string PRD_CDE. If it is 1, output Q passes
power flow to the ADD function, causing 1 to be
added to the current value of the ADD function input
IN1.
Example 2
When input V_I0001 is set, the bit at the location contained in
reference PICKBIT is tested. The bit is part of string PRD_CDE. If it is
1, output Q passes power flow and the coil V_Q0001 is turned on.

Logical AND, Logical OR, and Logical XOR
Each scan that power is received, the Logical function examines each bit in bit string IN1 and
the corresponding bit in bit string IN2, beginning with the least significant bit in each. You can
specify a string length of 1 to 256 WORDs or DWORDs. The IN1 and IN2 bit strings specified
may overlap.
Logical AND
If both bits examined by the Logical AND function are 1, AND places a 1 in the corresponding
location in output string Q. If either bit is 0 or both bits are 0, AND places a 0 in string Q in
that location.
AND passes power flow to the right whenever it receives power.
Tip: You can use the Logical AND function to build masks or screens, where only certain bits
are passed (the bits opposite a 1 in the mask), and all other bits are set to 0.
Logical OR
If either bit examined by the Logical OR function is 1, OR places a 1 in the corresponding
location in output string Q. If both bits are 0, Logical OR places a 0 in string Q in that location.
The function passes power flow to the right whenever it receives power.
Tips:
■ You can use the Logical OR function to combine strings or to control many outputs with
one simple logical structure. The Logical OR function is the equivalent of two relay
contacts in parallel multiplied by the number of bits in the string.
■ You can use the Logical OR function to drive indicator lamps directly from input states or
to superimpose blinking conditions on status lights.
Logical XOR
When the Exclusive OR (XOR) function receives power flow, it compares each bit in bit string
IN1 with the corresponding bit in string IN2. If the bits are different, a 1 is placed in the
corresponding position in the output bit string.
For each pair of bits examined, if only one bit is 1, then XOR places a 1 in the corresponding
location in bit string Q. XOR passes power flow to the right whenever it receives power.

Tips for Logical XOR

■ If string IN2 and output string Q begin at the same reference, a 1 placed in string IN1 will
cause the corresponding bit in string IN2 to alternate between 0 and 1, changing state
with each scan as long as power is received.
■ You can program longer cycles by pulsing the power flow to the function at twice the
desired rate of flashing. The power flow pulse should be one scan long (one-shot type
coil or self resetting timer).
■ You can use XOR to quickly compare two bit strings, or to blink a group of bits at the rate
of one ON state per two scans.
■ XOR is useful for transparency masks.
Operands for Logical AND, OR, and XOR

Length (??) The number of words in the Constant No
bit string on which to
perform the logical
operation. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256.
IN1 The first WORD or DWORD All No
of the first string operate on.
IN2 (Must be the same data The first WORD or DWORD All No
type as IN1.) of the second string to
operate on.
Q (Must be the same data The first WORD or DWORD All except constants and No
type as IN1.) of the operation’s result. variables located in %S
memory
Examples
Logical AND
When input v_I0001 is set, the 16-bit strings represented by variables WORD1 and WORD2
are examined. The logical AND places the results in output string RESULT.

Logical XOR
Whenever V_I0001 is set, the bit string represented by the variable WORD3 is cleared (set to
all zeros).

Logical NOT
When the Logical Not or Logical Invert (NOT) function receives power flow, it sets the state of
each bit in the output bit string Q to the opposite of the state of the corresponding bit in bit
string IN1.
All bits are altered on each scan that power is received, making output string Q the logical
complement of input string IN1. Logical NOT passes power flow to the right whenever it
receives power. You can specify a string length of 1 to 256 WORDs or DWORDs
Operands
Length (??) The number of WORDs or Constant No
DWORDs in the bit string
to NOT. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256.
IN1 The first WORD or All No
DWORD of the input string
to NOT.
Q The first WORD or All except constants and No
(Must be the same data type DWORD of the NOT's variables located in %S
as IN1) result. memory
Example
When input V_I0001 is set, the bit string represented by the variable A is negated. Logical
NOT stores the resulting inverse bit string in variable B. Variable A retains its original bit
string value.

Masked Compare
The Masked Compare (MASK_COMP_DWORD and
MASK_COMP_WORD) function compares the contents of
two bit strings. It provides the ability to mask selected bits.
Tip: Input string 1 might contain the states of outputs
such as solenoids or motor starters. Input string 2
might contain their input state feedback, such as limit
switches or contacts.
When the function receives power flow, it begins comparing
the bits in the first string with the corresponding bits in the
second string. Comparison continues until a miscompare is
found or until the end of the string is reached.
The BIT input stores the bit number where the next comparison should start. Ordinarily, this is
the same as the number where the last miscompare occurred. Because the bit number of the
last miscompare is stored in output BN, the same reference can be used for both BIT and
BN. The comparison actually begins 1 bit following BIT; therefore, the initial value of BIT
should be 1 less first bit to be compared (for example, zero (0) to begin comparison at
%I00001). Using the same reference for BIT and BN causes the compare to start at the next
bit position after a miscompare; or, if all bits compared successfully upon the next invocation
of the function, the compare starts at the beginning.
Tip: If you want to start the next comparison at some other location in the string, you can
enter different references for BIT and BN. If the value of BIT is a location that is
beyond the end of the string, BIT is reset to 0 before starting the next comparison.
The function passes power flow whenever it receives power. The other outputs of the function
depend on the state of the corresponding mask bit.
If all corresponding bits in strings IN1 and IN2 match, the function sets the miscompare
output MC to 0 and BN to the highest bit number in the input strings. The comparison then
stops. On the next invocation of a Masked Compare, it is reset to 0.
If a Miscompare is found, that is, if the two bits being compared are not the same, the
function checks the correspondingly numbered bit in string M (the mask).
If the mask bit is a 1, the comparison continues until it reaches another miscompare or the
end of the input strings.
If a miscompare is detected and the corresponding mask bit is a 0, the function does the
following:
1. Sets the corresponding mask bit in M to 1.
2. Sets the miscompare (MC) output to 1.
3. Updates the output bit string Q to match the new content of mask string M.
4. Sets the bit number output (BN) to the number of the miscompared bit.
5. Stops the comparison.

Operands for Masked Compare Function

Length (??) The number of DWORDs or Constant No
WORDs in the two compared
strings.
DWORD: 1 ≤ Length ≤ 2,048
WORD: 1 ≤ Length ≤ 4,096
IN1 The first bit string to be compared All. Constants are legal only when Length is 1 No
IN2 The second bit string to be All. Constants are legal only when Length is 1 No
compared
M The bit string mask containing the All except flow or variables in %S memory. Constants are No
ongoing status of the compare legal only when Length is 1
BIT BIT+1=the bit number where the All except variables in %S - %SC memories No
next comparison starts
Q The output copy of the compare All except constants No
mask bit string
BN The number of the bit where the All except constants and variables in %S memory No
latest miscompare occurred, or the
highest bit number in the inputs if
no miscompare occurred
MC Can be used to determine if a flow Yes
miscompare has occurred.
Examples for Masked Compare
Example 1
When %I00001 is set, MASK_COMP_WORD compares the bits represented by the
reference VALUES against the bits represented by the reference EXPECT. Comparison
begins at BITNUM+1. If an unmasked miscompare is detected, the comparison stops. The
corresponding bit is set in the mask RESULT. BITNUM is updated to contain the bit number
of the miscompared bit. In addition, the output string NEWVALS is updated with the new
value of RESULT, and coil %Q00002 is turned on. Coil %Q00001 is turned on whenever
MASK_COMP_WORD receives power flow.

Example 2
On the first scan, the Masked Compare Word function executes. %M0001 through %M0016
is compared with %M0017 through %M0032. %M0033 through %M0048 contains the mask
value. The value in %R0001 determines the bit position in the two input strings where the
comparison starts.
Before the function is executed, the contents of the above references are:
The #FST_SCN contact forces one and only one execution; otherwise, the function would
repeat with possibly unexpected results.

Rotate Bits
Mnemonics:
ROL_DWORD
ROL_WORD
ROR_DWORD
ROR_WORD
When receiving power flow, the Rotate Bits Right (ROR_DWORD and ROR_WORD) and
Rotate Bits Left (ROL_DWORD and ROL_WORD) functions rotate all the bits in a string of
WORDs or DWORDs N positions respectively to the right or to the left. When rotation occurs,
the specified number of bits is rotated out of the input string respectively to the right or to the
left and back into the string on the other side.
The Rotate Bits function passes power flow to the right, unless the number of bits to rotate is
less than 0, or is greater than the total length of the string. The result is placed in output string
Q. If you want the input string to be rotated, the output parameter Q must use the same
memory location as the input parameter IN. The entire rotated string is written on each scan
that power is received.
A string length of 1 to 256 words or double words can be specified.
Operands
Length (??) The number of WORDs or DWORDs in the string to Constant No
be rotated. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256.
IN The string to rotate All. Constants are legal when Length is 1 No
N The number of positions to rotate. 0 ≤ N ≤ Length. All except variables in %S - %SC No
memories
Q The resulting rotated string All except constants and variables in %S No
memory
Example
Whenever input V_I0001 is set, the input bit string in
location %R0001 is rotated left 3 bits and the result is
placed in %R00002. The actual input bit string %R0001
is left unchanged. If the same reference had been used
for IN and Q, a rotation would have occurred in place.
MSB
%R0001
MSB
%R0002 (after %I00001 is set)

Shift Bits
Mnemonics:
SHIFTL_DWORD
SHIFTL_WORD
SHIFTR_DWORD
SHIFTR_WORD
Shift Left
When the Shift Left (SHIFTL_WORD) function receives power flow, it shifts all the bits in a
word or group of words to the left by a specified number of places, N. When the shift occurs,
the specified number of bits is shifted out of the output string to the left. As bits are shifted out
of the high end of the string (Most Significant Bit (MSB)), the same number of bits is shifted in
at the low end (Least Significant Bit (LSB)). The SHIFTL_DWORD function operates in a
similar manner on DWORDs instead of WORDs.
Shift Right
When the Shift Right (SHIFTR_WORD) function receives power flow, it shifts all the bits in a
word or group of words a specified number of places to the right (N). When the shift occurs,
the specified number of bits is shifted out of the output string to the right. As bits are shifted
out of the low end of the string (LSB), the same number of bits is shifted in at the high end
(MSB).
Shift Left and Shift Right

A string length (Length) of 1 to 256 words can be specified.
The bits being shifted into the beginning of the string are specified via input parameter B1. If
the value of N is greater than 1, each bit is filled with the same value (0 or 1). This can be:
■ The Boolean output of another program function.
■ All 1s. To do this, use the #AWL_ON (always on) system bit (in memory location %S7),
as a permissive to input B1.
■ All 0s. To do this, use the #ALW_OFF (always off) system bit (in memory location %S8),
as a permissive to input B1.
The Shift Bits function passes power flow to the right, unless the number of bits specified to
shift is zero or is greater than the array size.

Output Q is the shifted copy of the input string. If you want the input string to be shifted, the
output parameter Q must use the same memory location as the input parameter IN. The
entire shifted string is written on each scan that power is received. Output B2 is the last bit
shifted out. For example, if four bits were shifted, B2 would be the fourth bit shifted out.
Operands
Length (??) The number of WORDs or Constants. No
DWORDs in the string. 1 ≤ Length
≤ 256.
IN The string of WORDs or DWORDs All. Constants are legal only No
to shift when Length = 1.
N The number of places (bits) to shift All except variables in No

the array. 0 ≤ N ≤ Length %S— %SC memories
If N is 0, no shift occurs, but power
flow is generated. If N is greater
than the number of bits in the
string (Length), all bits in Q are set
to the value B1, OK is set FALSE,
and B2 is set to B1.
B1 The bit value to shift into the array flow No
B2 The bit value of the last bit shifted flow Yes
out of the array.
Q The first WORD or DWORD of the All except constants and No
(Must be the same shifted array variables in %S memory.
data type as IN)
Example
Whenever input V_I0001 is set, the bits in the input string that begins at WORD1 are copied
to the output bit string that starts at WORD2. WORD2 is left-shifted by 8 bits, as specified by
the input N. The resulting open bits at the beginning of the output string are set to the value of
V_I0002.

Coils 7
Coils
Coils are used to control the discrete (BOOL) references assigned to them. Conditional logic
must be used to control the flow of power to a coil. Coils cause action directly. They do not
pass power flow to the right. If additional logic in the program should be executed as a result
of the coil condition, you can use an internal reference for the coil or a continuation
coil/contact combination.
■ A continuation coil does not use an internal reference. It must be followed by a
continuation contact at the beginning of any rung following the continuation coil.
■ Coils are always located at the rightmost position of a line of logic.
Coil Checking
The level of coil checking is set to “Show as error” by default. If you want a coil conflict to
result in a warning instead of this error, or if you want no warning at all, edit the PLC option:
Multiple Coil Use Warning in the programming software.
The “Show as warning” option enables you to use any coil reference with multiple Coils, Set
Coils, and Reset Coils, but you will be warned at validation time every time you do so. With
both the “Show as warning” and the “no warning” options, a reference can be set ON by
either a Set Coil or a normal Coil and can be set OFF by a Reset Coil or by a normal Coil.
Graphical Representation of Coils

The programming software displays the COIL, NCCOIL, SETCOIL, and RESETCOIL
instructions differently depending on the retentive state of the BOOL variables assigned to
them. Examples are provided in the discussion of each type of coil. For a discussion of
retentiveness, refer to “Retentiveness of Logic and Data” in chapter 6.
Coil (Normally Open)
0H
A retentive variable is assigned to the A non-retentive variable is assigned to the

coil coil
When a COIL receives power flow, it sets its associated BOOL variable ON (1). When it
receives no power flow, it sets the associated BOOL variable OFF (0). COIL can be assigned
a retentive variable or a non-retentive variable.
Valid memory areas: %I, %Q, %M, %T, %SA - %SC, and %G. Symbolic discrete variables
are permitted. Bit-in-word references on any word-oriented memory except %AI, including
symbolic non-discrete memory, are also permitted.

7 Coils
Continuation Coil
A continuation coil instructs the PLC to continue the present rung's LD logic power
flow value (TRUE or FALSE) at the continuation contact on a following rung.
The flow state of the continuation coil is passed to the continuation contact.
Notes:
■ If the flow of logic does not execute a continuation coil before it executes a continuation
contact, the state of the continuation contact is no flow (FALSE).
■ The continuation coil and the continuation contact do not use parameters and do not
have associated variables.
■ You can have multiple rungs with continuation contacts after a single continuation coil.
■ You can have multiple rungs with continuation coils before one rung with a continuation
contact.
Negated Coil
A retentive variable is assigned to the A non-retentive variable is assigned to

negated coil the negated coil
When it does not receive power flow, a negated coil (NCCOIL) sets a discrete reference ON.
When it does receive power flow, NCCOIL sets a discrete reference OFF. NCCOIL can be
assigned a retentive variable or a non-retentive variable.
Set, Reset Coil
Set Coil and Reset Coil with a retentive Set Coil and Reset Coil with a non-
variable assigned retentive variable assigned
The SET and RESET coils can be used to keep (“latch”) the state of a reference either ON
or OFF.
Warning
SET / RESET coils write an undefined result to the transition bit for the given
reference. This result differs from that written by Series 90-70 CPUs and could
change for future PACSystems CPU models.
Because they write an undefined result to transition bits, do not use SET or
RESET coils with references used on POSCON or NEGCON transition contacts.
When a SET coil receives power flow, it sets its discrete reference ON. When a SET coil
does not receive power flow, it does not change the value of its discrete reference. Therefore,
whether or not the coil itself continues to receive power flow, the reference stays ON until the
reference is reset by other logic, such as a RESET coil.

Coils 7
When a RESET coil receives power flow, it resets a discrete reference to OFF. When a
RESET coil does not receive power flow, it does not change the value of its discrete
reference. Therefore, its reference remains OFF until it is set ON by other logic, such as a
SET coil.
The last solved SET coil or RESET coil of a pair takes precedence.
The SET and RESET coils can be assigned a retentive variable or a non-retentive variable.
Example of Set, Reset Coils

The coil represented by E1 is turned ON when reference E2 or E6 is ON and is turned OFF
when reference E5 or E3 is ON.

7 Coils
Transition Coils
The PACSystems provides four transition coils: PTCOIL, NTCOIL, POSCOIL, and NEGCOIL.
For examples showing the differences in the operation of the two types of transition coils, see
page 7-30.
14H
POSCOIL and NEGCOIL
Positive Transition Coil (POSCOIL) Negative Transition Coil (NEGCOIL)
If: If:
■ the current value of the transition bit for the variable ■ the current value of the transition bit for the variable
is OFF, is ON,
■ the current value of the status bit for the variable is ■ the current value of the status bit for the variable is
OFF, and OFF, and
■ the current value of the power flow input to the coil ■ the current value of the power flow input is OFF,
is ON,
the Negative Transition Coil turns ON the status bit of its
the Positive Transition Coil turns ON the status bit of its associated variable. In all other cases, it turns OFF the
associated variable. In all other cases, it turns OFF the status bit of its associated variable. In all cases, the
status bit of its associated variable. In all cases, the transition bit of the variable is set to the value of the
transition bit of the variable is set to the value of the power flow input.
power flow input.
Note: When the Negative Transition Coil turns ON its
Note: When the Positive Transition Coil turns ON its reference’s status bit, it also turns OFF its
reference’s status bit, it also turns ON its transition bit. This negates two of the conditions
transition bit. This negates two of the conditions for the reference bit to be turned ON the next
for the reference bit to be turned ON the next time the Negative Transition coil executes.
time the Positive Transition coil executes. Therefore the reference bit is turned OFF the
Therefore the reference bit is turned OFF the next time the Negative Transition Coil executes
next time the Positive Transition Coil executes (as long as the reference bit has not in the
(as long as the reference bit has not in the meantime been written to by any other logic).
meantime been written to by any other logic).
Cautions
■ Do not override a POSCOIL or NEGCOIL transition coil by putting a force on its
reference bit. If a transition coil is overridden and the override is then removed, the
behavior of the transition coil on the next sweep in which it is executed depends
on many inputs and may be difficult to understand. It may cause unexpected
consequences in the ladder logic and in field devices attached to the CPU.
■ If you want to preserve a transition coil’s one-shot nature, do not write to its
reference bit using any other instruction, such as another coil or a GE function.
■ Do not use a transition contact with the same reference address used on a
transition coil. The interaction between the two instructions can be difficult to
understand.

Coils 7
Operands for POSCOIL and NEGCOIL

BOOL_V The variable associated with POSCOIL or I, Q, M, T, G, SA, SB, SC, and No
NEGCOIL symbolic discrete variables.
Example for POSCOIL and NEGCOIL

When reference E1 goes from OFF to ON, coils E2 and E3 receive power flow, turning E2
ON for one logic scan. When E1 goes from ON to OFF, power flow is removed from E2 and
E3, turning coil E3 ON for one scan.
PTCOIL and NTCOIL

PTCOILs and NTCOILs behave very similarly to POSCOILs and NEGCOILs. The major
difference between them is that PTCOILs and NTCOILs have instance data that is associated
with each instance of the coil in logic. The instance data associated with each coil stores the
value of the power flow into the coil the last time the coil was executed. Each occurrence of a
PTCOIL and NTCOIL in logic has its own copy of instance data. Therefore, two PTCOILs,
even if they share the same reference address, operate independently of each other. In
contrast, two POSCOILs that share the same reference address affect the behavior of each
other.
Because the behavior of a PTCOIL and an NTCOIL is determined solely by the current power
flow into the coil and the previous power flow into the coil (i.e., the instance data), it is not
affected by writes to its associated BOOL variable by other coils or instructions in the logic.
Therefore, many of the cautions that apply to POSCOILs and NEGCOILs do not apply to
PTCOILs and NTCOILs.
Positive Transition Coil (PTCOIL) Negative Transition Coil (NTCOIL)
When the input power flow is ON and the power flow When the input power flow is OFF and the power flow
the last time the coil was executed is OFF (i.e., the the last time the coil was executed is ON (i.e., the
instance data is OFF), the status bit of the BOOL instance data is ON), the status bit of the BOOL
variable associated with PTCOIL is turned ON. variable associated with NTCOIL is turned ON.
Under any other conditions, the status bit of the Under any other conditions, the status bit of the
BOOL variable is turned OFF. BOOL variable is turned OFF.
After the status bit of the BOOL variable is updated, After the status bit of the BOOL variable is updated,
the instance data associated with the PTCOIL is set the instance data associated with the PTCOIL is set
to the value of the input power flow. to the value of the input power flow.

7 Coils
Operands for PTCOIL and NTCOIL

BOOL_V The variable associated with Variables in I, Q, M, T, SA, SB, SC, or G No
PTCOIL or NTCOIL memories as well as symbolic discrete
variables. In addition, bit-in-word
references on any non-discrete memory
(e.g., %R) or on symbolic non-discrete
variables are allowed.
Examples Comparing PTCOIL and POSCOIL

PTCOIL
In the example below, the power flow into the PTCOIL alternates between OFF and ON. On
the first sweep the power flow in is OFF, on the second sweep it is ON, and so forth. Each
time the power flow into the PTCOIL changes from OFF to ON, the value of Xsition is turned
ON. Therefore, on the first sweep, the PTCOIL turns Xsition OFF, on the second sweep it
turns it ON, on the third sweep it turns it OFF, and so forth. Notice that the behavior of the
PTCOIL is not affected by the presence of the fourth rung, which also writes to Xsition.
PTCOIL behaves the same way when the fourth rung is removed.
POSCOIL
If a POSCOIL is used in place of the PTCOIL in the example below (keeping the rest of the
logic identical and same alternation of power flow into the POSCOIL), the behavior of the
logic will be different. The behavior of the POSCOIL is affected by the execution of the fourth
rung, which writes to Xsition and changes both its status and transition bits. In this example,
POSCOIL never turns Xsition ON. If the fourth rung is removed, POSCOIL will behave
exactly as the PTCOIL behaves, turning Xsition OFF on the first sweep, ON on the second
sweep, and so forth.
Flip the value of PflowIn. If it was ON turn it OFF. If it was OFF turn it ON.

Contacts 7
Contacts
A contact is used to monitor the state of a reference address. Whether the contact passes
power flow depends on positive power flow into the contact, the state or status of the
reference address being monitored, and the contact type. A reference address is ON if its
state is 1; it is OFF if its state is 0.
Contact Display Mnemonic Contact Passes Power to Right...
Continuation Contact CONTCON if the preceding continuation coil is
set ON
Fault Contact FAULT if its associated BOOL or WORD
variable has a point fault
High Alarm Contact HIALR if the high alarm bit associated with
the analog (WORD) reference is ON
Low Alarm Contact LOALR if the low alarm bit associated with
the analog (WORD) reference is ON
No Fault Contact NOFLT if its associated BOOL or WORD
variable does not have a point fault
Normally Closed Contact NCCON if associated BOOL variable is OFF
Normally Open Contact NOCON if associated BOOL variable is ON
Transition Contacts NEGCON (negative transition contact) if BOOL

reference transitions from ON to
OFF
NTCON (negative transition contact) if BOOL
reference transitions from ON to
OFF
POSCON (positive transition contact) if BOOL
reference transitions from OFF to
ON
PTCON (positive transition contact) if BOOL
reference transitions from OFF to
ON

7 Contacts
Continuation Contact
■ A continuation contact continues the LD logic from the last previously-executed rung
in the block that contained a continuation coil.
The flow state of the continuation contact is the same as the preceding executed continuation
coil. A continuation contact has no associated variable.
Notes:
■ If the flow of logic does not execute a continuation coil before it executes a continuation
contact, the state of the continuation contact is no flow.
■ The state of the continuation contact is cleared (set to no flow) each time a block begins
execution.
■ The continuation coil and the continuation contact do not use parameters and do not
have associated variables.
■ You can have multiple rungs with continuation contacts after a single continuation coil.
■ You can have multiple rungs with continuation coils before one rung with a continuation
contact.
Fault Contact
A Fault contact (FAULT) detects faults in discrete or analog reference addresses, or locates
faults (rack, slot, bus, module).
■ To guarantee correct indication of module status, use the reference address (%I, %Q,
%AI, %AQ) with the FAULT/NOFLT contacts.
■ To locate a fault, use the rack, slot, bus, module fault locating system variable with a
FAULT/NOFLT contact.
Note: The fault indication of a given module is cleared when the associated fault is cleared
from the fault table.
■ For I/O point fault reporting, you must enable point fault references in Hardware
Configuration.
FAULT passes power flow if its associated variable or location has a point fault.
Operands
BWVAR The variable associated with variables in %I, %Q, %AI, and %AQ memories, No
the FAULT contact and predefined fault-locating references

Contacts 7
High and Low Alarm Contacts
The high alarm contact (HIALR) is used to detect a high alarm associated with an analog
reference. Use of this contact and the low alarm contact must be enabled during CPU
configuration.
A high alarm contact passes power flow if the high alarm bit associated with the analog
reference is ON.
The low alarm contact (LOALR) detects a low alarm associated with an analog reference.
Use of this contact must be enabled during CPU configuration.
A low alarm contact passes power flow if the low alarm bit associated with the analog
reference is ON.
Operands
WORDV The variable associated with the HIALR or LOALR variables in AI and AQ No
contact memories
No Fault Contact
A No Fault (NOFLT) contact detects faults in discrete or analog reference addresses, or

locates faults (rack, slot, bus, module). NOFLT passes power flow if its associated variable or
location does not have a point fault.
■ To guarantee correct indication of module status, use the reference address (%I, %Q,
%AI, %AQ) with the FAULT/NOFLT contacts.
■ To locate a fault, use the rack, slot, bus, module fault locating system variables with a
FAULT/NOFLT contact.
■ For I/O point fault reporting, you must configure your Hardware Configuration (HWC) to
enable the PLC point faults.
Note: The fault indication of a given module is cleared when the associated fault is cleared
from the fault table.
Operands
BWVAR The variable associated with variables in %I, %Q, %AI, and %AQ memories, No
the NOFLT contact and predefined fault-locating references

7 Contacts
Normally Closed and Normally Open Contacts
A normally closed contact (NCCON) acts as a switch that passes power flow if the BOOLV
operand is OFF (false, 0).
A normally open contact (NOCON) acts as a switch that passes power flow if the BOOLV
operand is ON (true, 1).
Operands
BOOLV BOOLV may be a predefined system variable discrete variables in I, Q, M, T, S, No
or a user-defined variable. SA, SB, SC, and G memories;
NCCON: symbolic discrete variables; bit-
in-word references on variables
If BOOLV is ON, the normally closed
in any non-discrete memory
contact does not pass power flow.
(e.g., %L) or on symbolic non-
If BOOLV is OFF, the contact passes discrete variables.
power flow.
NOCON:
If BOOLV is ON, the normally open contact
passes power flow.
If BOOLV is OFF, the contact does not
pass power flow.

Contacts 7
Transition Contacts
The power flow out of the POSCON and NEGCON transition contacts is determined by the
last write to the BOOL variable associated with the contact. The power flow out from the
PTCON and NTCON transition contacts is determined by the value that the associated BOOL
variable had the last time the contact was executed.
POSCON and NEGCON
Positive Transition Contact POSCON Negative Transition Contact NEGCON

POSCON passes power flow to the right only when all NEGCON passes power flow to the right only when all of the
of the following conditions are met: following conditions are met:
■ the input power flow to POSCON is ON ■ the input power flow to NEGCON is ON
■ the current value of the status bit for the ■ the current value of the status bit for the associated
associated variable is ON, and variable is OFF, and
■ the current value of the transition bit for the ■ the current value of the transition bit for the associated
associated variable is ON variable is ON
In other words, if there is positive power flow into a In other words, if there is positive power flow into a
POSCON, and the last time its associated variable NEGCON, and the last time its associated variable was
was written to, its value went from OFF to ON, the written to, its value went from ON to OFF, the NEGCON will
POSCON will pass positive power flow to the right. pass positive power flow to the right.
Warning
Do not use POSCON or NEGCON transition contacts for references used with
transition coils (also called one-shot coils) or SET and RESET coils.
■ It is important to note that once a POSCON or NEGCON contact begins passing power
flow, it continues to pass power flow until its associated variable is written to. When its
variable is written to, regardless of whether the value written to it is ON or OFF, the
POSCON or NEGCON contact stops passing power flow.
The source of the write is immaterial; it can be an output coil, a function block output, the
input scan, an input interrupt, a data change from the program, or external communications.
When the variable is written, the associated POSCON or NEGCON contact is immediately
affected. Until a write is made to the variable, the POSCON or NEGCON contact will not be
affected.
Depending on the logic flow, writes to the POSCON’s or NEGCON's associated variable:
■ May occur multiple times during a PLC scan, resulting in the POSCON or NEGCON
contact being ON for only a portion of the scan.
■ May occur several PLC scans apart, resulting in the POSCON or NEGCON contact being
ON for more than one scan.
■ May occur once per scan, for example if the POSCON or NEGCON's associated variable
is a %I input bit.
An override on a point prevents its status bit from being changed. However, it does not
prevent its transition bit from being changed. If a write is attempted to an overridden point, the
point’s transition bit is cleared. As a result, any associated POSCON or NEGCON contacts
will stop passing power flow.

7 Contacts
Operands for POSCON and NEGCON

BOOLV The variable associated with the transition contact variables in I, Q, M, T, S, SA, SB, SC, and No
G memories, as well as symbolic discrete
variables
Examples
Example 1
Coil E2 is turned ON when the value of the variable E1 transitions from OFF to ON. It stays
ON until E1 is written to again, causing the POSCON to stop passing power flow.
Coil E4 is turned ON when the value of the variable E3 transitions from ON to OFF. It stays
ON until E3 is written to again, causing the NEGCON to stop passing power flow.
Example 2
Bit %M00017 is set by a BIT_SET function and then cleared by a BIT_CLR function. The
positive transition contact X1 activates the BIT_SET, and the negative transition X2 activates
the BIT_CLR.
The positive transition associated with bit %M00017 will be on until %M00017 is reset by the
BIT_CLR function. This occurs because the bit is only written when contact X1 goes from
OFF to ON. Similarly, the negative transition associated with bit %M00017 will be ON until
%M00017 is set by the BIT_SET function.

Contacts 7
PTCON and NTCON

The essential difference between the PTCON and NTCON contacts, versus the POSCON
and NEGCON contacts, is that each PTCON or NTCON contact instruction used in logic has
its own associated instance data. The instance data gives the state (ON or OFF) of the BOOL
variable associated with the contact the last time the contact was executed. Because each
instance of a PTCON or NTCON instruction has its own instance data, it is possible for two
PTCON or NTCON instructions associated with the same BOOL variable to behave
differently.
Positive Transition Contact PTCON Negative Transition Contact NTCON

PTCON passes power flow to the right only when all NTCON passes power flow to the right only when all
of the following conditions are met: of the following conditions are met:
■ The input power flow to PTCON is ON. ■ The input power flow to NTCON is ON.
■ The current value of the BOOL variable ■ The current value of the BOOL variable
associated with PTCON is ON. associated with NTCON is OFF.
■ The instance data associated with PTCON is ■ The instance data associated with NTCON is ON
OFF (i.e., the value of the associated BOOL (i.e., the value of the associated BOOL variable
variable the last time the PTCON instruction was the last time the NTCON instruction was
executed was OFF). executed was ON).
The instance data is the value of the BOOL variable associated with this instance of PTCON or NTCON
when it was last executed.
Caution:
The instance data of a given PTCON or NTCON is changed only once per CPU
scan. Therefore, using a PTCON or NTCON in a block that can be called
multiple times per scan may have adverse effects on all calls after the first one
because the PTCON or NTCON cannot detect the transition on the second and
subsequent calls. This is particularly true when using a PTCON or NTCON in a
parameterized block or user-defined function block with a parameter or
member. In these cases, we recommend using R_TRIG or F_TRIG instead.
Also note that because the behavior of the PTCON and NTCON instructions is not dependent
on a transition bit, these instructions can be used with variables located in memories that do
not have associated transition bits.
Operands for PTCON and POSCON

BOOL_V The variable associated with PTCON Variables in I, Q, M, T, S, SA, SB, SC, and G No
or NTCON memories, as well as symbolic discrete variables. Also,
bit-in-word references on variables in non-discrete
memories R, AI, AQ, L, P, W, and on symbolic non-
discrete variables.

7 Contacts
Examples Comparing PTCON and POSCON

PTCON
The logic in the following example starts execution with all variables set to 0. Before the
second sweep begins, the Xsition variable used on the PTCON instruction is set to 1. It
retains that value for sweeps 2, 3, and 4. Then it is reset back to 0 before sweep 5 begins
and retains its 0 value for sweeps 5, 6, and 7. This pattern repeats over and over. The
PTCON instruction in rung two passes power flow on the 2nd sweep, the 8th sweep, the 14th
sweep, and so on. These are sweeps where the Xsition variable’s value becomes a 1, after
having been a 0 on the previous sweep. On all other sweeps, the PTCON instruction does
not pass power flow.
POSCON
If a POSCON is used in place of the PTCON in the following example (keeping the rest of the
logic identical), the same alternation of the Xsition variable’s value occurs. The POSCON
instruction passes power flow on sweeps 2, 3, and 4; then again on sweeps 8, 9, and 10; and
so forth. The POSCON’s behavior is dependent on Xsition’s transition bit. Since Xsition’s
value is written once and then simply retained for three sweeps, its transition bit retains its
same value for three sweeps. Thus the POSCON will pass or not pass power flow for three
sweeps in a row. Note that if Xsition’s value is actually written on each sweep, the POSCON
and the PTCON behave identically.
On the 2nd sweep, turn Xsition ON for 3 sweeps; on the 5th sweep, turn it OFF for 3 sweeps, etc.
Logic Example Using PTCON

Control Functions 7
Control Functions
The control functions limit program execution and change the way the CPU executes the
application program.
Do I/O DO_IO For one scan, immediately services a specified range of inputs or outputs. (All inputs
or outputs on a module are serviced if any reference locations on that module are
included in the DO I/O function. Partial I/O module updates are not performed.)
Optionally, a copy of the scanned I/O can be placed in internal memory, rather than at
the real input points.
Drum DRUM Provides predefined On/Off patterns to a set of 16 discrete outputs in the manner of a
mechanical drum sequencer.
Edge Detectors F_TRIG Detect the changing state of a Boolean signal.
R_TRIG
For Loop FOR_LOOP For loop. Repeats the logic between the FOR_LOOP instruction and END_FOR
EXIT_FOR instruction a specified number of times or until EXIT_FOR is encountered.
END_FOR
Mask I/O MASK_IO_INTR Mask or unmask an interrupt from an I/O module when using I/O variables. If not using
Interrupt I/O variables, use SVC_REQ 17, described in chapter 9.
Proportional PID_ISA Provides two PID (Proportional/Integral/Derivative) closed-loop control algorithms:
Integral PID_IND Standard ISA PID algorithm (PID_ISA)
Derivative
Independent term algorithm (PID_IND)
Control
Note: For details, refer to chapter 10.
Read Switch SWITCH_POS Reads position of the Run/Stop switch and the mode for which the switch is
Position configured.
Scan Set IO SCAN_SET_IO Scans the IO of a specified scan set.
Service Request SVC_REQ Requests a special PLC service.
Suspend IO SUS_IO Suspends for one sweep all normal I/O updates, except those specified by DO I/O
instructions.
Suspend or SUSP_IO_INTR Suspend or resume an I/O interrupt when using I/O variables. If not using I/O
Resume I/O variables, use SVC_REQ 32, described in Chapter 9.
Interrupt

7 Control Functions
Do I/O
When the DO I/O (DO_IO) function receives power flow, it updates inputs or
outputs for one scan while the program is running. You can also use DO_ IO to
update selected I/O during the program in addition to the normal I/O scan.
You can use DO_IO in conjunction with a Suspend IO (SUS_IO) function,
which stops the normal I/O scan. For details, see page 7-55.
15H
If input references are specified, DO_IO allows the most recent values of inputs
to be obtained for program logic. If output references are specified, DO I/O
updates outputs based on the most current values stored in I/O memory. I/O is
serviced in increments of entire I/O modules; the PLC adjusts the references, if necessary,
while DO_IO executes. DO_IO does not scan I/O modules that are not configured.
DO_IO continues to execute until all inputs in the selected range have reported or all outputs
have been serviced on the I/O modules. Program execution then returns to the function that
follows the DO_IO.
If the range of references includes an option module (HSC, APM, etc.), all the input data (%I
and %AI) or all the output data (%Q and %AQ) for that module are scanned. The ALT
parameter is ignored while scanning option modules.
DO_IO passes power to the right whenever it receives power unless:
■ Not all references of the type specified are present within the selected range.
■ The CPU is not able to properly handle the temporary list of I/O created by the function.
■ The range specified includes I/O modules that are associated with a “Loss of I/O” fault.
Warning
If DO_IO is used with timed or I/O interrupts, transition contacts associated
with scanned inputs may not operate as expected.
Note: The Do I/O function skips modules that do not support DO_IO scanning:
IC693BEM331 90-30 Genius Bus Controller
IC694BEM331 RX3i Genius Bus Controller
IC693BEM341 90-30 2.5 GHz FIP Bus Controller
IC693DNM200 90-30 DeviceNet Master
IC695PBM300 RX3i PROFIBUS Master
IC695PBS301 RX3i PROFIBUS Slave
IC687BEM731 90-70 Genius Bus Controller
IC697BEM731 90-70 Standard Width Genius Bus Controller

Control Functions 7
Do I/O for Inputs

When DO_IO receives power flow and input references are specified, the PLC scans input
points from the starting reference (ST) to the ending reference (END). If a reference is
specified for ALT, a copy of the new input values is placed in memory beginning at that
reference, and the real input values are not updated. ALT must be the same size as the
reference type scanned. If a discrete reference is used for ST and END, ALT must also be
discrete.
If no reference is specified for ALT, the real input values are updated. This allows inputs to be
scanned one or more times during the program execution portion of the CPU scan.
Do I/O for Outputs

When DO_IO receives power flow and output references are specified, the PLC writes to the
output points. If no value is specified in ALT, the range of outputs written to the output
modules is specified by the starting reference (ST) and the ending reference (END). If
outputs should be written to the output points from internal memory other than %Q or %AQ,
the beginning reference is specified for ALT and the end reference is automatically calculated
from the length of the END—ST range.
Operands
ST The starting address of the set of input or output points or words to be I, Q, AI, AQ, I/O Variable No
serviced. ST and END must be in the same memory area.
If ST and END are placed in BOOL memory, ST must be byte-
aligned. That is, its reference address must start at (8n+1), for
example, %I01, %Q09, %Q49.
If ST and END are mapped to analog memory, they can have the
same reference address.
If ST is mapped to an I/O variable, the same I/O variable must
also be assigned to the END parameter, and the entire module is
scanned.
END The address of the end bit of input or output points or words to be I, Q, AI, AQ, I/O Variable No
serviced. Must be in the same memory area as ST.
If ST and END are placed in BOOL memory, END's reference
address must be 8n, for example, %I08, %Q16.
If ST and END are mapped to analog memory, they can have the
same reference address.
If ST is mapped to an I/O variable, the same I/O variable must
also be assigned to the END parameter, and the entire module is
scanned.
ALT For an input scan, ALT specifies the address to store scanned input I, Q, M, T, G, R, AI, AQ Yes
point/word values. For an output scan, ALT specifies the address to
get output point/word values from, to send to the I/O modules.
Note: ALT can be a WORD only if ST and END are in analog
memory.

7 Control Functions
Example - Do I/O for Inputs

When DO_IO receives power flow, the PLC scans
references %I0001—64 and %Q0001 is turned on. A copy
of the scanned inputs is placed in internal memory from
%M0001-64. Because a reference is specified for ALT, the
real inputs are not updated. This allows the current values
of inputs to be compared with their values at the beginning
of the scan. This form of DO_IO allows input points to be
scanned one or more times during the program execution
portion of the CPU scan.
Example - Do I/O For Outputs

Because a reference is entered for ALT, the values at
%AQ001—004 are not written to output modules. When
DO_IO receives power flow, the PLC writes the values
from references %R0001-0004 to the analog output
modules and %Q0001 is turned on.

Control Functions 7
Edge Detectors
Falling Edge Trigger Rising Edge Trigger

These function blocks detect the changing state of a Boolean signal and produce a single
pulse when an edge is detected.
When transitional instructions, such as Transition Coils (page 7-28) or Transition Contacts
16H
(page 7-35), are used inside a function block, there is a problem when the same function
17H
block is called more than once per scan. The first call executes the transition correctly but
subsequent calls do not because they see the state as adjusted from the first call. The rising
and falling edge trigger instructions solve this problem. These instructions have their own
instance data that can be a member or an input of the function block so that the transition
state follows that of the function block instance and not the function block.
If an edge detector function block is used within a UDFB, its instance data must be a member
variable of the UDFB.
Operands
???? Instance data for function block. This is a structure variable, described F_TRIG, R_TRIG No
below.
CLK Input to be monitored for a change in state. All Yes
Q Edge detection output. Must be flow in LD. In Yes
other languages all
types allowed except S,
SA, SB, SC and
constants.
Instance Data Structure

These elements cannot be published or written to.
Element Name Type Description
CLK BOOL Edge detection input. Not accessible in user
logic.
Q BOOL Edge detection output. Accessible in user
logic. Read only.
STATE BOOL Internal value. Not accessible in user logic.
ENO BOOL Enable Output. User logic can access as
read-only.

7 Control Functions
F_TRIG Operation
When the CLK input goes from true to false, the
output Q is true for one function block instance CLK
execution. The output Q then remains false until a
new falling edge is detected.
When the Controller transitions from stop to run mode Q
and the CLK input is false and the instance memory
is non-retentive, the output Q is true after the function
block’s first execution. After the next execution, the
output is false. Function Block Execution
The F_TRIG output Q will be true for one function
block instance execution at a stop-to-run transition after the first download, whether or not
instance memory is retentive.
R_TRIG Operation
When the CLK input transitions from false to true,
the output Q is true for one function block execution.
CLK
The output Q then remains false until a new rising
edge is detected.
When the Controller transitions from stop to run Q
mode and the CLK input is true and the instance
memory is non-retentive, the output Q is set to true
after the function block’s first execution. After the
Function Block Execution
second execution, the output is false.
If the CLK input is initialized on, the R_TRIG output Q will be true for one function block
instance execution at a stop-to-run transition after the first download, whether or not instance
memory is retentive.
Example
In the following example, when Input1 transitions from false to true, the coil, Detected, is set
ON for one function block execution. The output Q remains false until a new rising edge is
detected.

Control Functions 7
Drum
The Drum function operates like a mechanical drum sequencer. The Drum
Sequencer steps through a set of potential output bit patterns and selects
one based on inputs to the function. The selected value is copied to a
group of 16 discrete output references.
When the DRUM function receives power flow, it copies the contents of a
selected reference to the Q reference.
Power flow to the R (Reset) input or to the S (Step) input selects the
reference to be copied.
The function passes power to the right only if it receives power from the
left and no error condition is detected.
The DTO (Dwell Timeout Output) bit is cleared the first time the drum is in
a new step. This is true:
Whether the drum is introduced to a new step by changing the Active Step or by using
the S (Step) Input.
Regardless of the DT (Dwell Time array) value associated with the step (even if it is 0).
During the first sweep the Active Step is initialized.
Operands
Parameter Description Allowed Optional
Operands
???? (Control Block) The beginning address of a five-word array that contains the R, P, L, W, No
Drum Sequencer's control block. The contents of the control block are Symbolic
described below.
?? (Length) Value between 1 and 128 that specifies the number of steps. Constant No
S Step input. Used to go one step forward in the sequence. When the function flow No
receives power flow and S makes an OFF to ON transition, the Drum
Sequencer moves one step. When R (Reset) is active, the function ignores S.
R Reset input. Used to select a specific step in the sequence. When the DRUM flow No
function and Reset both receive power flow, DRUM copies the Preset Step
value in the Control Block to the Active Step reference in the Control Block.
Then the function copies the value in the Preset Step reference to the Q
reference bits. When R is active, the function ignores S.
PTN (Pattern) The starting address of an array of words. The number of words is All except No
specified by the Length (??) operand. Each word represents one step of the constant and S,
Drum Sequencer. The value of each word represents the desired combination SA—SC
of outputs for a particular value of the Active Step word in the control block. numerical data.
The first element corresponds to an Active Step value of 1; the last element
corresponds to an Active Step value of Length. The programming software
does not create an array for you. You must ensure you have enough memory
for PTN.

7 Control Functions

Operands
DT (Dwell Time ) If you use the DT operand, you must also use the DTO operand All except S, SA, Yes
and vice-versa. The DT operand is the starting address of Length words of SB, SC and
memory, where Length is the number of steps. Each DT word corresponds to constant
one word of PTN. The value of each word represents the dwell time for the
corresponding step of the Drum Sequencer in 0.1 second units. When the
dwell time expires for a given step the DTO bit is set.
If a Dwell Time is specified, the drum cannot sequence into its next step until
the Dwell Time has expired. The programming software does not create an
array for you. You must ensure you allocate enough memory for DT.
FTT (Fault Timeout) If you use the FTT operand, you must also use the TFT All except S, SA, Yes
operand, and vice-versa. The FTT operand is the starting address of Length SB, SC and
words of memory, where Length is the number of steps. Each FTT word constant
corresponds to one word of PTN. The value of each word represents the fault
timeout for the corresponding step of the Drum Sequencer in 0.1 second
units.
When the fault timeout has expired the Fault Timeout bit is set.
The programming software does not create an array for you. You must
ensure you allocate enough memory for FTT.
Q A word of memory containing the element of the PTN that corresponds to the All except S and No
current Active Step. constant
DRC (Drum Coil ) Bit reference that is set whenever the function is enabled and All except S Yes
Active Step is not equal to Preset Step.
DTO (Dwell Timeout) If you use the DTO operand, you must also use DT and vice- All except S and Yes
versa. This bit reference is set if the dwell time for the current step has constant
expired.
TFT (Timeout Fault ) If you use the TFT operand, you must also use the FTT All except S and Yes
operand and vice-versa. Bit reference that is set if the drum has been in a constant
particular step longer than the step’s specified Fault Timeout.
FF (First Follower ) The starting address of (Length/8+1) bytes of memory, where All except S and Yes
Length is the number of steps. If MOD (Length/8+1)>0, FF has (Length/8+1) constant
bytes. Each bit in the bytes of FF corresponds to one word of PTN. No more
than one bit in the FF bytes is ON at any time, and that bit corresponds to the
value of the Active Step. The first bit corresponds to an Active Step value of
one. The last used bit corresponds to an Active Step value of Length.

Control Functions 7
Control Block for the Drum Sequencer Function

The control block for the Drum Sequencer function contains information needed to operate
the Drum Sequencer.
address Active Step

address + 1 Preset Step
address + 2 Step Control
address + 3 Timer Control
Active Step The active step value specifies the element in the Pattern array to copy to the
Out output memory location. This is used as the array index into the Pattern, Dwell Time,
Fault Timeout, and First Follower arrays.
Preset Step A word input that is copied to the Active Step output when the Reset is On.
Step Control A word that is used to detect Off to On transitions on both the Step input and
the Enable input. The Step Control word is reserved for use by the function, and must not be
written to.
Timer Control Two words of data that hold values needed to run the timer. These values
are reserved for use by the function and must not be written to.

7 Control Functions
For Loop
A FOR loop repeats rung logic a specified number of times while varying the value of the
INDEX variable in the loop. A FOR loop begins with a FOR_LOOP instruction and ends with
an END_FOR instruction. The logic to be repeated must be placed between the FOR and
END_FOR instructions. The optional EXIT_FOR instruction enables you to exit the loop if a
condition is met before the FOR loop ends normally.
When FOR_LOOP receives power flow, it saves the START, END, and INC (Increment)
operands and uses them to evaluate the number of times the rungs between the FOR_LOOP
and its END_FOR instructions are executed. Changing the START and END operands while
the FOR loop is executing does not affect its operation.
When an END_FOR receives power flow, the FOR loop is terminated and power flow jumps
directly to the statement following the END_FOR instruction.
There can be nothing after the FOR_LOOP instruction in the rung and the FOR_LOOP
instruction must be the last instruction to be executed in the rung. An EXIT_FOR statement
can be placed only between a FOR instruction and an END_FOR instruction. The END_FOR
statement must be the only instruction in its rung.
A FOR_LOOP can assign decreasing values to its index variable by setting the increment to
a negative number. For example, if the START value is 21, the END value is 1, and the
increment value is –5, the statements of the FOR loop are executed five times, and the index
variable is decremented by 5 in each pass. The values of the index variable will be 21, 16,
11, 6, and 1.
When the START and END values are set equal, the statements of the FOR loop are
executed only once.
When START cannot be incremented or decremented to reach the END, the statements
within the FOR loop are not executed. For example, if the value of START is 10, the value of
END is 5, and the INCREMENT is 1, power flow jumps directly from the FOR statement to
the statement after the END_FOR statement.
Note: If the FOR_LOOP instruction has power flow when it is first tested, the rungs
between the FOR and its corresponding END_FOR statement are executed the
number of times initially specified by START, END, and INCREMENT. This repeated
execution occurs on a single sweep of the PLC and may cause the watchdog timer to
expire if the loop is long.
Nesting of FOR loops is allowed, but it is restricted to five FOR/END_FOR pairs. Each FOR
instruction must have a matching END_FOR statement following it.

Control Functions 7
Nesting with JUMPs and MCRs is allowed, provided that they are properly nested. MCRs and
ENDMCRs must be completely within or completely outside the scope of a
FOR_LOOP/END_FOR pair. JUMPs and LABEL instructions must also be completely within
or completely outside the scope of a FOR_LOOP/END_FOR pair. Jumping into or out of the
scope of a FOR/END_FOR is not allowed.
Operands
Only the FOR_LOOP function requires operands.
Paramete Description Allowed Operands Optional
r
INDEX The index variable. When the loop has All except constants, flow, and variables No
completed, this value is undefined. in %S - %SC
Note: Changing the value of the index
variable within the scope of the FOR loop is
not recommended.
START The index start value. All except variables in %S - %SC No
END The index end value. All except variables in %S - %SC No
INC The increment value. (Default: 1.) Constants Yes
For Loop Examples

Example 1
The value for %M00001 (START) is 1 and the value for
%M00017 (END) is 10. The INDEX (%R00001)
increments by the value of the INC operand (which is
assumed to be 1 when omitted) starting at 1 until it
reaches the ending value 10. The ADD function of the
loop is executed 10 times, adding the current value of I1
(%R00001), which will vary from 1 to 10, to the value of
I2 (%R00002).

7 Control Functions
Example 2
The value for %T00001 (START) is -100 and the value for %T00017 (END) is 100. The
INDEX (%R00001) increments by tens, starting at -100 until it reaches it end value of +100.
The EQ function of the loop tries to execute 21 times, with the INDEX (%R00001) being
equal to –100, –90, –80, –70, –60, –50, –40, –30, –20, –10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,
90, and 100. However, when the INDEX (%R00001) is 0, the EXIT statement is enabled and
power flow jumps directly to the statement after the END_FOR statement.

Control Functions 7
Mask I/O Interrupt

Mask or unmask an interrupt from an I/O board when using I/O
variables. If not using I/O variables, use SVC_REQ 17.
When the interrupt is masked, the CPU processes the interrupt
but does not schedule the associated logic for execution. When
the interrupt is unmasked, the CPU processes the interrupt and
schedules the associated logic for execution.
When the CPU transitions from Stop to Run, the interrupt is
unmasked
The function passes power to the right when it executes successfully.
Operands
Parameter Description Allowed Types Allowed Operands Optional
MASK Selects unmask or mask operation. BOOL variable data flow, I, Q, M, T, No
Unmask=0; Mask=1 or Bit reference in G, S, SA, SB, SC, R,
non-discrete memory P, L, AI, AQ, W,
symbolic, I/O variable
IN1 The interrupt trigger to be masked or BOOL or WORD I, Q, M, T, G, R, P, L, No
unmasked. variable AI, AQ, W, I/O
The I/O board must be a supported input variable
module.
The reference address specified must
correspond to a valid interrupt trigger
reference.
The interrupt for the specified channel
must be enabled in the configuration.
Example
In the following example, the variable Mod_Int is mapped to an I/O point on a hardware
module and is configured as an I/O interrupt to a program block. When the BOOL variable
MaskOn_Off transitions from OFF to ON and A1 is set to ON, the interrupt Mod_Int is
masked (not executed) for one scan.

7 Control Functions
Read Switch Position

Read Switch Position (SWITCH_POS) allows the logic to read the current
position of the RUN/STOP switch, as well as the mode for which the switch is
configured.
Operands
POS Memory location at which to write current switch All except S, SA, SB, SC No
position value.
1 - Run I/O Enabled
2 - Run I/O Disabled
3 - Stop Mode
MODE Memory location to which switch configuration value is All except S, SA, SB, SC No
written.
0 - Switch configuration not supported
1 - Switch controls run/stop mode
2 - Switch not used, or is used by the user application
3 - Switch controls both memory protection and
run/stop mode
4 - Switch controls memory protection

Control Functions 7
Scan Set IO
The Scan_Set_IO function scans the I/O of a specified scan
set number. (Modules can be assigned to scan sets in
hardware configuration.) You can specify whether the Inputs
and/or Outputs of the associated scan set will be scanned.
Execution of this function block does not affect the normal
scanning process of the corresponding scan set. If the
corresponding scan set is configured for non-default Number
of Sweeps or Output Delay settings, they remain in effect
regardless of how many executions of the Scan Set IO
function occur in any given sweep.
The Scan Set IO function skips modules that do not support DO_IO scanning (page 7-40.)
18H
Operands for SCAN_SET_IO

IN If true the inputs will be BOOL variable or bit Power flow No
scanned. reference in a non-BOOL
variable
OUT If true the outputs will be BOOL variable or bit Power flow No
scanned. reference in a non-BOOL
variable
SET Number of the scan set to be UINT All except %S memory types. No
scanned. Scan sets are
specified in the CPU hardware
configuration and assigned to
modules in the module
hardware configuration.
ENO Energized when all arguments BOOL variable or bit Power flow. Yes
to the function are valid and reference in a non-BOOL
there are no errors in variable
scanning.

7 Control Functions
Example
By using the Scan Set IO function block in an interrupt block, you can create a custom I/O
scan. For example, two Scan Set IO function blocks can be used in an interrupt block to scan
the inputs of a scan set at the beginning of the block and the outputs of the same scan set at
the end of the block.
In the following example, when ScanInputs is ON, input data for all I/O modules assigned to
Scan Set 2 is updated. When ScanOutputs is ON, output data for all I/O modules assigned to
Scan Set 2 is updated.

Control Functions 7
Suspend I/O
The Suspend I/O (SUS_IO) function stops normal I/O scans from occurring for one CPU
sweep. During the next output scan, all outputs are held at their current states. During the
next input scan, the input references are not updated with data from inputs. However, during
the input scan portion of the sweep, the CPU verifies that Genius bus controllers have
completed their previous output updates.
Note: The PACSystems SUS_IO function suspends analog and discrete I/O, whether
integrated I/O or Genius I/O. It does not suspend Ethernet Global Data. For details,
refer to TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems, GFK-2224.
When SUS_IO receives power flow, all I/O servicing stops except that provided by DO_IO
functions.
Warning
If SUS_IO were placed at the left rail of the ladder, without enabling logic to
regulate its execution, no regular I/O scan would ever be performed.
SUS_IO passes power flow to the right whenever it receives power.
Example for Suspend I/O

This example shows a SUS_IO function and a DO_IO function used to stop I/O scans, then
cause certain I/O to be scanned from the program.
Inputs %I00010 and %I00011 form a latch circuit with the contact from %M00001. This keeps
the SUS_IO function active on each sweep until %I00011 goes on. If this input were not
scanned by DO_IO after SUS_IO went active, SUS_IO could only be disabled by powering
down the PLC.
Output %Q00002 is set when both DO_IO functions execute successfully. The rung is
constructed so that both DO_IO functions execute even if one does not set its OK output.
With normal I/O suspended, output %Q00002 is not updated until a DO_IO function with
%Q00002 in its range executes. This does not occur until the sweep after the setting of
%Q00002. Outputs that are set after a DO_IO function executes are not updated until
another DO_IO function executes, typically in the next sweep. Because of this delay, most
programs that use SUS_IO and DO_IO place the SUS_IO function in the first rung of the
program, the DO_IO function that processes inputs in the next rung, and the DO_IO function
that processes outputs in the last rung.
The range of the DO_IO function doing outputs is %Q00001 through %Q00030. If the module
in this range were a 32-point module, the DO_IO function would actually perform a scan of
the entire module. A DO_IO function will not break the scan in the middle of an I/O module.

7 Control Functions
Suspend I/O Sample Logic

Control Functions 7
Suspend or Resume I/O Interrupt

Suspend or resume an I/O interrupt when using I/O variables.
If not using I/O variables, use SVC_REQ 32.
The function executes successfully and passes power to the right unless:
The I/O module associated with the interrupt trigger specified in IN1 is not supported.
The reference address specified does not correspond to a valid interrupt trigger
reference.
The specified channel does not have its interrupt enabled in the configuration.
Operands
SUSP Selects a suspend or resume BOOL variable or bit data flow, I, Q, M, T, G, S, SA, SB, No
operation. reference in a non-BOOL SC, R, P, L, discrete symbolic, I/O
1 (ON)=suspend variable variable
0 (OFF)=resume
IN1 The interrupt trigger to be BOOL or WORD variable I, Q, M, T, G, R, P, L, AI, AQ, W, I/O No
suspended or resumed. variable
Example
In the following example, the variable Mod_Int is mapped to an I/O point on a hardware
module and is configured as an I/O interrupt to a program block. When the BOOL variable
SuspOn_Off is set to ON and A1 is set to ON, interrupts from Mod_Int are suspended until
SuspOn_Off is reset.

7 Conversion Functions
Conversion Functions
The Conversion functions change a data item from one number format (data type) to another.
Many programming instructions, such as math functions, must be used with data of one type.
As a result, data conversion is often required before using those instructions.
Function Description
Convert Angles
DEG_TO_RAD Converts degrees to radians
RAD_TO_DEG Converts radians to degrees
Convert to BCD4 (4-digit Binary-Coded-Decimal)
UINT_TO_BCD4 Converts UINT (16-bit unsigned integer) to BCD4
INT_TO_BCD4 Converts INT (16-bit signed integer) to BCD4
DINT_TO_BCD8 Converts DINT (32-bit signed integer) to BCD8
Convert to INT (16-bit signed integer)
BCD4_TO_INT Converts BCD4 to INT
UINT_TO_INT Converts UINT to INT
DINT_TO_INT Converts DINT to INT
REAL_TO_INT Converts REAL to INT
Convert to UINT (16-bit unsigned integer)
BCD4_TO_UINT Converts BCD4 to UINT
INT_TO_UINT Converts INT to UINT
DINT_TO_UINT Converts DINT to UINT
REAL_TO_UINT Converts REAL to UINT
Convert to DINT (32-bit signed integer)
BCD8_TO_DINT Converts 8-digit Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD8) to DINT
UINT_TO_DINT Converts UINT to DINT
INT_TO_DINT Converts INT to DINT
REAL_TO_DINT Converts REAL (32-bit signed real or floating-point values) to DINT
LREAL_TO_DINT Converts REAL (64-bit signed real or floating-point values) to DINT
Convert to REAL (32-bit signed real or floating-point values)
BCD4_TO_REAL Converts BCD4 to REAL
BCD8_TO_REAL Converts BCD8 to REAL
UINT_TO_REAL Converts UINT to REAL
INT_TO_REAL Converts INT to REAL
DINT_TO_REAL Converts DINT to REAL
LREAL_TO_REAL Converts LREAL to REAL
Convert to LREAL(64-bit signed real or floating-point values)
DINT_TO_LREAL Converts DINT to LREAL
REAL_TO_LREAL Converts REAL to LREAL
Truncate
TRUNC_DINT Rounds a REAL number down to a DINT (32-bit signed integer) number
TRUNC_INT Rounds a REAL number down to an INT (16-bit signed integer) number

Conversion Functions 7
Convert Angles
Mnemonics:
DEG_TO_RAD_REAL
DEG_TO_RAD_LREAL
RAD_TO_DEG_REAL
RAD_TO_DEG_LREAL
When the Degrees to Radians (DEG_TO_RAD) or the Radians to Degrees (RAD_TO_DEG)
function receives power flow, it performs the appropriate angle conversion on the REAL or
LREAL value in input IN and places the result in output Q.
DEG_TO_RAD and RAD_TO_DEG pass power flow to the right when they execute, unless
IN is NaN (Not a Number).
Operands
IN The value to convert. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Q The converted value. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Example
A value of +1500 radians is converted to degrees. The result
is placed in %R00001 and %R00002.
Convert UINT or INT to BCD4

When this function receives power flow, it converts the input
unsigned (UINT) or signed single-precision integer (INT) data
into the equivalent 4-digit Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)
values, which it outputs to Q.
This function does not change the original input data. The output data can be used directly as
input for another program function.
The function passes power flow when power is received, unless the conversion would result
in a value that is outside the range 0 to 9,999.
Tip: Data can be converted to BCD format to drive BCD-encoded LED displays or presets
to external devices such as high-speed counters.
Operands
IN The UINT or INT value to convert to All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
BCD4.
Q The BCD4 equivalent value of the original All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
UINT or INT value in IN.

Example - UINT to BDC4

Whenever input %I00002 is set and no errors exist,
the UINT at input location %I00017 through %I00032 is
converted to four BCD digits and the result is stored in
memory locations %Q00033 through %Q00048. Coil
%M01432 is used to check for successful conversion.
Example - INT to BCD4

Whenever input %I0002 is set and no errors exist,
the INT values at input locations %I0017 through
%I0032 are converted to four BCD digits, and the
result is stored in memory locations %Q0033
through %Q0048. Coil %Q1432 is used to check
for successful conversion.
Convert DINT to BCD8

When DINT_TO_BCD8 receives power flow, it converts the input signed double-
precision integer (DINT) data into the equivalent 8-digit Binary-Coded-Decimal
(BCD) values, which it outputs to Q. DINT_TO_BCD8 does not change the
original DINT data.
Note: The output data can be used directly as input for another program function.
in a value that is outside the range 0 to 99,999,999.
Operands
IN The DINT value to convert to BCD8 All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Q The BCD8 equivalent value of the original DINT value in IN All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Example
Whenever input %I00002 is set and no errors exist, the
double-precision signed integer (DINT) at input location
%AI0003 is converted to eight BCD digits and the result
is stored in memory locations %L00001 through
%L00002.

Convert BCD4, UINT, DINT, or REAL to INT
BDC4, UINT, and DINT

When this function receives power flow, it converts the input data into the equivalent single-
precision signed integer (INT) value, which it outputs to Q. This function does not change the
original input data. The output data can be used directly as input for another program
function, as in the examples.
The function passes power flow when power is received, unless the data is out of range.
REAL
When REAL_TO_INT receives power flow, it rounds the input REAL data up or down to the
nearest single-precision signed integer (INT) value, which it outputs to Q. REAL_TO_INT
does not change the original REAL data.
The function passes power flow when power is received, unless the data is out of range or
NaN (Not a Number).
Warning
Converting from REAL to INT may result in overflow. For example, REAL
7.4E15, which equals 7.4 * 1015, converts to INT OVERFLOW.
Tip: To truncate a REAL value and express the result as an INT, i.e., to remove the
fractional part of the REAL number and express the remaining integer value as an
INT, use TRUNC_INT.
Operands
IN The value to convert to INT. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Q The INT equivalent value of the original value in IN. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No

Examples
BCD4 to INT
Whenever input %I0002 is set, the BCD-4 value in PARTS is converted to a signed integer
(INT) and passed to the ADD_INT function, where it is added to the INT value represented by
the reference RUNNING. The sum is output by ADD_INT to the reference TOTAL.
UINT to INT
Whenever input %M00344 is set, the UINT value in %R00234 is converted to a signed
integer (INT) and passed to the ADD function, where it is added to the INT value in
%R06488. The sum is output by the ADD function to the reference CARGO.
DINT to INT
Whenever input %M00031 is set, the DINT value in %R00055 is converted to a signed
integer (INT) and passed to the ADD function, where it is added to the INT at %R02345. The
sum is output by the ADD function to %R08004.

Convert BCD4, INT, DINT, or REAL to UINT
When this function receives power flow, it converts the input data into the equivalent single-
precision unsigned integer (UINT) value, which it outputs to Q.
The conversion to UINT does not change the original data. The output data can be used
directly as input for another program function, as in the example.
The function passes power flow when power is received, unless the resulting data is outside
the range 0 to +65,535.
Warning
Converting from REAL to UINT may result in overflow. For example, REAL
7.2E17, which equals 7.2 * 1017, converts to UINT OVERFLOW.
Operands
IN The value to convert to UINT. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Q The UINT equivalent value of the original input value in IN. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Examples
BCD4 to UINT
Tip: One use of BCD4_TO_UINT is to convert BCD data from the I/O structure into
integer data and store it in memory. This can provide an interface to BCD
thumbwheels or external BCD electronics, such as high-speed counters and position
encoders.
In the following example, whenever input %I0002 is set, the BCD4 value in PARTS is
converted to an unsigned single-precision integer (UINT) and passed to the ADD_UINT
function, where it is added to the UINT value represented by the reference RUNNING. The
sum is output by ADD_UINT to the reference TOTAL.

INT to UINT
Whenever input %I0002 is set, the INT value in %L00050 is converted to an unsigned single-
precision integer (UINT) and passed to the ADD_UINT function, where it is added to the
UINT value in %R08833. The sum is output by ADD_UINT to the reference TOTAL.
DINT to UINT
Whenever input %I00002 is set and no errors exist, the double precision signed integer
(DINT) at input location %R00007 is converted to an unsigned integer (UINT) and passed to
the SUB function, where the constant value 145 is subtracted from it. The result of the
subtraction is stored in the output reference location %Q00033.
REAL to UINT
Whenever input %I00045 is set, the REAL value in %L00045 is converted to an unsigned
single-precision integer (UINT) and passed to the ADD_UINT function, where it is added to
the UINT value in %R00045. The sum is output by ADD_UINT to the reference TOTAL.

Convert BCD8, UINT, INT, REAL or LREAL to DINT
BCD8, UINT, and INT

When this function receives power flow, it converts the data into the equivalent signed
double-precision integer (DINT) value, which it outputs to Q. The conversion to DINT does
not change the original data.
The output data can be used directly as input for another program function. The function
passes power flow when power is received, unless the data is out of range.
REAL and LREAL

When REAL_TO_DINT or LREAL_TO_DINT receives power flow, it rounds the input data to
the nearest double-precision signed integer (DINT) value, which it outputs to Q. These
functions do not change the original REAL or LREAL data.
The output data can be used directly as input for another program function. The function
passes power flow when power is received, unless the conversion would result in an
out-of-range DINT value.
Warning
Converting from LREAL or REAL to DINT may result in overflow. For example,
REAL 5.7E20, which equals 5.7 * 1020, converts to DINT OVERFLOW.
Tip: To truncate a REAL value and express the result as a DINT, i.e., to remove the
fractional part of the REAL number and express the remaining integer value as a
DINT, use TRUNC_DINT.
Operands
IN The value to convert to DINT. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Q The DINT equivalent value of the original input value in IN. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No

Examples
UINT to DINT
Whenever input %M01478 is set, the unsigned single-precision integer (UINT) value at input
location %R00654 is converted to a double-precision signed integer (DINT) and the result is
placed in location %L00049. The output %M00065 is set whenever the function executes
successfully.
BCD8 to DINT
Whenever input %I00025 is set, the BCD-8 value in %L00046 is converted to a signed
double-precision integer (DINT) and passed to the ADD_DINT function, where it is added to
the DINT value in %R00797. The sum is output by ADD_DINT to the reference TOTAL.
INT to DINT
Whenever input %I00002 is set, the signed single-
precision integer (INT) value at input location %I00017
is converted to a double-precision signed integer
(DINT) and the result is placed in location %L00001.
The output %Q01001 is set whenever the function
executes successfully.
REAL to DINT
Whenever input %I0002 is set, the REAL value
at input location %R0017 is converted to a
double precision signed integer (DINT) and the
result is placed in location %R0001. The output
%Q1001 is set whenever the function executes
successfully.

Convert BCD4, BCD8, UINT, INT, DINT, and LREAL to REAL
When this function receives power flow, it converts the input data into the equivalent 32-bit
floating-point (REAL) value, which it outputs to Q. The conversion to REAL does not change
the original input data.
The output data can be used directly as input for another program function.
in a value that is out of range.
Warning
Converting from BCD8 to REAL may result in the loss of significant digits.
This is because a BCD8 value is stored in a DWORD, which uses 32 bits to store a value,
whereas a REAL (32-bit IEEE floating point number) uses 8 bits to store the exponent and
the sign and only 24 bits to store the mantissa.
Warning
Converting from DINT to REAL may result in the loss of significant digits for
numbers with more than 7 significant base-10 digits.
This is because a DINT value uses 32 bits to store a value, which is the equivalent of up to
10 significant base-10 digits, whereas a REAL (32-bit IEEE floating point number) uses 8 bits
to store the exponent and the sign and only 24 bits to store the mantissa, which is the
equivalent of 7 or 8 significant base-10 digits. When the REAL result is displayed as a base-
10 number, it may have up to 10 digits, but these are converted from the rounded 24-bit
mantissa, so that the last 2 or 3 digits may be inaccurate.
Operands
IN The value to convert to REAL. All except S, SA, SB, and SC
Q The REAL equivalent value of the original input value in IN. All except S, SA, SB, and SC

Examples
UINT to REAL
The unsigned integer value in %L00001 is 825. The value placed in %L00016 is 825.000.
INT to REAL
The integer value of input IN is -678. The value placed in %R00010 is -678.000.
LREAL to REAL
The double-precision floating point value of the square root of 2 is rounded to the nearest
single-precision floating point value and placed in R00300.

Convert REAL to LREAL

When REAL_TO_LREAL receives power flow, it converts the 32-bit single
precision floating point REAL data to the equivalent 64-bit double-precision
floating point data. REAL_TO_LREAL does not change the original REAL data.
Operands
IN The REAL value to convert to LREAL. All except S, SA, SB, and No
SC
Q The LREAL equivalent value of the original REAL value. All except S, SA, SB, and No
SC
Example
The REAL value of the square root of 2 is converted to the LREAL data type and placed in
R00200. Because the actual precision of the data in Result_Real is seven decimal places,
the additional decimal places in the data in R00200 are not valid.
Convert DINT to LREAL

When DINT_TO_LREAL receives power flow, it converts the double-
precision input data to 64-bit double-precision floating point data.

Truncate
When power is received, the Truncate functions TRUNC_DINT and TRUNC_INT round a
floating-point (REAL) value down respectively to the nearest signed double-precision signed
integer (DINT) or signed single-precision integer (INT) value. TRUNC_DINT and TRUNC_INT
output the converted value to Q. The original data is not changed.
TRUNC_DINT and TRUNC_INT pass power flow when power is received, unless the
specified conversion would result in a value that is out of range or unless IN is NaN (Not a
Number).
Operands
IN The REAL value whose copy is to be converted and truncated. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
The original is left intact.
Q The truncated value of the original REAL value in IN. All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Example
The displayed constant is truncated and the integer result 562 is placed in %T0001.

Counters 7
Counters
Down Counter DNCTR Counts down from a preset value. The output is ON whenever the Current
Value is ≤ 0.
Up Counter UPCTR Counts up to a designated value. The output is ON whenever the Current
Value is ≥ the Preset Value.
Data Required for Counter Function Blocks

Warning
Do not use two consecutive words (registers) as the starting addresses of two
counters. Logic Developer - PLC does not check or warn you if register blocks
overlap. Timers will not work if you place the current value of a second timer
on top of the preset value for the previous timer.
Each counter uses a one-dimensional, three-word array of %R, %W, %P, %L, or symbolic
memory to store the following information:
Current value (CV) Word 1
Warning
The first word (CV) can be read but should not be written to, or
the function may not work properly.
Preset value (PV) Word 2 When the Preset Value (PV) operand is a variable, it is normally set to a
different location than word 2 in the timer’s or counter’s three-word array.
■ If you use a different address and you change word 2 directly, your change
will have no effect, as PV will overwrite word 2.
■ If you use the same address for the PV operand and word 2, you can
change the Preset Value in word 2 while the timer or counter is running
and the change will be effective.
Control word Word 3
Warning
The third word (Control) can be read but should not be written to;
otherwise, the function will not work.
The control word stores the state of the Boolean inputs and outputs of its
associated timer or counter, as shown in the following diagram:
Word 3: Control Word Structure

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Reserved
Reset input
Enable input, previous execution
Q (counter/timer status output)
EN (enable input
Note: Bits 0 through 13 are not used for counters.

7 Counters
Down Counter
The Down Counter (DNCTR) function counts down from a preset value. The
minimum Preset Value (PV) is zero; the maximum PV is +32,767 counts.
When the Current Value (CV) reaches the minimum value, -32,768, it stays
there until reset. When DNCTR is reset, CV is set to PV. When the power flow
input transitions from OFF to ON, CV is decremented by one. The output is
ON whenever CV ≤ 0.
The output state of DNCTR is retentive on power failure; no automatic
initialization occurs at power-up.
Warning
Do not use the down counter’s Address with other instructions. Overlapping
references cause erratic counter operation.
Note: For DNCTR to function properly, you must provide an initial reset to set the CV to the
value in PV. If DNCTR is not initially reset, CV will decrement from 0 and the output
of DNCTR will be set to ON immediately.
Operands
Address The beginning address of a three-word WORD array: R, W, P, L, symbolic No
(????) Word 1: Current Value (CV)
Word 2: Preset Value (PV)%
Word 3: Control word
R When R receives power flow, it resets the counter's CV to PV. Power flow No
PV Preset Value to copy into word 2 of the counter's address when the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
counter is enabled or reset. 0 ≤PV ≤ 32,767. If PV is out of range,
word 2 cannot be reset.
CV The current value of the counter All except S, SA, SB, SC No
and constant
Example – Down Counter

DNCTR counts 5000 new parts before energizing output %Q00005.

Counters 7
Up Counter
The Up Counter (UPCTR) function counts up to the Preset Value (PV). The
range is 0 to +32,767 counts. When the Current Value (CV) of the counter
reaches 32,767, it remains there until reset. When the UPCTR reset is ON,
CV resets to 0. Each time the power flow input transitions from OFF to ON,
CV increments by 1. CV can be incremented past the Preset Value (PV).
The output is ON whenever CV ≥ PV. The output (Q) stays ON until the R
input receives power flow to reset CV to zero.
The state of UPCTR is retentive on power failure; no automatic initialization occurs at
powerup.
Operands
Warning
Do not use the up counter’s Address with other instructions. Overlapping
references cause erratic counter operation.
Address The beginning address of a three-word WORD array: R, W, P, L, symbolic No
(???? ) Word 1: Current Value (CV)
Word 2: Preset Value (PV)
R When R is ON, it resets the counter's CV to 0. Power flow No
PV Preset Value to copy into word 2 of the counter's address when the counter is All except S, SA, SB, No
enabled or reset. 0 ≤ PV ≤ 32,767. If PV is out of range, it does not affect and SC
word 2.
CV The current value of the counter All except S, SA, SB, No
SC and constant
Example – Up Counter
Every time input %I0012 transitions from OFF to ON, the Up Counter counts up by 1; internal
coil %M0001 is energized whenever 100 parts have been counted. Whenever %M0001 is
ON, the accumulated count is reset to zero.

7 Counters
Example – Up Counter and Down Counter

This example uses an up/down counter pair with a shared register for the accumulated or
current value. When the parts enter the storage area, the up counter increments by 1,
increasing the current value of the parts in storage by a value of 1. When a part leaves the
storage area, the down counter decrements by 1, decreasing the inventory storage value by
1. To avoid conflict with the shared register, both counters use different register addresses
but each has a current value (CV) address that is the same as the accumulated value for the
other register.

Data Move Functions 7
Data Move Functions

The Data Move functions provide basic data move capabilities.
Array Size ARRAY_SIZE Counts the number of elements in an array.
Array Size Dimension 1 ARRAY_SIZE_DIM1 Returns the value of the Array Dimension 1 property of a
one- or two-dimensional array.
Array Size Dimension 2 ARRAY_SIZE_DIM2 Returns the value of the Array Dimension 2 property of a
two-dimensional array.
Block Clear BLK_CLR_WORD Replaces all the contents of a block of data with zeros.
Can be used to clear an area of WORD or analog
memory.
Block Move BLKMOV_DINT Copies a block of seven constants to a specified memory
BLKMOV_DWORD location. The constants are input as part of the function.
BLKMOV_INT
BLKMOV_REAL
BLKMOV_UINT
BLKMOV_WORD
Bus Read BUS_RD_BYTE Reads data from a module on the bus.
BUS_RD_DWORD
BUS_RD_WORD
Bus Read Modify Write BUS_RMW_BYTE Uses a read/modify/write cycle to update a data element
BUS_RMW_DWORD in a module on the bus.
BUS_RMW_WORD
Bus Test and Set BUS_TS_BYTE Handles semaphores on the bus.
BUS_TS_WORD
Bus Write BUS_WRT_BYTE Writes data to a module on the bus.
BUS_WRT_DWORD
BUS_WRT_WORD
Communication Request COMM_REQ Allows the program to communicate with an intelligent
module, such as a Genius Bus Controller or a High
Speed Counter.
Data Initialization DATA_INIT_DINT Copies a block of constant data to a reference range.
DATA_INIT_DWORD The mnemonic specifies the data type.
DATA_INIT_INT
DATA_INIT_REAL
DATA_INIT_LREAL
DATA_INIT_UINT
DATA_INIT_WORD
Data Initialize ASCII DATA_INIT_ASCII Copies a block of constant ASCII text to a reference
range.
Data Initialize DLAN DATA_INIT_DLAN Used with a DLAN Interface module.
Data Initialize Communications DATA_INIT_COMM Initializes a COMM_REQ function with a block of
Request constant data. The length should equal the size of the
COMM_REQ function’s entire command block.
Move MOVE_BOOL Copies data as individual bits, so the new location does
MOVE_DATA not have to be the same data type. Data can be moved
MOVE_DINT into a different data type without prior conversion.
MOVE_DWORD
MOVE_INT
MOVE_REAL
MOVE_LREAL
MOVE_UINT
MOVE_WORD

7 Data Move Functions

Move Data Explicit MOVE_DATA_EX Provides an input that allows for data coherency by
locking symbolic memory being written to during the copy
operation.
Move from Flat MOVE_FROM_FLAT Copies reference memory data to a UDT variable or UDT
array. Provides the option of locking the symbolic or I/O
variable memory area being written to during the copy
operation.
Move to Flat MOVE_TO_FLAT Copies data from symbolic or I/O variable memory to
reference memory. Copies across mismatching data
types.
Shift Register SHFR_BIT Shifts one or more data bits, data WORDs or data
SHFR_DWORD DWORDs from a reference location into a specified area
SHFR_WORD of memory. Data already in the area is shifted out.
Size Of SIZE_OF Counts the number of bits used by a variable.
Swap SWAP_DWORD Swaps two BYTEs of data within a WORD or two
SWAP_WORD WORDs within a DWORD.

Array Size
Counts the number of elements in the array assigned to input IN and
writes the number to output Q.
In an array of structure variables, the number of structure variables
is written to Q; the elements in the structure variables are not
counted.
Tip: If the array assigned to input IN of ARRAY_SIZE is passed to a parameterized C
block for processing, also pass the value of output Q to the block. In the C block
logic, use the value of output Q to ensure all array elements are processed without
exceeding the end of the array. For a two-dimensional array, this method works only
if all elements are treated identically; for example, all are initialized to the same value.
Operands
IN Array of any data type whose elements are counted. Data flow, I, Q, M, T, S, SA, No
If a non-array variable is assigned to IN, the value of SB, SC, G, discrete symbolic,
Q is 1. I/O variable
Q Number of elements in the array assigned to input DINT or DWORD variable. No
IN. Data flow, I, Q, M, T, G, R, P,
L, AI, AQ, W, symbolic,
I/O variable
Example
The two-dimensional array TestArray has its Array Dimension 1 property set to 4 and its
Array Dimension 2 property set to 3. ARRAY_SIZE calculates 4 * 3 and writes the value 12 to
the variable Elements.

Array Size Dimension Function Blocks
Array Size Dimension 1

Returns the value of the Array Dimension 1 property of an array and
writes the value to output Q. If a non-array variable is assigned to
IN, the value of Q is 0.
In an LD or ST block that is not a parameterized block or a User
Defined Function Block (UDFB), you can use the output Q value to
ensure that a loop using a variable index to access array elements
does not exceed the array's first dimension.
Operands
IN Array of any data type. Data flow, I, Q, M, T, No
S, SA, SB, SC, G,
discrete symbolic, I/O
variable
Q The value of the Array Dimension 1 property of the array assigned DINT or DWORD No
to input IN. The value is set to 0 if a non-array is assigned to IN. variable.
Note: Because the index of the first element of an array is zero, the Data flow, I, Q, M, T,
index of the last element is one less than the value assigned to Q. G, R, P, L, AI, AQ,
W, symbolic,
I/O variable
Array Size Dimension 2

Returns the value of the Array Dimension 2 property of an array and
writes the value to output Q. If a non-array variable is assigned to IN,
the value of Q is 0.
In an LD or ST block that is not a parameterized block or a User
Defined Function Block (UDFB), you can use the output Q value to
ensure that a loop using a variable index to access array elements
does not exceed the array's second dimension.
Operands
IN Array of any data type. Data flow, I, Q, M, T, No
S, SA, SB, SC, G,
discrete symbolic, I/O
variable
Q The value of the Array Dimension 2 property of the array assigned DINT or DWORD No
to input IN. The value is set to 0 if a non-array is assigned to IN. variable.
Note: Because the index of the first element of an array is zero, the Data flow, I, Q, M, T,
index of the last element is one less than the value assigned to Q. G, R, P, L, AI, AQ,
W, symbolic,
I/O variable

Example - FOR_LOOP that Iterates Through Dimension 1 of an Array

To use a FOR_LOOP to access array elements by means of a variable index, you must
ensure that the FOR_LOOP does not iterate beyond the last element of the array.
In the following logic, MOVE_DINT initializes the variable D1_temp to 0. ARRAY_SIZE_DIM1
counts the number of elements of a one-dimensional array named D1_Array and outputs the
result to output Q. Because the index of the first element of an array is zero, the loop must
iterate (Q - 1) times. SUB_DINT performs the subtraction and the result is converted to an
INT value and assigned to variable D1_size.
In the following rungs, the FOR_LOOP executes when D1ON is set to On. The variable index
D1_Index increments by 1 from 0 through D1_size, the value calculated by
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM1 and SUB_DINT. In each loop, the value of D1_temp is assigned to the
element D1_Array[D1_Index] and D1_temp is increased by 1.
You can use a FOR_LOOP to iterate through an array’s second dimension in a method
similar to this example. You can also use nested FOR_LOOPs to ensure that operations on
elements using two variable indexes each do not exceed their array dimension. For additional
examples, refer to the online help.

Block Clear
When the Block Clear (BLKCLR_WORD) function receives power flow, it fills the
specified block of data with zeros, beginning at the reference specified by IN.
When the data to be cleared is from BOOL (discrete) memory (%I, %Q, %M, %G,
or %T), the transition information associated with the references is updated.
BLKCLR_WORD passes power to the right whenever it receives power.
Note: The input parameter IN is not included in coil checking.
Operands
Length (??) The number of words to clear, starting at the IN Constant No
location. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256 words.
IN The first WORD of the memory block to clear to 0. All except %S and data flow. No
Example
At power-up, 32 words of %Q memory (512 points) beginning at %Q0001 are filled with
zeros. The transition information associated with these references will also be updated.

Block Move
When the Block Move (BLKMOV) function receives power Mnemonics:
flow, it copies a block of seven constants into consecutive BLKMOV_DINT
locations beginning at the destination specified in output BLKMOV_DWORD
Q. BLKMOV passes power to the right whenever it BLKMOV_INT
receives power. BLKMOV_REAL
BLKMOV_UINT
BLKMOV_WORD
Operands
Note: For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the Q operand. For example,
BLKMOV_DINT requires Q to be a DINT variable.
IN1 to IN7 The seven constant values to move. Constants. Constant type must match function No
type.
Q The first memory location of the destination All except %S. No
for the moved values. IN1 is moved to Q. %SA, SB, SC are also prohibited on BLKMOV
REAL, BLK_MOV_INT, and BLK_MOV_UINT.
Example
When the enabling input represented by the name
#FST_SCN is ON, BLKMOV_INT copies the seven input
constants into memory locations %R0010 through
%R0016.

BUS_ Functions
Four program functions allow the PACSystems CPU to communicate with modules in the
system.
■ Bus Read (BUS_RD)
■ Bus Write (BUS_WRT)
■ Bus Read/Modify/Write (BUS_RMW)
■ Bus Test and Set (BUS_TS)
These functions use the same parameters to specify which module on the bus will exchange
data with the CPU.
Note: Additional information related to addressing modules is required to use the BUS_
functions. For open VME modules in an RX7i system, refer to the PACSystems RX7i
User’s Guide to Integration of VME Modules, GFK-2235. For other modules, refer to
the product documentation provided by the manufacturer.
Rack, Slot, Subslot, Region, and Offset Parameters

The rack and slot parameters refer to a module in the hardware configuration. The region
parameter refers to a memory region configured for that module. The subslot is ordinarily set
to 0. The offset is a 0-based number that the function adds to the module’s base address
(which is part of the memory region configuration) to compute the address to be read or
written.

BUS Read
The BUS_RD function reads data from the bus. This Mnemonics:
function should be executed before the data is needed in BUS_RD_DINT
the program. If the amount of data to be read is greater BUS_RD_DWORD
than 32767 BYTES, WORDS, or DWORDS, use multiple BUS_RD_WORD
instructions to read the data.
When BUS_RD receives power flow, it accesses the
module at the specified rack (R), slot (S), subslot (SS),
address region (RGN) and offset (OFF). BUS_RD copies
the specified number (Length) of data units (DWORDS,
WORDs or BYTEs) from the module to the CPU,
beginning at output reference (Q).
The function passes power to the right when its operation
is successful. The status of the operation is reported in the
status location (ST).
Note: For each BUS_RD function type, use the
corresponding data type for the Q operand. For
example, BUS_RD_BYTE requires Q to be a
BYTE variable.
Note: An interrupt block can preempt the execution of a
BUS_RD function. On the bus, only 256 bytes are
read coherently (i.e., read without being
preempted by an interrupt).
Operands for BUS READ

Length (??) The number of BYTEs, DWORDs, or WORDs. 1 to 32,767. Constant No
R Rack number. UINT constant or variable. All except %S—%SC No
S Slot number. UINT constant or variable. All except %S—%SC No
SS Subslot number (defaults to 0). UINT constant or variable. All except %S—%SC Yes
RGN Region (defaults to 1). WORD constant or variable. All except %S—%SC Yes
OFF The offset in bytes. DWORD constant or variable. All except %S—%SC No
ST The status of the operation. WORD variable. All except variables Yes
located in %S—
%SC, and constants
Q Reference for data read from the module. DWORD variable. All except variables No
located in %S—
%SC, and constants

BUS_RD Status in the ST Output

The BUS_RD function returns one of the following values to the ST output:
0 Operation successful.
1 Bus error
2 Module does not exist at rack/slot location.
3 Module at rack/slot location is an invalid type.
4 Start address outside the configured range.
5 End address outside the configured address range.
6 Absolute address even but interface configured as odd byte only
8 Region not enabled
10 Function parameter invalid.
BUS Read Modify Write

The BUS_RMW function updates one byte, word, or Other mnemonic:
double word of data on the bus. This function locks the BUS_RMW_WORD
bus while performing the read-modify-write operation.
When the BUS_RMW function receives power flow
through its enable input, the function reads a dword, word
or byte of data from the module at the specified rack (R),
slot (S), subslot (SS) and optional address region (RGN)
and offset (OFF). The original value is stored in parameter
(OV).
The function combines the data with the data mask (MSK).
The operation performed (AND / OR) is selected with the
OP parameter. The mask value is dword data. When
operating on a word of data, only the lower 16 bits are
used. When operating on a byte of data, only the lower 8
bits of the mask data are used. The result is then written
back to the same address from which it was read.
The BUS_RMW function passes power to the right when
its operation is successful, and returns a status value to
the ST output.

Operands for BUS_RMW

For BUS_RMW_WORD, the absolute bus address must be a multiple of 2. For
BUS_RMW_DWORD, it must be a multiple of 4.
The absolute bus address is equal to the base address plus the offset value.
OP Type of operation: No
0 = AND Constant
1 = OR
MSK The data mask. DWORD constant or variable. All except %S—%SC No
SS Subslot number (optional, defaults to 0). UINT constant or Yes
All except %S—%SC
variable.
ST The status of the operation. WORD variable. All except variables located in Yes
%S—%SC, and constants
OV Original value. DWORD variable. All except variables located in Yes
%S—%SC, and constants
BUS_RMW Status in the ST Output

The BUS_RMW function returns one of the following values to the ST output:
0 Operation successful.
1 Bus error
2 Module does not exist at rack/slot location.
3 Module at rack/slot location is an invalid type.
4 Start address outside the configured range.
5 End address outside the configured address range.
6 Absolute address even but interface configured as odd byte only
7 For WORD type, absolute bus address is not a multiple of 2. For
DWORD type, absolute bus address is not a multiple of 4.
8 Region not enabled
9 Function type too large for configured access type.
10 Function parameter invalid.

BUS Test and Set

The BUS_TS function uses semaphores to control Other mnemonic:
access to specific memory in a module located on BUS_TS_WORD
the bus. The BUS_TS function exchanges a Boolean
TRUE (1) for the value currently at the semaphore
location. If that value was already a 1, then the
BUSTST function does not acquire the semaphore. If
the existing value was 0, the semaphore is set and
the BUS_TS function has the semaphore and the use
of the memory area it controls. The semaphore can
be cleared and ownership relinquished by using the
BUSWRT function to write a 0 to the semaphore
location. This function locks the bus while performing
the operation.
When the BUS_TS function receives power flow
through its enable input, the function exchanges a
Boolean TRUE (1) with the address specified by the
RACK, SLOT, SUBSLOT, RGN, and OFF
parameters. The function sets the Q output on if the
semaphore was available (0) and was acquired. It
passes power flow to the right whenever power is
received and no errors occur during execution.
Operands for BUS Test and Set

BUS_TS can be programmed as BUS_TS_BYTE or BUS_TS_WORD. For BUS_TS_WORD,
the absolute address of the module must be a multiple of 2. The absolute address is equal to
the base address plus the offset value.
SS Subslot number (defaults to 0). UINT constant or variable. All except %S—%SC Yes
ST The status of the bus test and set operation. WORD variable. All except variables Yes
located in %S—
%SC, and constant
Q Output set on if the semaphore was available (0). Otherwise, Q is set off. Power flow Yes

BUS Write
When the BUS_WRT function receives power flow Mnemonics:
through its enable input, it writes the data located at BUS_WRT_DINT
reference (IN) to the module at the specified rack (R), slot BUS_WRT_DWORD
(S), subslot (SS) and optional address region (RGN) and BUS_WRT_WORD
offset (OFF). BUSWRT writes the specified length (LEN)
of data units (DWORDS, WORDs or BYTEs).
The BUS_WRT function passes power to the right when
its operation is successful. The status of the operation is
reported in the status location (ST).
Note: For each BUS_WRT function type, use the
corresponding data type for the IN operand. For
example, BUS_WRT_BYTE requires IN to be a
BYTE variable.
Note: An interrupt block can preempt the execution of a
BUS_WRT function. On the bus, only 256 bytes
are written coherently (i.e., written without being
preempted by an interrupt).
Operands for Bus Write

Length (??) Length. The number of BYTEs, DWORDs, or WORDs. 1 to 32,767. Constant No
IN Reference for data to be written to the module. DWORD variable. All except variables No
located in %S—%SC,
and constant
SS Subslot number (defaults to 0) UINT constant or variable. All except %S—%SC Yes
RGN Region. (defaults to 1) WORD constant or variable. All except %S—%SC Yes
ST The status of the operation. WORD variable. All except variables Yes
located in %S—%SC,
and constant

Communication Request
The Communication Request (COMM_REQ) function communicates with an
intelligent module, such as a Genius Communications Module or High Speed
Counter.
oNotes:
■ The information presented in this section shows only the basic format of
the COMM_REQ function. Many types of COMM_REQs have been
defined. You will need additional information to program the COMM_REQ
for each type of device. Programming requirements for each module that
uses the COMM_REQ function are described in the specialty module's
user documentation.
■ If you are using serial communications, refer to chapter 13, “Serial I/O,
SNP and RTU Protocols.”
■ A COMM_REQ instruction inside an interrupt block being executed may
cause the block to be preempted when a new, incoming interrupt has the
same priority.
When COMM_REQ receives power flow, it sends the command block of data specified by the
IN operand to the communications TASK in the intelligent or specialty module, at the rack/slot
location specified by the SYSID operand. The command block contents are sent to the
receiving device and the program execution resumes immediately. (Because PACSystems
does not support WAIT mode COMM_REQs, the timeout value is ignored.)
The COMM_REQ passes power flow unless the following fault conditions exist. The Function
Faulted (FT) output may be set ON if:
■ Control block is invalid
■ Destination is invalid (target module is not present or is faulted)
■ Target module cannot receive mail because its queue is full
The Function Faulted output may have these states:
Enable Error? Function Faulted Output
active no OFF
active yes ON
not active no execution OFF
Command Block
The command block provides information to the intelligent module on the command to be
performed. The command block starts at the reference specified by the operand IN. This
address may be in any word-oriented area of memory (%R, %P, %L, %W, %AI, %AQ, or
symbolic non-discrete variables). The length of the command block depends on the amount
of data sent to the device.
The Command Block contains the data to be communicated to the other device, plus
information related to the execution of the COMM_REQ. Information required for the
command block can be placed in the designated memory area using a programming function
such as MOVE, BLKMOV, or DATA_INIT_COMM.

Command Block Structure

Address Data Block The number of data words starting with the data at
Length (in words) address+6 to the end of the command block, inclusive. The
data block length ranges from 1 to 128 words. Each
COMM_REQ command has its own data block length.
When entering the data block length, you must ensure that
the command block fits within the register limits
Address + 1 Wait/No Wait Flag Must be set to 0 (No Wait)
Address + 2 Status Pointer Specifies the memory type for the location where the
Memory Type COMM_REQ status word (CSR) returned by the device will
be written when the COMM_REQ completes.
Address + 3 Status Pointer The word at address + 3 contains the offset for the status
Offset word within the selected memory type.
Note: The status pointer offset is a zero-based value. For
example, %R00001is at offset zero in the register table.
Address + 4 Idle Timeout This parameter is ignored in No Wait mode.
Value
Address + 5 Maximum This parameter is ignored in No Wait mode.
Communication
Time
Address + 6 Data Block The data block contains the command's parameters. The
to Address + 133 data block begins with a command number in address + 6,
which identifies the type of communications function to be
performed. Refer to the specific device manual for
COMM_REQ command formats.
Status Pointer Memory Type

Status pointer memory type contains a numeric code that specifies the user reference
memory type for the status word. The table below shows the code for each reference type:
For this memory type Enter this decimal value
%I Discrete input table (BIT mode) 70
%Q Discrete output table (BIT mode) 72
%I Discrete input table (BYTE mode) 16
%Q Discrete output table (BYTE mode) 18
%R Register memory 8
%W Word memory 196
%AI Analog input table 10
%AQ Analog output table 12
Notes:
■ The value entered determines the mode. For example, if you enter the %I bit mode is 70,
then the offset will be viewed as that bit. On the other hand, if the %I value is 16, then the
offset will be viewed as that byte.
■ The high byte at address + 2 should contain zero.

Operands for COMM_REQ

IN The reference of the first WORD of the command block. Variables in %R, %P, No
%L, %AI, %AQ, %W,
and symbolic non-
discrete variables
SYSID The rack number (most significant byte) and slot number (least significant All except flow and No
byte) of the target device (intelligent module). variables in %S -
Note: For systems that do not have expansion racks, SYSID must be %SC
zero for the main rack.
TASK The task ID of the process on the target device Constants; variables No
in %R, %P, %L, %AI,
%AQ, %W, and
symbolic non-
discrete variables
FT Function Faulted output. FT is energized if an error is detected processing Power flow Yes
the COMM_REQ:
■ This is a WAIT mode COMM_REQ and the CPU does not support it
■ The specified target address (SYSID operand) is not present.
■ The specified task (TASK operand) is not valid for the device.
■ The data length is 0.
■ The device's status pointer address (part of the command block) does
not exist. This may be due to an incorrect memory type selection, or
an address within that memory type that is out of range.
COMM_REQ Status Word

The CRS word consists of two byte values, a major code and a minor code.
CRS Word
(hexadecimal)
High Low
00 01
Minor Error Code (high byte)

Success and Major Error Code (low byte)
Refer to the specific device manual for CRS major and minor codes used by COMM_REQ
commands at that device.

Examples for COMM_REQ

Example 1
When enabling input %M0020 is ON, a command block starting at %R0016 is sent to
communications task 1 in the device located at rack 1, slot 2 of the PLC. If an error occurs
processing the COMM_REQ, %Q0100 is set.
Example 2
The MOVE function can be used to enter the command block contents for the COMM_REQ
described in example 1.

Input IN of the COMM_REQ specifies %R00016 as the beginning reference for the command
block. Successive references contain the following:
%R00016 Data Block Length
%R00017 Wait/No Wait Flag
%R00018 Status Pointer Memory Type
%R00019 Status Pointer Offset
%R00020 Idle Timeout Value (Because this parameter is ignored in NO WAIT
mode, no value is input).
%R00021 Maximum Communication Time Value (Because this parameter is
ignored in NO WAIT mode, no value is input).
%R00022 to end of data Data Block
MOVE functions supply the following command block data for the COMM_REQ.
■ The first MOVE function places the length of the data being communicated in
%R00016.
■ The second MOVE function places the constant 0 in %R00017. This specifies NO
WAIT mode.
■ The third MOVE function places the constant 8 in %R00018. This specifies the
register table as the location for the status pointer.
■ The fourth MOVE function places the constant 512 in reference %R00019. Therefore,
the status pointer is located at %R00513.
The programming logic displayed in example 2 can be simplified by replacing the six MOVE
functions with one DATA_INIT_COMM function.

Data Initialization
Note: The mnemonics DATA_INIT_ASCII (page 7-94) and 19H
Mnemonics:
DATA_INIT_COMM (page 7-95) operate differently
20H
DATA_INIT_DWORD
from the other six functions. DATA_INIT_DWORD
DATA_INIT_INT
The Data Initialization (DATA_INIT) function copies a block of
constant data to a reference range. DATA_INIT_UINT
DATA_INIT_REAL
When the DATA_INIT instruction is first programmed, the DATA_INIT_LREAL
constants are initialized to zeroes. To specify the constant DATA_INIT_WORD
data to copy, double-click the DATA_INIT instruction in the LD
editor.
When DATA_INIT receives power flow, it copies the constant data to output Q. DATA_INIT's
constant data length (LEN) specifies how much constant data of the function type is copied to
consecutive reference addresses starting at output Q. DATA_INIT passes power to the right
whenever it receives power.
Notes:
■ The output parameter is not included in coil checking.
■ If you replace one DATA_INIT instruction (except DATA_INIT_ASCII or
DATA_INIT_COMM) with another (except DATA_INIT_ASCII or DATA_INIT_COMM),
Logic Developer - PLC attempts to keep the same data. For example, configuring a
DATA_INIT_INT with eight rows and then replacing the instruction with a
DATA_INIT_DINT would keep the data for the eight rows. Some precision may be lost
when replacing a DATA_INIT_ instruction, and a warning message will be displayed
when this case is detected.
Operands
Note: For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the Q operand. For example,
DATA_INIT_DINT requires Q to be a DINT variable.
Length The quantity (default 1) of constant data copied Constants No
to consecutive reference addresses starting at
output Q.
Q The beginning address of the area to which the All, except %S. SA, SB, and SC are not No
data is copied. allowed for REAL, LREAL, INT, and UINT
versions.
Example
On the first scan (as restricted by the #FST_SCN
system variable), 100 words of initial data are copied to
%R00005 through %R00104.

Data Initialize ASCII

The Data Initialize ASCII (DATA_INIT_ASCII) function copies a block of constant
ASCII text to a reference range.
When DATA_INIT_ASCII is first programmed, the constants are initialized to
zeroes. To specify the constant data to copy, double-click the DATA_INIT_ASCII
instruction in the LD editor.
When DATA_INIT_ASCII receives power flow, it copies the constant data to output Q.
DATA_INIT_ASCII’s constant data length (LEN) specifies how many bytes of constant text
are copied to consecutive reference addresses starting at output Q. LEN must be an even
number. DATA_INIT_ASCII passes power to the right whenever it receives power.
Note: The output parameter is not included in coil checking.
Operands
Length The number (default 1) of bytes of constant text copied to Constants No
consecutive reference addresses starting at output Q. LEN
must be an even number.
Q The beginning address of the area where the data is copied. All except %S. No
Example
On the first scan (as restricted by the #FST_SCN system variable) the decimal equivalent of
100 bytes of ASCII text is copied to %R00050 through %R00149. %Q00002 receives power.

Data Initialize Communications Request

The Data Initialize Communications Request (DATA_INIT_COMM) function
initializes a COMM_REQ function with a block of constant data. The IN
parameter of the COMM_REQ must correspond with output Q of this
DATA_INIT_COMM function.
When DATA_INIT_COMM is first programmed, the constants are initialized to zeroes. To

specify the constant data to copy, double-click the DATA_INIT_COMM instruction in the LD
editor.
When DATA_INIT_COMM receives power flow, it copies the constant data to output Q.
DATA_INIT_COMM’s constant data length operand specifies how many words of constant
data to copy to consecutive reference addresses starting at output Q. The length should be
equal to the size of the COMM_REQ function’s entire command block. DATA_INIT_COMM
passes power to the right whenever it receives power.
Note: The output parameter is not included in coil checking.
Operands
Length The number of WORDs (default 7) of constant data copied to Constant No
consecutive reference addresses starting at output Q. Must
equal the size of the COMM_REQ function’s entire command
block, including the header (words 0-5).
Q The beginning address of the area where the data is copied. R, W, P, L, AI, AQ, No
and symbolic non-
discrete variables
Example
On the first scan (as restricted by the #FST_SCN
system variable), a command block consisting of 100
words of data, including the 6 header words, is copied
to %P00001 through %P00100. %Q00002 receives
power.
Data Initialize DLAN

The Data Initialize DLAN (DATA_INIT_DLAN) function is used with a DLAN Interface module,
which is a limited availability, specialty system. If you have a DLAN system, refer to the
DLAN/DLAN+ Interface Module User’s Manual, GFK-0729, for details.
Operands
Q The beginning address of the area where the data is copied. flow, R, W, P, L, AI, No
AQ, and symbolic
non-discrete
variables

Move
When the MOVE function receives power flow, it copies data as Mnemonics:
individual bits from one location in PLC memory to another. MOVE_BOOL
Because the data is copied in bit format, the new location does not MOVE_DINT
MOVE_DWORD
need to be the same data type as the original.
MOVE_INT
The MOVE function copies data from input operand IN to output MOVE_REAL
operand Q as bits. If data is moved from one location in BOOL MOVE_UINT
MOVE_WORD
(discrete) memory to another, for example, from %I memory to %T
memory, the transition information associated with the BOOL
memory elements is updated to indicate whether or not the MOVE
operation caused any BOOL memory elements to change state.
Data at the input operand does not change unless there is an
overlap in the source and destination.
Note: If an array of BOOL-type data specified in the Q operand does not include all the bits
in a byte, the transition bits associated with that byte (which are not in the array) are
cleared when the Move function receives power flow. The input IN can be either a
variable providing a reference for the data to be moved or a constant. If a constant is
specified, then the constant value is placed in the location specified by the output
reference. For example, if a constant value of 4 is specified for IN, then 4 is placed in
the memory location specified by Q. If the length is greater than 1 and a constant is
specified, then the constant is placed in the memory location specified by Q and the
locations following, up to the length specified. Do not allow overlapping of IN and Q
operands.
The result of the MOVE depends on the data type selected for the function, as shown below.
For example, if the constant value 9 is specified for IN and the length is 4, then 9 is placed in
the bit memory location specified by Q and the three locations following:
MOVE BOOL MOVE WORD
Enable MOVE OK Enable MOVE OK

WORD
BOOL
4
4
9 IN Q Output 9 IN Q Output
MSB LSB 9
9
1 2 3 4
9
(Length = 4 bits) 9
(Length = 4 words)
The MOVE function passes power to the right whenever it receives power.

MOVE Operands
Length (??) The length of IN; the number of bits, words, Constant No
or double words to copy.
If IN is a constant and Q is BOOL, then 1 ≤
Length ≤ 16; otherwise, 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256.
1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767
IN The location of the first data item to copy. All. %S, %SA, %SB, %SC allowed No
For MOVE_BOOL, any discrete reference only for WORD, DWORD, BOOL
may be used. It does not need to be byte- types.
aligned. However 16 bits beginning with the
reference address specified are displayed
online.
If IN is a constant, it is treated as an array of
bits. The value of the least significant bit is
copied into the memory location specified by
Q. If Length is greater than one, the bits are
copied in order from the least significant to
the most significant into successive memory
locations, up to the length specified.
Q The location of the first destination data item. No
For MOVE_BOOL, any discrete reference All except %S. Also no %SA, SB, SC
may be used. It does not need to be byte- except for WORD, DWORD, BOOL
aligned. However 16 bits beginning with the types.
reference address specified are displayed
online.
MOVE_BOOL Example
When %I00003 is set, the three bits
%M00001, %M00002, and %M00003
are moved to %M00100, %M00101, and
%M00102, respectively. Coil %Q00001
is turned on.
MOVE_WORD Example
V_M00001 and V_M00033 are both
WORD arrays of length 3, for a total of
48 bits in each array. Since PLCs do not
recognize arrays, Length has to be set at
3, for the total number of WORDs to be
moved. When enabling input V_Q0014 is
ON, MOVE_WORD moves 48 bits from
the memory location %M00001 to
memory location %M00033. Even though
the destination overlaps the source for 16
bits, the move is done correctly.

Move Data
The MOVE_DATA function copies the variable assigned to the Mnemonic:
input, IN to the variable assigned to the output, Q. If the constant 0 MOVE_DATA
is assigned to IN, the variable assigned to Q is initialized to its
default value.
MOVE_DATA Operands
Length (??) The length of IN; the number of elements to Constant No
copy.
1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767
IN The location of the data item to copy. Enumerated variable, structure No
If IN is 0, Q is set to its default value. variable, or array of these types; the
constant 0.
For details, refer to “Data Types and
Structures” in the PACMotion Multi-
Axis Motion Controller User’s Manual,
GFK-2448.
Q The location of the data copied from IN. Enumerated variable, structure No
Q must be the same data type as IN, unless variable, or array of these types.
IN is the constant 0.

Move Data Explicit

MOVE_DATA_EX provides optional data coherency by locking the
symbolic memory being written to during the copy operation. This
allows data to be copied coherently when accessed by multiple
logic threads (i.e. interrupt blocks). Note that copying large
amounts of data with coherency enabled can increase interrupt
latency.
MOVE_DATA_EX Operands
Length The length of IN; the number of elements to copy. Constant No
(??) 1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767
DC Data coherency. Data flow. Yes
If True memory being written to is locked, enabling coherent
copying of data from one Controller memory area to another.
If False (default), data is copied normally from one Controller
memory area to another without data coherency.
The input DC should be used only when using interrupt blocks
and is required only when the same memory is used in more
than one interrupt block, or in the main program and an
interrupt block.
If DC is True, an interrupt block cannot preempt the copy
operation.
If DC is False or not present, then interrupts can preempt the
copy.
Using DC can impact interrupt latency if the amount of data
copied is large.
IN The location of the data item to copy. Enumerated variable or No
If IN is 0 (LD only), length is assigned the constant 1 and the structure variable, or array of
variable or structure assigned to Q is set to its default value. these types; the constant 0.
Q Variable or array to which IN is copied. Enumerated variable or No
Q must be the same data type as IN, unless IN is the constant 0. structure variable, or array of
these types.
Example
Enum_Array and Enum_Array_Out
are arrays of enumerated variables,
with three elements each. To copy
all elements in Enum_Array, input
Length should be 3. When the
enabling input Q00014 is on,
MOVE_DATA_EX copies three
elements from memory location
Enum_Array to memory location
Enum_Array_Out.

Move From Flat

MOVE_FROM_FLAT copies reference memory data to a User-
defined Data Type (UDT) variable or UDT array.
MOVE_FROM_FLAT provides optional data coherency by locking
the data being written to during the copy operation. This allows
data to be copied coherently when accessed by multiple logic
threads (i.e. interrupt blocks). Note that copying large amounts of
data with coherency enabled can increase interrupt latency.
Operation
Copying arrays and array elements
The constant value assigned to input LEN (Length) determines the number of UDT array
elements to be filled by copying data from reference memory to output Q.
Example: If constant value 6 is assigned to input LEN (Length), there should be a UDT array
of at least six elements assigned to output Q. During logic execution, n bytes of data are
copied from reference memory to the first six UDT array elements, where n is the length of
the UDT array element (in bytes) times six.
Copying to specified array elements

For output Q, a single element of a UDT array can be specified, for example,
myUDT_array[4] (5th element of myUDT_array). In this case, the input LEN (Length) operand
applies to the array elements starting from and including myUDT_array[4].
Example: myUDT_array is a UDT array of ten elements, of which each element is a UDT
variable, and myUDT_array[4] is assigned to output Q. This restricts the value of input LEN
(Length) to six or less because there are six remaining UDT array elements that can be filled
in myUDT_array.
Notes:
Length determines how many UDT variable elements to overwrite in Q.
If an array head is assigned to input IN, the Length determines how many UDT array
elements assigned to Q are filled by copying data from reference memory.

MOVE_FROM_FLAT Operands
Length (??) Determines the number of UDT array elements to be filled by Constant No
copying data from reference memory to output Q.
1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767
If True, memory being written to is locked, enabling coherent
copying of data from one Controller memory area to another.
memory area to another; that is without data coherency.
The input DC should be used only when using interrupt
blocks and is required only when the same memory is
used in more than one interrupt block, or in the main
program and an interrupt block.
operation.
If DC is False or not present, then interrupts can preempt
the copy.
Using DC can impact interrupt latency if the amount of
data copied is large.
IN Reference memory data being copied to UDT variable All except %S, symbolic, or No
elements in output Q as determined by the Length. I/O variable.
Q UDT variable or UDT array to which IN is copied. Discrete or non-discrete No
symbolic, discrete or non-
discrete I/O variable.
Example
A WORD variable mapped to %R1 is assigned to input IN and a value of 1 is assigned to
Length. A UDT variable or UDT array is assigned to output Q.
When MOVE_FROM_FLAT executes, n bytes of data are copied, starting at %R1 to a UDT
variable or UDT array, where n is the UDT array element length (in bytes). If a UDT array is
assigned to output Q, n bytes of data are copied to the first UDT array element.

Move to Flat
MOVE_TO_FLAT instruction copies data from symbolic or I/O
variable memory to reference memory. MOVE_TO_FLAT copies
across mismatched data types for an operation such as a Modbus
transfer.
MOVE_TO_FLAT provides optional data coherency by locking the
reference memory being written to during the copy operation. This
allows data to be copied coherently when accessed by multiple
logic threads (i.e. interrupt blocks). Note that copying large
amounts of data with coherency enabled can increase interrupt
latency.
Notes:
The Data Coherency (DC) input should be used only when using interrupt blocks and
is required only when the same memory is used in more than one interrupt block, or
in the main program and an interrupt block.
If DC is True, an interrupt block cannot preempt the copy operation.
If DC is False or not present, then interrupts can preempt the copy.
Using DC can impact interrupt latency if the amount of data copied is large.
Copying Arrays and Array Elements

The Length determines the number of UDT array elements to be copied to the reference
memory of the variable assigned to output Q.
Example: If the value 6 is assigned to Length, there should be a UDT array of at least six
elements assigned to input IN. When logic executes, n bytes of data are copied from the UDT
array elements to the reference memory of the variable assigned to output Q, where n is the
length of the UDT array element (in bytes) times six.

MOVE_TO_FLAT Operands
Length The length of IN; the number of elements to copy. Constant No
(??) 1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767
If True, the memory being written to is locked. This enables a
coherent copy of a UDT to reference memory.
memory area to another; that is without data coherency.
DC should be used only when using interrupt blocks and
is required only when the same memory is used in more
than one interrupt block, or in the main program and an
interrupt block.
operation.
If DC is False or not present, interrupts can preempt the
copy.
Using DC can impact interrupt latency if the amount of
data copied is large.
IN UDT variable or UDT array. The data copied to the reference Discrete or non-discrete symbolic, No
memory mapped to the variable assigned to Q. discrete or non-discrete I/O variable.
If IN is 0, length is assigned the constant 1 and the variable or
structure assigned to Q is set to its default value.
Q Variable or array to which IN is copied. The amount of data All memory areas except %S, No
copied is determined by the constant value assigned to input discrete symbolic, discrete I/O
LEN (Length). variable.
▪ Indirect referencing is available
for all register references (%R,
%P, %L, %W, %AI, and %AQ).
▪ BYTE arrays must be packed;
that is, they must be in discrete
memory.
Example
A UDT variable or UDT array is assigned to input IN.
The constant value 8 is assigned to input LEN (Length).
A DWORD variable mapped to %R1 is assigned to output Q.
If the constant value 8 is assigned to LEN (length), there should be a UDT array of at least
eight elements assigned to IN. When MOVE_TO_FLAT executes, n bytes of data are copied
from the UDT variable or array to %R memory, starting at %R1 in the example, where n is the
length of a UDT array element (in bytes) times eight.

Shift Register
When the Shift Register (SHFR_BIT, SHFR_DWORD, or Mnemonics:
SHFR_WORD) function receives power and the R operand does SHFR_BIT
not, SHFR shifts one or more data BITs, data DWORDs, or data SHFR_DWORD
WORDs from a reference location into a specified area of memory. SHFR_WORD
A contiguous section of memory serves as a shift register. For
example, one word might be shifted into an area of memory with a
specified length of five words. As a result of this shift, another
word of data would be shifted out of the end of the memory area.
Warning
The use of overlapping input and output reference address ranges in multiword
functions is not recommended, as it may produce unexpected results.
The reset input (R) takes precedence over the function enable input. When the reset is
active, all references beginning at the shift register (ST) up to the length specified, are filled
with zeros.
If the function receives power flow and R is not active, each BIT, DWORD, or WORD of the
shift register is moved to the next highest reference. The elements shifted out of ST are
shifted into Q. The highest reference of IN is shifted into the vacated element starting at ST.
Note: The contents of the shift register are accessible throughout the program because
they are overlaid on absolute locations in logic addressable memory.
The function passes power to the right whenever it receives power flow and the R operand
does not.
Operands for Shift Register

Length (??) The number of data items in the shift register, No
ST. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256.
R Reset. When R is ON, the shift register located Power flow No
at ST is filled with zeroes.
N The number of data items to shift into ST. Constants No
IN The value to shift into the first data item of ST. All No
SHFR_BIT: For %I, %Q, %M and %T memory,
any BOOL reference may be used; it does not
need to be byte-aligned. However, 1 bit,
beginning with the reference address
specified, is displayed online.
ST The first data item of the shift register. All except data flow, constants, S No
Note: For %I, %Q, %M and %T memory, any
BOOL reference may be used; it does not
need to be byte-aligned. However, 16 bits,
specified, are displayed online.


Q The data shifted out of ST. The same number All except S No
of data items will be shifted into Q as were
shifted out of ST.
SHFR_BIT: For %I, %Q, %M and %T memory,
any BOOL reference may be used; it does not
need to be byte-aligned. However, 1 bit,
specified, is displayed online.
Example
SHFR_WORD operates on register memory locations %R0001 through %R0100. When the
reset reference CLEAR is active, the Shift Register words are set to zero.
When the NXT_CYC reference is active and CLEAR is not, the two words at the starting
address V_Q00033 are shifted into the Shift Register at %R0001. The words shifted out of
the Shift Register from %R0100 are stored in output %M0005. Note that, for this example, the
length specified and the amount of data to be shifted (N) are not the same.

Size Of
Counts the number of bits used by the variable assigned Mnemonics:
to input IN and writes the number of bits to output Q. SIZE_OF
Operands
IN The variable whose size in bits is calculated. Variable of any data type except No
BYTE arrays in non-discrete
memory and double-segment
structures.
Q The number of bits used by the variable DINT or DWORD variable. No
assigned to input IN. ST also supports INT and WORD
variables.
Example
The single-segment structure named Var assigned to input IN contains eight BOOL elements
(8 * 1 = 8 bits) and twelve WORD elements (12 * 16 = 192 bits). SIZE_OF outputs the value
8 + 192 = 200 to the variable R00001 assigned to output Q.

Swap
The SWAP function is used to swap two bytes within a Other mnemonic:
word (SWAP WORD) or two words within a double word SWAP_WORD
(SWAP DWORD). The SWAP can be performed over a
wide range of memory by specifying a length greater than
1. If that is done, the data in each word or double word
within the specified length is swapped.
When the SWAP function receives power flow, it swaps the data in reference IN and places
the swapped data into output reference Q. The function passes power to the right whenever it
receives power.
PACSystems CPUs use the Intel convention for storing word data in bytes. They store the
least significant byte of a word in address n and the most significant byte in address n+1.
Many VME modules follow the Motorola convention of storing the most significant byte in
address n and the least significant byte in address n+1.
The PACSystems CPU assigns byte address 1 to the same storage location regardless of the
byte convention used by the other device. However, because of the difference in byte
significance, word and multiword data, for example, 16 bit integers (INT, UINT), 32 bit
integers (DINT) or floating point (REAL) numbers, must be adjusted when being transferred
to or from Motorola-convention modules. In these cases, the two bytes in each word must be
swapped, either before or after the transfer. In addition, for multiword data items, the words
must be swapped end-for-end on a word basis. For example, a 64-bit real number transferred
to the PACSystems CPU from a Motorola-convention module must be byte-swapped and
word-reversed, either before or after reading, as shown below:
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
Character (ASCII) strings or BCD data require no adjustment since the Intel and Motorola
conventions for storage of character strings are identical.
Operands for Swap

The two parameters, IN and Q, must both be the same type, WORD or DWORD.
Length (??) The number of WORDs or DWORDs to operate on. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 256. Constant No
IN Reference for data to be swapped. (must be the same type as Q) All No
Q Reference for swapped data. (must be the same type as IN) All except S No
Example for Swap

Two bytes located in bits %I00033 through %I00048 are swapped. The
result is stored in %L00007.

7 Data Table Functions
Data Table Functions

Array Move ARRAY_MOVE_BOOL Copies a specified number of data elements from a source memory block to
ARRAY_MOVE_BYTE a destination memory block.
ARRAY_MOVE_DINT Note: The memory blocks do not need to be defined as arrays. You must
ARRAY_MOVE_INT supply a starting address and the number of contiguous registers to use for
ARRAY_MOVE_WORD the move.
Array Range ARRAY_RANGE_DINT Determines if a value is between the range specified in two tables
ARRAY_RANGE_DWORD
ARRAY_RANGE_INT
ARRAY_RANGE_UINT
ARRAY_RANGE_WORD
FIFO Read FIFO_RD_DINT Removes the entry at the bottom of the First In First Out (FIFO) table, and
FIFO_RD_DWORD decrements the pointer by one
FIFO_RD_INT
FIFO_RD_UINT
FIFO_RD_WORD
FIFO Write FIFO_WRT_DINT Increments the table pointer and writes data to the bottom of the FIFO table
FIFO_WRT_DWORD
FIFO_WRT_INT
FIFO_WRT_UINT
FIFO_WRT_WORD
LIFO Read LIFO_RD_DINT Removes the entry at the pointer location in the LIFO (Last In First Out)
LIFO_RD_DWORD table, and decrements the pointer by one
LIFO_RD_INT
LIFO_RD_UINT
LIFO_RD_WORD
LIFO Write LIFO_WRT_DINT Increments the LIFO table's pointer and writes data to the table
LIFO_WRT_DWORD
LIFO_WRT_INT
LIFO_WRT_UINT
LIFO_WRT_WORD
Search SEARCH_EQ_BYTE Searches for all array values equal to a specified value
SEARCH_EQ_DINT
SEARCH_EQ_DWORD
SEARCH_EQ_INT
SEARCH_EQ_UINT
SEARCH_EQ_WORD
SEARCH_GE_BYTE Searches for all array values greater than or equal to a specified value
SEARCH_GE_DINT
SEARCH_GE_DWORD
SEARCH_GE_INT
SEARCH_GE_UINT
SEARCH_GE_WORD
SEARCH_GT_BYTE Searches for all array values greater than a specified value
SEARCH_GT_DINT
SEARCH_GT_DWORD
SEARCH_GT_INT
SEARCH_GT_UINT
SEARCH_GT_WORD

Data Table Functions 7

SEARCH_LE_BYTE Searches for all array values less than or equal to a specified value
SEARCH_LE_DINT
SEARCH_LE_DWORD
SEARCH_LE_INT
SEARCH_LE_UINT
SEARCH_LE_WORD
SEARCH_LT_BYTE Searches for all array values less than a specified value
SEARCH_LT_DINT
SEARCH_LT_DWORD
SEARCH_LT_INT
SEARCH_LT_UINT
SEARCH_LT_WORD
SEARCH_NE_BYTE Searches for all array values not equal to a specified value
SEARCH_NE_DINT
SEARCH_NE_DWORD
SEARCH_NE_INT
SEARCH_NE_UINT
SEARCH_NE_WORD
Sort SORT_INT Sorts a memory block in ascending order
SORT_UINT
SORT_WORD
Table Read TBL_RD_DINT Copies a value from a specified table location to an output reference
TBL_RD_DWORD
TBL_RD_INT
TBL_RD_UINT
TBL_RD_WORD
Table Write TBL_WRT_DINT Copies a value from an input reference to a specified table location
TBL_WRT_DWORD
TBL_WRT_INT
TBL_WRT_UINT
TBL_WRT_WORD

Array Move
Mnemonics:
ARRAY_MOVE_BOOL
ARRAY_MOVE_BYTE
ARRAY_MOVE_DINT
ARRAY_MOVE_DWORD
ARRAY_MOVE_INT
ARRAY_MOVE_UINT
ARRAY_MOVE_WORD
When the Array Move function receives power flow, it copies a specified number of elements
from a source memory block to a destination memory block. Starting at the indexed location
(SR+SNX-1) of the input memory block, it copies N elements to the output memory block,
starting at the indexed location (DS+DNX-1) of the output memory block.
Note: For ARRAY_MOVE_BOOL, when 16-bit registers are selected for the operands of
the source memory block and/or destination memory block starting address, the least
significant bit of the specified 16-bit register is the first bit of the memory block. The
value displayed contains 16 bits, regardless of the length of the memory block.
The indices in an Array Move instruction are 1-based. In using an Array Move, no element
outside either the source or destination memory blocks (as specified by their starting address
and length) may be referenced.
The function passes power flow unless one of the following conditions occurs:
■ It receives no power flow.
■ (N + SNX - 1) is greater than Length.
■ (N + DNX - 1) is greater than Length.
Note: For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the SR and DS operands. For
example, ARRAY_MOVE_BYTE requires SR and DS to be BYTE variables.

Operands for Array Move

Length (??) The length of each Constant No
memory block (source
and destination); the
number of elements in
each memory block.
1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767.
SR (must be the same data The starting address of All except constants. %S - No
type as DS) the source memory block. %SC allowed only for BYTE,
Note: For an Array WORD, DWORD types.
Move with the data type
BOOL, any reference
may be used; it does not
need to be byte-aligned.
Sixteen bits, beginning
with the reference
address specified, are
displayed online.
SNX The index of the source All except variables in %S - No
memory block %SC.
DNX The index of the All except variables in %S - No
destination memory block %SC.
N Count indicator All except variables in %S - No
%SC
DS (must be the same data The starting address of All, except S and constants. No
type as SR) the destination memory %SA - %SC allowed only for
block. BYTE, WORD, DWORD
Note: For an Array types
Move with the data type
BOOL, any reference
may be used; it does not
need to be byte-aligned.
Sixteen bits, beginning
with the reference
address specified, are
displayed online.

Examples for Array Move

Example 1
To define the input memory block %R0001 - %R0016 and
the output memory block %R0100 - %R0115, SR is set as
%R0001, DS is set as %R0100, and Length is set to 16.
To copy the five registers %R0003 - %R0007 to the
registers %R0104 - %R0108, N is set to 5, SNX=%R0100 is
set to 3 (to designate the third register, %R0003, of the
block starting at %R0001), and DNX is set to 5 (to designate
the fifth register, %R0104, of the block starting at %R0100).
Example 2
Using bit memory blocks, the input block starts at
SR=%M0009, the output block starts at %Q0022,
and the length of both blocks is 16 one-bit registers
(Length=16).
To copy the seven registers %M0011 - %M0017 to
%Q0026 - %Q0032, N is set to 7, SNX is set to 3 (to
designate the third register, %M0011, of the block
starting at %M0009), and DNX is set to 5 (to
designate the fifth register, %Q0026, of the block
starting at %Q0022).
Example 3
Sixteen (=N) bits that are not byte-aligned are moved from the two 16-bit registers that start
at %R00001 (SR) to the two 16-bit registers that
begin at %R00100 (DS). For the purposes of this
Boolean move, Length is set to 20, because the other
12 bits in either memory block are not considered.
By setting SNX to 3, N to 16, and DNX to 5, the third
(SNX) least significant bit of %R0001 through the
second least significant bit of %R0002 (for a total of
16 bits=N) are written into the fifth (DNX) least
significant bit of %R0100 through the fourth least
significant bit of %R0101 (for the same total of 16
bits).

Array Range
The ARRAY_RANGE function compares a single Mnemonics:
input value against two arrays of delimiters that ARRAY_RANGE_DINT
specify an upper and lower bound to determine if the ARRAY_RANGE_DWORD
input value falls within the range specified by the ARRAY_RANGE_INT
delimiters. The output is an array of bits that is set ARRAY_RANGE_UINT
ON (1) when the input value is greater than or equal ARRAY_RANGE_WORD
to the lower limit and less than or equal to the upper
limit. The output is set OFF (0) when the input is
outside this range or when the range is invalid, as
when the lower limit exceeds the upper limit.
The ARRAY_RANGE function compares a single input value against two arrays of delimiters
that specify an upper and lower bound to determine if the input value falls within the range
specified by the delimiters. The output is an array of bits that is set ON (1) when the input
value is greater than or equal to the lower limit and less than or equal to the upper limit. The
output is set OFF (0) when the input is outside this range or when the range is invalid, as
when the lower limit exceeds the upper limit.
When ARRAY_RANGE receives power, it compares the value in input parameter IN against
each range specified by the array element values of LL and UL. Output Q sets a bit ON (1)
for each corresponding array element where the value of IN is greater than or equal to the
value of LL and is less than or equal to the value of UL. Output Q sets a bit OFF (0) for each
corresponding array element where the value of IN is not within this range or when the range
is invalid, as when the value of LL exceeds the value of UL. If the operation is successful,
ARRAY_RANGE passes power flow to the right.
Operands for Array Range

Notes:
■ For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the LL, UL, and Q operands.
For example, ARRAY_RANGE_DINT requires LL, UL, and Q to be DINT variables.
■ Q is not aligned. It is displayed in bit format. It displays either a 1 (ON) or a 0 (OFF) for
the first array element. For BOOL references, it represents the reference displayed. For
other references, it represents the low order bit of the reference displayed.
Parameter Description Allowed Operands Operands Optional
Length (??) The number of elements in each array. Constant No
LL The lower limit of the range All except constants and %S - %SC No
for INT, DINT.
UL The upper limit of the range All except constants and %S - %SC No
for INT, DINT.
IN The value to compare against each range All except constants and %S - %SC No
specified by LL and UL for INT, DINT.
Q Energized when the value in IN is within the No
range specified by LL and UL, inclusive. All except S

Examples for Array Range

Example 1
The lower limit (LL) values of %R00001 through %R00008 are 1, 20, 30, 100, 25, 50, 10, and
200. The upper limit (UL) values of %R00100 through %R00108 are 40, 50, 150, 2, 45, 90,
250, and 47. The resulting Q values will be placed in the first 8 bits of %R00200. The bit
values low order to high are: 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, and 0. The bit value displayed will be set ON
(1) for the low order bit of %R00200. The ok output will be set ON (1).
Example 2
The lower limit (LL) array contains %T00001 through %T00016, %T00017 through %T00032,
and %T00033 through %T00048. The lower limit values are 100, 65, and 1. The upper limit
(UL) values are 29, 165, and 2. The resulting Q values of 0, 1, and 0 will be placed in
%Q00001 through %Q00003. The bit value displayed will be 0 (OFF), representing the value
of %Q00001. The power output will be set ON (1).

FIFO Read
Mnemonics:
FIFO_RD_DINT
FIFO_RD_DWORD
FIFO_RD_INT
FIFO_RD_UINT
FIFO_RD_WORD
The First-In-First-Out (FIFO) Read (FIFO_RD) function moves data out of tables. Values are
always moved out of the bottom of the table. If the pointer reaches the last location and the
table becomes full, FIFO_RD must be used to remove the entry at the pointer location and
decrement the pointer by one. FIFO_RD is used in conjunction with the FIFO_WRT function,
which increments the pointer and writes entries into the table.
1. FIFO_RD copies the top location (entry 0) of the table to output parameter Q. Additional
program logic must then be used to place the data in the input reference.
2. The remaining items in the table are copied to a lower numbered position in the table.
3. FIFO_RD decrements the pointer by one.
4. Steps 1, 2, and 3 are repeated each time FIFO_RD is executed, until the table is empty
(PTR = 0).
The pointer does not wrap around when the table is full.
When FIFO_RD receives power flow, the data at the first location of the table is copied to
output Q. Next, each item in the table is moved down to the next lower location. This begins
with item 2 in the table, which is moved into position 1. Finally, the pointer is decremented. If
this causes the pointer location to become 0, the output EM is set ON, i.e., EM indicates
whether or not the table is empty.
FIFO_RD passes power to the right if the pointer is greater than zero and less than the value
specified for LEN.
Note: A FIFO table is a queue. A LIFO table is a stack.
Operands for FIFO Read

Note: For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the TB and Q operands. For
example, FIFO_RD_DINT requires TB and Q to be DINT variables.
Length (??) 1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767. Constants No
TB The elements in the FIFO All except constants No
(must be the same type as Q) table
PTR Pointer. Index of the last All except constants, data flow, No
element of the FIFO table. and variables in %S -%SC
EM Energized when the last Flow No
element of the table is read
Q (must be the same type as TB) The element read from the All except constants, S; SA, SB, No
FIFO table SC allowed only for WORD,
DWORD

Example for FIFO Read

PRODUCT is a FIFO table with 100 word-sized elements. When the enabling input PACK_IT
is ON, the PRODUCT data item in the table location pointed to by STK_PTR is copied to the
reference location specified in CART. This table location pointed to would be the bottom, or
oldest data item in the table. The number in STK_PTR is then decremented. A copy of the
oldest data item in the PRODUCT table is left behind in each table location as the current
data is copied out during successive PACK_IT triggers. Output node EM passes power when
the PTR = 0, firing the coil EMPTY. No further data from the PRODUCT table can be read
without first copying data in using the FIFO_WRT function.
FIFO Write
Mnemonics:
FIFO_WRT_DINT
FIFO_WRT_DWORD
FIFO_WRT_INT
FIFO_WRT_UINT
FIFO_WRT_WORD
The First-In-First-Out (FIFO) Write (FIFO_WRT) function moves data into tables. The function
increments the table pointer by one and adds an entry at the new pointer location in a FIFO
table. Values are always moved in at the bottom of the table. If the pointer reaches the last
location and the table becomes full, FIFO_WRT can add no further values. The FIFO_RD
function must then be used to remove the entry at the pointer location and decrement the
pointer by one.
1. FIFO_WRT increments the pointer by one.
2. FIFO_WRT copies data from input parameter IN to the position in the table indicated
by the pointer. (It writes over any value currently at that location.) Additional program
logic must then be used to place the data in the input reference.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated each time FIFO_WRT is executed, until the table is full
(PTR=0).
When FIFO_WRT receives power flow, the pointer is incremented by 1. Then, input data is
written into the table at the pointer location. If the pointer was already at the last location in
the table, no data is written and FIFO_WRT does not pass power to the right. The pointer
always indicates the last item entered into the table. If the table becomes full, it is not
possible to add more entries to it.
FIFO_WRT passes power to the right after a successful execution (PTR < LEN).

Operands for FIFO Write

Note: For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the TB and IN operands. For
example, FIFO_WRT_DINT requires TB and IN to be DINT variables.
TB The elements in the FIFO All except constants, data No
(must be the same data type table flow, and S.
as IN) SA - SC allowed only for
WORD, DWORD types
PTR Pointer. Index of the last All except constants, data No
element of the FIFO table. flow, S - SC.
IN (must be the same data The element to write to the All. S – SC allowed only for No
type as TB) FIFO table WORD, DWORD types.
FL Energized when IN is written Power flow No
to the last element of the
table
Example for FIFO Write

PRODUCT is a FIFO table with 100 word-sized elements. When the enabling input UNPACK
is ON, a data item from P_CODE is copied to the table location pointed to by the value in
STK_PTR. Output node FL passes power when PTR = LEN, firing the FULL coil. No further
data from P_CODE can be added to the table without first copying data out, using the
FIFO_RD function.

LIFO Read
Mnemonics:
LIFO_RD_DINT
LIFO_RD_DWORD
LIFO_RD_INT
LIFO_RD_UINT
LIFO_RD_WORD
The Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) Read (LIFO_RD) function moves data out of tables. Values are
always moved out of the top of the table. If the pointer reaches the last location and the table
becomes full, LIFO_RD must be used to remove the entry at the pointer location and
decrement the pointer by one. LIFO_RD is used in conjunction with the LIFO_WRT function,
which increments the pointer and writes entries into the table.
1. LIFO_RD copies data indicated by the pointer to output parameter Q. Additional
program logic must then be used to place the data in the input reference.
2. LIFO_RD decrements the pointer by one.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated each time the instruction is executed, until the table is
empty (PTR = LEN).
When LIFO_RD receives power flow, the data at the pointer location is copied to output Q,
then the pointer is decremented. If this causes the pointer location to become 0, the output
EM is set ON, i.e., EM indicates whether or not the table is empty. If the table is empty when
LIFO_RD receives power flow, no read occurs. The pointer always indicates the last item
entered into the table.
LIFO_RD passes power to the right if the pointer was in range for an element to be read.
Note: A LIFO table is a stack. A FIFO table is a queue.
Operands for LIFO Read

example, LIFO_RD_DINT requires TB and Q to be DINT variables.
Length (??) 1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767. Constant No
TB The elements in the table All except constants No
(must be the same type as Q)
PTR Pointer. Index of the next All except constants, S - SC, No
element to read. and data flow
EM Energized when the last Power flow No
element of the table is
read
Q (must be the same type as The element read from All except constants and S. No
TB) the table SA, SB, SC allowed only for
WORD, DWORD.

Example for LIFO Read

PRODUCT is a LIFO table with 100 word-sized elements. When the enabling input PACK_IT
is ON, the data item at the top of the table is copied into the reference indicated by the
nickname CART. The reference identified by STK_PTR contains the table pointer. Output coil
EMPTY indicates when the table is empty.
LIFO Write
Mnemonics:
LIFO_WRT_DINT
LIFO_WRT_DWORD
LIFO_WRT_INT
LIFO_WRT_UINT
LIFO_WRT_WORD
The Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) Write (LIFO_WRT) function increments the table pointer by one
and then adds an entry at the new pointer location in a table. Values are always moved in at
the top of the table. If the pointer reaches the last location and the table becomes full,
LIFO_WRT cannot add further values. LIFO_RD must then be used to remove the entry at
the pointer location and decrement the pointer by one.
1. LIFO_WRT increments the table pointer by one.
2. LIFO_WRT copies data from input parameter IN to the position in the table indicated
by the pointer. (It writes over any value currently at that location.) Additional program
logic must then be used to place the data in the input reference.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated each time LIFO_WRT is executed, until the table is full
(PTR=LEN).
When LIFO_WRT receives power flow, the pointer increments by 1; then the new data is
written at the pointer location. If the pointer was already at the last location in the table, no
data is written and LIFO_WRT does not pass power to the right. The pointer always indicates
the last item entered into the table. If the table is full, it is not possible to add more entries to
it.
LIFO_WRT passes power to the right after a successful execution (PTR < LEN).
Note: A LIFO table is a stack. A FIFO table is a queue.

Operands for LIFO Write

example, LIFO_WRT_DINT requires TB and Q to be DINT variables.
TB The elements in the table All except constants, S, data No
(must be the same type as IN) flow. SA - SC allowed only for
WORD, DWORD.
PTR Pointer. Index of the next All except constants, S - SC, No
element to write. and data flow
IN (must be the same type as The element to write to the table All. S – SC allowed only for No
TB) WORD, DWORD
FL Energized when IN is written to All No
the last element of the table
Example for LIFO Write

PRODUCT is a LIFO table with 100 word-sized elements. When the enabling input STORE is
ON, a data item from NEW_ITEM is copied to the table location pointed to by the value in
STK_PTR. Output FL passes power when PTR = LEN, firing the FULL coil. No further data
from NEW_ITEM can be added to the table without first copying data out, using the LIFO_RD
function.

Search
When the Search function receives power, it searches the specified
memory block for a value that satisfies the search criteria. For
example, SEARCH_GE_DWORD searches for a DWORD that is
greater than or equal to the specified value (the IN operand).
Search can evaluate six different relationships for six data types, for
a total of thirty-six mnemonics.
Search Relationships:
SEARCH_EQ_... searches for a value of the specified data type equal to the IN
operand.
SEARCH_GE_... searches for a value of the specified data type greater than
or equal to IN.
SEARCH_GT_... searches for a value of the specified data type greater than IN.
SEARCH_LE_... searches for a value of the specified data type less than or equal to
IN.
SEARCH_LT_... searches for a value of the specified data type less than IN.
SEARCH_NE_... searches for a value of the specified data type that is not equal to
IN.
Data types:
BYTE, DINT, DWORD, INT, UINT, WORD
Searching begins at AR+INX, where AR is the starting address and INX is the index value
into the memory block. The search continues either until a register that satisfies the search
criteria is found or until the end of the memory block is reached.
■ If a register is found, the Found Indication (FD) is set ON and the Output Index (ONX) is
set to the relative position of this register within the block.
■ If no register is found before the end of the block is reached, the Found Indication (FD) is
set OFF and the Output Index (ONX) is set to zero.
The input index (INX) is zero-based, that is, 0 the means first reference, whereas the output
index (ONX) is one-based, that is, 1 means the first reference.
The valid values for INX are 0 to (Length - 1). The valid values for ONX are 1 to Length.
INX should be set to zero to begin searching at the memory block's first register. This value
increments by one at the time of execution. If the value of input INX is out-of-range,
(< 0 or > Length-1), INX is set to the default value of zero.
SEARCH passes power flow to the right when it performs without error. If INX is out of range,
SEARCH does not pass power flow to the right.

Operands for the Search Function

Note: For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the AR and IN operands. For
example, SEARCH_EQ_BYTE requires AR and IN to be BYTE variables.
Operands
Length (??) The number of registers starting at AR that make up the memory block to Constants No
search. 1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767 8-bit or 16-bit registers.
AR (must be the The starting address of the memory block to search; the address of the All except No
same type as IN) first register in the memory block. constants
INX The zero-based index into the memory block at which to begin the search. All except No
Zero points to the first reference. Valid range: 0 ≤ INX ≤ (Length-1). If INX constants
is out of range, it is set to the default value of 0.
IN (must be the The value that the search is based on. For example: All No
same type as SEARCH_GT_DINT searches for a DINT value that is greater than IN.
AR)
SEARCH_NE_UINT searches for a UINT value that is not equal to IN.
SEARCH_GE_WORD searches for a WORD value that is greater than or
equal to IN.
ONX The one-based position within the memory block of the search target. A data flow, I, Q, M, No
value of 1 points to the first reference. Valid range: 1 ≤ ONX ≤ Length T, G, R, P, L, AI,
AQ
FD Found indicator. This power flow indicator is energized when a register that Power flow No
satisfies the search criteria is found and the function was successful.
Example for the Search Function

To search the memory block %AI00001 - %AI00016,
AR is set as %AI00001 and Length is set as 16. The
values of the 16 registers are 100, 20, 0, 5, 90, 200,
0, 79, 102, 80, 24, 34, 987, 8, 0, and 500. Initially,
the search index into AR, %AQ0001, is 5. When
power flow input is ON, each scan searches the
memory block looking for a match to the IN value of
0. The first scan starts searching at %AI00006 and
finds a match at %AI00007, so FD turns ON and
%AQ00001 becomes 7. The second scan starts searching at %AI00008 and finds a match at
%AI00015, so FD remains ON and %AQ0001 becomes 15. The next scan starts at
%AI00016. Since the end of the memory block is reached without a match, FD is set OFF
and %AQ0001 is set to zero. The next scan starts searching at the beginning of the memory
block.

Sort
When it receives power flow, the SORT function sorts the Mnemonics:
elements of the memory block 'IN' in ascending order. The SORT_INT
output memory block Q contains integers that give the index SORT_UINT
that the sorted elements had in the original memory block or SORT_WORD
list. Q is exactly the same size as IN. It also has a
specification (LEN) of the number of elements to be sorted.
SORT operates on memory blocks of no more than 64 elements. When EN is ON, all of the
elements of IN are sorted into ascending order, based on their data type. The array Q is also
created, giving the original position that each sorted element held in the unsorted array. OK is
always set ON.
Notes: The SORT function is executed each scan it is enabled.
Do not use the SORT function in a timed or triggered input program block.
Operands
Note: For each mnemonic, use the corresponding data type for the IN and Q operands. For
example, SORT_INT requires IN and Q to be INT variables.
Length (??) The number (1—64) of Constants No
elements that make up the
memory block to sort.
IN The memory block that All except data flow, S, No
contains the elements to constants. SA – SC valid
sort. After the sort, IN only for WORD type
contains the elements in the
sorted order.
Q (must be the same type as An array of indexes that All except S - SC and No
IN) gives the position of the constants
sorted elements in the
original memory block
Example
New part numbers (%I00017 - %I00032) are pushed onto a parts array PLIST every time
%Q00014 is ON. When the array is filled, it is sorted and the output %Q00025 is turned on.
The array PPOSN then contains the
original position that the now-sorted
elements held before the sort was done
on PLIST.
If PLIST was an array of five elements
and contained the values 25, 67, 12,
35, 14 before the sort, then after the
sort it would contain the values 12, 14,
25, 35, 67. PPOSN would contain the
values 3, 5, 1, 4, 2.

Table Read
The Table Read (TBL_RD) function sequentially reads Mnemonics:
values in a table. When the pointer reaches the end of the TBL_RD_DINT
table, it wraps around to the beginning of the table. (TBL_RD TBL_RD_DWORD
is like FIFO_RD with a wrap-around.) TBL_RD_INT
TBL_RD_UINT
TBL_RD_WORD
When TBL_RD receives power flow:

1. TBL_RD increments the pointer by one.
2. TBL_RD copies data indicated by the pointer to output parameter Q. Additional
program logic must then be used to capture the data from the output reference.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated each time the instruction is executed, until the end of the
table is reached (PTR=the length specified in Length). When the end of the table is
reached, the pointer wraps around to the beginning of the table.
When TBL_RD receives power flow, the pointer (PTR) increments by one. If this new pointer
location is the last item in the table, the output EM is set ON. The next time TBL_RD
executes, PTR is automatically set back to 1. After PTR is incremented, the content at the
new pointer location is copied to output Q.
TBL_RD always passes power to the right when it receives power.
Note: The TBL_RD and TBL_WRT functions can operate on the same or different tables.
By specifying a different reference for the pointer, these functions can access the
same data table at different locations or at different rates.
Operands
example, TBL_RD_DINT requires TB and Q to be DINT variables.
Length 1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767 Constants No
TB (must be the same The elements in the table All except constants No
type as Q)
PTR Pointer. Index of the next element. All except data flow, S - SC, constants No
EM Energized when the last element of Power flow No
the table is read
Q (must be the same The element read from the table All except constants, S. SA, SB, SC allowed No
type as TB) only for WORD, DWORD
Example
WIDGETS is a table with 20 integer elements.
When the enabling input %M00346 is ON, the
pointer increments and the contents of the
next element of the table are copied into
ITEM_CT. %L00001 functions as the pointer
into the data table. %M01001 is used to
signal when all items of the data table have
been accessed.

Table Write
The Table Write (TBL_WRT) function sequentially updates Mnemonics:
values in a table that never becomes full. When the pointer TBL_WRT_DINT
(PTR) reaches the end of the table, it automatically returns to TBL_WRT_DWORD
the beginning of the table. TBL_WRT_INT
1. TBL_WRT increments the pointer by one. TBL_WRT_UINT
TBL_WRT_WORD
2. TBL_WRT copies data from input parameter IN to the
position in the table indicated by the pointer. (It writes over
any value currently at that location.) Additional program
logic must then be used to place the data in the input
reference.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated each time the instruction is
executed, until the table is full (PTR=LEN).
When the table is full, the pointer wraps around to the beginning of the table.
Note: The TBL_WRT and TBL_RD functions can operate on the same or different tables.
By specifying a different reference for the pointer, these functions can access the
same data table at different locations or at different rates.
When TBL_WRT receives power flow, the pointer (PTR) increments by 1. If this new pointer
location is the last item in the table, the output FL is set to ON. The next time TBL_WRT
executes, PTR is automatically set back to 1. After incrementing PTR, TBL_WRT writes the
content of the input reference to the current pointer location, overwriting data already stored
there.
TBL_WRT always passes power to the right when it receives power.
Note: TBL_WRT is like FIFO_WRT with a wrap-around.
Operands
example, TBL_WRT_DINT requires TB and IN to be DINT variables.
Length 1 ≤ Length ≤ 32,767. Constants No
TB (must be the same The elements in the table All except S, constants, data flow. SA – SC No
data type as IN) allowed only for WORD, DWORD
PTR Pointer. Index of the next element. All except constants, data flow, %S - %SC No
IN (must be the same The element to write to the table All. %S - %SC allowed only for WORD, No
data type as TB) DWORD
FL Energized when IN is written to the Power flow No
last element of the table
Table Write Example

WIDGETS is a table with 20 integer elements. When the
enabling input %I00012 is ON, the pointer increments and
the contents of %P00077 are written into the table at the
pointer location. %L00001 functions as the pointer into the
data table.

7 Math Functions
Math Functions
Your program may need to include logic to convert data to a different type before using a
Math or Numerical function. The description of each function includes information about
appropriate data types. The “Conversion Functions” section on page 7-58 explains how to21H
convert data to a different type.

Absolute ABS_DINT, ABS_INT, Finds the absolute value of a double- precision integer (DINT), signed
Value ABS_REAL, ABS_LREAL single-precision integer (INT), or floating-point (REAL or LREAL) value. The
mnemonic specifies the value's data type.
Add ADD_DINT, ADD_INT, Addition. Adds two numbers.
ADD_REAL,
ADD_LREAL, ADD_UINT
Divide* DIV_DINT, DIV_INT, Division. Divides one number by another and outputs the quotient.
DIV_MIXED, DIV_REAL, Note: Take care to avoid overflow conditions when performing divisions.
DIV_LREAL, DIV_UINT
Modulus MOD_DINT, MOD_INT, Modulo Division. Divides one number by another and outputs the remainder.
MOD_UINT
Multiply* MUL_DINT, MUL_INT, Multiplication. Multiplies two numbers.
MUL_MIXED, Note: Take care to avoid overflow conditions when performing
MUL_REAL, multiplications.
MUL_LREAL, MUL_UINT
Scale SCALE Scales an input parameter and places the result in an output location.
Subtract SUB_DINT, SUB_INT, Subtraction. Subtracts one number from another.
SUB_REAL,
SUB_LREAL, SUB_UINT
* To avoid overflows when multiplying or dividing 16-bit numbers, use the conversion functions described on page 7-58 to convert the
2H
numbers to a 32-bit format.
Overflow
When an operation results in overflow, there is no power flow.
If an operation on signed operands (INT, DINT, REAL) results in overflow, the output
reference is set to its largest possible value for the data type. For signed numbers, the sign is
set to show the direction of the overflow. If signed or double precision integers are used, the
sign of the result for DIV and MUL functions depends on the signs of I1 and I2.
Maximum MAXINT16 Maximum signed 16-bit 7FFF hex 32,767
Values MAXUINT16 Maximum unsigned 16-bit FFFF hex 65,535
MAXINT32 Maximum signed 32-bit 7FFFFFFF hex 2,147,483,647
Minimum MININT16 Minimum signed 16-bit 8000 hex –32,768
Values MININT32 Minimum signed 32-bit 80000000 hex –2,147,483,648
If an operation on unsigned operands (UINT) results in overflow or underflow, the output
value wraps around. For example the ADD_UINT operation, 65535+16, yields a result of 15.

Math Functions 7
Absolute Value
Mnemonics:
ABS_DINT
ABS_INT
ABS_REAL
ABS_LREAL
When the function receives power flow, it places the absolute value of input IN into output Q.
The function outputs power flow, unless one of the following conditions occurs:
■ For INT type, IN is –32,768.
■ For DINT type, IN is –2,147,483,648.
■ For REAL or LREAL type, IN is NaN (Not a Number).
Operands
IN (must be same type as Q) The value to process. All except S, SA, SB, SC No
Q (must be same type as IN) The absolute value of IN. All except S, SA, SB, SC and No
constant
Example
The absolute value of –2,976, which is 2,976, is placed in %R00010:

7 Math Functions
Add
Mnemonics:
ADD_DINT
ADD_INT
ADD_REAL
ADD_LREAL
ADD_UINT
When the ADD function receives power flow, it adds the two operands IN1 and IN2 of the
same data type and stores the sum in the output variable assigned to Q, also of the same
data type.
The power flow output is energized when ADD is performed, unless an invalid operation or
overflow occurs. (For more information, see “Overflow” on page 7-126.) 23H
Mnemonic Operation Displays as

ADD_INT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) + IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 5 digits long
ADD_DINT Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) + IN2(32 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 10 digits long
ADD_REAL Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) + IN2(32 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 8
digits long (excluding the decimals)
ADD_LREAL Q(64 bit) = IN1(64 bit) + IN2(64 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 17
ADD_UINT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) + IN2(16 bit) base 10 number, unsigned, up to 5 digits long
Operands of the ADD Function

Operand Description Allowed Operands Optional
IN1 The value to the left of the plus sign (+) in All except S, SA, SB, SC No
the equation IN1+IN2=Q.
IN2 The value to the right of the plus sign (+) All except S, SA, SB, SC No
in the equation IN1+IN2=Q.
Q The result of IN1+IN2. If an ADD of All except S, SA, SB, SC and constant. No
signed operands results in overflow, Q is
set to the largest possible value and there
is no power flow.
If an ADD_UINT operation results in
overflow, Q wraps around.

Math Functions 7
Examples for ADD

The first example is a failed attempt to create a counter circuit that would count the number of
times switch %I0001 closes. The running total is stored in register %R0002. The intent of this
design is that when %I0001 closes, the ADD instruction should add one to the value in
%R0002 and place the new value right back into %R0002. The problem with this design is
that the ADD instruction executes once every PLC scan while %I0001 is closed. For
example, if %I0001 stays closed for five scans, the output increments five times, even though
%I0001 only closed once during that period.
To correct the above problem, the enable input to the ADD instruction should come from a
transition (“one-shot”) coil, as shown below. In the improved circuit, the %I0001 input switch
controls a transition coil, %M0001, whose contact turns on the enable input of the ADD
function for only one scan each time contact %I0001 closes. In order for the %M0001 contact
to close again, contact %I0001 has to open and close again.
Note: If IN1 and/or IN2 is NaN (Not a Number), ADD_REAL passes no power flow.

7 Math Functions
Divide
When the DIV function receives power flow, it divides the operand IN1 by the operand Mnemonics:
IN2 of the same data type as IN1 and stores the quotient in the output variable assigned DIV_DINT
to Q, also of the same data type as IN1 and IN2. DIV_INT
DIV_MIXED
The power flow output is energized when DIV is performed, unless an invalid operation DIV_REAL
or overflow occurs. (For more information, see “Overflow” on page 7-126.) 24H
DIV_LREAL
DIV_UINT
Notes:
■ DIV rounds down; it does not round to the closest integer. For example,
24 DIV 5 = 4.
■ DIV_MIXED uses mixed data types.
■ Be careful to avoid overflows.
The following REAL and LREAL operations are invalid for DIV:
■ Any number divided by 0. This operation yields a result of 65535.
■ ∞ divided by ∞
■ I1 and/or I2 is NaN (Not a Number)
DIV_UINT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) / IN2(16 bit) base 10 number, unsigned, up to 5 digits long
DIV_INT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) / IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 5 digits long
DIV_DINT Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) / IN2(32 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 10 digits long
DIV_MIXED Q(16 bit) = IN1(32 bit) / IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 5 digits long
DIV_REAL Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) / IN2(32 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 8
DIV_LREAL Q(64 bit) = IN1(64 bit) / IN2(64 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 17
Operands for the DIV Function

IN1 The value to be divided; the value to the left of “DIV” in the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
equation IN1 DIV IN2=Q.
IN2 The value to divide IN1 with; the value to the right of “DIV” in All except S, SA, SB, SC No
the equation IN1 DIV IN2=Q.
Q The quotient of IN1/IN2. If a DIV operation on signed operands All except S, SA, SB, SC and No
results in overflow, Q is set to the largest possible value and constant
there is no power flow.
If a DIV_UINT operation results in overflow, Q wraps around.

Math Functions 7
DIV_MIXED Operands
IN1 The value to be divided; the value to the left of “DIV” in the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
equation IN1 DIV IN2=Q.
IN2 The value to divide IN1 with; the value to the right of “DIV” in All except S, SA, SB, SC No
the equation IN1 DIV IN2=Q.
Q The quotient of IN1/IN2. If an overflow occurs, the result is the All except S, SA, SB, SC and No
largest value with the proper sign and no power flow. constant
DIV_MIXED Example
DIV_DINT can be used in conjunction with a MUL_DINT function to scale a ±10 volt input to
±25,000 engineering units. See “Example – Scaling an Analog Input” on page 7-132. 25H
Modulus
Mnemonics:
MOD_DINT
MOD_INT
MOD_UINT
When the Modulo Division (MOD) function receives power flow, it divides input IN1 by input
IN2 and outputs the remainder of the division to Q.
All three operands must be of the same data type. The sign of the result is always the same
as the sign of input parameter IN1. Output Q is calculated using the formula:
Q = IN1-((IN1 DIV IN2) * IN2)
where DIV produces an integer number.
The power flow output is always ON when the function receives power flow, unless there is
an attempt to divide by zero. In that case, the power flow output is set to OFF.
Operands for Modulus Function

IN1 The value to be divided to obtain the remainder; the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
value to the left of “MOD” in the equation IN1
MOD IN2=Q.
IN2 The value to divide IN1 with; the value to the right of All except S, SA, SB, SC No
“MOD” in the equation IN1 MOD IN2=Q.
Q The remainder of IN1/IN2. All except S, SA, SB, SC and constant No

7 Math Functions
Multiply
When the MUL function receives power flow, it multiplies the Mnemonics:
two operands IN1 and IN2 of the same data type and stores MUL_DINT
the result in the output variable assigned to Q, also of the MUL_INT
MUL_MIXED
same data type.
MUL_REAL
The power flow output is energized when the function is MUL_LREAL
performed, unless an invalid operation or overflow occurs. MUL_UINT
(For more information, see “Overflow” on page 7-126.) 26H
Note: MUL_MIXED uses mixed data types. Be careful to avoid overflows.

The following REAL and LREAL operations are invalid for MUL:
■ 0x∞
■ I1 and/or I2 is NaN (Not a Number).

MUL_INT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) * IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 5 digits long
MUL_DINT Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) * IN2(32 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 10 digits long
MUL_REAL Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) * IN2(32 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 8
MUL_LREAL Q(64 bit) = IN1(64 bit) * IN2(64 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 17
MUL_UINT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) * IN2(16 bit) base 10 number, unsigned, up to 5 digits long
MUL_MIXED Q(32 bit) = IN1(16 bit) * IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 10 digits long
Operands for Multiply

IN1 The first value to multiply; the value to the left of the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
multiply sign (*) in the equation IN1 * IN2=Q.
IN2 The second value to multiply; the value to the right of All except S, SA, SB, SC No
the multiply sign (*) in the equation IN1 * IN2=Q.
Q The result of IN1*IN2. If a MUL operation on signed All except S, SA, SB, SC and constant No
operands results in overflow, Q is set to the largest
possible value and there is no power flow.
If a MUL_UINT operation results in overflow, Q wraps
around.

Math Functions 7
Example – Scaling Analog Input Values

A common application is to scale analog input values with a MUL operation followed by a DIV
and possibly an ADD operation. A 0 to ±10 volt analog input will place values of 0 to ±32,000
in its corresponding %AI input register. Multiplying this input register using an MUL_INT
function will result in an overflow since an INT type instruction has an input and output range
of 32,767 to –32,768. Using the %AI value as in input to a MUL_DINT also does not work as
the 32-bit IN1 will combine 2 analog inputs at the same time. To solve this problem, you can
move the analog input to the low word of a double register, then test the sign and set the
second register to 0 if the sign tests positive or –1 if negative. Then use the double register
just created with a MUL_DINT which gives a 32-bit result, and which can be used with a
following DIV_DINT function.
For example, the following logic could be used to scale a ±10 volt input %AI1 to ±25000
engineering units in %R5.
An alternate, but less accurate, way of programming this circuit using INT values involves
placing the DIV_DINT instruction first, followed by the MUL_DINT instruction. The value of
IN2 for the DIV instruction would be 32, and the value of IN2 for the MUL would be 25. This
maintains the scaling proportion of the above circuit and keeps the values within the working
range of the INT type instructions. However, the DIV instruction inherently discards any
remainder value, so when the DIV output is multiplied by the MUL instruction, the error
introduced by a discarded remainder is multiplied. The percent of error is non-linear over the
full range of input values and is greater at lower input values.
By contrast, in the example above, the results are more accurate because the DIV operation
is performed last, so the discarded remainder is not multiplied. If even greater precision is
required, substitute REAL type math instructions in this example so that the remainder is not
discarded.

7 Math Functions
Scale
When the SCALE function receives power flow, it scales Mnemonics:
the input operand IN and places the result in the output SCALE_DINT
variable assigned to output operand OUT. The power SCALE_INT
flow output is energized when SCALE is performed SCALE_DINT
without overflow.
SCALE_UINT
Operands
Operands
IHI (Inputs High) Maximum input value (module-related). The upper limit of the All except S, No
unscaled data. IHI is used with ILO, OHI and OLO to calculate the scaling factor SA, SB, SC
applied to the input value IN.
ILO (Inputs Low) Minimum input value (module-related). The lower limit of the All except S, No
unscaled data. Must be the same data type as IHI. SA, SB, SC
OHI (Outputs High) Maximum output value. The upper limit of the scaled data. Must be All except S, No
the same data type as IHI. When the IN input is at the IHI value, the OUT value is SA, SB, SC
the same as the OHI value.
OLO (Outputs Low) Minimum output value. The lower limit of the scaled data. Must be All except S, No
the same data type as IHI. When the IN input is at the ILO value, the OUT value is SA, SB, SC
the same as the OLO value.
IN (INput value) The value to be scaled. Must be the same data type as IHI All except S, No
SA, SB, SC
OUT (OUTput value) The scaled equivalent of the input value. Must be the same data All except S, No
type as IHI. SA, SB, SC
Example
In the example, the registers %R0120 through %R0123
are used to store the high and low scaling values. The
input value to be scaled is analog input %AI0017. The
scaled output data is used to control analog output
%AQ0017. The scaling is performed whenever %I0001 is
ON.

Math Functions 7
Subtract
Mnemonics:
SUB_DINT
SUB_INT
SUB_REAL
SUB_LREAL
SUB_UINT
When the SUB function receives power flow, it subtracts the operand IN2 from the operand
IN1 of the same data type as IN2 and stores the result in the output variable assigned to Q,
also of the same data type.
The power flow output is energized when SUB is performed, unless an invalid operation or
overflow occurs. (For more information, see “Overflow” on page 7-126.) 27H
If a SUB_UINT operation results in a negative number, Q wraps around, yielding a result that
is the highest possible value (65535) minus the absolute value of the difference -1.
The following REAL and LREAL operations are invalid for SUB:
■ (± ∞) – (± ∞)
■ I1 and/or I2 is NaN (Not a Number)

SUB_INT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) – IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 5 digits long
SUB_DINT Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) – IN2(32 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 10 digits long
SUB_REAL Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) – IN2(32 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 8 digits long (excluding
the decimals)
SUB_LREAL Q(64 bit) = IN1(64 bit) – IN2(64 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 17 digits long
(excluding the decimals)
SUB_UINT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) – IN2(16 bit) base 10 number, unsigned, up to 5 digits long
Operands for Subtract

IN1 The value to subtract from; the value to the left of the minus All except S, SA, SB, SC No
sign (-) in the equation IN1-IN2=Q.
IN2 The value to subtract from IN1; the value to the right of the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
minus sign (-) in the equation IN1-IN2=Q.
Q The result of IN1-IN2. If a SUB operation on signed operands All except S, SA, SB, SC and No
results in underflow, Q is set to the smallest possible value constant
and there is no power flow.
If a SUB_UINT operation results in overflow, Q wraps
around. For example,
The SUB_UINT operation 600 – 601 = –1 sets Q to 65535
The SUB_UINT operation 600 – 602 = –2 sets Q to 65534

7 Program Flow Functions
Program Flow Functions

The program flow functions limit program execution or change the way the CPU executes the
application program.
Argument ARG_PRES Determines whether an input or output parameter value was present when the function
Present block instance of the parameter was invoked. For example, a parameter can be optional
(pass by value).
Call CALL Causes program execution to go to a specified block.
Comment COMMENT Places a text explanation in the program.
End Master ENDMCRN Nested End Master Control Relay. Indicates that the subsequent logic is to be executed with
Control Relay normal power flow.
End of Logic END Provides an unconditional end of logic. The program executes from the first rung to the last
rung or the END instruction, whichever is encountered first.
Jump JUMPN Nested jump. Causes program execution to jump to a specified location indicated by a
LABELN. JUMPN/LABELN pairs can be nested within one another. Multiple JUMPNs can
share the same LABELN.
Label LABELN Nested label. Specifies the target location of a JUMPN instruction.
Master Control MCRN Nested Master Control Relay. Causes all rungs between the MCR and its subsequent
Relay ENDMCRN to be executed without power flow. Up to MCRN/ENDMCRN pairs can be
nested within one another. All the MCRNs share the same ENDMCRN.
Wires H_WIRE Horizontally connects elements of a line of LD logic, to complete the power flow.
V_WIRE Vertically connects elements of a line of LD logic, to complete the power flow.
Argument Present
The ARG_PRES function determines whether an input
parameter value was present when the function block instance
of the parameter was invoked. This may be necessary if the
parameter is optional.
This function must be called from a function block instance or
a parameterized block.
The standard output parameter ENO is false only when EN is
false.
Operands for ARG_PRES

IN Parameter name. Must be a parameter of the function block that All except flow and No
contains the ARG_PRES instruction. Cannot be an array element or constants.
structure element. An alias to a parameter should resolve only to the
parameter name.
Q True if the parameter is present, otherwise false. Must be flow in LD. In No
other languages all
types allowed except S,
SA, SB, SC and
constants.

Program Flow Functions 7
Example for ARG_PRES

The following sample rung calls the user defined function block, ReadTemp, which has two
parameters, TempVal and Temp1.
The function block ReadTemp contains the following logic, which uses an ARG_PRES
function to determine whether a value for TempVal is present. If TempVal does not have a
value, Temp_Pres is OFF and Idle is ON. If a value exists for TempVal, the ARG_PRES
function sets Temp_Pres ON. When Temp_Pres and Switch are both ON, Start is set ON.

Call
Non-parameterized Parameterized. May call a parameterized external block or a parameterized

block. May have up to 7 input and 8 output parameters.
When the CALL function receives power flow, it causes the logic execution to go immediately
to the designated program block, external C block (parameterized or not), or parameterized
block and execute it. After the block’s execution is complete, control returns to the point in the
logic immediately following the CALL instruction.
Notes:
■ A CALL function can be used in any program block, including the _MAIN block, or a
parameterized block. It cannot be used in an external block.
■ You cannot call a _MAIN block.
■ The called block must exist in the target before making the call.
■ There is no limit to the number of calls that can be made from or to a given block.
■ You can set up recursive subroutines by having a block call itself. When stack size is
configured to be the default (64K), the PLC guarantees a minimum of eight nested calls
before an “Application Stack Overflow” fault is logged.
■ Each block has a predefined parameter, Y0, which the CPU sets to 1 upon each
invocation of the block. Y0 can be controlled by logic within the block and provides the
output status of the block. When the Y0 parameter of a Program Block, parameterized
block, or external C block returns ON, the CALL passes power to the right; when it
returns OFF, the CALL does not pass power to the right.

Operands for Call

Parameter Description
Block Name (????) Block name; the name of the block to transfer to.
You cannot CALL the _MAIN block.
A program block or a parameterized block can call itself.
(Parameterized calls only) Notes for External (C) blocks:
■ You must define the TYPE, LENGTH, and NAME for each external C block parameter.
Input parameters (0 – 7) ■ The valid data type, value range, and memory area for each parameter are stated in
Output parameters (1 – 8) the external block's written documentation.
■ Data flow is permitted for any parameter.
■ For additional information, see the section on External Blocks in chapter 5.
Notes for Parameterized Blocks:
■ You must define the TYPE, LENGTH, and NAME for each parameter. Valid operands
on the CALL instruction include variables, flow, and indirect references. Input
operands can also be constants.
■ If a formal parameter is an array of BOOL type and has a length evenly divisible by 16,
then a variable or array residing in word-oriented memory can be passed on to the
parameterized block as an operand. For example, if a parameterized block has a
formal parameter Y1 of data type BIT and length 48, you can pass a WORD array of
length 3 to Y1.
■ The BOOL parameter Y0 is automatically defined for all parameterized blocks and can
be used in the parameterized block's logic. When the parameterized block stops
executing and Y0 is ON, the CALL passes power flow to the right. If Y0 is OFF, the
CALL passes no power flow.
■ A parameterized block is not required to have the same number of inputs and outputs.
■ For additional information, see “Using Parameters With a Parameterized Block” in
chapter 5.

Examples for Call

Example 1
In the following example, if Enable is set, the C block named C_123 is executed. C_123
operates on the input data located at reference addresses Data1, Data2, and Data 3, and
produces values located at reference addresses Data4, Data5, and Data6. Logic within
C_123 controls the power flow output.
Example 2
Parameterized blocks are useful for building libraries of user-
defined functions. For example, if you have an equation such
as:
E=(A+B+C+D)/4, a parameterized block named AVG_4 could
be called as shown in the example to the right.
In this example, the average of the values in R00001, R00002,
R00003, and R00004 would be placed in R00005.
The logic within the parameterized block would be defined as
shown below.

Logic for AVG_4 Parameterized Block
Comment
The Comment function is used to enter a text explanation in the program. When you insert a
Comment instruction into the LD logic, it displays ????. After you key in a comment, the first
few words are displayed.
You can set the Comment mode option to Brief or Full.

Notes:
■ Editing a comment makes the Programmer lose equality.
■ Comment text is downloaded to the controller and retrieved upon Logic Upload.

Jump
Mnemonic Description Always associated with...
JUMPN Nested form of Jump instruction. a LABELN instruction
A JUMPN instruction causes a portion of the program logic to be bypassed. Program

execution continues at the LABELN specified in the same block. Power flow jumps directly
from the JUMPN to the rung with the named LABELN.
When the Jump is active, any functions between the jump and the label are not executed. All
coils between JUMPN and its associated LABELN are left at their previous states. This
includes coils associated with timers, counters, latches, and relays.
Any JUMPN can be either a forward or a backward jump, i.e., its LABELN can be either in a
further or previous rung. The LABELN must be in the same block.
Note: To avoid creating an endless loop with forward and backward JUMPN instructions, a
backward JUMPN should contain a way to make it conditional.
A JUMPN and its associated LABELN can be placed anywhere in a program, as long as the
JUMPN / LABELN range:
■ does not overlap the range of a MCRN / ENDMCRN pair.
■ does not overlap the range of a FOR_LOOP / END_FOR pair.
Nothing can be connected to the right side of a JUMPN instruction.
Operands
Parameter Description Optional
Label (????) Label name; the name assigned to the destination LABEL(N). No

Master Control Relay/End Master Control Relay
Mnemonics Description Always associated with...

MCRN Nested form of the Master Control an ENDMCRN instruction
Relay
ENDMCRN Nested End Master Control Relay an MCRN instruction
MCRN
An MCRN instruction marks the beginning of a section of logic that will be executed with no
power flow. The end of an MCRN section must be marked with an ENDMCRN having the
same name as the MCRN. ENDMCRNs must follow their corresponding MCRNs in the logic.
All rungs between an active MCRN and its corresponding ENDMCRN are executed with
negative power flow from the power rail. The ENDMCRN function associated with the MCRN
causes normal program execution to resume, with positive power flow coming from the power
rail.
With a Master Control Relay, functions within the scope of the Master Control Relay are
executed without power flow, and coils are turned off.
Block calls within the scope of an active Master Control Relay will not execute. However, any
timers in the block will continue to accumulate time.
A rung may not contain anything after an MCRN.
Unlike JUMP instructions, MCRNs can only move forward. An ENDMCRN instruction must
appear after its corresponding MCRN instruction in a program.
The following controls are imposed by an MCRN:
■ Timers do not increment or decrement. TMR types are reset. For an ONDTR function, the
accumulator holds its value.
■ Normal outputs are off; negated outputs are on.
Note: When an MCRN is energized, the logic it controls is scanned and contact status is
displayed, but no outputs are energized. If you are not aware that an MCRN is
controlling the logic being observed, this might appear to be a faulty condition.
An MCRN and its associated ENDMCRN can be placed anywhere in a program, as long as
the MCRN / ENDMCRN range:
■ Is completely nested within another MCRN / ENDMCRN range, up to a maximum 255
levels of nesting, or is completely outside of the range of another MCRN / ENDMCRN
range.
■ Is completely nested within a FOR_LOOP / END_FOR range or is completely outside of
the range of a FOR_LOOP / END_FOR.

EndMCRN
The End Master Control Relay instruction marks the end of a section of logic begun with a
Master Control Relay instruction. When the MCRN associated with the ENDMCRN is active,
the ENDMCRN causes program execution to resume with normal power flow. When the
MCRN associated with the ENDMCRN is not active, the ENDMCRN has no effect.
ENDMCRN must be tied to the power rail; there can be no logic before it in the rung;
execution cannot be conditional.
ENDMCRN has a name that identifies it and associates it with the corresponding MCRN(s).
The ENDMCRN function has no outputs; there can be nothing after an ENDMCR instruction
in a rung.
Operands for MCRN/ENDMCRN

The Master Control Relay function has a single operand, a name that identifies the MCRN.
This name is used again with an ENDMCRN instruction. The MCRN has no output.
Parameter Description Optional
Name The name associated with the MCRN that starts the section of logic. No
(???? )
Example of MCRN/ENDMCRN
The following example shows an MCRN
named “Sec_MCRN” nested inside the
MCRN named “First_MCRN.” Whenever
the V_I0002 contact allows power flow into
the MCRN function, program execution will
continue without power flow to the coils
until the associated ENDMCRN is reached.
If the V_I0001 and V_I0003 contacts are
ON, the V_Q0001 coil is turned OFF and
the SET coil V_Q0003 maintains its current
state.

Wires
Horizontal and vertical wires (H_WIRE and V_WIRE)
are used to connect elements of a line of LD logic
between functions. Their purpose is to complete the
flow of logic (“power”) from left to right in a line of
logic.
A horizontal wire transmits the BOOLEAN ON/OFF
state of the element on its immediate left to the
element on its immediate right.
A vertical wire may intersect with one or more
horizontal wires on each side. The state of the vertical
wire is the inclusive OR of the ON states of the
horizontal wires on its left side. The state of the
vertical wire is copied to all of the attached horizontal
wires on its right side.
Note: Wires can be used for data flow, but you cannot route data flow leftwards. Nor can two
separate data flow lines come into the left side of the same vertical wire.

7 Relational Functions
Relational Functions
Relational functions compare two values of the same data type or determine whether a
number lies within a specified range. The original values are unaffected.
Compare CMP_DINT Compares two numbers, IN1 and IN2, of the data type
CMP_INT specified by the mnemonic.
CMP_REAL ■ If IN1 < IN2, the LT output is turned ON.
CMP_LREAL
CMP_UINT ■ If IN1 = IN2, the EQ output is turned ON.
■ If IN1 > IN2, the GT output is turned ON.
Equal EQ_DATA Tests two numbers for equality
EQ_DINT
EQ_INT
EQ_REAL
EQ_LREAL
EQ_UINT
Greater or GE_DINT Tests whether one number is greater than or equal to another
Equal GE_INT
GE_REAL
GE_LREAL
GE_UINT
Greater Than GT_DINT Tests whether one number is greater than another
GT_INT
GT_REAL
GT_LREAL
GT_UINT
Less or Equal LE_DINT Tests whether one number is less than or equal to another
LE_INT
LE_REAL
LE_LREAL
LE_UINT
Less Than LT_DINT Tests whether one number is less than another
LT_INT
LT_REAL
LT_LREAL
LT_UINT
Not Equal NE_DINT Tests two numbers for non-equality
NE_INT
NE_REAL
NE_LREAL
NE_UINT
Range RANGE_DINT Tests whether one number is within the range defined by two
RANGE_DWORD other supplied numbers
RANGE_INT
RANGE_UINT
RANGE_WORD

Relational Functions 7
Compare
Mnemonics:
CMP_DINT
CMP_INT
CMP_REAL
CMP_LREAL
CMP_UINT
When the Compare (CMP) function receives power flow, it compares the value IN1 to the
value IN2.
■ If IN1 < IN2, CMP energizes the LT (Less Than) output.
■ If IN1 = IN2, CMP energizes the EQ (Equal) output.
■ If IN1 > IN2, CMP energizes the GT (Greater Than) output.
IN1 and IN2 must be the same data type. CMP compares data of the following types: DINT,
INT, REAL, LREAL, and UINT.
Tip: To compare values of different data types, first use conversion functions to make the
types the same.
When it receives power flow, CMP always passes power flow to the right, unless IN1 and/or
IN2 is NaN (Not a Number).
Operands
IN1 The first value to compare. All except S, SA, SB, SC No
IN2 The second value to compare. All except S, SA, SB, SC No
LT Output LT is energized when I1 < I2. Power flow No
EQ Output EQ is energized when I1 = I2. Power flow No
GT Output GT is energized when I1 > I2. Power flow No
Example
When %I00001 is ON, the integer variable SHIPS is
compared with the variable BOATS. Internal coils
%M0001, %M0002, and %M0003 are set to the results of
the compare.

Equal, Not Equal, Greater or Equal, Greater Than, Less or Equal, Less Than
Other data
types:
_INT
_REAL
_LREAL
_UINT
When the relational function receives power flow, it compares input IN1 to input IN2. These
operands must be the same data type. If inputs IN1 and IN2 are equal, the function passes
power to the right, unless IN1 and/or IN2 is NaN (Not a Number). The following relational
functions can be used to compare two numbers:
Function Definition Relational Statement
EQ Equal IN1=IN2
NE Not Equal IN1≠IN2
GE Greater Than or Equal IN1≥IN2
GT Greater Than IN1>IN2
LE Less Than or Equal IN1≤IN2
LT Less Than IN1<IN2
Note: If an overflow occurs with a _UINT operation, the result wraps around – see
“Overflow” on page 7-126.28H
If the _DINT or _INT operations are fed the largest possible value with any sign, they
cannot determine if it is an overflow value. The power flow output of the previous
operation would need to be checked. If an overflow occurred on a previous DINT, or
INT operation, the result was the largest possible value with the proper sign and no
power flow.
Tip: To compare values of different data types, first use conversion functions to make the
types the same. The relational functions require data to be one of the following types:
DINT, INT, REAL, LREAL, or UINT.
Operands
IN1 The first value to be compared; the value on the left side of the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
relational statement.
IN2 The second value to be compared; the value on the right side of the All except S, SA, SB, SC No
relational statement. IN2 must be the same data type as IN1.
Q The power flow. If the relational statement is true, Q is energized, Power flow No
unless IN1 or IN2 is NaN.

Relational Functions 7
EQ_DATA
Mnemonic:
EQ_DATA
The EQ_DATA function compares two input variables, IN1 and IN2 of the same data type. If
IN1 and IN2 are equal, output Q is energized. If they are not equal, Q is cleared.
Operands
IN1 The first value to be compared; the value on the left side of the PACMotion ENUM No
relational statement. variable or structure
variable.
For details, refer to “Data
Types and Structures” in
the PACMotion Multi-Axis
Motion Controller User’s
Manual, GFK-2448.
IN2 The second value to be compared; the value on the right side of the PACMotion ENUM No
relational statement. IN2 must be the same data type as IN1. variable or structure
variable.
Q If IN1 or IN2 is true, Q is energized,. Power flow No

Range
Mnemonics:
RANGE_DINT
RANGE_DWORD
RANGE_INT
RANGE_UINT
RANGE_WORD
When the Range function is enabled, it compares the value of input IN against the range
delimited by operands L1 and L2. Either L1 or L2 can be the high or low limit. When L1 ≤ IN ≤
L2 or L2 ≤ IN ≤ L1, output parameter Q is set ON (1). Otherwise, Q is set OFF (0).
If the operation is successful, it passes power flow to the right.
Operands
IN The value to compare against the range delimited by L1 and L2. Must be All except S, SA, SB, No
the same data type as L1 and L2. SC
L1 The start point of the range. May be the upper limit or the lower limit. All except S, SA, SB, No
Must be the same data type as IN and L2. SC
L2 The end point of the range. May be the lower or upper limit. Must be the All except S, SA, SB, No
same data type as IN and L1. SC
Q If L1 ≤ IN ≤ L2 or L2 ≤ IN ≤ L1, Q is energized; otherwise, Q is off. Power flow No
Example
When RANGE_INT receives power flow from the normally open contact %I0001, it
determines whether the value in %R00003 is within the range 0 to 100 inclusively. Output coil
%M00002 is ON only if 0 ≤ %AI0050 ≤ 100.

Timers 7
Timers
This section describes the PACSystems timed contacts and timer function blocks that are
implemented in the LD language.
Timed Contacts
The PACSystems has four timed contacts that can be used to provide regular pulses of
power flow to other program functions. Timed contacts cycle on and off, in square-wave form,
every 0.01 second, 0.1 second, 1.0 second, and 1 minute. Timed contacts can be read by an
external communications device to monitor the state of the CPU and the communications
link. Timed contacts are also often used to blink pilot lights and LEDs.
The timed contacts are referenced as T_10MS (0.01 second), T_100MS (0.1 second),
T_SEC (1.0 second), and T_MIN (1 minute). These contacts represent specific locations in
%S memory:
#T_10MS 0.01 second timed contact %S0003
#T_100MS 0.1 second timed contact %S0004
#T_SEC 1.0 second timed contact %S0005
#T_MIN 1.0 minute timed contact %S0006
These contacts provide a pulse having an equal on and off time duration. The following timing
diagram illustrates the on/off time duration of these contacts.
X
T XXXXX SEC
X/2 X/2
SEC SEC
Caution
Do not use timed contacts for applications requiring accurate measurement of
elapsed time. Timers, time-based subroutines, and PID blocks are preferred for
these types of applications.
The CPU updates the timed contact references based on a free-running timer
that has no relationship to the start of the CPU sweep. If the sweep time
remains in phase with the timed contact clock, the contact will always appear
to be in the same state. For example, if the CPU is in constant sweep mode
with a sweep time setting of 100ms, the T_10MS and T_100MS bits will never
toggle.
Note: For a summary of differences in the operation of timed contacts in PACSystems
CPUs compared to Series 90-70 and Series 90-30, see “LD Function Differences” in
appendix C.

7 Timers
Timer Function Blocks

Function Function Mnemonic Description
Block Type
Off Delay Timer Built-in OFDT_HUNDS The timer's Current Value (CV) resets to zero when power
(instance data OFDT_SEC flow input is on. CV increments while power flow is off. When
is WORD OFDT_TENTHS CV=PV (Preset Value), power flow is no longer passed to the
array) OFDT_THOUS right until power flow input is on again.
On Delay See page ONDTR_HUNDS Retentive on delay timer. Increments while it receives power
Stopwatch Timer 7-152.
29H
ONDTR_SEC flow and holds its value when power flow stops.
ONDTR_TENTHS
ONDTR_THOUS
On Delay Timer TMR_HUNDS Simple on delay timer. Increments while it receives power
TMR_SEC flow and resets to zero when power flow stops.
TMR_TENTHS
TMR_THOUS
Timer Off Delay Standard TOF When the input IN transitions from ON to OFF, the timer starts
(instance data timing until a specified period of time has elapsed, then sets
is a structure the output Q to OFF.
Timer On Delay variable) TON When the input IN transitions from OFF to ON, the timer starts
See page timing until a specified period of time has elapsed, then sets
7-163.
30H
the output Q to ON.
Timer Pulse TP When the input IN transitions from OFF to ON, the timer sets
the output Q to ON for a specified time interval.
Built-In Timer Function Blocks

Note: Special care must taken when programming timers in parameterized blocks. For details,
see “Using OFDT, ONDTR and TMR in Parameterized Blocks” on page 7-153. 31H
Data Required for Built-in Timer Function Blocks

The data associated with these functions is retentive through power cycles. Each timer uses
a one-dimensional, three-word array of %R, %W, %P, %L, or symbolic memory to store the
following information:
Current value (CV) Word 1
Preset value (PV) Word 2
Control word Word 3
When you program a timer, you must enter a beginning address for the three-word array
(three-word block of registers).
Warning
Do not use two consecutive words (registers) as the starting addresses of two
timers. Logic Developer - PLC does not check or warn you if register blocks
overlap. Timers will not work if you place the current value of a second timer
on top of the preset value for the previous timer.
Word 1: Current value (CV)
Warning

Timers 7
The first word (CV) can be read but should not be written to, or the function
may not work properly.
Word 2: Preset value (PV)

When the Preset Value (PV) operand is a variable, it is normally set to a different location
than word 2 in the timer’s or counter’s three-word array.
■ If you use a different address and you change word 2 directly, your change will have no
effect, as PV will overwrite word 2.
■ If you use the same address for the PV operand and word 2, you can change the Preset
Value in word 2 while the timer or counter is running and the change will be effective.

The control word stores the state of the Boolean inputs and outputs of its associated timer or
counter, as shown in the following diagram:
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Reserved
Reset input
Enable input, previous execution
Q (counter/timer status output)
EN (enable input
Warning
The third word (Control) can be read but should not be written to; otherwise,
the function will not work.
Note: Bits 0 through 13 are used for timer accuracy.
Using OFDT, ONDTR and TMR in Parameterized Blocks

Special care must taken when programming timers in PACSystems parameterized blocks.
Timers in parameterized blocks can be programmed to track true real-time as long as the
guidelines and rules below are followed. If the guidelines and rules described here are not
followed, the operation of the timer functions in parameterized blocks is undefined.
Note: These rules are not enforced by the programming software. It is your responsibility to
ensure these rules are followed.
The best use of a timer function is to invoke it with a particular reference address exactly one
time each scan. With parameterized blocks, it is important to use the appropriate reference
memory with the timer function and to call the parameterized block an appropriate number of
times.
Finding the Source Block

The source block is either the _MAIN block or the lowest logic block of type Block that
appears above the parameterized block in the call tree. To determine the source block for a
given parameterized block, determine which block invoked that parameterized block. If the
calling block is _MAIN or of type Block, it is the source block. If the calling block is any other
type (parameterized block or function block), apply the same test to the block that invoked

7 Timers
this block. Continue back up the call tree until the _MAIN block or a block of type Block is
found. This is the source block for the parameterized block.
Programming OFDT, ONDTR and TMR in Parameterized Blocks

Different guidelines and rules apply depending on whether you want to use the
parameterized block in more than one place in your program logic.
Parameterized block called from one block

If your parameterized block that contains a timer will be called from only one logic block,
follow these rules:
1. Call the parameterized block exactly one time per execution of its source block.
2. Choose a reference address for the timer that will not be manipulated anywhere else.
The reference address may be %R, %P, %L, %W, or symbolic.
Note: %L memory is the same %L memory available to the source block of type Block. %L
memory corresponds to %P memory when the source block is _MAIN.
Parameterized block called from multiple blocks

When calling the parameterized block from multiple blocks, it is imperative to separate the
timer reference memory used by each call to the parameterized block. Follow these rules and
guidelines:
1. Call the parameterized block exactly one time per execution of each source block that it
appears in.
2. Choose a %L reference or parameterized block formal parameter for the timer reference
memory. Do not use a %R, %P, %W, or symbolic memory reference.
Notes:
■ The strongly recommended choice is a %L location, which is inherited from the
parameterized block’s source block. Each source block has its own %L memory space
except the _MAIN block, which has a %P memory area instead. When the _MAIN block
calls another block, the %P mappings from the _MAIN block are accessed by the called
block as %L mappings.
■ If you use a parameterized block formal parameter (word array passed-by-reference), the
actual parameter that corresponds to this formal parameter must be a %L, %R, %P, %W,
or symbolic reference. If the actual parameter is a %R, %P, %W, or symbolic reference, a
unique reference address must be used by each source block.

Timers 7
Recursion
If you use recursion (that is, if you have a block call itself either directly or indirectly) and your
parameterized block contains an OFDT, ONDTR, or TMR, you must follow two additional
rules:
■ Program the source block so that it invokes the parameterized block before making any
recursive calls to itself.
■ Do not program the parameterized block to call itself directly.
Using OFDT, ONDTR and TMR Functions in UDFBs

UDFBs are user-defined logic blocks that have parameters and instance data. For details on
these and other types of blocks, refer to Chapter 5.
When a timer function is present inside a UDFB, and a member variable is used for the
control block of a timer, the behavior of the timer may not match your expectations. If multiple
instances of the UDFB are called during a logic sweep, only the first-executed instance will
update its timer. If a different instance is then executed, its timer value will remain
unchanged.
In the case of multiple calls to a UDFB during a logic scan, only the first call will add elapsed
time to its timer functions. This behavior matches the behavior of timers in a normal program
block.
Example
A UDFB is defined that uses a member variable for a timer function block. Two instances of
the function block are created: timer_A and timer_B. During each logic scan, both timer_A
and timer_B are executed. However, only the member variable in timer_A is updated and the
member variable in timer_B always remains at 0.

7 Timers
Off Delay Timer

Mnemonics:
OFDT_SEC
OFDT_TENTHS
OFDT_HUNDS
OFDT_THOUS
The Off-Delay Timer (OFDT) increments while power flow is off, and the timer's Current
Value (CV) resets to zero when power flow is on. OFDT passes power until the specified
interval PV (Preset Value) has elapsed.
Time may be counted in the following increments:
■ Seconds
■ Tenths (0.1) of a second
■ Hundredths (0.01) of a second
■ Thousandth (0.001) of a second
The range for PV is 0 to +32,767 time units. If PV is out of range, it has no effect on the
timer's word 2. The state of this timer is retentive on power failure; no automatic initialization
occurs at power-up.
When OFDT receives power flow, CV is set to zero and the timer passes power to the right.
The output remains on as long as OFDT receives power flow.
Each time the OFDT is invoked with its power flow input turned OFF, CV is updated to reflect
the elapsed time since the timer was reset. OFDT continues passing power to the right until
CV equals or exceeds PV. When this happens, OFDT stops passing power flow to the right
and stops accumulating time. If PV is 0 or negative, the timer stops passing power flow to the
right the first time that it is invoked with its power flow input OFF.
When the function receives power flow again, CV resets to zero.
Notes:
■ The best way to use an OFDT function is to invoke it with a particular reference address
exactly one time each scan. Do not invoke an OFDT with the same reference address
more than once per scan (inappropriate accumulation of time would result). When an
OFDT appears in a program block, it accumulates time once per scan. Subsequent calls
to that program block within the same scan will have no effect on its OFDTs.
■ Do not program an OFDT function with the same reference address in two different
blocks. You should not program a JUMP around a timer function. Also, if you use
recursion (that is. having a block call itself either directly or indirectly), program the
program block so that it invokes the timer before it makes any recursive calls to itself.
■ For information on using timers inside parameterized blocks, see page 7-153. 32H
■ An OFDT expires (turns OFF power flow to the right) the first scan that it does not receive
power flow if the previous scan time was greater than PV.

Timers 7
■ When OFDT is used in a program block that is not called every scan, the timer
accumulates time between calls to the program block unless it is reset. This means that
OFDT functions like a timer operating in a program with a much slower scan than the
timer in the main program block. For program blocks that are inactive for a long time,
OFDT should be programmed to allow for this catch-up feature. For example, if a timer in
a program block is reset and the program block is not called (is inactive) for four minutes,
when the program block is called, four minutes of time will already have accumulated. If
the enable input is OFF, these four minutes are applied to the timer (that is, CV is set to 4
minutes).
Timing diagram
ENABLE
A B C D E F G H
A. ENABLE and Q both go high; timer is reset (CV = 0).

B. ENABLE goes low; timer starts accumulating time.
C. CV reaches PV; Q goes low and timer stops accumulating time.
D. ENABLE goes high; timer is reset (CV = 0).
E. ENABLE goes low; timer starts accumulating time.
F. ENABLE goes high; timer is reset (CV = 0) before CV had a chance to reach PV. (The
diagram is not to scale.)
G. ENABLE goes low; timer begins accumulating time.
H. CV reaches PV; Q goes low and timer stops accumulating time.
Operands for OFDT
Warning
Do not use the Address, Address+1, or Address+2 addresses with other
instructions. Overlapping references cause erratic timer operation.
Address The beginning address of a three- R, W, P, L, symbolic No
(????) word WORD array:
PV The Preset Value, used when the All except S, SA, SB, SC Optional
timer is enabled or reset. 0 ≤ PV ≤
+32,767. If PV is out of range, it
has no effect on Word 2.
CV The current value of the timer. All except S, SA, SB, SC, constant Optional

7 Timers
Example for OFDT

The output action is reversed by the use of a negated output coil. In this circuit, the OFDT
timer turns off negated output coil %Q0001 whenever contact %I0001 is closed. After %I0001
opens, %Q0001 stays off for 2 seconds then turns on.
On Delay Stopwatch Timer

Mnemonics:
ONDTR_SEC
ONDTR_TENTHS
ONDTR_HUNDS
ONDTR_THOUS
The retentive On-Delay Stopwatch Timer (ONDTR) increments while it receives power flow
and holds its value when power flow stops. Time may be counted in the following increments:
■ Seconds
■ Thousandths (0.001) of a second
The range is 0 to +32,767 time units. The state of this timer is retentive on power failure; no
automatic initialization occurs at power-up.
When ONDTR first receives power flow, it starts accumulating time (Current Value (CV)).
When the CV equals or exceeds Preset Value (PV), output Q is energized, regardless of the
state of the power flow input.
As long as the timer continues to receive power flow, it continues accumulating until CV
equals the maximum value (+32,767 time units). Once the maximum value is reached, it is
retained and Q remains energized regardless of the state of the enable input.
When power flow to the timer stops, CV stops incrementing and is retained. Output Q, if
energized, will remain energized. When ONDTR receives power flow again, CV again
increments, beginning at the retained value.
When reset (R) receives power flow and PV is not equal to zero, CV is set back to zero and
output Q is de-energized.
Note: If PV equals zero, the time is disabled and the reset is activated, and the output of
the time becomes high. Subsequent removal of the reset or activation of input will
have no effect on the timer output; the output of the time remains high.
ONDTR passes power flow to the right when CV is greater than or equal to PV. Since no
automatic initialization to the outgoing power flow state occurs at power-up, the power flow
state is retentive across power failure.

Timers 7
Notes:
■ The best way to use an ONDTR function is to invoke it with a particular reference
address exactly one time each scan. Do not invoke an ONDTR with the same reference
address more than once per scan (inappropriate accumulation of time would result).
When an ONDTR appears in a program block, it will only accumulate time once per scan.
Subsequent calls to that same program block within the same scan will have no effect on
its ONDTRs. Do not program an ONDTR function with the same reference address in two
different blocks. You should not program a JUMPN around a timer function. Also, if you
use recursion (that is, having a block call itself either directly or indirectly), program the
program block so that it invokes the timer before it makes any recursive calls to itself.
■ For information on using timers inside parameterized blocks, see page 7-153.3H
■ An ONDTR expires (passes power flow to the right) the first scan that is enabled and not
reset if the previous scan time was greater than PV.
■ When ONDTR is used in a program block that is not called every scan, it accumulates
time between calls to the program block unless it is reset. This means that ONDTR
functions like a timer operating in a program with a much slower scan than the timer in
the main program block. For program blocks that are inactive for a long time, ONDTR
should be programmed to allow for this catch-up feature. For example, if a timer in a
program block is reset and the program block is not called (is inactive) for four minutes,
when the program block is called, four minutes of time will already have accumulated. If
the enable input is ON and the reset input is OFF, these four minutes are applied to the
timer (that is, CV is set to 4 minutes).
Timing diagram
ENABLE
RESET
A B C D E F G H
A. ENABLE goes high; timer starts accumulating.

B. Current value (CV) reaches preset value (PV); Q goes high. Timer continues to
accumulate time until ENABLE goes low, RESET goes high or current value becomes
equal to the maximum time.
C. RESET goes high; Q goes low, accumulated time is reset (CV=0).
D. RESET goes low; timer then starts accumulating again, as ENABLE is high.
E. ENABLE goes low; timer stops accumulating. Accumulated time stays the same.
F. ENABLE goes high again; timer continues accumulating time.
G. CV becomes equal to PV; Q goes high. Timer continues to accumulate time until
ENABLE goes low, RESET goes high or CV becomes equal to the maximum time.
H. ENABLE goes low; timer stops accumulating time.

7 Timers
Operands for On Delay Stopwatch Timer
Warning
Address Beginning address of a three-word R, W, P, L, symbolic No
(????) WORD array:
R When R is ON, it resets the Current Power flow Optional
Value (Word 1) to zero.
PV The Preset Value, used when the All except S, SA, SB, SC Optional
timer is enabled or reset. 0 ≤ PV ≤
+32,767. If PV is out of range, it has
no effect on Word 2.
CV Current Value of the timer All except S, SA, SB, SC and Optional
constant
Example for On Delay Stopwatch Timer

A retentive on-delay timer is used to create a signal (%Q0011) that turns on 8.0 seconds after
%Q0010 turns on, and turns off when %Q0010 turns off.

Timers 7
On Delay Timer
Mnemonics:
TMR_SEC
TMR_TENTHS
TMR_HUNDS
TMR_THOUS
The On-Delay Timer (TMR) increments while it receives power flow and resets to zero when
power flow stops. The timer passes power after the specified interval PV (Preset Value) has
elapsed, as long as power is received.
The range for PV is 0 to +32,767 time units. If PV is out of range, it has no effect on the
timer's word 2. The state of this timer is retentive on power failure; no automatic initialization
occurs at power-up.
Time may be counted in the following increments:
■ Seconds
■ Thousandths (0.001) of a second
When TMR is invoked with its power flow input turned OFF, its Current Value (CV) is reset to
zero, and the timer does not pass power flow to the right. Each time the TMR is invoked with
its power flow input turned ON, CV is updated to reflect the elapsed time since the timer was
reset. When CV reaches PV, the timer function passes power flow to the right.
Notes:
■ The best way to use a TMR function is to invoke it with a particular reference address
exactly one time each scan. Do not invoke a TMR with the same reference address more
than once per scan (inappropriate accumulation of time would result). When a TMR
appears in a program block, it will only accumulate time once per scan. Subsequent calls
to that same program block within the same scan will have no effect on its TMRs. Do not
program an TMR function with the same reference address in two different blocks. You
should not program a JUMP around a timer function. Also, if you use recursion (that is,
having a block call itself either directly or indirectly), program the program block so that it
invokes the timer before it makes any recursive calls to itself.
■ For information on using timers inside parameterized blocks, see page 7-153. 34H
■ A TMR timer expires (passes power flow to the right) the first scan that it is enabled if the
previous scan time was greater than PV.
■ When TMR is used in a program block that is not called every scan, TMR accumulates
time between calls to the program block unless it is reset. This means that it functions like
a timer operating in a program with a much slower sweep than the timer in the main
program block. For program blocks that are inactive for a long time, TMR should be
programmed to allow for this catch-up feature. For example, if a timer in a program block
is reset and the program block is not called (is inactive) for 4 minutes, when the program
block is called, four minutes of time will already have accumulated. If the enable input is
ON, these four minutes are applied to the timer (i.e. CV is set to 4 minutes).

7 Timers
Timing Diagram
A. ENABLE goes high; timer begins accumulating time.

B. CV reaches PV; Q goes high and timer continues accumulating time.
C. ENABLE goes low; Q goes low; timer stops accumulating time and CV is cleared.
D. ENABLE goes high; timer starts accumulating time.
E. ENABLE goes low before current value reaches PV; Q remains low; timer stops
accumulating time and is cleared to zero (CV=0).
Operands for On Delay Timer
Warning
???? The beginning address of a three-word WORD array: R, W, P, L, symbolic No
PV The Preset Value, used when the timer is enabled or All except S, SA, SB, SC Yes
reset. 0 ≤ PV ≤ +32,767. If PV is out of range, it has no
effect on Word 2.
CV The current value of the timer. All except S, SA, SB, SC Yes
and constant
Example for On Delay Timer

An on-delay timer with address
TMRID is used to control the length of time
that a coil is on. This coil has been
assigned the variable DWELL. When the
normally open (momentary) contact
DO_DWL is ON, coil DWELL is
energized.
The contact of coil DWELL keeps coil
DWELL energized (when contact
DO_DWL is released) and also starts the timer TMRID. When TMRID reaches its preset
value of five tenths of a second, coil REL energizes, interrupting the latched-on condition of
coil DWELL. The contact DWELL interrupts power flow to TMRID, resetting its current value
and de-energizing coil REL. The circuit is then ready for another momentary activation of
contact DO_DWL.

Timers 7
Standard Timer Function Blocks

The standard timers are a pulse timer (TP), an on-delay timer (TON), and an off-delay timer
(TOF). The pulse timer block can be used to generate output pulses of a given duration. The
on-delay timer can be used to delay setting an output ON for a fixed period after an input is
set ON. The off-delay timer can be used to delay setting an output OFF for a fixed period
after an input goes OFF so that the output is held on for a given period longer than the input.
Notes:
Any block type can contain calls to the standard timers. (See Chapter 5 for a discussion
of the various block types.)
Interrupt blocks can contain standard timers.
An instance of a timer can be passed by reference to a parameterized block or UDFB.
When the timer stops timing as a result of reaching its Preset Time (PT), the Elapsed
Time (ET) contains the actual timer duration. For example, if the Preset Time was
specified as 333 ms, but the timer actually timed to 350 ms, the 350 ms value is saved in
ET.
Data Required for Standard Timer Function Blocks

Each invocation of a timer has associated instance data that persists from one execution of
the timer to the next. Instance variables are automatically located in symbolic memory. (You
cannot specify an address.) You can specify a stored value for each element. The user logic
cannot modify the values.
Each timer instance variable has the following structure. Elements of a timer structure cannot
be published.
The instance data type for each timer must be the same as the timer type:
The TOF timer requires an instance variable of type TOF.
The TON timer requires an instance variable of type TON.
The TP timer requires an instance variable of type TP.
Element Type Description Details
IN BOOL Timer input Cannot be accessed in user logic.
PT DINT Preset time Cannot be accessed in user logic.
ET DINT Elapsed time Read only. Accessible in user
logic.
Q BOOL Set ON when timer finishes timing Read only. Accessible in user
logic.
ENO BOOL Enable output Read only. Accessible in user
logic.
TI BOOL Set ON when the timer instance is Read only. Accessible in user
timing (that is, ET is incrementing). logic.

7 Timers
Resetting the Timer

The preset time (PT) may be changed while the timer is timing to affect the duration.
When the timer reaches PT, the timer stops timing and the elapsed time parameter (ET)
contains the actual timer duration.
To reset the timer function block, set the PT input to 0. When the function block resets:
ET is set to 0
Q is set to off (0)
The TI element is set to 0
The IN parameter is ignored
Operands
TOF, TON and TP have the same input and output parameters, except for the instance
variable, which must be the same type as the instruction.
Note: Writing or forcing values to the instance data elements IN, PT, Q, ET, ENO or TI may
cause erratic operation of the timer function block.

???? Structure variable containing the internal data for the TOF, TON, or TP. Must NA No
timer instance. (See “Data Required for Standard be same type as the
Timer Function Blocks” on page 7-163.)
35H instruction.
IN Timer input. Controls when the timer will accumulate Flow NA Yes
time.
TON and TP will begin to time when IN transitions
from OFF to ON.
TOF will begin to time when IN transitions from ON
to OFF.
PT Preset time (in milliseconds). Indicates the amount of DINT All except S, SA, Yes
time the timer will time until turning Q either ON or SB, SC
OFF, depending on the timer type.
Setting PT to 0 resets the timer.
Q Timer output. Action depends on the timer type. Flow NA Yes
When TP is timing, Q is ON.
When TON is done timing, Q turns ON.
When TOF is done timing, Q turns OFF.
ET Elapsed time. Indicates the length of time, in DINT All except S, SA, Yes
milliseconds, that the timer has been measuring time. SB, SC and
constants

Timers 7
Timer Off Delay

When the input IN transitions from ON to OFF, the timer starts timing until a specified
period of time (PT) has elapsed, then sets the output Q to OFF.
Timing Diagram
IN
Q
PT PT
ET
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
t0 When input IN is set to ON, the output Q follows and remains ON. The elapsed time,
ET, does not increment.
t1 When IN goes OFF, the timer starts to measure time and ET increments. ET
continues to increment until its value equals the preset time, PT.
t2 When ET equals PT, Q is set to OFF and ET remains at the preset time, PT.
t3 When input IN is set to ON, the output Q follows and remains ON. ET is set to 0.
t4 When IN is set to OFF, ET, begins incrementing. When IN is OFF for a period shorter
than that specified by PT, Q remains ON.
t5 When IN is set to ON, ET is set to 0.
Example
In the following sample rung, a TOF function block is used to keep Light ON for 30,000 ms
(30 seconds) after Door_Open is set to OFF. As long as Door_Open is ON, Light remains
ON.

7 Timers
Timer On Delay
When the input IN transitions from OFF to ON, the timer starts timing until a specified
period of time (PT) has elapsed, then sets the output Q to ON.
Timing Diagram
IN
Q
PT PT
ET
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
t0 When input IN is set to ON, the timer starts to measure time and the elapsed time
output ET starts to increment. The output Q remains OFF and ET continues to
increment until its value equals the preset time, PT.
t1 When ET equals PT, the output Q is goes ON, and ET remains at the preset time,
PT. Q remains ON until IN goes OFF.
t2 When IN is set to OFF, Q goes OFF and ET is set to 0.
t3 When IN is set to ON, ET starts to increment.
t4 If IN is ON for a shorter time than the delay specified in PT, the output Q remains
OFF. ET is set to 0 when IN is set to OFF.
Example
In the following sample rung, a TON function block is used to delay setting Start to ON for 1
minute (60,000 ms) after Preheat is set to ON.

Timers 7
Timer Pulse
When the input IN transitions from OFF to ON, the timer sets the output Q to ON for
the specified time interval, PT
Timing Diagram
IN
Q
PT PT
ET
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
t0 When input IN is set to ON, the timer starts to measure time and the elapsed time
output, ET, increments until its value equals that of the specified preset time, PT. Q is
set to 0 on until ET equals PT.
t1 When ET equals PT, Q is set to OFF. The value of ET is held until IN is set to OFF.
t2 When IN is set to OFF, ET is set to 0.
t3 When IN is set to ON, the timer starts to measure time and ET begins incrementing.
Q is set to ON.
t4 If the input is OFF for a period shorter than the input PT, the output Q remains on and
ET continues incrementing.
t5 When ET equals PT, Q is set to OFF and ET is set to 0.
Example
In the following sample rung, a TP function block is used to set Sprayers to ON for a
5-second (5000 ms) pulse.

Chapter Function Block Diagram
8
Function Block Diagram (FBD) is an IEC 61131-3 graphical programming language
that represents the behavior of functions, function blocks and programs as a set of
interconnected graphical blocks.
The block types Block, Parameterized Block, and Function Block can be programmed
in FBD. The _MAIN program block can also be programmed in FBD. For details on
blocks, refer to chapter 6, “Program Organization.” For information on using the FBD
editor in the programming software, refer to the online help.
For an overview of the types of operands that can be used with instructions, refer to
“Operands for Instructions” in chapter 7.
Most functions and function blocks implemented in FBD are the same as their LD
counterparts. Instructions that are implemented differently are discussed in detail in
this chapter.
FBD has the following general differences compared to LD:
In FBD, except for timers and counters, functions and function blocks do not
have EN or ENO parameters.
In FBD, all functions and function blocks display a solve order, which is
calculated by the FBD editor.
The FBD implementation of the PACSystems instruction set includes the following
categories:
Advanced Math ...................................................................................... 8-2 0H
Bit Operations ........................................................................................ 8-4 1H
Comment Block ..................................................................................... 8-9 2H
Comparison Functions......................................................................... 8-10 3H
Control Functions................................................................................. 8-13 4H
Counters .............................................................................................. 8-15

5H
Data Move Functions........................................................................... 8-16 6H
Math Functions .................................................................................... 8-23 7H
Program Flow Functions...................................................................... 8-31 8H
Timers .................................................................................................. 8-32

9H
Type Conversion Functions ................................................................. 8-34 10H
GFK-2222P 8-1
8
Advanced Math Functions

The Advanced Math functions perform logarithmic, exponential, square root,
trigonometric, and inverse trigonometric operations.
Absolute value. Finds the absolute value of a double- precision integer (DINT), signed single-
precision integer (INT), REAL or LREAL (floating-point) value. The mnemonic specifies the
value's data type.
For details, see “Math Functions” in chapter 7.
Exponential. Raises e to the value specified in IN (eIN). Calculates the inverse natural logarithm
of the IN operand.
For details, see “Advanced Math Functions” in chapter 7.
Exponential. Calculates IN1 to the IN2 power (IN1IN2).

For details, see page 8-3.
1H
Inverse trig. Calculates the inverse cosine of the IN operand and expresses the result in radians.
Inverse trig. Calculates the inverse sine of the IN operand and expresses the result in radians.
Inverse trig. Calculates the inverse tangent of the IN operand and expresses the result in
radians.
Logarithmic. Calculates the natural logarithm of the operand IN.

Logarithmic. Calculates the base 10 logarithm of the operand IN.

Square root. Calculates the square root of the operand IN and stores the result in Q.

8
Trig. Calculates the cosine of the operand IN, where IN is expressed in radians.
Calculates the sine of the operand IN, where IN is expressed in radians.

Calculates the tangent of the operand IN, where IN is expressed in radians.

EXPT Function
The Power of X (EXPT) function raises the value of input IN1 to the power specified
by the value IN2 and places the result in Q. The EXPT function operates on REAL or
LREAL input value(s) and place the result in output Q. The instruction is not carried
out if one of the following invalid conditions occurs:
■ IN1 < 0, for EXPT
■ IN1 or IN2 is a NaN (Not a Number)
Invalid operations (error cases) may yield results that are different from those in the
LD implementation of this function.
Operands of the EXPT Function

Solve Order Calculated by the FBD editor. NA NA No
IN or IN1 For EXP, LOG, and LN, IN REAL, LREAL All except variables located in No
contains the REAL value to be %S—%SC
operated on.
The EXPT function has two
inputs, IN1 and IN2. For
EXPT, IN1 is the base value
and IN2 is the exponent.
IN2 (EXPT) The REAL exponent for EXPT. REAL, LREAL All except variables located in No
%S—%SC
Q Contains the REAL REAL, LREAL All except constants and No
logarithmic/exponential value variables located in %S—%SC
of IN or of IN1 and IN2.
GFK-2222P Chapter 8 Function Block Diagram 8-3

8
Bit Operation Functions

The Bit Operation functions perform comparison, logical, and move operations on bit
strings. Bit Operation functions treat each WORD or DWORD data as a continuous
string of bits, with bit 1 of the WORD or DWORD being the Least Significant Bit (LSB).
The last bit of the WORD or DWORD is the Most Significant Bit (MSB).
Warning
Overlapping input and output reference address ranges in
multiword functions is not recommended, as it can produce
unexpected results.
Logical AND. Compares the bit strings IN1 and IN2 bit by bit. When the corresponding bits are
both 1, places a 1 in the corresponding location in output string Q; otherwise, places a 0 in the
corresponding location in Q.
If additional inputs (IN3 through IN8) are used, each additional bit string is compared to the
string in Q and the result is placed in Q.
12H
Logical OR. Compares the bit strings IN1 and IN2 bit by bit. When a pair of corresponding bits
are both 0, places a 0 in the corresponding location in output string Q; otherwise, places a 1 in
the corresponding location in Q.
13H
Logical XOR. Compares the bit strings IN1 and IN2 bit by bit. When a pair of corresponding
bits are different, places a 1 in the corresponding location in the output bit string Q; when a
pair of corresponding bits are the same, places a 0 in Q.
14H
Logical NOT. Sets the state of each bit in output bit string Q to the opposite state of the
corresponding bit in bit string IN1.
15H
Rotate Bits Left. Rotates all the bits in a string a specified number of places to the left.
For details, see “Bit Operation Functions” in chapter 7.

8
Rotate Bits Right. Rotates all the bits in a string a specified number of places to the right.
Shift Bits Left. Shifts all the bits in a word or string of words to the left by a specified number of
places.
Shift Bits Right. Shifts all the bits in a word or string of words to the right by a specified number
of places.

8
Logical AND, Logical OR, and Logical XOR

The Logical functions examine each bit in bit string IN1 and the corresponding bit in
bit string IN2, beginning with the least significant bit in each string, and places the
result in Q. If additional inputs (IN3 up to IN8) are used, the function compares each
bit in the input with the corresponding bit in Q and places the result in Q. The
comparison is repeated for each input that is used. The input bit strings specified in
IN1 … IN8 may overlap.
Logical AND
If both bits examined by the Logical AND function are 1, AND
places a 1 in the corresponding location in output string Q. If
either bit is 0 or both bits are 0, AND places a 0 in string Q in
that location.
Tip: You can use the Logical AND function to build masks
or screens, where only certain bits are passed (the bits
opposite a 1 in the mask), and all other bits are set to
0.
Minimum number of inputs = 2
Maximum number of inputs = 8
Logical OR
If either bit examined by the Logical OR function is 1, OR
places a 1 in the corresponding location in output string Q. If
both bits are 0, Logical OR places a 0 in string Q in that
location.
Minimum number Tips:
of inputs = 2 ■ You can use the Logical OR function to combine strings or
to control many outputs with one simple logical structure.
The Logical OR function is the equivalent of two relay
contacts in parallel multiplied by the number of bits in the
string.
■ You can use the Logical OR function to drive indicator
lamps directly from input states or to superimpose blinking
conditions on status lights.
Maximum number
of inputs = 8

8
Logical XOR
If the bits in the strings examined by XOR are different, a 1 is
placed in the corresponding position in the output bit string.
For each pair of bits examined, if only one bit is 1, XOR places
a 1 in the corresponding location in string Q.
Minimum number If both bits are 0, XOR places a 0 in the corresponding location
of inputs = 2 in string Q.
Tips:
If string IN2 and output string Q begin at the same
reference, a 1 placed in string IN1 will cause the
corresponding bit in string IN2 to alternate between 0 and
1, changing state with each scan as long as input is
received.
You can program longer cycles by pulsing the input to the
Maximum number function at twice the desired rate of flashing. The input
of inputs = 8 pulse should be one scan long (one-shot type coil or self
resetting timer).
You can use XOR to quickly compare two bit strings, or to
blink a group of bits at the rate of one ON state per two
scans.
XOR is useful for transparency masks.
Operands for AND, OR, and XOR

Solve Order Calculated by the FBD NA NA No
editor.
IN1 The value to operate BOOL, WORD All No
on. DWORD
IN2 (Must be the same data type as IN1.) The value to operate BOOL, WORD All No
on. DWORD
IN3 … IN8 (Must be the same data type as Values to operate on. BOOL, WORD All Yes
IN1.) DWORD
Q (Must be the same data type as IN1 and The operation’s result. BOOL, WORD All except constants No
IN2.) DWORD and variables
located in %S
memory
Properties for AND, OR, and XOR

Property Valid Range
Number of Inputs 2 to 8

8
Logical NOT
The Logical Not or Logical Invert (NOT) function sets the state of each bit in the
output bit string Q to the opposite of the state of the corresponding bit in bit string IN1.
All bits are altered on each scan that input is received, making output string Q the
logical complement of input string IN1.
Operands
Parameter Description Allowed Types Allowed Optional
Operands
IN1 The input string to NOT. WORD All No
DWORD
Q The NOT's result. WORD All except No
DWORD constants and
(Must be the same variables located in
data type as IN1) %S memory

8
Comments
Text Block
The Text block is used to place an explanation in the program. When
you type in a comment, the first few words are displayed.
To increase the size of the text box and display more text, select the
box and drag one of the handles.
There are no operands for the Text block.

■ Editing a comment makes the Programmer lose equality.
■ Comment text is downloaded to the controller and retrieved upon Logic
Upload.

8
Comparison Functions
Comparison functions compare two values of the same data type or determine
whether a number lies within a specified range. The original values are unaffected.
Compare. Compares two numbers, IN1 and IN2.
For details, see “Relational Functions” in chapter 7.
Equal. Tests two numbers for equality.

16H
Greater Than or Equal. Tests whether one number is greater than or equal
to another.
17H
Greater Than. Tests whether one number is greater than another.

18H
Less Than or Equal. Tests whether one number is less than or equal to
another.
19H
Less Than. Tests whether one number is less than another.

20H

8
Not Equal. Tests whether two numbers are not equal.
21H
Range. Tests whether one number is within the range defined by two other
supplied numbers.
For details, see “Relational Functions” in chapter 7.

8
Equal, Not Equal, Greater or Equal, Greater Than, Less or Equal, Less Than
The relational functions compare input IN1 to input IN2. These operands must be the
same data type. If inputs IN1 and IN2 are equal, the function outputs the result to Q,
unless IN1 and/or IN2 is NaN (Not a Number). The following relational functions can
be used to compare two numbers:
Function Definition Relational Statement
EQ Equal IN1=IN2
NE Not Equal IN1≠IN2
GE Greater Than or IN1≥IN2
Equal
GT Greater Than IN1>IN2
LE Less Than or Equal IN1≤IN2
LT Less Than IN1<IN2
Tip: To compare values of different data types, first use conversion functions to
make the types the same.
Operands
Operands
Solve Calculated by the FBD editor. NA NA No
Order
IN1 The first value to be compared; the value on BOOL (for EQ and NE functions All except S, No
the left side of the relational statement. only), BYTE, DINT, DWORD, SA, SB, SC
INT, REAL, LREAL, UINT,
IN2 The second value to be compared; the No
WORD
value on the right side of the relational
statement. IN2 must be the same data type
as IN1.
Q If the relational statement is true, Q=1. BOOL I, Q, G, M, T, No
SA, SB, SC
Bit reference in a non-BOOL All except
variable. constants.

8
Control Functions
The control functions limit program execution and change the way the CPU executes
the application program.
Do I/O Interrupt. For one scan, immediately services a specified range
of inputs or outputs. (All inputs or outputs on a module are serviced if
any reference locations on that module are included in the DO I/O
function. Partial I/O module updates are not performed.) Optionally, a
copy of the scanned I/O can be placed in internal memory, rather than
at the real input points.
For details, see “Control Functions” in chapter 7.
Mask I/O Interrupt. Mask or unmask an interrupt from an I/O board

when using I/O variables. If not using I/O variables, use SVC_REQ 17,
described in Chapter 9.
Proportional Integral Derivative (PID)

Control. Provides two PID closed-loop
control algorithms:
Standard ISA PID algorithm (PID_ISA)
Independent term algorithm (PID_IND)
Service Request. Requests a special PLC service.


8
Scan Set I/O. Scans the IO of a specified scan set.
Suspend I/O. Suspends for one sweep all normal I/O updates, except
those specified by DO I/O instructions.
Suspend I/O Interrupt. Suspend or resume an I/O interrupt when using

I/O variables. If not using I/O variables, use SVC_REQ 32, described in
Chapter 9.
Falling Edge Trigger. Detects a high-to-low transition of a

Boolean input. Produces a single output pulse when a falling
edge is detected.
Rising Edge Trigger. Detects a low-to-high transition of a Boolean input.
Produces a single output pulse when a rising edge is detected.

8
Counters
Down Counter. Counts down from a preset value. The output is ON
whenever the Current Value is ≤ 0.
The parameter that appears above the function block is a one-dimensional,
three-word array in %R, %W, %P, %L, or symbolic memory that the counter
uses to store its current value, preset value and control word.
For details, see “Counters” in chapter 7.
Up Counter. Counts up to a designated value. The output is ON whenever

the Current Value is ≥ the Preset Value.
The parameter that appears above the function block is a one-dimensional,
three-word array in %R, %W, %P, %L, or symbolic memory that the counter
uses to store its current value, preset value and control word.
For details, see “Counters” in chapter 7.

8
Data Move Functions

The Data Move functions provide basic data move capabilities.
Array Size. Counts the number of elements in an array.
For details, see “Data Move Functions” in chapter 7.
Array Size Dim1. Returns the value of the Array Dimension 1

property of an array.
Array Size Dim2. Returns the value of the Array Dimension 2

property of an array.
Bus Read. Reads data from the bus.


8
Bus Read Modify Write. Uses a read/modify/write cycle to
update a data element in a module on the bus.
Other BUS_RMW functions:
BUS_RMW_DWORD
BUS_RMW_WORD
Bus Test and Set. Handles semaphores on the bus.

Other BUS_TS function:
BUS_TS_WORD
Bus Write. Writes data to a module on the bus.


8
Communication Request. Allows the program to communicate
with an intelligent module, such as a Genius Bus Controller or
a High Speed Counter.
For details, see “Communication Request” in chapter 7.
Fan Out. Copies the input

value to multiple outputs of the
same data type as the input.
2H
Minimum Outputs = 2
Maximum Outputs = 8
Move Data. Copies data as individual bits, so the new location
does not have to be the same data type. Data can be moved
into a different data type without prior conversion.
23H
Move Data Explicit. Provides data coherency by locking

symbolic memory being written to during the copy operation.
Note: FBD and ST do not support the constant 0 as a value
for the input IN.

8
Move From Flat. Copies reference memory data to a UDT
variable or UDT array. Provides the option of locking the
symbolic or I/O variable memory area being written to during
the copy operation.
Move to Flat. Copies data from symbolic or I/O variable

memory to reference memory. Copies across mismatching
data types.
Size Of. Counts the number of bits used by a variable.

Fan Out
Copies the input IN to multiple outputs.

IN The input to copy to the outputs. BOOL, DINT, All except SA, SB, SC. No
DWORD, INT,
REAL, UINT, or
WORD variable or
constant
OUT1 …OUT8 Variables of the same data type as Must be same type All except S, SA, SB, SC No
the IN operand. The outputs. as IN. and constant.
Minimum: two outputs. Maximum:
eight outputs.

8
Move Data
When the input operand, EN, is set to ON, the MOVE instruction
copies data as bits from one location in PLC memory to another.
Because the data is copied as bits, the new location does not
need to use the same type of memory area as the source. For
example, you can copy data from an analog memory area into a
discrete memory area, or vice versa.
MOV sets its output, ENO, whenever it receives data unless one of the following
occurs:
When the input, EN, is set to OFF, then the output, ENO, is set to OFF.
When the input, EN is set to ON, and the input, IN, contains an indirect reference,
and the memory of IN is out of range, then the output, ENO, is set to OFF.
The value to store at the destination Q is acquired from the IN parameter. If IN is a
variable, the value to store in Q is the value stored at the IN address. If IN is a
constant, the value to store in Q is that constant
The result of the MOVE depends on whether the data type for the Q operand is a bit
reference or a non-bit reference:
If Q is a non-bit reference, LEN (the length) indicates the number of memory
locations in which the IN value should be repeated, starting at the location
specified by Q.
If Q is a bit reference, IN is treated as an array of bits. LEN therefore indicates the
number of bits to acquire from the IN parameter to make up the stored value. If IN
is a constant, bits are counted from the least-significant bit. If IN is a variable, LEN
indicates the number of bits to acquire starting at the IN location. Regardless, only
LEN bits are stored starting at address Q.
For example, if IN was the constant value 29 and LEN is 4, the results of a MOV
operation are as follows:
Q is a WORD reference: The value 29 is repeatedly stored in locations Q, Q+1,
Q+2, and Q+3.
Q is a BOOL reference: The binary representation of 29 is 11101. Since LEN is 4,
only the four least-significant bits are used (1101). This value is stored at location
Q in the same order, so 1 is stored in Q, 1 is stored in Q+1, 0 is stored in Q+2,
and 1 is stored in Q+3.
If data is moved from one location in discrete memory to another, such as from %I
memory to %T memory, the transition information associated with the discrete
memory elements is updated to indicate whether or not the MOVE operation caused
any discrete memory elements to change state.
Note: If an array of BOOL-type data specified in the Q operand does not include all
the bits in a byte, the transition bits associated with that byte (which are not in
the array) are cleared when the Move instruction receives data.
Data at the IN operand does not change unless there is an overlap in the source and
destination—a situation that is to be avoided.

8
MOV Operands
EN Enable BOOL variable data flow, I, Q, M, T, G, S, No
SA, SB, SC, discrete
symbolic, I/O variable
Bit reference in a R, P, L, AI, AQ, W, non-
non-BOOL variable discrete symbolic, I/O
variable
IN The source of the data to copy into DINT, DWORD, INT, All. S, SA, SB, SC allowed No
the output Q. This can be either a REAL, LREAL, only for WORD, DWORD,
constant or a variable whose UINT, WORD, or bit BOOL types.
reference address is the location of reference in a non-
the first source data item to move. BOOL variable
If IN is not a constant, it must have
the same data type as the variable in
the Q parameter. The length of the
data unit depends on the data type of
the IN or Q variable.
If IN is a BOOL variable or a bit
reference, an %I, %Q, %M, or %T
reference address need not be byte-
aligned, but 16 bits beginning with
the reference address specified are
displayed online.
LEN The length of IN; the number of bits Constant Constant No
to move.
If IN is a constant and Q is BOOL:
1 ≤ LEN ≤ 16;
If IN is a constant and Q is not BOOL:
1 ≤ LEN ≤ 256.
All other cases: 1 ≤ LEN ≤ 32,767
LEN is also interpreted differently
depending on the data type of the Q
location. For details, see discussion
on page 8-18.
24H
ENO Indicates whether the operation was BOOL variable data flow, I, Q, M, T, G, Yes
successfully completed. discrete symbolic, I/O
If ENO = ON (1), the operation was variable
initiated. Results of the operation are Bit reference in a I, Q, M, T, G, R, P, L, AI,
indicated in the FT output. non-BOOL variable AQ, W, non-discrete
If ENO = OFF (0), the operation was symbolic, I/O variable
not performed. If EN was ON, the FT
output indicates an error condition. If
EN was OFF, FT is not changed.

8

Q The variable whose reference DINT, DWORD, INT, data flow, I, Q, M, T, S, No
address is the location of the first REAL, LREAL, SA, SB, SC, G, R, P, L,
destination data item. If IN is not a UINT, WORD, or bit AI, AQ, W, symbolic, I/O
constant, Q must have the same data reference in a non- variable
type as the variable in the IN BOOL variable
parameter.
If Q is a BOOL variable or a bit
reference, an %I, %Q, %M, or %T
reference address does not need to
be byte-aligned, but a full 16 bits
beginning with the specified
reference address are displayed
online.

8
Math Functions
Your program may need to include logic to convert data to a different type before
using a Math or Numerical function. The description of each function includes
information about appropriate data types. The “Conversion Functions” section on
page 8-34 explains how to convert data to a different type.
25H
Addition. Adds two or up to eight numbers.
26H
Division. * Divides one number by another and outputs the quotient.

Note: Take care to avoid overflow conditions when performing
divisions.
27H
Modulo Division. Divides one number by another and outputs the

remainder.
28H
Multiplication.* Multiplies two or up to eight numbers.

Note: Take care to avoid overflow conditions when performing
multiplications.
29H
Negate. Multiplies a number by –1 and places the result in an output

location.
30H
Scales an input parameter and places the result in an output location.

For details, see “Math Functions” in chapter 7.

8
Subtraction. Subtracts one or up to seven numbers from the input IN1
and places the result in an output location.
31H
* To avoid overflows when multiplying or dividing 16-bit numbers, use the conversion functions
described on page 8-34 to convert the numbers to a 32-bit format.
32H
The output is calculated when the instruction is performed without overflow, unless an
invalid operation occurs.
Overflow
If an operation on integer operands results in overflow, the output value wraps around.
Examples:
If the ADD operation, 32767 + 1, is performed on signed integer operands, the
result is -32768
If the SUB operation, -32767 – 1, is performed on signed integer operands,
the result is 32767
If an ADD_UINT operation is performed on 65535 + 16, the result is 15.

8
Add
Adds the operands IN1 and IN2 … IN8 and stores the sum in Q.
IN1 … IN8 and Q must be of the same data type.
The result is output to Q when ADD is performed without
overflow, unless one of the following invalid conditions occurs:
■ (+ ∞)
■ IN1 and/or IN2 … IN8 is NaN (Not a Number).
If an ADD operation results in overflow, the result wraps around.
For example:
■ If an ADD_DINT, ADD_INT or ADD_REAL operation is
performed on 32767 + 1, Q will be set to -32768.
■ If an ADD_UINT operation is performed on 65535 + 16,
Q will be set to 15.
Minimum number of Maximum number of

inputs = 2 inputs = 8.
Operands of the ADD Function

Operand Description Allowed Types Allowed Operands Optional
Order
IN1 … IN8 The values to be added. INT, DINT, REAL, All except S, SA, SB, SC and No
LREAL, UINT data flow
Must be same data type
as Q.
Q The sum of IN1 … IN8. If an INT, DINT, REAL, All except S, SA, SB, SC, No
overflow occurs, Q wraps LREAL, UINT variable constant and data flow
around. Must be same data type
as IN1 …. IN8.
Properties for ADD


8
Divide
Divides the operand IN1 by the operand IN2 of the same data type as
IN1 and stores the quotient in the output variable assigned to Q, also
of the same data type as IN1 and IN2.
The result is output to Q when DIV is performed without overflow,
unless one of the following invalid conditions occurs:
■ 0 divided by 0 (Results in an application fault.)
■ IN1 and/or IN2 is NaN (Not a Number).
If an overflow occurs, the result wraps around.
Notes:
■ DIV rounds down; it does not round to the closest integer. For example,
24 DIV 5 = 4.
■ Be careful to avoid overflows.
Operands for DIV_UINT, DIV_INT, DIV_DINT, and DIV_REAL

IN1 The value to be divided; the value to the left INT, DINT, UINT, All except S, SA, SB, SC No
of “DIV” in the equation IN1 DIV IN2=Q. REAL, LREAL
IN2 The value to divide IN1 with; the value to the INT, DINT, UINT, All except S, SA, SB, SC No
right of “DIV” in the equation IN1 DIV IN2=Q. REAL, LREAL
Q The quotient of IN1/IN2. If an overflow INT, DINT, UINT, All except S, SA, SB, SC No
occurs, the result is the largest value with the REAL or LREAL and constant
proper sign. variable

8
Modulus
Divides input IN1 by input IN2 and outputs the remainder of the
division to Q.
All three operands must be of the same data type. The sign of the
result is always the same as the sign of input parameter IN1.
Output Q is calculated using the formula:
Q = IN1-((IN1 DIV IN2) * IN2)
where DIV produces an integer number.
The result is output to Q unless one of the following invalid
conditions occurs:
■ 0 divided by 0 (Results in an application fault.)
■ IN1 and/or IN2 is NaN (Not a Number)
Operands for Modulus Function

IN1 The value to be divided to obtain the INT, DINT, UINT All except S, SA, SB, SC No
remainder; the value to the left of
“MOD” in the equation IN1 MOD
IN2=Q.
IN2 The value to divide IN1 with; the INT, DINT, UINT All except S, SA, SB, SC No
value to the right of “MOD” in the
equation IN1 MOD IN2=Q.
Q The remainder of IN1/IN2. INT, DINT, UINT variable All except S, SA, SB, SC No
and constant

8
Multiply
Multiplies two through eight operands (IN1 … IN8) of the same
data type and stores the result in the output variable assigned to
Q, also of the same data type.
The output is calculated when the function is performed without
overflow, unless an invalid operation occurs.
If an overflow occurs, the result wraps around.


INT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) * IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 5 digits long
DINT Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) * IN2(32 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 10 digits long
REAL Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) * IN2(32 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 8
UINT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) * IN2(16 bit) base 10 number, unsigned, up to 5 digits long
Operands for Multiply

IN1 … IN8 The values to multiply. Must be the same INT, DINT, UINT, All except S, SA, SB, No
data type as Q. REAL SC
Q The result of the multiplication. INT, DINT, UINT, All except S, SA, SB, No
REAL variable SC and constant
Properties for Multiply


8
Negate
Multiplies a number by –1 and places the result in the output
location, Q.
Operands
IN The value to be negated. INT, DINT, REAL All except S, SA, SB, No
SC
Q The result, -1(IN) INT, DINT, REAL All except S, SA, SB, No
variable SC and constant

8
Subtract
Subtracts the operands IN2 …IN8 from the
operand IN1 and stores the result in the
output variable assigned to Q.
The calculation is carried out when SUB is
performed without overflow, unless an invalid
operation occurs.
If a SUB operation results in overflow, the
result wraps around. For example:
■ If a SUB_DINT, SUB_INT or SUB_REAL
operation is performed on 32768 - 1, Q
will be set to -32767.
If a SUB_UINT operation results in a
negative number, Q wraps around. (For
example, a result of –1 sets Q to 65535.)


SUB_INT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) – IN2(16 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 5 digits long
SUB_DINT Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) – IN2(32 bit) base 10 number with sign, up to 10 digits long
SUB_REAL Q(32 bit) = IN1(32 bit) – IN2(32 bit) base 10 number, sign and decimals, up to 8 digits long (excluding the
decimals)
SUB_UINT Q(16 bit) = IN1(16 bit) – IN2(16 bit) base 10 number, unsigned, up to 5 digits long
Operands for Subtract

Parameter Description Allowed Allowed Optional
Types Operands
IN1 The value to subtract from. DINT, INT, All except S, SA, No
REAL, UINT SB, SC
IN2 … IN8 The value(s) to subtract from IN1. Must be the same All except S, SA, No
data type as IN1. SB, SC
Q The result of the subtraction. Must be the same data DINT, INT, All except S, SA, No
type as IN1. REAL, UINT SB, SC and
variable constant
Properties for Subtract


8
Program Flow Functions

The program flow functions limit program execution or change the way the CPU
executes the application program.
The CALL function causes the logic execution to go
immediately to the designated program block, external C
block (parameterized or not), or parameterized block and
execute it. After the block’s execution is complete, control
returns to the point in the logic immediately following the
CALL instruction.
For details, see “Program Flow Functions” in chapter 7.
Non-parameterized Parameterized CALL.

CALL May call a parameterized
external block or a
parameterized block.
The ARG_PRES (Argument Present) function determines
whether a parameter value was present when the function
block instance of the parameter was invoked.
For details, see “Program Flow Functions” in chapter 7.

8
Timers
This section describes the PACSystems timing functions that are implemented in the
FBD language.
Built-in Timer Function Blocks

These function blocks use WORD Array instance data. The parameter that appears
above the function block is a one-dimensional, three-word array in %R, %W, %P, %L,
or symbolic memory that the timer uses to store its current value, preset value and
control word.
Off Delay Timer. The timer's Current Value (CV) resets to zero when
its enable parameter (EN) is set to ON.. CV increments while EN is
OFF. When CV=PV (Preset Value), ENO is set to OFF until EN is set
to ON again.
Other OFDT functions:
OFDT_SEC
OFDT_TENTHS
OFDT_THOUS
For details, see “Timers” in chapter 7.
On Delay Stopwatch Timer. Retentive on delay timer. Increments
while EN is ON and holds its value when EN is OFF.
ONDTR_SEC
ONDTR_TENTHS
ONDTR_THOUS
On Delay Timer. Simple on delay timer. Increments while EN is ON

and resets to zero when EN is OFF.
TMR_SEC
TMR_TENTHS
TMR_THOUS

8
Standard Timer Function Blocks

These functions blocks use Structure Variable instance data. Each invocation of a
timer has associated instance data that persists from one execution of the timer to the
next. Instance variables are automatically located in symbolic memory. (You cannot
specify an address.) You can specify a stored value for each element. The user logic
cannot modify the values.
Timer Off Delay. When the input IN transitions from ON to OFF, the
timer starts timing until a specified period of time has elapsed, then
sets the output Q to OFF.
Timer On Delay. When the input IN transitions from OFF to ON, the
timer starts timing until a specified period of time has elapsed, then
sets the output Q to ON.
Timer Pulse. When the input IN transitions from OFF to ON, the timer
sets the output Q to ON for a specified time interval.

8
Type Conversion Functions

The Conversion functions change a data item from one number format (data type) to
another. Many programming instructions, such as math functions, must be used with
data of one type. As a result, data conversion is often required before using those
instructions.
Convert Angles
DEG_TO_RAD: Converts degrees to radians.
RAD_TO_DEG: Converts radians to degrees.
For details, see “Conversion Functions” in chapter 7.

UINT_TO_BDC4: Converts UINT (16-bit unsigned integer) to BCD4.
INT_TO_BCD4: Converts INT (16-bit signed integer) to BCD4.
Convert to BCD8 (8-digit Binary-Coded-Decimal )

DINT_TO_BD8: Converts DINT (32-bit signed integer) to BCD8.
Convert to INT (16-bit signed integer)

BCD4_TO_INT: Converts BCD to INT.
UINT_TO_INT: Converts UINT to INT
DINT_TO_INT: Converts DINT to INT..
REAL_TO_INT: Converts REAL to INT.
Converts a 16-bit string (WORD) value to INT.
3H
Convert to UINT (16-bit unsigned integer)

BCD4_TO_UINT: Converts BCD4 to UINT.
INT_TO_UINT: Converts INT to UINT.
DINT_TO_UINT: Converts DINT to UINT.
REAL_TO_UINT: Converts REAL to UINT.
WORD_TO_UINT: Converts a 16-bit string (WORD) value to UINT.
34H

8
Convert to DINT (32-bit signed integer)
BCD8_TO_DINT: Converts BCD8 to DINT.
UINT_TO_DINT: Converts UINT to DINT.
INT_TO_DINT: Converts INT to DINT.

REAL_TO_DINT: Converts REAL (32-bit signed real or floating-point values) to DINT.
DWORD_TO_DINT: Converts a 32-bit bit string (DWORD) value to DINT.

35H
Convert to REAL (32-bit signed real or floating-point values)

BCD4_TO_REAL: Converts BCD4 to REAL.
BCD8_TO_REAL: Converts BCD8 to REAL.
UINT_TO_REAL: Converts UINT to REAL.
INT_TO_REAL: Converts INT to REAL.
DINT_TO_REAL: Converts DINT to REAL.
LREAL_TO_REAL: Converts LREAL to REAL.
Convert to LREAL(64-bit signed real or floating-point values)
Converts a REAL value to LREAL.
Convert to WORD (16-bit string)

Converts an INT (16-bit signed integer) value to a WORD value.
36H
Converts an unsigned single-precision integer (UINT) to WORD.

37H
Convert to DWORD (32-bit bit string)

Converts a double-precision signed integer (DINT) value to DWORD.
38H

8
Truncate
Rounds a REAL (32-bit signed real or floating-point) number down to a DINT number
Rounds a REAL (32-bit signed real or floating-point) number down to an INT number
Convert WORD to INT

Converts the input data into the equivalent single-precision signed integer (INT)
value, which it outputs to Q. This function does not change the original input
data. The output data can be used directly as input for another program function,
as in the examples.
The function passes data to Q, unless the data is out of range (0 through
+65,535).
Operands
Parameter Description Allowed Allowed Operands Optional
Types
IN The value to convert to INT. WORD All except S, SA, SB, and SC No
Q The INT equivalent value of the INT All except S, SA, SB, SC and No
original value in IN. constant

8
Convert WORD to UINT

These functions convert the input data into the equivalent single-precision
unsigned integer (UINT) value, which it outputs to Q.
The conversion to UINT does not change the original data. The output data can be
used directly as input for another program function, as in the example.
The function passes the converted data to Q, unless the resulting data is outside
the range 0 to +65,535.
Operands
IN The value to convert to UINT. WORD All except S, SA, SB, and No
SC
Q The UINT equivalent value of the original UINT All except S, SA, SB, SC No
input value in IN. and constant
Convert DWORD to DINT

Converts DWORD data into the equivalent signed double-precision integer
(DINT) value and stores the result in Q. The conversion to DINT does not
change the original data.
The output data can be used directly as input for another program function. The
function passes data to Q unless the data is out of range.
Operands
IN The value to convert to DINT. DWORD All except S, SA, SB, and No
SC
Q The DINT equivalent value of the original UINT All except S, SA, SB, SC No
input value in IN. and constant

8
Convert INT or UINT to WORD

Converts an unsigned single-precision integer (UINT) operand IN to
a 16-bit bit string (WORD) value and stores the result in the
variable assigned to Q.
Converts a 16-bit signed integer (INT) operand IN to a 16-bit bit

string (WORD) value and stores the result in the variable assigned
to Q.
The output data can be used directly as input for another program function. The
function passes data to Q unless the data is out of range.
Operands
Parameter Description Allowed Types Allowed Operands Option
al
Order
IN The value to convert to WORD. INT or UINT, depending All except S, SA, SB, No
on function and SC
Q The WORD equivalent value of the original WORD All except S, SA, SB, No
value in IN. 0 ≤ Q ≤ 65,535. SC and constant
Convert DINT to DWORD

When DINT_TO_DWORD receives data, it converts the input
double-precision signed integer (DINT) data into the equivalent
DWORD (32-bit bit string) value, which it outputs to Q.
DINT_TO_DWORD does not change the original DINT data.
The output data can be used directly as input for another program
function. The function passes data to Q unless the data is out of
range.
Operands
Order
IN The value to convert to DWORD. DINT All except S, SA, SB, No
and SC
Q The DWORD equivalent value of the original DWORD All except S, SA, SB, No
value in IN. 0 ≤ Q ≤ 4,294,967,295. SC and constant

Chapter Service Request Function
9
Use a Service Request function to request one of the following control system services:
Service Request Description Page
SVC_REQ 1 Change/read constant sweep timer 9-0H5 0H
SVC_REQ 2 Read window modes and time values 9-1H7 1H
SVC_REQ 3 Change controller communications window mode and timer value 9-2H8 2H
SVC_REQ 4 Change backplane communications window mode and timer value 9-3H9 3H
SVC_REQ 5 Change background task window mode and timer value 9-41
H 0
4H
SVC_REQ 6 Change/read number of words to checksum 9-5H11

5H
SVC_REQ 7 Read or change the time-of-day clock 9-6H13

6H
SVC_REQ 8 Reset watchdog timer 9-7H20

7H
SVC_REQ 9 Read sweep time from beginning of sweep - milliseconds 9-8H21

8H
SVC_REQ 10 Read target name 9-9H22

9H
SVC_REQ 11 Read controller ID 9-10H23

10H
SVC_REQ 12 Read PLC run state 9-11H24

1H
SVC_REQ 13 Shut down (stop) PLC 9-12H25

12H
SVC_REQ 14 Clear controller or I/O fault tables 9-13H26

13H
SVC_REQ 15 Read last-logged fault table entry 9-14H27

14H
SVC_REQ 16 Read elapsed time clock - microseconds 9-15H30

15H
SVC_REQ 17 Mask/unmask I/O interrupt 9-16H32

16H
SVC_REQ 18 Read I/O override status 9-17H34

17H
SVC_REQ 19 Set run enable/disable 9-18H35

18H
SVC_REQ 20 Read fault tables 9-19H36

19H
SVC_REQ 21 User-defined fault logging 9-20H41

20H
SVC_REQ 22 Mask/unmask timed interrupts 9-21H43

21H
SVC_REQ 23 Read master checksum 9-22H44

2H
SVC_REQ 24 Reset module 9-23H45

23H
SVC_REQ 25 Disable/enable EXE Block and standalone C program checksums 9-24H46

24H
SVC_REQ 26 Role switch (redundancy) *

SVC_REQ 27 Write to reverse transfer area (Hot Standby Redundancy) *
SVC_REQ 28 Read from reverse transfer area (Hot Standby Redundancy) *
SVC_REQ 29 Read elapsed power down time 9-25H47
25H
SVC_REQ 32 Suspend/resume I/O interrupt 9-26H48

26H
SVC_REQ 43 Disable data transfer copy in backup unit (Hot Standby Redundancy) *
GFK-2222P 9-1
9
Service Request Description Page

SVC_REQ 45 Skip next I/O scan 9-27H50
27H
SVC_REQ 50 Read elapsed time clock – nanoseconds 9-28H51

28H
SVC_REQ 51 Read sweep time from beginning of sweep - nanoseconds 9-29H53

29H
SVC_REQ 55 Set application redundancy mode (non-Hot Standby Redundancy) *

SVC_REQ 56 Read from nonvolatile storage 9-29H5454
30H1
SVC_REQ 57 Write to nonvolatile storage 9-29H5459

32H
*For information on Service Requests used in CPU HSB redundancy applications, refer to the
PACSystems Hot Standby CPU Redundancy User’s Guide, GFK-2308. For non-HSB applications,
refer to TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems, GFK-2224.

9
Operation of SVC_REQ Function

PACSystems supports the Service Request function in LD and FBD.
Ladder Diagram
When SVC_REQ receives power flow, it requests the CPU to perform the
special service identified by the FNC operand.
Parameters for SVC_REQ are located in the parameter block, which begins
at the reference identified by the PRM operand. The number of 16-bit
references required depends on the type of special PLC service being
requested. The parameter block is used to store both the function's inputs
and outputs.
SVC_REQ passes power flow unless an incorrect function number, incorrect parameters,
or out-of-range references are specified. Specific SVC_REQ functions may have
additional causes for failure.
Because the service request continues to be invoked each time power flow is enabled to
the function, additional enable/disable logic preceding the request may be necessary,
depending upon the application. (For example, repeated calling of SVC_REQ 24 would
continually reset a module, probably not the intended behavior.) In many cases a
transition contact or coil will be sufficient. Alternatively, you could use more complex
logic, such as having the function contained within a block that is only called a single
time.
Operands
Note: Indirect referencing is available for all register references (%R, %P, %L, %W,
%AI, and %AQ).
Operand Data Type Memory Area Description
FNC INT variable or All except %S - %SC Function number; Service Request number. The
constant constant or reference that identifies the requested
service.
PRM WORD variable All except flow, %S - %SC The first WORD in the parameter block for the
and constant requested service. Successive 16-bit locations store
additional parameters.
Example
When the enabling input %I0001 is ON, SVC_REQ function number 7 is called, with the
parameter block starting at %R0001. If the operation succeeds, output coil %Q0001 is set
ON.
GFK-2222P Chapter 9 Service Request Function 9-3

9
Function Block Diagram

The SVC_REQ function requests the CPU to perform the special
service identified by the FNC operand.
Parameters for SVC_REQ are located in the parameter block,
which begins at the reference identified by the PRM operand. The
number of 16-bit references required depends on the type of
special PLC service being requested. The parameter block is used
to store both the function's inputs and outputs.
Operands
Note: Indirect referencing is available for all register references (%R, %P, %L, %W,
%AI, and %AQ).
EN Enable input. When set to ON, the SVC_REQ BOOL data flow, I, Q, M, T, G, S, SA, No
executes SB, SC, discrete symbolic, I/O
variable
Bit reference in I, Q, M, T, G, R, P, L, AI, AQ,
a non-BOOL W, non-discrete symbolic, I/O
variable variable
FNC Function number; Service Request number. INT, DINT, All except %S - %SC No
The constant or variable that identifies the UINT, WORD, You can use data flow only if
requested service. DWORD the parameter block requires
only one WORD
If you use a symbolic variable
or an I/O variable, ensure that
its Array Dimension 1 property
is set to a value large enough
to contain the entire
parameter block.
PRM The first word in the parameter block for the INT, DINT, All except flow, %S - %SC No
requested service. Successive 16-bit UINT, WORD, and constant
locations store additional parameters. DWORD
ENO Set to ON unless an incorrect function BOOL data flow, I, Q, M, T, G, non- Yes
number, incorrect parameters, or out-of-range discrete symbolic, I/O variable
references are specified. Specific SVC_REQ
Bit reference in I, Q, M, T, G, R, P, L, AI, AQ,
functions may have additional causes for
a non-BOOL W, non-discrete symbolic, I/O
failure.
variable. variable

9
SVC_REQ 1: Change/Read Constant Sweep Timer

Use SVC_REQ function 1 to:
■ Disable Constant Sweep mode
■ Enable Constant Sweep mode and use the old Constant Sweep timer value
■ Enable Constant Sweep mode and use a new Constant Sweep timer value
■ Set a new Constant Sweep timer value only
■ Read Constant Sweep mode state and timer value.
The parameter block has a length of two words used for both input and output.
SVC_REQ executes successfully unless:
■ A number other than 0, 1, 2, or 3 is entered as the requested operation:
■ The scan time value is greater than 2550 ms (2.55 seconds)
■ Constant sweep time is enabled with no timer value programmed or with an old
value of 0 for the timer.
To disable Constant Sweep mode:

Enter SVC_REQ 1 with this parameter block:
Address 0
Address + 1 Ignored
To enable Constant Sweep mode and use the old timer value:
Address 1
Address + 1 0
If the timer value does not already exist, entering 0 causes the function to set the OK
output to OFF.
To enable Constant Sweep mode and use a new timer value:

Address 1
Address + 1 New timer value
Note: If the timer value does not already exist, entering 0 causes the function
to set the OK output to OFF.
To change the timer value without changing the selection for sweep mode state:
Address 2
Address + 1 New timer value

9
To read the current timer state and value without changing either:
Address 3
Address + 1 ignored
Output
SVC_REQ 1 returns the timer state and value in the same parameter block references:
Address 0 = Normal Sweep
1 = Constant Sweep
Address + 1 Current timer value
If the word address + 1 contains the hexadecimal value FFFF, no timer value has been
programmed.
Example
If contact OV_SWP is set, the Constant Sweep Timer is read, the timer is increased by
two milliseconds, and the new timer value is sent back to the CPU. The parameter block
is at location %R3050. The example logic uses discrete internal coil %M0001 as a
temporary location to hold the successful result of the first rung line. On any sweep in
which OV_SWP is not set, %M00001 is turned off.

9
SVC_REQ 2: Read Window Modes and Time Values

Use SVC_REQ 2 to obtain the current window mode and time values for the controller
communications window and the backplane communications and the background task
window.
The parameter block has a length of three words. All parameters are output parameters.
It is not necessary to enter values in the parameter block to program this function.
Output
Address Window High Byte Low Byte
address Controller Communications Window Mode Value in ms
address+1 Backplane Communications Window Mode Value in ms
address+2 Background Window Mode Value in ms
Note: A window is disabled when the time value is zero.
Mode Values
Mode Name Value Description
Limited Mode 0 The execution time of the window is limited to its respective
default value or to a value defined using SVC_REQ 3 for the
controller communications window or SVC_REQ 4 for the
systems communications window. The window will terminate
when it has no more tasks to complete.
Constant Mode 1 Each window will operate in a Run to Completion mode, and the
CPU will alternate among the three windows for a time equal to
the sum of each window's respective time value. If one window
is placed in Constant mode, the remaining two windows are
automatically placed in Constant mode. If the CPU is operating
in Constant Window mode and a particular window's execution
time is not defined using the associated SVC_REQ function, the
default time for that window is used in the constant window time
calculation.
Run to Completion Mode 2 Regardless of the window time associated with a particular
window, whether default or defined using a service request
function, the window will run until all tasks within that window are
completed.
Example
When %Q00102 is set, the CPU places the current time values of the windows in the
parameter block starting at location %R0010.

9
SVC_REQ 3: Change Controller Communications Window Mode

Use SVC_REQ 3 to change the controller communications window mode and timer
value. The change takes place during the next CPU sweep after the function is called.
The parameter block has a length of one word.
SVC_REQ 3 executes unless a mode other than 0 (Limited) or 2 (Run to Completion) is
selected.
To disable the controller communications window:

Address High Byte Low Byte
Address 0 0
To re-enable or change the controller communications window mode:

Address Mode: 0 = Limited 1ms ≤ value ≤ 255ms in 1ms increments
2 = Run to Completion
Example
When enabling input %I00125 transitions on, the controller communications window is
enabled and assigned a value of 25 ms. When the contact transitions off, the window is
disabled. The parameter block is in global memory location %P00051.

9
SVC_REQ 4: Change Backplane Communications Window Mode

and Timer Value
Use SVC_REQ 4 to change the Backplane Communications window mode and timer
value. The change takes place during the next CPU sweep after the function is called.
SVC_REQ 4 executes unless a mode other than 0 (Limited) or 2 (Run to Completion) is
selected.
To disable the Backplane Communications window:

Address 0 0
To enable the Backplane Communications window mode:

Address Mode 0 = Limited 1ms ≤ value ≤ 255ms
Example
When enabling output %M0125 transitions on, the mode and timer value of the
Backplane Communications window is read. If the timer value is greater than or equal to
25 ms, the value is not changed. If it is less than 25 ms, the value is changed to 25 ms. In
either case, when the rung completes execution the window is enabled. The parameter
block for all three windows is at location %R5051. Since the mode and timer for the
Backplane Communications window is the second value in the parameter block returned
from the Read Window Values function (SVC_REQ 2), the location of the existing window
time for the Backplane Communications window is in the low byte of %R5052.

9
SVC_REQ 5: Change Background Task Window Mode and Timer Value

Use SVC_REQ 5 to change the Background Task window mode and timer value. The
change takes place during the next CPU sweep after the function is called.
SVC_REQ 5 executes unless a mode other than 0 (Limited) or 2 (Run-to-Completion) is
selected.
To disable the Background Task window:

Address 0 0
To enable the Background Task window mode:

Address Mode 0 = Limited 1ms ≤ value ≤ 255ms
Example
When enabling contact #FST_SCN is set in the first scan, the MOVE function establishes
a value of 20ms for the Background task window, using a parameter block beginning at
%P00050. Later in the program, when input %I00500 transitions on, the state of the
Background task window toggles on and off. The parameter block for all three windows is
at location %P00051. The time for the Background task window is the third value in the
parameter block returned from the Read Window Values function (function #2); therefore,
the location of the existing window time for the Background window is %P00053.

9
SVC_REQ 6: Change/Read Number of Words to Checksum

Use SVC_REQ 6 to read the current word count in the program to be checksummed or
set a new word count. By default, 16 words are checked. The function is successful
unless some number other than 0 or 1 is entered as the requested operation.
The parameter block has a length of 2 words.
To read the word count:

Enter a zero in the first word of the parameter block.
Address 0
Address + 1 Ignored
The function returns the current checksum (word count) in the second word of the
parameter block. No range is specified for the read function; the value returned is the
number of words currently being checksummed.
Address 0
Address + 1 Current word count
To set a new word count:

Enter a one in the first word of the parameter block and the new word count in the second
word.
Address 1
Address + 1 New word count
The CPU changes the number of words to be checksummed to the value given in the
second word of the parameter block, rounded up to the next multiple of 8. To disable
checksumming, set the new word count to 0.

9
Example
When enabling contact #FST_SCN is set, the parameter blocks for the checksum task
function are built. Later in the program, when input %I00137 transitions on, the number of
words being checksummed is read from the CPU operating system. This number is
increased by 16, with the results of the ADD_UINT function being placed in the “hold new
count for set” parameter. The second service request block requests the CPU to set the
new word count.
The example parameter blocks are located at address %L00150. They have the following
contents:
%L00150 0 = read current count
%L00151 hold current count
%L00152 1 = set current count
%L00153 hold new count for set

9
SVC_REQ 7: Read or Change the Time-of-Day Clock

Use SVC_REQ 7 to read or change the time of day clock in the CPU. The function is
successful unless:
■ An invalid number is entered for the requested operation.
■ An invalid data format is specified.
■ Data is provided in an unexpected format.
Parameter Block Formats

In the first two words of the parameter block, you specify whether to read or set the time
and date, and which format to use.
Address 2-Digit Year Format 4-Digit Year Format
Address (word 1) 0 = read time and date 0 = read time and date
1 = set time and date 1 = set time and date
Address+1 (word 2) 0 = numeric data format 80h – numeric data format
1 = BCD format 81h = BCD format
2 = unpacked BCD format 82h = unpacked BCD format
3 = packed ASCII format (with 83h = packed ASCII format
embedded spaces and colons)
4 = POSIX format n/a
Address+2 (word 3) Data Data
to the end
Words 3 to the end of the parameter block contain output data returned by a read
function, or new data being supplied by a change function. In both cases, format of these
data words is the same. When reading the date and time, words (address + 2) to the end
of the parameter block are ignored on input.
The format and length of the parameter block depends on the data format and number of
digits required for the year:
Data Format and N-digit Year Length of parameter block
(number of words)
BCD, 2-digit year 6
BCD, 4-digit year 6
POSIX format 6
Unpacked BCD 2 9
Unpacked BCD 4 10
Numeric (2 and 4 digit years) 9
Packed ASCII, 2-digit year 12
Packed ASCII, 4-digit year 13

9
In any format:
■ Hours are stored in 24-hour format.
■ Day of the week is a numeric value ranging from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday).
Value Day of the Week
1 Sunday
2 Monday
3 Tuesday
4 Wednesday
5 Thursday
6 Friday
7 Saturday
BCD, 2-Digit Year

In BCD format, each time and date item occupies one byte, so the parameter block has
six words. The last byte of the sixth word is not used. When setting the date and time,
this byte is ignored; when reading date and time, the function returns a null character
(00).
Parameter Block Address Example
Format (Sun., July 3, 2005, at 2:45:30 p.m.
= 14:45:30 in 24-hour format)
1 = change or 0 = read address 0 (read)
1 (BCD format) address+1 1 (BCD format)
High Byte Low Byte Address High Byte Low Byte

month year address+2 07 (July) 05 (year)
hours day of month address+3 14 (hours) 03 (day)
seconds minutes address+4 30 (seconds) 45 (minutes)
(null) day of week address+5 00 01 (Sunday)
BCD, 4-Digit Year

In this format, all bytes are used.
Parameter Block Example
Format Address (Sun., July 3, 2005, at 2:45:30 p.m.
= 14:45:30 in 24-hour format)
1 = change or 0 = read address 00 (read)
81h (BCD format, 4-digit) address+1 81h (BCD format, 4-digit)
High Byte Low Byte Address High Byte Low Byte

year year address+2 20 (year) 05 (year)
day of month month address+3 03 (day) 07 (July)
minutes hours address+4 45 (minutes) 14 (hours)
day of week seconds address+5 01 (Sunday) 30 (seconds)

9
POSIX
The POSIX format of the Time-of-Day clock uses two signed 32-bit integers (two DINTs)
to represent the number of seconds and nanoseconds since midnight January 1, 1970.
Reading the clock in POSIX format might make it easier for your application to calculate
time differences. This format can also be useful if your application communicates to other
devices using the POSIX time format. To read and/or change the date and time using
POSIX format, enter SVC_REQ 7 with this parameter block:
Parameter Block Format Address Example: December 1, 2000 at 12 noon
1 = change or 0 = read address 0
4 (POSIX format) address+1 4
Seconds (LSW) address+2 975,672,000
(MSW) address+3
Nanoseconds (LSW) address+4 0
(MSW) address+5
The PACSystems CPU’s maximum POSIX clock value is F48656FE (hexadecimal)
seconds and 999,999,999 (decimal) nanoseconds, which corresponds to December 31st,
2099 at 11:59 pm. This is the maximum POSIX value that SVC_REQ 7 will accept for
changing the clock. This is also the maximum POSIX value SVC_REQ 7 will return once
the Time-Of-Day clock passes this date.
If SVC_REQ 7 receives an invalid POSIX time to write to the clock, it does not change
the Time-Of-Day clock and disables its power-flow output.
Note: When reading the PACSystems CPU clock in POSIX format, the data returned is
not easily interpreted by a human viewer. If desired, it is up to the application
logic to convert the POSIX time into year, month, day of month, hour, and
seconds.
Unpacked BCD (2-Digit Year)

In Unpacked BCD format, each digit of the time and date items occupies the low-order
four bits of a byte. The upper four bits of each byte are always zero. This format requires
nine words. Values are hexadecimal.
Format (Thurs., Dec. 8, 2002, at 9:34:57 a.m.)
1 = change or 0 = read address 0h
2 (Unpacked BCD format) address+1 2h
High Byte Low Byte High Byte Low Byte

year address+2 00h 02h
month address+3 01h 02h
day of month address+4 02h 08h
hours address+5 00h 09h
minutes address+6 03h 04h
seconds address+7 05h 07h
day of week address+8 00h 05h

9
Unpacked BCD (4-Digit Year)

In Unpacked BCD format, each digit of the time and date items occupies the low-order
four bits of a byte. The upper four bits of each byte are always zero. This format requires
nine words. Values are hexadecimal.
Format (Thurs., Dec. 8, 2002, at 9:34:57 a.m.)
1 = change or 0 = read address 0h
82h (Unpacked 4-digit BCD format) address+1 82h

year address+2 00h 02h
month address+3 01h 02h
day of month address+4 00h 08h
hours address+5 00h 09h
minutes address+6 03h 04h
seconds address+7 05h 07h
day of week address+8 00h 05h
Numeric, 2-Digit Year

In numeric format, the year, month, day of month, hours, minutes, seconds and day of
week each occupy one unsigned integer. To read and/or change the date and time using
the numeric format, enter SVC_REQ function #7 with this parameter block:
Format Address Wed., June 15, 2005, at 12:15:30 a.m.
0 (Numeric format, 2-digit year) address+1 0
High Byte Low Byte Value

year address+2 05
month address+3 06
day of month address+4 15
hours address+5 12
minutes address+6 15
seconds address+7 30
day of week address+8 04

9
Numeric, 4-Digit Year

In numeric format, the year, month, day of month, hours, minutes, seconds and day of
week each occupy one unsigned integer. To read and/or change the date and time using
the numeric format, enter SVC_REQ function #7 with this parameter block:
Format Address Wed., June 15, 2005, at 12:15:30 a.m.
80h (Numeric format, 4 digit year) address+1 80h
High Byte Low Byte Value

year address+2 2005
month address+3 06
day of month address+4 15
hours address+5 12
minutes address+6 15
seconds address+7 30
day of week address+8 04
Packed ASCII, 2-Digit Year

In Packed ASCII format, each digit of the time and date items is an ASCII formatted byte.
Spaces and colons are embedded into the data to format it for printing or display. ASCII
format for a 2-digit year requires 12 words in the parameter block. Values are
hexadecimal.
Parameter Example
Block Format Address (Mon., Oct. 5, 2005, at 11:13:25 p.m. =
23:13:25 in 24-hour format)
1 = change or 0 = read address 0h (read)
3 (ASCII format) address+1 3h (ASCII format)

year year address+2 35h (5) 30h (0)
month (space) address+3 31h (1) 20h (space)
(space) month address+4 20h (space) 30h (0)
day of month day of month address+5 35h (5) 30h (leading 0)
hours (space) address+6 32h (2) 20h (space)
: (colon) hours address+7 3Ah (:) 33h (3)
minutes minutes address+8 33h (3) 31h (1)
seconds : (colon) address+9 32h (2) 3Ah (:)
(space) seconds address+1 20h (space) 35h (5)
0
day of week day of week address+1 32h (2 = Mon.) 30h (leading 0)
1

9
Packed ASCII, 4-Digit Year

ASCII format for a 4-digit year requires 13 words in the parameter block. Values are
hexadecimal.
Parameter Example
Block Format Address (Mon., Oct. 5, 2005, at 11:13:25 p.m. =
23:13:25 in 24-hour format)
1 = change or 0 = read address 0h (read)
83 (ASCII format) address+1 83h (ASCII format, 4-digit)

year (hundreds) year (thousands) address+2 30h (0) 32h (2)
year (ones) year (tens) address+3 35h (5) 30h (0)
month (tens) (space) address+4 31h (1) 20h (space)
(space) month (ones) address+5 20h (space) 30h (0)
day of month (ones) day of month (tens) address+6 35h (5) 30h (leading 0)
hours (tens) (space) address+7 32h (2) 20h (space)
: (colon) hours (ones) address+8 3Ah (:) 33h (3)
minutes (ones) minutes (tens) address+9 33h (3) 31h (1)
seconds (tens) : (colon) address+10 32h (2) 3Ah (A)
(space) seconds (ones) address+11 20 (space) 35 (5)
day of week (ones) day of week (tens) address+12 32h (2 = Mon.) 30h (leading 0)

9
SVC_REQ 7
In this example, the time of day is set to 12:00 pm without changing the current year,
BCD format requires six contiguous memory locations for the parameter block.
Rung 1 sets up the new time of day in two-digit year BCD format. It writes the value 4608
(equivalent to 12 00 BCD) to NOON and the value 0 to MIN_SEC.
Rung 2 requests the current date and time using the parameter block located at
%P00300.
Rung 3 moves the new time value into the parameter block starting at R00300. It uses
AND and ADD operations to retrieve the current clock value from %P00303 and replace
the hours, minutes and seconds portion of the value with the values in NOON and
MIN_SEC.
Rung 4 uses the parameter block beginning at %R00300 to set the new time.

9
SVC_REQ 8: Reset Watchdog Timer

Use SVC_REQ 8 to reset the watchdog timer during the scan.
Ordinarily, when the watchdog timer expires, the CPU shuts down without warning.
SVC_REQ 8 allows the timer to keep going during a time-consuming task (for example,
while waiting for a response from a communications line).
Warning
Be sure that resetting the watchdog timer does not adversely affect
the controlled process.
SVC_REQ 8 has no associated parameter block; however, you must still specify a
dummy parameter, which SVC_REQ 8 will not use.
Example
In the following LD example, power flow through enabling output %Q0127 or input
%I1476 or internal coil %M00010 causes the watchdog timer to be reset.

9
SVC_REQ 9: Read Sweep Time from Beginning of Sweep

Use SVC_REQ 9 to read the time in milliseconds since the start of the sweep. The data
format is unsigned 16-bit integer.
Output
The parameter block is an output parameter block only; it has a length of one word.
address time since start of scan
Example
The elapsed time from the start of the scan is read into location %R00200. If it is greater
than 100ms, internal coil %M0200 is turned on.
Note: Higher resolution (in nanoseconds) can be obtained by using SVC_REQ 51,
described on page 9-53.
34H

9
SVC_REQ 10: Read Target Name

Use SVC_REQ 10 to read the name of the currently executing target.
Output
The output parameter block has a length of four words. It returns eight ASCII characters:
the target name (from one to seven characters) followed by null characters (00h). The
last character is always a null character. If the target name has fewer than seven
characters, null characters are appended to the end.
Address Low Byte High Byte
Address character 1 character 2
Address+1 character 3 character 4
Address+2 character 5 character 6
Address+3 character 7 00
Example
When enabling input %I0301 goes ON, register location %R0099 is loaded with the value
10, which is the function code for the Read Target Name function. The program block
READ_ID is then called to retrieve the target name. The parameter block is located at
address %R0100.
Program block READ_ID:

9
SVC_REQ 11: Read Controller ID

Use SVC_REQ 11 to read the name of the controller executing the program.
Output
The output parameter block has a length of four words. It returns eight ASCII characters:
the PLC ID (from one to seven characters) followed by null characters (00h). The last
character is always a null character
If the PLC ID has fewer than seven characters, null characters are appended to the end.
Address Low Byte High Byte
address character 1 character 2
address+1 character 3 character 4
address+2 character 5 character 6
address+3 character 7 00
Example
When enabling input %I0303 is ON, register
location %R0099 is loaded with the value 11,
which is the function code for the Read PLC ID
function. The program block READ_ID is then
called to retrieve the ID. The parameter block
is located at address %R0100.
Program Block READ_ID:

9
SVC_REQ 12: Read Controller Run State

Use SVC_REQ 12 to read the current RUN state of the CPU.
Output
The output parameter block has a length of one word.
address 1 = run/disabled
2 = run/enabled
Example
When contact V_I00102 is ON, the CPU run state is read into location %R4002. If the
state is Run/Disabled, the CALL function calls program block DISPLAY.

9
SVC_REQ 13: Shut Down (Stop) CPU

Use SVC_REQ 13 to stop the CPU after the specified number of scans has been
performed. All outputs go to their designated default states at the start of the next CPU
scan. An informational “Shut Down PLC” fault is placed in the Controller Fault Table. The
I/O scan continues as configured.
SVC_REQ 13 has an input parameter block with a length of one word.
Address Number of scans. Valid values:
-1: The CPU uses the Number of Last Scans value configured in the Hardware
Configuration Scan tab to determine when to transition to Stop mode. For details on
Hardware Configuration parameters, refer to chapter 3.
1 through 5: The CPU finishes executing this scan, then executes this number of
scans –1, and transitions to Stop mode.
Note: For CPUs with firmware version earlier than 2.00, the value must be set to 0;
otherwise the CPU does not stop.
Example
When a “Loss of I/O Module” fault occurs, the #LOS_IOM contact turns ON and
SVC_REQ 13 executes.
In this example, if the Shut Down CPU function executes, the JUMPN to the end of the
program prevents the logic that follows the JUMPN from executing in the current sweep.
The block's last instruction is a LABELN:

9
SVC_REQ 14: Clear Controller or I/O Fault Table

Use SVC_REQ 14 to clear either the controller fault table or the I/O fault table. The
SVC_REQ output is set ON unless some number other than 0 or 1 is entered as the
requested operation.
The parameter block has a length of 1 word. It is an input parameter block only. There is
no output parameter block.
Address 0 = clear controller fault
table
1 = clear I/O fault table
Example
When inputs %I0346 and %I0349 are on, the controller fault table is cleared. When inputs
%I0347 and %I0349 are on, the I/O fault table is cleared. When input %I0348 is on and
input %I0349 is on, both are cleared. Positive transition coils V_M00001 and V_M00002
are used to trigger these service requests to prevent the fault tables from being cleared
multiple times.
The parameter block for the controller fault table is located at %R0500; for the I/O fault
table the parameter block is located at %R0550.
Note: Both parameter blocks are set up elsewhere in the program.

9
SVC_REQ 15: Read Last-Logged Fault Table Entry

Use SVC_REQ 15 to read the last entry logged in the controller fault table or the I/O fault
table. The SVC_REQ output is set ON unless some invalid number is entered as the
requested operation or the fault table is empty.
The non-extended parameter block has a length of 22 words and the extended parameter
block has a length of 24 words.
Input Parameter Block

Address Format
address+0 0 = Read controller fault table
1 = Read I/O fault table
80h = Read extended controller fault table
81h = Read extended I/O fault table
Output Parameter Block

The format of the output parameter block depends on whether SVC_REQ 15 reads the
controller fault table, the extended controller fault table, the I/O fault table or the extended
I/O fault table.
Controller Fault Table Output Format I/O Fault Table Output Format
Address
0 address+0 1
unused long/short address+1 reference address long/short
(always 01) memory type (always 03)
unused unused address+2 reference address offset
slot rack address+3 slot rack
task address+4 block bus
fault action fault group address+5 point
error code address+6 fault action fault category
address+7 fault type fault category
fault extra data address+8 to fault extra data fault description
address+18
minutes seconds address+19 minutes seconds

day of month hour address+20 day of month hour
year month address+21 year month
milliseconds (extended format only) address+22 milliseconds (extended format only)
not used (extended format only) address+23 not used (extended format only)

9
Long/Short Value
The first byte (low byte) of word address +1 contains a number that indicates the length
of the fault-specific data in the fault entry. Possible values are as follows:
PLC extended and non extended fault tables 00 = 8 bytes (short) 01 = 24 bytes (long)
I/O extended and non extended fault tables 02 = 5 bytes (short) 03 = 21 bytes (long)
Note: PACSystems CPUs always return the Long values for both extended and non-
extended formats.
Example 1
When inputs %I0250 and %I0251 are both on, the first
Move function places a zero (read controller fault table) into
the parameter block for SVC_REQ 15. When input %I0250
is on and input %I0251 is off, the Move instruction instead
places a one (read I/O fault table) in the SVC_REQ
parameter block. The parameter block is located at location
%R0600.

9
Example 2
The CPU is shut down when any fault occurs on an I/O module
except when the fault occurs on modules in rack 0, slot 9 and in rack
1, slot 9. If faults occur on these two modules, the system remains
running. The parameter for "table type" is set up on the first scan. The
contact IO_PRES, when set, indicates that the I/O fault table contains
an entry. The CPU sets the normally open contact in the scan after
the fault logic places a fault in the table. If faults are placed in the
table in two consecutive scans, the normally open contact is set for
two consecutive scans.
The example uses a parameter block located at %R0600. After the
SVC_REQ function executes, the second, third, and fourth words of
the parameter block identify the I/O module that faulted:
High Byte Low Byte
%R0600 1
%R0601 reference long/short
address
memory type
%R0602 reference address offset
%R0603 slot number rack number
%R0604 block (bus I/O bus no.
address)
%R0605 point address
%R0606 fault data
In the program, the EQ_INT blocks compare the rack/slot address in
the table to hexadecimal constants. The internal coil %M0007 is
turned on when the rack/slot where the fault occurred meets the
criteria specified above. If %M0007 is on, its normally closed contact
is off, preventing the shutdown. Conversely, if %M0007 is off because
the fault occurred on a different module, the normally closed contact
is on and the shutdown occurs.

9
SVC_REQ 16: Read Elapsed Time Clock

Use SVC_REQ 16 to read the system's elapsed time clock. The elapsed time clock
measures the time in seconds since the CPU was powered on. The parameter block has
a length of three words used for output only.
Output
address Seconds from power on (low order)
address+1 Seconds from power on (high order)
address+2 100 microsecond ticks
The first two words are the elapsed time in seconds. The last word is the number of 100
microsecond ticks in the current second.
The resolution of the PLC's elapsed time clock is 100 microseconds. The overall
accuracy of the elapsed time clock is ± 0.01%. The accuracy of an individual sample of
the elapsed time clock is approximately 105 microseconds.
Warning
The SVC_REQ instruction is not protected against operating system
and user interrupts. The timing and length of these interrupts are
unpredictable. The clock sample returned by SVC_REQ 16 can
sometimes be much more than 105 microseconds old by the time
execution is returned to the LD logic
Example
The following logic is used in a block that is called infrequently. The screen shot was
taken between calls to the block. The logic displayed calculates the number of seconds
that have elapsed since the last time the block was called. It performs the final operation
on rung 4 by subtracting the time obtained by SVC_REQ 16 the last time the block was
called (vetum) from the time currently obtained by SVC_REQ 16 (novum) and storing the
calculated value in the variable named diff.
On rung 2, SVC_REQ 16 returns three WORDs, stored in the 3-WORD array tempus.
The first two WORDs (16-bit values) are moved to a DINT (a 32-bit value). This move
amounts to a rough data type conversion that ignores the fact that the DINT type is
actually a signed value. Despite that, the subsequent calculations are correct until the
time since power-on reaches approximately 50 years. The DINT is converted to REAL to
yield the number of whole seconds elapsed since power-on, stored in variable sec. On
rung 3, the third word returned by SVC_REQ 16, tempus[2], is converted to REAL. This is
the number of 100 microsecond ticks. To obtain a fraction of a second, stored in the
variable fractio, the value is divided by 10,000. On rung 4, sec and fractio are added to
express the exact number of seconds elapsed since power-on, and this value is stored in
the variable novum. On rung 1, the previous value of novum was saved as vetum, the
exact number of seconds elapsed since power-on the last time the block was called. The
last instruction on the fourth rung subtracts vetum from novum to yield the number of
seconds that have elapsed since the last time the block was called.

9
Note: Higher resolution (in nanoseconds) can be obtained by using SVC_REQ 50,
described on page 9-51.
35H

9
SVC_REQ 17: Mask/Unmask I/O Interrupt

Use SVC_REQ 17 to mask or unmask an interrupt from an input/output board. When an
interrupt is masked, the CPU does not execute the corresponding interrupt block when
the input transitions and causes an interrupt.
The parameter block is an input parameter block only; it has a length of three words.
address 0 = unmask input
1 = mask input
address+1 memory type
address+2 reference (offset)
“Memory type” is a decimal number that resides in the low byte of word address + 1. It
corresponds to the memory type of the input:
70 %I memory in bit mode
10 %AI memory
12 %AQ memory
Successful execution occurs unless:
■ Some number other than 0 or 1 is entered as the requested operation.
■ The memory type of the input/output to be masked or unmasked is not %I, %AI
or %AQ memory.
■ The I/O board is not a supported input/output module.
■ The reference address specified does not correspond to a valid interrupt trigger
reference.
■ The specified channel does not have its interrupt enabled in the configuration.
Masking/Unmasking Module Interrupts

During module configuration, interrupts from a module can be enabled or disabled. If a
module's interrupt is disabled, it cannot be used to trigger logic execution in the
application program and it cannot be unmasked. However, if an interrupt is enabled in the
configuration, it can be dynamically masked or unmasked by the application program
during system operation.
The application program can mask and unmask interrupts that are enabled using Service
Request Function Block #17. To mask or unmask an interrupt from an open VME
module, the application logic should pass VME_INT_ID (17 decimal, 11H) as the memory
type and the VME interrupt id as the offset to SVC_REQ 17.
When the interrupt is not masked, the CPU processes the interrupt and schedules the
associated program logic for execution. When the interrupt is masked, the CPU
processes the interrupt but does not schedule the associated program logic for execution.
When the CPU transitions from Stop to Run, the interrupt is unmasked.
For additional information on configuring and using VME module interrupts in a
PACSystems RX7i control system, refer to PACSystems RX7i User's Guide to Integration
of VME Modules, GFK-2235.

9
Example 1
In this example, interrupts from input %I00033 are masked. The following values are
moved into the parameter block, which starts at %P00347, on the first scan:
address %P00347 1 Interrupts from input are masked.
address + 1 %P00348 70 Input type is %I.
address + 2 %P00349 33 Offset is 33.
Example 2
When %T00001 transitions on, alarm interrupts from input %AI0006 are masked. The
parameter block at %R00100 is set up on the first scan.

9
SVC_REQ 18: Read I/O Forced Status

Use SVC_REQ 18 to read the current status of forced values in the CPU's %I and %Q
memory areas.
Note: SVC_REQ 18 does not detect overrides in %G or %M memory types. Use
%S0011 (#OVR_PRE) to detect overrides in %I, %Q, %G, %M, and symbolic
memory types.
The parameter block has a length of one word used for output only.
Output
address 0 = No forced values are set
1 = Forced values are set
Example
SVC_REQ reads the status of I/O forced values into location %R1003. If the returned
value in %R1003 is 1, there is a forced value, and EQ INT turns the %T0001 coil ON.

9
SVC_REQ 19: Set Run Enable/Disable

Use SVC_REQ 19 to permit the LD program to control the RUN mode of the CPU.
The parameter passed indicates which function to perform. The OK output is turned ON if
the function executes successfully. It is set OFF if the requested operation is not SET
RUN DISABLE mode (1) or SET RUN ENABLE mode (2).
The parameter block is an input parameter block only with this format:
address 1 = SET RUN DISABLE mode
2 = SET RUN ENABLE mode
Example
When input %I00157 transitions to on, the RUN DISABLE mode is set. When the
SVC_REQ function successfully executes, coil %Q00157 is turned on. When %Q00157
is on and register %R00099 is greater than zero, the mode is changed to RUN ENABLE
mode. When the SVC_REQ successfully executes, coil %Q00157 is turned off.

9
SVC_REQ 20: Read Fault Tables

Use SVC_REQ 20 to retrieve the entire PLC or I/O fault table and return it to the LD
program in designated registers.
The first input parameter designates which table is to be read. A second input parameter
(always zero for the standard Read Fault Tables) is used by the extended format to read
a designated fault entry or to read a range of fault entries. The fault table data is placed in
the parameter block following the input parameters.
The OK output is turned on if the function executes successfully. It is off if the requested
operation is not Read Controller Fault Table (00h), Read I/O Fault Table (01h), Read
Extended Controller Fault Table (80h), or Read Extended I/O Fault Table (81h), or if
there is not enough of the specified memory reference to hold the fault data. If the
specified fault table is empty, the function sets the OK output on, but returns only the fault
table header information.
The parameter block is an input and output parameter block. The parameter block comes
in two formats:
■ Non-Extended: Read Controller Fault Table (00h), Read I/O Fault Table (01h)
■ Extended: Read Extended Controller Fault Table (80h), Read Extended I/O Fault
Table (81h)
Non-Extended Formats
For non-extended formats, SVC_REQ 20 requires 693 registers available.
Input Parameter Block Format

address + 0 00h = Read Controller fault table
01h = Read I/O fault table
address + 1 Always 0
Non-Extended Output Parameter Block Format

Address
Unused 0 = Controller Fault address+0 Unused 1 = I/O Fault Table
Table
Unused Always zero (0) address+1 Unused Always zero (0)
Unused Unused address+2 Unused Unused
Unused Unused address+3— Unused Unused
address+14
Minutes Seconds address+15— Minutes Seconds

address+17
Day Of Month Hour Day of month Hour
(time since last
Year Month clear, in BCD Year Month
format)
Number of faults since last clear address+18 Number of faults since last clear
Number of faults in queue address+19 Number of faults in queue
Number of faults read address+20 Number of faults read
Start of fault data address+21 Start of fault data

9
For the non-extended formats, the returned data for each fault consists of 21 words (42
bytes). This request returns 16 controller fault table entries or 32 I/O fault table entries, or
the actual number of faults if it is fewer. If the fault table read is empty, no data is
returned.
The following table shows the return format of a controller fault table entry and an I/O
fault table entry.
Format of Returned Data for Fault Table Entries

Address
Unused Long/short address+21 Memory type Long/Short*
Unused Unused address+22 Offset
Slot Rack address+23 Slot Rack
Task address+24 Bus address I/O Bus Number
(block)
Fault action Fault group address+25 Point
Error code address+26 Fault action Fault group
address+27 Fault type Fault category
Fault extra data address+28 Fault extra data Fault
description
address+29— Fault extra data
address+38
address+41
Day of month Hour Day of month Hour
(time stamp, in
Year Month BCD format) Year Month
Start of next fault output parameter address+42 Start of next fault output parameter
block block
* The Long/Short indicator in the low byte of Address + 21 specifies the amount of fault data
present in the fault entry:
Fault Table Long/Short Value Fault Data Returned
PLC 00 8 bytes of fault extra data present in the fault entry
01 24 bytes of fault extra data
I/O 02 5 bytes of fault extra data
03 21 bytes of fault extra data

9
Extended Formats
Each extended format request can read a maximum of 64 faults, or the size of the fault
table if it contains less than 64 faults.
For extended formats (Read Extended Controller Fault Table (80h), or Read Extended
I/O Fault Table (81h)), the PLC calculates the number of entries being read. You must
ensure that enough registers are available to receive the amount of fault entries
requested. If the amount of data requested exceeds the registers available, the CPU
returns a fault indicating that reference memory is out of range.
The total size of the fault table for the extended fault format is
Header Size + ((# fault entries) * (size of fault entry))
Input Parameter Block Format

address+0 80h = Read extended controller fault table
81h = Read extended I/O fault table
address+1 Starting index of faults to be read
address+2 Number of faults to be read
Extended Format Output Parameter Block Format

Controller Fault Table I/O Fault Table
Output Format Address Output Format
Unused 80h = Extended address Unused 81h = Extended
controller fault I/O fault table
table
Starting index of faults to be read address+1 Starting index of faults
to be read
Number of faults to be read address+2 Number of faults to be read
Unused Unused address+3—address+14 Unused Unused
Minutes Seconds address+15—address+17 Minutes Seconds
(time since last clear, in
Day of Month Hour Day of month Hour
BCD format)
Year Month Year Month
Number of faults since last clear address+18 Number of faults since
last clear
Number of faults in queue address+19 Number of faults in queue
Number of faults read address+20 Number of faults read
Unused address+21—address+36 Unused
Start of fault data address+37 Start of fault data
For Read Extended Controller Fault Table (80h) and Read Extended I/O Fault Table
(81h), the returned data for each fault entry consists of 23 words (46 bytes).

9
Format of Returned Data for Fault Table Entries

Controller Fault Table I/O Fault Table
Output Format Address Output Format
Unused Long/Short address+37 Reference Long/Short (See
address memory page 9-28.)36H
type
Unused Unused address+38 Reference address offset
Slot Rack address+39 Slot Rack
Task address+40 Bus address I/O bus number
(block)
Fault action Fault group address+41 point
Error code address+42 Fault action Fault group
address+43 Fault type Fault category
Fault extra data address+44 Fault extra data Fault description
address+45— Fault extra data
address+54
address+58
Day of month Hour Day of month Hour
(time stamp in BCD
Year Month format) Year Month
Milliseconds Milliseconds
Not used address+59 Not used
Start of next fault output address+60 Start of next fault output

parameter block parameter block

9
SVC_REQ 20 Examples
Example 1: Non-Extended Format
When Read_PLC transitions on, a value of 0 is moved to the parameter block, which is
located at %R00500, and the controller fault table is read. When Read_IO transitions on,
a value of 1 is moved to the parameter block and the I/O fault table is read. When the
SVC_REQ function successfully executes, coil OK is turned on.
Example 2: Extended Format

When Read_PLC_Xt transitions on, the Extended controller fault table is read. The
parameter block begins at %R00500. %R00500 contains the fault table type (PLC
Extended); %R00501 contains the starting fault to read, and %R00502 contains the
number of faults to read starting with the fault number in %R00501. When the SVC_REQ
function successfully executes, coil OK is turned on.

9
SVC_REQ 21: User-Defined Fault Logging

Use SVC_REQ 21 to define a fault that can be displayed in the controller fault table. The
fault contains binary information or an ASCII message. The user-defined fault codes start
at 0 hex.
The error code information for the fault must be within the range 0 to 2047 for an
“Application Msg:” to be displayed. If the error code is in the range 81 to 112 decimal, the
CPU sets a fault bit of the same number in %SA system memory. This allows up to 32
bits to be individually set.
Error Code Status Bit
Errors 0—80 No bit set
Errors 81—112 Sets %SA
Errors 113—2047 No bit set
Errors 2048—32,767 Reserved
When EN is active, the fault data array referenced by IN is logged as a fault to the
controller fault table. If EN is not enabled, the ok bit is cleared. If the error code is out of
range, the ok bit is cleared and the fault will not be logged as requested.
The parameter block is an input parameter block only with this format:
Error code
Parameter address MSB LSB
address+1 Text2 Text1
The input parameter data allows you to select an error code in the range 0 to 2047 and
text information that will be placed in the fault extra data portion of a long PLC fault. The
PLC fault address, fault group, and fault action are filled in by the function block.
The fault text bytes 1 – 24 can be used to pass binary or ASCII data with the fault. If the
first byte of the fault text data is non-zero, the data will be an ASCII message string. This
message will then be displayed in the fault description area of the fault table. If the
message is less than 24 characters, the ASCII string must be NULL byte-terminated. The
programmer will display “Application Msg:” and the ASCII data will be displayed as a
message immediately following “Application Msg:”. If the error code is between 1 and
2047, the error code number will be displayed immediately after “Msg” in the

9
“Application Msg:” string. (If the error code is greater than 2047, the function is ignored
and its output is set to OFF.)
If the first byte of text is zero, then only “Application Msg:” will display in the fault
description. The next 1-23 bytes will be considered binary data for user data logging. This
data is displayed in the controller fault table.
Note: When a user-defined fault is displayed in the controller fault table, a value of
-32768 (8000 hex) is added to the error code. For example, the error code 5 will
be displayed as -32763.
Example
The value passed to IN1 is the fault error code. The value passed in, 16x0057,
represents an error code of 87 decimal and will appear as part of the fault message. The
values of the next inputs give the ASCII codes for the text of the error message. For IN2,
the input is 2D45. The low byte, 45, decodes to the letter E and the high byte, 2D,
decodes to -. Continuing in this manner, the string continues with S T O P O and N. The
final character, 00, is the null character that terminates the string. In summary, the
decoding yields the string message E_STOP ON.

9
SVC_REQ 22: Mask/Unmask Timed Interrupts

Use SVC_REQ 22 to mask or unmask timed interrupts and to read the current mask.
When the interrupts are masked, the CPU does not execute any timed interrupt block
timed program that is associated with a timed interrupt. Timed interrupts are
masked/unmasked as a group. They cannot be individually masked or unmasked.
Successful execution occurs unless some number other than 0 or 1 is entered as the
requested operation or mask value.
The parameter block is an input and output parameter block.
To determine the current mask, use this format:
address 0 = Read interrupt mask
The CPU returns this format:
address 0 = Read interrupt mask
address+1 0 = Timed interrupts are unmasked
1 = Timed interrupts are masked
To change the current mask, use this format:
address 1 = Mask/unmask interrupts
address+1 0 = Unmask timed interrupts
1 = Mask timed interrupts
Example
When input %I00055 transitions on, timed interrupts are masked.

9
SVC_REQ 23: Read Master Checksum

Use SVC_REQ 23 to read master checksums for the set of user program(s) and the
configuration, and to read the checksum for the block from which the service request is
made.
There is no input parameter block for this service request. The output parameter block
requires 15 words of memory.
Output
When a RUN MODE STORE is active, the program checksums may not be valid until the
store is complete. To determine when checksums are valid, three flags (one each for
Program Block Checksum, Master Program Checksum, and Master Configuration
Checksum) are provided at the beginning of the output parameter block.
Address Description
Address Program Checksum Valid (0 = not valid, 1 = valid)
Address + 1 Master Program Checksum Valid (0 = not valid, 1 = valid)
Address + 2 Master Configuration Checksum Valid (0 = not valid, 1 = valid)
Address + 3 Number of LD/SFC Blocks (including _MAIN)
Address + 4 Size of User Program in Bytes (DWORD data type)
Address + 6 Program Set Additive Checksum
Address + 7 Program CRC Checksum (DWORD data type)
Address + 9 Size of Configuration Data in Kbytes
Address + 10 Configuration Additive Checksum
Address + 11 Configuration CRC Checksum (DWORD data type)
Address + 13 high byte: always zero
low byte: Currently Executing Block’s Additive Checksum
Address + 14 Currently Executing Block’s CRC Checksum
Example – SVC_REQ 23
When the timer using registers
%P00013 through %P00015
expires, the checksum read is
performed. The checksum data
returns in registers %P00016
through %P00030. The master
program checksum in registers
%P00022 and %P00023 (the
program checksum is a DWORD
data type and occupies two
adjacent registers) is compared
with the last saved master
program checksum. If these are
different, coil %M00055 is
latched on. The current master
program checksum is then saved
in registers %P00031 and %P00032.

9
SVC_REQ 24: Reset Module

Use SVC_REQ 24 to reset a daughterboard or some modules. Modules that support
SVC_REQ 24 include:
RX3i IC693BEM331, IC694BEM331, IC693APU300, IC694APU300, IC695ETM001,
IC693ALG2222, IC694ALG2222
RX7i: Embedded Ethernet Interface module, IC697BEM731, IC698BEM731,
IC697HSC700, IC697ALG230, IC698ETM001
The SVC_REQ output is set ON unless one of the following conditions exists:
-An invalid number for rack and/or slot is entered.
-There is no module at the specified location.
-The module at the specified location does not support a runtime reset.
-The CPU was unable to reset the module at the specified location.
For this function, the parameter block has a length of 1 word. It is an input parameter
block only.
address Module slot (low byte)
Module rack (high byte)
Rack 0, Slot 1 indicates that a reset is to be sent to the daughterboard.
Note: It is important to invoke SVC_REQ #24 for a given module for only one sweep at
a time. Each time this function executes, the target module will be reset
regardless of whether it has finished starting up from a previous reset.
After sending a SVC_REQ #24 to a module, you must wait a minimum of 5
seconds before sending another SVC_REQ #24 to the same module. This
ensures that the module has time to recover and complete its startup.
Example
This example resets the
module in rack 0/slot 2. In
rung 1, when contact
%I00200 is closed, the
positive transition coil sets
%I00250 to ON for one
sweep. The MOVE_WORD
instruction in rung 2
receives power flow and
moves the value 2 into
%R00500. The SVC_REQ
function in rung 3 then
receives power flow and
resets the module indicated
by the rack/slot value in
%R00500.

9
SVC_REQ 25: Disable/Enable EXE Block and Standalone C Program

Checksums
Use SVC_REQ 25 to enable or disable the inclusion of EXE in the background checksum
calculation. The default is to include the checksums.
This service request uses only an input parameter block.
address 0 = Disable C applications inclusion in checksum calculation
1 = Enable C application inclusion in checksum calculation
The parameter block is unchanged after execution of the service request.
Example
When the coil TEST transitions from OFF to ON, SVC_REQ 25 executes to disable the
inclusion of EXE blocks in the background checksum calculation. When coil TEST
transitions from ON to OFF, the SVC_REQ executes to again include EXE blocks in the
background checksum calculation.

9
SVC_REQ 29: Read Elapsed Power Down Time

Use SVC_REQ 29 to read the amount of time elapsed between the last power-down and
the most recent powerup. If the watchdog timer expired before power-down, the PLC is
not able to calculate the power down elapsed time, so the time is set to 0.
This service request cannot be accessed from a C block.
This function has an output parameter block only. The parameter block has a length of
three words.
address Power-down elapsed seconds (low order)
address + 1 Power-down elapsed seconds (high order)
address + 2 100µS ticks
The first two words are the power-down elapsed time in seconds. The last word is the
number of 100 microsecond ticks in the current second.
Note: Although this request responds with a resolution of 100µS, the actual accuracy is
1 second. The battery-backed clock used when the PLC is powered down is
accurate to within 1 second.
Example of SVC_REQ 29
When input %I0251 is ON, the elapsed power-down time is placed into the parameter
block that starts at %R0050. The output coil (%Q0001) is turned on.
%I0251 %Q0001
SVC_
REQ
CONST
00029 FNC
%R0050 PARM

9
SVC_REQ 32: Suspend/Resume I/O Interrupt

Use SVC_REQ 32 to suspend a set of I/O interrupts and cause occurrences of these
interrupts to be queued until these interrupts are resumed. The number of I/O interrupts
that can be queued depends on the I/O module’s capabilities. The CPU informs the I/O
module that its interrupts are to be suspended or resumed. The I/O module’s default is
resumed. The Suspend applies to all I/O interrupts associated with the I/O module.
Interrupts are suspended and resumed within a single scan.
SVC_REQ 32 uses only an input parameter block. Its length is three words.
Address 0 = resume interrupt
1 = suspend interrupt
Address + 1 memory type
Address + 2 reference (offset)
Successful execution occurs unless:
■ Some number other than 0 or 1 is passed in as the first parameter.
■ The memory type parameter is not 70 (%I memory).
■ The I/O module associated with the specified address is not an appropriate module
for this operation.
■ The reference address specified is not the first %I reference for the High Speed
Counter.
■ Communication between the CPU and this I/O module has failed. (The board is not
present, or it has experienced a fatal fault.)

9
Interrupts from the high speed counter module whose starting point reference address is
%I00065 will be suspended while the CPU solves the logic of the second rung. Without
the Suspend, an interrupt from the HSC could occur during execution of the third rung
and %T00006 could be set while %R000001 has a value other than 3,400. (%AI00001 is
the first non-discrete input reference for the High Speed Counter.)
Note: I/O interrupts, unless suspended or masked, can interrupt the execution of a
function block. The most often used application of this Service Request is to
prevent the effects of the interrupts for diagnostic or other purposes.

9
SVC_REQ 45: Skip Next I/O Scan

Use the SVC_REQ function #45 to skip the next output and input scans. Any changes to
the output reference tables during the sweep in which the SVC_REQ #45 was executed
will not be reflected on the physical outputs of the corresponding modules. Any changes
to the physical input data on the modules will not be reflected in the corresponding input
references during the sweep after the one in which the SVC_REQ #45 was executed.
This function has no parameter block.
Note: This service request is provided for conversion of Series 90-30 applications. The
Suspend I/O (SUS_IO) function block, which is supported by all PACSystems
firmware versions, should be used in new applications.
Note: The DOIO Function Block is not affected by the use of SVC_REQ #45. It will still
update the I/O when used in the same logic program as the SVC_REQ #45.
Example
In the following LD example, when the “Idle” contact passes power flow, the next Output
and Input Scan are skipped.

9
SVC_REQ 50: Read Elapsed Time Clock

Use SVC_REQ 50 to read the system's elapsed time clock. The elapsed time clock
measures the time in seconds since the CPU was powered on. The parameter block has
a length of four words used for output only.
Output
address Seconds from power on (low order)
address+1 Seconds from power on (high order)
address+2 nanosecond ticks (low order)
address+3 nanosecond ticks (high order)
The first two words are the elapsed time in seconds. The second two words are the
number of nanoseconds elapsed in the current second.
The resolution of the PLC's elapsed time clock is 100 microseconds. The overall
accuracy of the elapsed time clock is ± 0.01%. The accuracy of an individual sample of
the elapsed time clock is approximately 105 microseconds.
Warning
The SVC_REQ instruction is not protected against operating system
and user interrupts. The timing and length of these interrupts are
unpredictable. The clock sample returned by SVC_REQ 50 can
sometimes be much more than 105 microseconds old by the time
execution is returned to the LD logic

9
The following logic is used in a block that is called once in a while. The screen shot was
taken between calls to the block. The second rung of logic calculates the number of
seconds that have elapsed since the last time the block was called. The third rung
calculates the number of nanoseconds to be added to, or subtracted from, the number of
seconds. The first rung saves the previous value of novum[0] and novum[1] into vetum[0]
and vetum[1] before the second rung of logic places the current time values in novum[0]
and novum[1].

9
SVC_REQ 51: Read Sweep Time from Beginning of Sweep

Use SVC_REQ 51 to read the time in nanoseconds since the start of the sweep. The
data is unsigned 32-bit integer.
Output
The parameter block is an output parameter block only; it has a length of two words.
address time (nanoseconds) since start of scan – low order
address+1 time (nanoseconds) since start of scan – high order
Example
The elapsed time from the start of the scan is read into locations %R00200 and
%R00201 if it is greater than 10,020ns, internal coil %M0200 is turned on.

9
SVC_REQ 56: Logic Driven Read of Nonvolatile Storage

PACSystems controllers support a 64KB nonvolatile flash memory area, which can be
accessed by the logic-driven read/write service requests. Values are stored in the
nonvolatile storage area using SVC_REQ 57 (see page 9-59). These values are applied
37H
to the controller user memory on powerup.

If you want only to write to nonvolatile storage and have the values restored on a power
cycle, you may not need to use SVC_REQ 56. However, a logic driven read from
nonvolatile storage can be commanded as needed. For example, you can use
#FST_SCN with SVC_REQ 56 calls to force a reload on each Stop to Run transition.
SVC_REQ 56 specifies a read operation from nonvolatile storage when the PACSystems
is running. You can specify which reference address range to read and optionally a
different destination memory location in CPU memory in which to place the read data.
Using different memory locations enables you to set up a comparison between existing
values in CPU memory with values in nonvolatile storage.
SVC_REQ 56 execution time will vary depending on the number of values stored in
nonvolatile storage, as it will find the most recent value for the requested reference
address range.
You can read up to 32 words (64 bytes) inclusively per invocation of SVC_REQ 56.
Operation
Discrete Memory
Discrete memory can be read as individual bits or as bytes. For more information,
see Memory Type Codes” on page 9-56. 38H
If a discrete memory destination is forced, the forced value remains intact in CPU
memory even though the count in word 10 (address + 10) indicates that all the data was
read and transferred.
If a memory location has an associated transition bit and SVC_REQ 56 causes a
transition on that value, the transition bit is set.
Maximum of One Active Instruction

When SVC_REQ 56 is active, it does not support an interrupt that attempts to activate
SVC_REQ 57 or a second instance of SVC_REQ 56. If an attempt fails, an error
indicating that another instance is active will be returned.

9
Storage Disabled Conditions

By default, the following write operations disable SVC_REQ 56 until logic is written to
nonvolatile storage:
■ Run Mode Store (RMS), even if a second RMS reverts everything to the
original state.
■ Test-Edit session, even when you cancel your edits.
■ Word-for-word change.
■ Downloading to RAM only of a stopped PACSystems CPU, even if the downloaded
contents are equal to the contents already on the nonvolatile storage. Setting bit 0
of input word 8 (address + 7) to a value of 1 enables SVC_REQ 56 despite the
above conditions.
ENO and Power Flow To The Right

If the status is Success or Partial Read (see address+9), on the SVC_REQ instruction,
ENO is set to True in FBD and ST, and power flow passes to the right in LD.
Parameter Block
address+0 Memory type. See “Memory Type Codes” on page 9-56. 39H
address+1 The zero-based offset N to read from nonvolatile storage. Contains the complete offset for any
memory area except %W, which also requires the use of address + 2 for offsets greater than 65,535.
address+2
▪ For %I, %Q, %M, %T, and %G memory in byte mode, N = (Ra - 1) / 8, where Ra = one-based
reference address. For example, to read from the one-based bit reference address %T33, enter
the byte offset 4: (33 - 1) / 8 = 4.
▪ For %W, %R, %AI, and %AQ memory, and for %I, %Q, %M, %T, and %G memory in bit mode, N
= Ra - 1. For example, to read from the one-based reference address %R200, enter the zero-
based reference offset 199; to read from %I73 in bit mode, enter offset 72. For memory in bit
mode, the offset must be set on a byte boundary, that is, a number exactly divisible by 8: 0, 8, 16,
24, and so on.
address+3 Length. The number of items to read from nonvolatile storage beginning at the reference address
calculated from the offset defined at [address + 1 and address + 2]. The length can be one of the
following:
Description Valid range
The number of words (16-bit registers) to read 1 through 32 words
from %W, %R, %AI, or %AQ nonvolatile storage
The number of bytes to read from %I, %Q, %M, 1 through 64 bytes
%T, or %G in byte mode nonvolatile storage
The number of bits to read from %I, %Q, %M, 1 through 512 bits in
%T, or %G in bit mode nonvolatile storage increments of 8 bits
The value must reside in the low byte of address + 3. The high byte must be set to zero.
address + 4 Destination memory. The CPU memory area to write the read data to. This does not need to be the
same memory area as specified at [address]. Writing to a different memory area enables you to
compare the values that were already in the CPU with the values read from nonvolatile storage.

9
address+5 The zero-based offset N in CPU memory to start writing the read data to. Address + 5, the least
significant word, contains the complete offset for any memory area except %W, which also requires
address+6
the use of address + 6 for offsets greater than 65,535.
▪ For %I, %Q, %M, %T, and %G memory in byte mode, N = (Ra - 1) / 8, where Ra = one-based
reference address. For example, to write to the one-based bit reference address %T33, enter the
byte offset 4: (33 - 1) / 8 = 4.
▪ For %W, %R, %AI, and %AQ memory, and for %I, %Q, %M, %T, and %G memory in bit mode, N
= Ra - 1. For example, to write to the one-based reference address %R200, enter the zero-based
reference offset 199; to write to %I73 in bit mode, enter offset 72.
address+7 ▪ When bit 0 is set to 1, storage disabled conditions are ignored. A read is allowed even if the logic
in RAM has changed since nonvolatile storage was read or written.
▪ Bits 1 through 15 must be set to zero; otherwise, the read fails.
address+8 Reserved. Must be set to zero; otherwise, the read fails.
address+9 Response status. The status read from nonvolatile storage. The low byte contains the major error
code; the high byte contains the minor error code.
For definitions, see “Response Status Codes” on page 9-57. 40H
address+10 Response Count. The number of words, bytes, or bits copied.
Memory Type Codes

Type Decimal Value Type Decimal Value
%R 8 %G (byte mode) 56
%AI 10 %I (bit mode) 70
%AQ 12 %Q (bit mode) 72
%I (byte mode) 16 %T (bit mode) 74
%Q (byte mode) 18 %M (bit mode) 76
%T (byte mode) 20 %G (bit mode) 86
%M (byte mode) 22 %W 196

9
Response Status Codes for SVC_REQ 56

Minor Major Description
00 01 Success. All values requested were found and copied.
01 01 Partial Read. All values found were copied, but some or all values were not in
storage.
01 02 Insufficient Destination Memory. The Destination memory location is not large
enough to store the requested values.
02 02 Invalid Length. The length requested is larger than 64 bytes or less than 1 byte
or the number of bits is not an exact multiple of 8.
03 02 Invalid storage or destination reference address. A specified memory area is
not %I, %Q, %T, %M, %G, %R, %AI, %AQ, or %W, or the offset is out of
range, or the offset is not byte-aligned for discrete memory in bit mode.
04 02 Invalid request. Spare bits or spare words in parameter block are not set
to zero.
01 03 Storage Busy. A SVC_REQ 57 or another SVC_REQ 56 instruction is active.
For example, an interrupt block is attempting to execute SVC_REQ 56 when
the block it interrupted was executing SVC_REQ 56.
01 04 Storage Disabled. The logic in RAM differs from the logic in nonvolatile
storage. See Storage disabled conditions.
02 04 Storage Closed. Either the storage has not been created or a previous
corruption error or unexpected read/write failure closed the storage.
01 05 Unexpected Read Failure. A command to the storage hardware failed
unexpectedly.
02 05 Corrupted storage. A corrupted checksum or storage header caused a read to
fail.

9
SVC_REQ 56 Example
The following LD logic reads ten continuous bytes written to nonvolatile storage from
%G1—%G80 into %G193—%G273. The value applied to IN1, 56, selects byte mode.
The parameter block starts at %R00040. The response words are returned to %R00049
and %R00050.
Parameter Block for SVC_REQ 56 Example

Address + Offset Address Input Value Definition
address+0 %R00040 56 Data type = %G (byte mode)
address+1 %R00041 0 Address written from, low word
address+2 %R00042 0 Address written from, high word
address+3 %R00043 10 Length = 10 bytes
address+4 %R00044 56 Data type to write to = %G (byte mode)
address+5 %R00045 24 Address to write to, low word
address+6 %R00046 0 Address to write to, high word
address+7 %R00047 0 Storage disabled conditions are enforced
address+8 %R00048 0 Reserved, must be set to 0
address+9 %R00049 NA Response status.
address+10 %R00050 NA Response count.

9
SVC_REQ 57: Logic Driven Write to Nonvolatile Storage

PACSystems controllers support a 64KB nonvolatile flash memory area, which can be
accessed by the logic-driven read/write service requests. Values are stored in the
nonvolatile storage area using SVC_REQ 57. These values are applied to the controller
user memory on power up.
SVC_REQ 57 specifies a range of reference addresses to read from a running
PACSystems CPU and write to nonvolatile storage. This functionality is intended to retain
a limited set of values, such as set points or tuning parameters, that need to change
when the PACSystems is running.
Note: Nonvolatile storage is intended for storing values that do not change frequently.
Once the nonvolatile storage area fills up, a power cycle or stop mode store is
required to store more values. The logic-driven write is not a replacement for
battery backed RAM for values that change frequently or during every sweep.
(See “When nonvolatile storage is full” on page 9-60.)
41H
SVC_REQ 57 scans the nonvolatile storage to find the most recent values stored for the
specified range. If it finds no values for the range or the most recent stored values are
different, the new values are written to nonvolatile storage.
You can write up to 32 words (64 bytes) inclusively per invocation of SVC_REQ 57. Each
invocation requires 4 words of command data (8 bytes). A 1-byte write requires 9 bytes
whereas a 64-byte write requires 72 bytes. You can generally make the most efficient use
of nonvolatile storage by transferring data in 64-byte increments. See, however,
“Fragmentation” on page 9-60. 42H
Erase Cycles
The flash component on the PACSystems CPU is rated for 100K erase cycles. Erase
cycles occur under the following conditions:
■ Write to flash is commanded from the programmer.
■ Clear flash operation.
■ Flash compaction after a power cycle when flash memory allotted for SVC_REQ 57
has become full.
Operation
Discrete memory
Discrete memory can be written to as individual bits or as bytes. For more information,
see Address.
Forced and transition information is not written to nonvolatile storage.
Retentiveness
Writing values to nonvolatile storage for non-retentive memory such as %T does not
make the memory retentive. For example, all values stored to %T memory are set to zero
on power-up or a stop to run transition. You can, however, read such values from storage
after power-up or stop to run transition by using SVC_REQ 56.

9
Maximum of one active instruction

When SVC_REQ 57 is active, it does not support an interrupt that attempts to activate
SVC_REQ 56 or a second instance of SVC_REQ 57.
Storage disabled conditions

By default, the following write operations disable SVC_REQ 57 until logic is written to
■ Run Mode Store (RMS), even if a second RMS reverts everything to the original
state
■ Test-Edit session, even when you cancel your edits
■ Word-for-word change
■ Downloading to RAM only of a stopped PACSystems CPU, even if the downloaded
contents are equal to the contents already on the nonvolatile storage
Setting bit 0 of input word 4 (address + 4) to a value of 1 enables SVC_REQ 57 despite
the above conditions.
Error checking
When writing to nonvolatile storage, error checking is provided to ensure that logic and
the Hardware Configuration (HWC) in nonvolatile memory match the logic and HWC in
PACSystems RAM.
Fragmentation
Due to the nature of the media in PACSystems CPUs, writes may produce fragmentation,
which causes the loss of more space on a write than is actually required for the write. For
instance, if you write 64 bytes, but there are fewer than 64 bytes remaining in the current
memory sector, the data is written into a new sector. This occurs because data records
are not allowed to span sectors, which means that there may be unused bytes at the end
of full sectors. The response data to the write request (address+8, address+9) will show
that the amount of available memory is reduced by the amount of data lost in the old
sector plus the 64 bytes of data plus the 8 bytes of command data.
When nonvolatile storage is full

When logic driven user nonvolatile storage is full, a fault is logged. Before you can use
SVC_REQ 57 to write again, use one of the following solutions:
To retain the most up-to-date data and continue writing with SVC_REQ 57 to
1. Stop the PACSystems.
2. Power cycle the PACSystems.
A power cycle when nonvolatile storage is full triggers a compaction of existing
data. During compaction, multiple writes of the same reference memory address
are removed, which leaves only the most recent data, and contiguous reference
memory addresses are combined into the fewest number of records necessary.
If compaction cannot take place, a second fault is logged and you need to use
one of the following two solutions.

9
To retain specific data from nonvolatile storage, clear nonvolatile storage, and then
return the data to nonvolatile storage:
1. While the controller is still running, use SVC_REQ 56 to read the desired values
into PACSystems memory.
2. Upload the current values from controller memory as initial values to your project.
3. Stop the controller.
4. Do one of the following:

Clear the flash memory, or
Write to flash. The flash is erased prior to writing, which frees up some space.
5. Download the initial values to the controller.
6. Start the controller.
7. Use SVC_REQ 57 to write the desired values from controller memory to

nonvolatile storage.
To write to flash to erase everything:
1. Stop the Controller.
2. Write to flash. The flash is erased prior to writing, which frees up some space.
Equality
Because data in nonvolatile storage is not considered part of the project, writing to
nonvolatile storage does not impact equality between the CPU and Logic
Developer - PLC.
Redundancy
Redundancy systems can benefit from the use of logic driven user nonvolatile storage as
long as all of the references saved to nonvolatile storage are included in the transfer lists.
Each redundancy CPU maintains its own separate logic driven user nonvolatile storage
by means of SVC_REQ 57 during its logic scan. If the values of reference addresses to
be stored to user nonvolatile storage are synchronized, the logic driven user nonvolatile
storage data in each CPU is identical. If the values to be stored are not synchronized,
then each CPU’s user nonvolatile storage may be different.
ENO and power flow to the right

If the status is Success or Partial Read, then on the SVC_REQ instruction, ENO is set to
True in FBD and ST, and power flow passes to the right in LD.

9
Parameter Block
address+0 Memory type. See “Memory Type Codes” on page 9-56. 43H
address+1 The zero-based offset N to write to nonvolatile storage. Contains the complete offset
for any memory area except %W, which also requires the use of address + 2 for
address+2
offsets greater than 65,535.
▪ For %I, %Q, %M, %T, and %G memory in byte mode, N = (Ra - 1) / 8, where
Ra = one-based reference address. For example, to read from the one-based bit
reference address %T33, enter the byte offset 4: (33 - 1) / 8 = 4.
▪ For %W, %R, %AI, and %AQ memory, and for %I, %Q, %M, %T, and %G
memory in bit mode, N = Ra - 1. For example, to read from the one-based
reference address %R200, enter the zero-based reference offset 199; to read
from %I73 in bit mode, enter offset 72. For memory- in- bit mode, the offset must
be set on a byte boundary, that is, a number exactly divisible by 8: 0, 8, 16, 24,
and so on.
address+3 Length. The number of items to write to nonvolatile storage beginning at the reference
address calculated from the offset defined at [address + 1 and address + 2]. The
length can be one of the following:
Description Valid range
The number of words (16-bit registers) to read 1 through 32 words
from %W, %R, %AI, or %AQ nonvolatile storage
The number of bytes to read from %I, %Q, %M, 1 through 64 bytes
%T, or %G in byte mode nonvolatile storage
The number of bits to read from %I, %Q, %M, 1 through 512 bits in
%T, or %G in bit mode nonvolatile storage increments of 8 bits
The value must reside in the low byte of address + 3. The high byte must be set
to zero.
address + 4 When bit 0 is set to 1, storage disabled conditions, described on page 9-60, are
4H
ignored. A write is allowed even if the logic in RAM has changed since nonvolatile
storage was read or written.
Bits 1 through 15 must be set to zero; otherwise, the write fails.
address+5 Reserved. Value must be set to zero.
address+6 Response status. The low byte contains the major error code; the high byte contains
the minor error code.
address+7 Count of items written. Words, bytes or bits.
address+8 The number of bytes available in nonvolatile storage.
address+9
address+10 Reserved.
address+11

9
Response Status Codes for SVC_REQ 57

Minor Major Description
00 01 Success. All values requested were written.
01 01 Existing values found. All values requested are in storage, but one or more
values were already stored.
01 02 Insufficient source memory. Counting from the offset, not enough reference
addresses are left in the specified memory area.
02 02 Invalid length. The length requested was larger than 64 bytes or less than 1
byte or the number of bits is not divisible by 8.
03 02 Invalid source reference address. The memory area specified is not supported,
the starting or ending offset is out of range, or the offset is not byte-aligned for
discrete memory areas.
04 02 Invalid request. Spare bits or spare words in the parameter block are not set
to zero.
01 03 Storage busy. A SVC_REQ 56 or another SVC_REQ 57 instruction is active.
For example, an interrupt block is attempting to execute SVC_REQ 57 when
the block it interrupted was executing SVC_REQ 57.
01 04 Storage disabled. The logic in RAM differs from the logic stored in nonvolatile
storage. See “Storage Disabled Conditions” on page 9-60, 45H
02 04 Storage closed. Either the storage has not been created or a previous
corruption error or unexpected read/write failure closed the storage.
01 05 Unexpected write failure. The command to the storage hardware failed
unexpectedly.
02 05 Corrupted storage. The write failed due to a bad checksum or corrupted
storage header information.
01 06 Write failed. Storage is full.

9
SVC_REQ 57 Example
The following LD logic writes ten continuous bytes to nonvolatile storage, ranging from
%G1 through %G80. The value applied to IN1, 56, determines byte mode.
The parameter block starts at %R00050. The response words are returned to
%R00056—%R00059.
Parameter Block for SVC_REQ 57 Example

Address + Input
Address Definition
Offset Value
address+0 %R00050 56 Data type = %G (byte mode)
address+1 %R00051 0 Address written from, low word
address+2 %R00052 0 Address written from, high word
address+3 %R00053 10 Length = 10 bytes
address+4 %R00054 0 Storage disabled conditions are enforced
address+5 %R00055 0 Reserved, must be set to 0
address+6 %R00056 NA Response status. The low byte contains the major error
code; the high byte contains the minor error code.
address+7 %R00057 NA Count of items written. Words, bytes or bits.
address+8 %R00058 NA The number of bytes available in nonvolatile storage.
address+9 %R00059 NA
address+10 %R00060 NA Reserved
address+11 %R00061 NA Reserved

Chapter PID Built-in Function Block
10
This chapter describes the PID (Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative) built-in function
block, which is used for closed-loop process control. The PID function compares feedback
from a process variable (PV) with a desired process set point (SP) and updates a control
variable (CV) based on the error.
The PID function uses PID loop gains and other parameters stored in a 40-word reference
array of 16-bit integer words to solve the PID algorithm at the desired time interval.
Ladder Diagram Function Block Diagram
This chapter presents the following topics:

■ Operands of the PID Function
■ Reference Array for the PID Function
■ PID Algorithm Selection and Gain Calculations
■ Determining the Process Characteristics
■ Setting and Tuning Loop Gains
■ Example
GFK-2222P 10-1
10
Operands of the PID Function
Operands for LD Version of PID Function Block

Operands
Address Location of the PID reference array, which contains user- WORD R, L, P, W No
(????) configurable and internal parameters, described on page and symbolic
10-4. Uses 40 words that cannot be shared.
0H
SP The control loop or process Set Point. Set using Process INT, BOOL All except S, SA, No
Variable counts, the PID function adjusts the output array of length SB, and SC
Control Variable so that the Process Variable matches the 16 or more
Set Point (zero error).
PV Process Variable input from the process being controlled. INT, BOOL All except S, SA, No
Often a %AI input. array of length SB, and SC, and
16 or more constant
MAN When energized to 1 (through a contact), the PID function NA Flow No
block is in manual mode. If this input is 0, the PID function
block is in automatic mode.
UP If energized along with MAN, increases the Control NA Flow No
Variable by 1 CV count per solution of the PID function.
DN If energized along with MAN, decreases the Control NA Flow No
Variable by 1 CV count per solution of the PID function..
CV The Control Variable output to the process. Often a %AQ INT, BOOL All except %S and No
output. array of length constant
16 or more

10
Operands for FBD Version of PID Function Block

Parameter above PID reference array, which contains user- WORD R, L, P, W No
the instruction configurable and internal parameters, and symbolic
described on page 10-4. Uses 40 words that
1H
cannot be shared.
Function block solve Calculated by the FBD editor. NA NA No
order – FBD version
SP The control loop or process Set Point. Set INT, BOOL array All except S, SA, SB, No
using Process Variable counts, the PID of length 16 or and SC
function adjusts the output Control Variable more
so that the Process Variable matches the
Set Point (zero error).
PV Process Variable input from the process INT, BOOL array All except S, SA, SB, SC No
being controlled. Often a %AI input. of length 16 or and constant
more
MAN When energized to 1 (through a contact), BOOL All No
the PID function block is in manual mode. If
this input is 0, the PID block is in automatic
mode.
UP If energized along with MAN, increases the BOOL All No
Control Variable by 1 CV count per solution
of the PID function block.
DN If energized along with MAN, decreases the BOOL All No
Control Variable by 1 CV count per solution
of the PID function block.
CV The Control Variable output to the process. INT, BOOL array All except %S and No
Often a %AQ output. of length 16 or constant
more
GFK-2222P Chapter 10 PID Built-in Function Block 10-3

10
Reference Array for the PID Function

This parameter block for the PID function occupies 40 words of memory, located at the
starting Address specified in the PID function block operands. Some of the words are
configurable. Other words are used by the CPU for internal PID storage and are normally not
changed.
Every PID function call must use a different 40-word memory area, even if all the configurable
parameters are the same.
The configurable words of the reference array must be specified before executing the PID
function. Zeros can be used for most default values. Once suitable PID values have been
chosen, they can be defined as constants in BLKMOV functions so the program can set and
change them as needed.
The LD version of the PID function does not pass power flow if there is an error in the
configurable parameters. The function can be monitored using a temporary coil while
modifying data.
Note: If you set the Override bit (bit 0) of the Control Word (word 15 of the reference array)
to 1, the next four bits of the control word must be set to control the PID function
block input contacts, and the Internal SP (word 16) and Internal PV (word 18) must
be set because you have taken control of the PID function block away from the
ladder logic.
Scaling Input and Outputs

All parameters of the PID function are 16 bit integer words for compatibility with 16 bit analog
process variables. Some parameters must be defined in either PV counts or units or in CV
counts or units.
The SP input must be scaled over the same range as the PV, because the PID function
calculates error by subtracting these two inputs.
The process PV and control CV counts do not have to use the same scaling. Either may be -
32000 or 0 to 32000 to match analog scaling, or from 0 to 10000 to display variables as
0.00% to 100.00%. If the process PV and control CV do not use the same scaling, scale
factors are included in the PID gains.

10
Reference Array Parameters

Note: Machine Edition software allows you to modify the configurable parameters for a PID
instruction in real time in online programmer mode. To customize PID parameters,
right click the PID function and select Tuning.
Words Parameter/Description Low Bit Units Range
1 Loop Number Integer 0 to 255 (for
user display
(Address + 0) Optional number of the PID block. It provides a common identification in the
only)
CPU with the loop number defined by an operator interface device.
2 Algorithm - Set by the CPU
(Address + 1) 1 = ISA algorithm
2 = independent algorithm
3 Sample Period 10 ms. 0 (every sweep)
to 65535
(Address + 2) The shortest time, in 10 ms. increments, between solutions of the PID
(10.9 Min) At
algorithm. For example, use a 10 for a 100 ms. sample period.
least 10ms.
4,5 Dead Band + PV Counts Dead Band +: 0
Dead Band – to 32767
(Address + 3,
(never
Address + 4) Integral values defining the upper (+) and lower (-) Dead Band limits. If no
negative)
Dead Band is required, these values must be 0. If the PID Error (SP - PV) or
(PV - SP) is above the (-) value and below the (+) value, the PID calculations Dead Band -: -
are solved with an Error of 0. If non-zero, the (+) value must greater than 0 32768 to 0
and the (-) value less than 0 or the PID block will not function. (never positive)
Leave these at 0 until the PID loop gains are set up or tuned. A Dead Band
might be added to avoid small CV output changes due to variations in error.
6 PID_IND: Proportional Gain (Kp) 0.01 CV%/PV% 0 to 327.67%
PID_ISA: Controller gain (Kc = Kp) %CV / %PV
(Address + 5)
PID_IND: Change in the Control Variable in CV Counts for a 100 PV Count
change in the Error term. Entered as an integer representing a fixed-point
decimal ratio with two decimal places. Displayed as a ratio of percentages
with two decimal places.
For example, a Kp entered as 450 is displayed as 4.50 and results in a
Kp * Error / 100 or 450 * Error / 100 contribution to the PID Output.
PID_ISA: Same as PID_IND.
Kp is generally the first gain set when adjusting a PID loop.
7 PID_IND: Derivative Gain (Kd) 0.01 seconds 0 to 327.67 sec
(Address + 6) PID_ISA: Derivative Time (Td = Kd)
PID_IND: Change in the Control Variable in CV Counts if the Error or PV
changes 1 PV Count every 10 ms. Entered as an integer representing a
fixed-point decimal time in seconds with two decimal places. The least
significant digit represents 0.01 second (10 ms.) units. Displayed as seconds
with two decimal places.
For example, Kd entered as 120 is displayed as 1.20 Sec and results in a
Kd * Δ Error / delta time or 120 * 4 / 3 contribution to the PID Output if Error
changing by 4 PV Counts every 30ms. Kd can be used to speed up a slow
loop response, but is very sensitive to PV input noise. This noise sensitivity
can be reduced by using the derivative filter, which is enabled by setting bit 5
of the Config Word (see page 10-7.)
2H
PID_ISA: The ISA derivative time in seconds, Td, is entered and displayed in
the same way as Kd. Total derivative contribution to PID Output is
Kc * Td * Δ Error / dt.

10

8 PID_IND: Integral Rate (Ki) Repeats/0.001 0 to 32.767
PID_ISA: Integral Rate (1/Ti = Ki) Sec. repeats/sec
(Address + 7)
PID_IND: Rate of change in the Control Variable in CV Counts per second
when the Error is a constant 1 PV Count. Entered as an integer representing
a fixed-point decimal rate with three decimal places. The least significant digit
represents 0.001 counts per second, or 1 count per 0.001 second. Displayed
as Repeats/Sec with three decimal places.
For example, Ki entered as 1400 is displayed as 1.400 Repeats/Sec and
results in a Ki * Error * dt or 1400 * 20 * 50/1000 = 1,400 contribution to PID
Output for an Error of 20 PV Counts and a 50 ms. CPU sweep time (Sample
Period of 0).
PID_ISA: The ISA Integral Time in seconds, Ti, must be inverted and entered,
as integral rate, as described for PID_IND. Total integral contribution to PID
Output is Kc * Ki * Error * dt.
Ki is usually the second gain set after Kp.
9 CV Bias/Output Offset CV Counts -32768 to 32767
(add to PID
(Address + 8) Number of CV Counts added to the PID Output before the rate and amplitude
output)
clamps. It can be used to set non-zero CV values when only Kp Proportional
gains are used, or for feed-forward control of this PID loop output from
another control loop.
10, 11 CV Upper Clamp CV Counts -32768 to 32767
CV Lower Clamp (Word 10 must
(Address + 9.
be greater than
Address + 10) Number of CV Counts that define the highest and lowest value that CV is
word 11.)
allowed to take. These values are required. The Upper Clamp must have a
more positive value than the Lower Clamp, or the PID block will not work.
These are usually used to define limits based on physical limits for a CV
output. They are also used to scale the Bar Graph display for CV. The PID
block has anti-reset-windup, controlled by bit 4 of the Config Word, to modify
the integral term value when a CV clamp is reached.
12 Minimum Slew Time Seconds / Full 0 (none) to
Travel 32000 sec
(Address + 11) Minimum number of seconds for the CV output to move from 0 to full travel of
to move full CV
100% or 32000 CV Counts. It is an inverse rate limit on how fast the CV
travel
output can change.
If positive, CV cannot change more than 32000 CV Counts times the solution
time interval (seconds) divided by Minimum Slew Time.
For example, if the Sample Period is 2.5 seconds and the Minimum Slew
Time is 500 seconds, CV cannot change more than 32000 * 2.5 / 500 or 160
CV Counts per PID solution.
The integral term value is adjusted if the CV rate limit is exceeded.
When Minimum Slew Time is 0, there is no CV rate limit. Set Minimum Slew
Time to 0 while tuning or adjusting PID loop gains.

10

13 Config Word Low 6 bits used Boolean
(Address + 12) The low 6 bits of this word are used to modify default PID settings. The other
bits should be set to 0.
Bit 0: Error Term Mode. When this bit is 0, the error term is SP - PV. When
this bit is 1, the error term is PV - SP. Setting this bit to 1 modifies the
standard PID Error Term from the normal (SP – PV) to (PV – SP), reversing
the sign of the feedback term. This mode is used for reverse acting controls
where the CV must go down when the PV goes up.
Bit 1: Output Polarity. When this bit is 0, the CV output is the output of the
PID calculation. When it is set to 1, the CV output is the negated output of the
PID calculation. Setting this bit to 1 inverts the Output Polarity so that CV is
the negative of the PID output rather than the normal positive value.
Bit 2: Derivative action on PV. When this bit is 0, the derivative action is
applied to the error term. When it is set to 1, the derivative action is applied to
PV only.
Bit 3: Deadband action. When the Deadband action bit is 0, the actual error
value is used for the PID calculation.
When the Deadband action bit is 1, deadband action is chosen. If the error
value is within the deadband limits, the error used for the PID calculation is
forced to be zero. If, however, the error value is outside the deadband limits,
the magnitude of the error used for the PID calculation is reduced by the
deadband limit (|error| = |error – deadband limit|).
Bit 4: Anti-reset windup action. When this bit is 0, the anti-reset-windup action
uses a reset (integral term) back-calculation. When the output is clamped, the
accumulated integral term is replaced with whatever value is necessary to
produce the clamped output exactly.
When the bit is 1, the accumulated integral term is replaced with the value of
the integral term at the start of the calculation. In this way, the pre-clamp
integral value is retained as long as the output is clamped. This option is not
recommended for new applications. See “CV Amplitude and Rate Limits” on
page 10-14.
3H
Bit 5: Enable derivative filtering. When this bit is set to 0, no filtering is applied
to the derivative term.
When set to 1, a first order filter is applied. This will limit the effects of higher
frequency process disturbances, such as measurement noise, on the
derivative term.
Setting Config Word: Set Config Word to 0 for default operation. Add 1
(16#0001) to set bit 0, add 2 (16#0002) to set bit 1, add 4 (16#0004) to set bit
2, add 8 (16#0008) to set bit 3, add 16 (16#0010) to set bit 4, and add 32
(16#0020) to set bit 5. For example, to set bits 0, 3 and 5 only, set Config
Word to 1 + 8 + 32 = 41 (16#0029). Some users will find the Config Word
value easier to interpret in hexadecimal (16#) format.
14 Manual Command CV Counts Tracks CV in
Auto or sets CV
(Address + 13) Set to the current CV output while the PID block is in Automatic mode. When
in Manual
the block is switched to Manual mode, this value is used to set the CV output
and the internal value of the integral term within the Upper and Lower Clamp
and Slew Time limits.

10

15 Control Word Maintained by the Boolean
If the Override bit (bit 0) is set to 1, the Control Word and the internal SP, PV CPU, unless bit 0
(Address + 14)
and CV parameters must be used for remote operation of the PID block (see (Override) is set to
below). This allows a remote operator interface device, such as a computer, 1.
to take control away from the PLC program.
Caution: If you do not want to allow remote operation of the PID block, make
sure the Control Word is set to 0. If the low bit is 0, the next 4 bits can be read
to track the status of the PID input contacts as long as the PID Enable contact
has power.
Control Word is a discrete data structure with the first five bit positions defined
in the following format:
Bit: Word Function: Status or External Action if Override bit is set to 1:
Value:
0 1 Override If 0, monitor block contacts below. If 1, set them
externally.
1 2 Manual If 1, block is in Manual mode. If other numbers, it is in
/Auto Automatic mode.
2 4 Enable Should normally be 1. Otherwise block is never called.
3 8 UP If 1 and Manual (Bit 1) is 1, CV is incremented every
/Raise solution.
4 16 DN If 1 and Manual (Bit 1) is 1, CV is decremented every
/Lower solution.
16 Internal SP Set and Non-

maintained by the configurable,
(Address + 15) Tracks the SP input. If Override = 1, must be set externally to solve the PID
CPU, unless bit 1 0 unless bit 1 0
algorithm using an alternate SP value. The original SP value is maintained
(Override) of (Override) of
until overwritten.
Control Word is Control Word is
set to 1. set to 1.
17 Internal CV Set and Non-
maintained by the configurable.
(Address + 16) Tracks CV output.
CPU.
18 Internal PV Set and Non-
maintained by the configurable,
(Address + 17) Tracks PV input. Must be set externally if Override bit is set to 1.
CPU, unless bit 1 0 unless bit 1 0
(Override) of (Override) of
Control Word is set Control Word
to 1. is set to 1.
19 Output Set and Non-
(Address + 18) A Signed word value representing the output of the function block before the
CPU.
optional inversion. If the output polarity bit in the Config Word is set to 0, this
value equals the CV output. If the output polarity bit is set to 1, this value
equals the negative of the CV output.
20 Derivative Term Storage
(Address + 19) Used internally for storage of intermediate values. Do not write to this location.
21, 22 Integral Term Storage
(Address + 20. Used internally for storage of intermediate values. Do not write to these
Address + 21) locations.
23 Slew Term Storage
(Address +22) Used internally for storage of intermediate values. Do not write to this location.
24 – 26 Previous Solution Time Set and Non-
(Address + 23 – Internal storage of time of last PID solution. Normally do not write to these
CPU.
Address + 25) locations. Some special circumstances may justify writing to these locations.
Note: If you call the PID block in Automatic mode after a long delay, you
might want to use SVC_REQ #16 or SVC_REQ #51 to load the current CPU
elapsed time clock into Word 24 to update the last PID solution time to avoid a
step change of the integral term.

10

27 Integral Remainder Storage Set and Non-
(Address + 26) Holds remainder from integral term scaling.
CPU.
28, 29 SP, PV Lower Range PV Counts -32768 to 32767
(Address + SP, PV Upper Range
27,Address + 28) Optional integer values in PV Counts that define high and low display values
for SP and PV. (Word 29 must be greater than word 28.)
30 Reserved N/A Non-
configurable.
(Address + 29) Word 30 is reserved. Do not use this location.
31, 32 Previous Derivative Term Storage Set and Non-
(Address + 30, Used in calculations for derivative filter. Do not write to these locations.
CPU.
Address + 31)
33 – 40 Reserved N/A Non-
Words 32-39 are reserved. Do not use these references. configurable
(Address + 32 –
Address + 39)

10
Operation of the PID Function

Automatic Operation
The PID function can be called as often as every 10 milliseconds by providing power flow to
the Enable input and no power flow to the Manual input. The function block compares the
current CPU time with the last PID solution time stored in the reference array. If the interval
between the two times is equal to or greater than the Sample Period (word 3 of the reference
array) and also equal to or greater than 10 milliseconds, the PID algorithm is solved using
this time interval. Both the last solution time and CV output are updated. In Automatic mode,
the output CV is placed in the Manual Command parameter (word 14 of the reference array).
Note: If you call the PID block in Auto mode after a long delay, you may want to use
SVC_REQ 16 or SVC_REQ 51 to load the current CPU time into the stored previous
solution time (word 24 of the reference array, described on page 10-8). This will
4H
update the last PID solution time and avoid a large step change of the integral term.
Manual Operation
The PID function block is placed in Manual mode by providing power flow to both the Enable
and Manual input contacts. The output CV is set from the Manual Command parameter. If
either the UP or DN inputs have power flow, the Manual Command word is incremented (UP)
or decremented (DN) by one CV count every PID solution. For faster manual changes of the
output CV, it is also possible to add or subtract any CV count value directly to/from the
Manual Command word (word 14 of the reference array).
The PID function block uses the CV Upper Clamp and CV Lower Clamp parameters to limit
the CV output. If a positive Minimum Slew Time (word 12 of the reference array) is defined, it
is used to limit the rate of change of the CV output. If either CV Clamp or the rate of change
limit is exceeded, the value of the integral (reset) term is adjusted so that CV is at the limit.
The anti-reset-windup feature assures that when the error term tries to drive CV above (or
below) the clamps for a long period of time, the CV output will move off the clamp
immediately when the error term changes sufficiently.
This operation, with the Manual Command tracking CV in Automatic mode and setting CV in
Manual mode, provides a bump-less transfer between Automatic and Manual modes. The CV
Upper and Lower Clamps and the Minimum Slew Time always apply to the CV output in
Manual mode and the integral term is always updated. This assures that when a user rapidly
changes the Manual Command value in Manual mode, the CV output cannot change any
faster than the slew rate limit set by the Minimum Slew Time, and the CV cannot go above
the CV Upper Clamp limit or below the CV Lower Clamp limit.

10
Time Interval for the PID Function

The start time of each PLC sweep is used as the current time when calculating the time
interval between solutions of the PID function. The times and time intervals have a resolution
of 100 microseconds. When an application uses multiple PID functions, all of them use the
same time value.
The PID algorithm is solved when the current time is equal to or greater than the time of the
last PID solution plus the Sample Period or 10 milliseconds; whichever is larger. If the
Sample Period is set for execution on every sweep (value = 0), the PID function is restricted
to a minimum of 10 milliseconds between solutions. If the sweep time is less than 10
milliseconds, the PID function waits until enough sweeps have occurred to accumulate
an elapsed time of at least 10 milliseconds. For example, if the sweep time is 9
milliseconds, the PID function executes every other sweep, and the time interval between
solutions is 18 milliseconds. If a specific PID function is executed more than once per sweep
(by referencing the same reference array location in multiple PID function blocks), the
algorithm is solved only on the first call.
The longest possible interval between executions is 65,535 times 10 milliseconds, or 10
minutes, 55.35 seconds.

10
PID Algorithm Selection (PIDISA or PIDIND) and Gain Calculations

The PID function supports both the Independent Term (PID_IND) and ISA standard
(PID_ISA) forms of the PID algorithm. The Independent Term form takes its name from the
fact that the coefficients for the proportional, integral and derivative terms act independently.
The ISA algorithm is named for the Instrument Society of America (now the International
Society for Measurement and Control), which standardized and promoted it.
The two algorithms differ in how words 6 through 8 of the reference array are used and in
how the PID output (CV) is calculated.
The Independent term PID (PID_IND) algorithm calculates the output as:
PID Output = Kp * Error + Ki * Error * dt + Kd * Derivative + CV Bias
where Kp is the proportional gain, Ki is the integral rate, Kd is the derivative time, and dt is the time
interval since the last solution.
The ISA (PID_ISA) algorithm has different coefficients for the terms:
PID Output = Kc * (Error + Error * dt/Ti + Td * Derivative) + CV Bias
where Kc is the controller gain, Ti is the Integral time and Td is the Derivative time. The
advantage of PID_ISA is that adjusting Kc changes the contribution for the integral and
derivative terms as well as the proportional term, which can simplify loop tuning.
If you have the PID_ISA Kc, Ti and Td values, use the following equations to convert them to
use as PID_IND parameters:
Kp = Kc, Ki = Kc/Ti, and Kd = Kc * Td
The following diagram shows how the PID_IND algorithm works:
CV
Proportional Term =
Bias
Error Term Kp * Error
SP Sign
+/-
Integral Term =
Dead Slew Upper / Lower Polarity
Band
Previous Integ. Term + + CV
Limit Clamp
Ki * Error * ΔTime
-/+
PV Deriv Action Derivative Term =
Δ Value
Δ Value
Δ Time Kd *
Δ Time
The ISA Algorithm (PID_ISA) is similar except that its Kc gain coefficient is applied after the
three terms are summed, so that the integral gain is Kc / Ti and the derivative gain is Kc * Td.
Bits 0, 1 and 2 in the Config Word set the Error sign, Output Polarity and Derivative Action,
respectively.

10
Error Term
Both PID algorithms calculate the Error term as
Error = (SP – PV),
which can be changed to Reverse Acting mode:
Error = (PV – SP)
by setting the Error Term mode (bit 0) in the Config Word (word 13 of the reference array)
to 1.
Reverse Acting mode is used if you want the CV output to move in the opposite direction
from PV input changes (CV down for PV up) instead of the normal CV up for PV up.
Bit 0 of Config Word Error Term Mode Error Term
(Word 13)
0 Normal SP – PV
1 Reverse Acting PV – SP
Derivative Term
The Derivative Term is Kd (word 7 of the reference array) multiplied by the time rate of
change of the Error term in the interval since the last PID solution.
Derivative = Kd * ΔError / dt = Kd * (Error – previous Error) / dt
where
dt = Current PLC time – PLC time at previous PID solution.
Two bits in the Config Word (word 13 of the reference array) affect the calculation of ΔError.
There are four cases to consider.
In Normal mode, the change in the error term is:
ΔError = (Error – previous Error) = (SP – PV) – (previous SP – previous PV)
= (previous PV – PV) – (previous SP – SP) = – ΔPV + ΔSP = ΔSP – ΔPV
where
ΔPV = (PV – previous PV), and ΔSP = (SP – previous SP).
However, in Reverse-Acting mode, the current error term is (PV – SP), and the sign of the
change in the error term is reversed:
ΔError = (Error – previous Error) = (PV – SP) – (previous PV – previous SP)
= (PV – previous PV) – (SP – previous SP) = ΔPV – ΔSP.
The change in the error term depends on changes in both SP and PV. If SP is constant,
ΔSP = 0,
and SP has no effect on the derivative term. When SP changes, however, it can cause large
transient swings in the derivative term and hence the output. Loop stability may be improved
by eliminating the effect of SP changes on the derivative term. To calculate the Derivative
based only on the change in PV, set bit 2 of the Config Word to 1. This modifies the
equations above by assuming SP is constant (ΔSP = 0).
For bit 2 set in normal mode (bit 0 = 0): ΔError = – ΔPV,
For bit 2 set in Reverse-Acting mode (bit 0 = 1): ΔError = ΔPV.

10
CV Bias Term
The CV Bias term (word 9 in the reference array) is an additive term separate from the PID
inputs. It may be useful if you are using only Proportional gain (Kp) and you want the CV to
be a non-zero value when the PV equals the SP and the Error is 0. In this case, set the CV
Bias to the desired CV when the PV is at the SP. CV Bias can also be used for feed forward
control where another PID loop or control algorithm is used to adjust the CV output of this
PID loop.
If a non-zero Integral rate is used, the CV Bias will normally be 0 as the integral term acts as
an automatic bias or “reset.” Just start up in Manual mode and use the Manual Command
word (word 14 of the reference array) to set the desired CV, and then switch to Automatic
mode. This will immediately calculate the required value for the integral term.
CV Amplitude and Rate Limits

The PID block does not send the calculated Output directly to CV. Both PID algorithms can
impose amplitude and rate of change limits on the output Control Variable. If the Minimum
Slew Time (word 12 of the reference array) is non-zero, the rate of change (slew rate) limit is
determined by dividing the maximum CV value (32,000) by the Minimum Slew Time. For
example, if the Minimum Slew Time is 100 seconds, the rate limit will be 320 CV counts per
second. If the solution interval was 50 milliseconds, the new CV output cannot change more
than 320*50/1000 or 16 CV counts from the previous CV output.
The CV output is then compared to the CV Upper Clamp and CV Lower Clamp values (words
10 and 11 of the reference array). If CV is outside either limit, the CV output is clamped to the
appropriate limit value. When the CV output is modified to impose either slew rate or
amplitude limits (or both), the stored integral term would normally accumulate a large value
over time. This phenomenon is known as “reset windup.” Reset windup introduces errors in
CV after the PID output no longer needs to be limited. For example, windup would prevent
the CV output from moving off a clamp value immediately.
There are two optional methods for preventing reset windup. If the Anti-reset-windup Action
bit (bit 4) of Config Word (word 13 of the reference array) is zero (the default), the integral
term is adjusted at each PID solution to match the error input and limited CV output exactly.
When PV changes while CV is clamped, or when CV is both rate and amplitude limited in a
particular PID solution, this option assures that a smooth transition will always occur after CV
is no longer limited.
If the Anti-reset-windup Action bit of Config Word is set, then the integral term stored on the
previous PID solution is simply retained as long as CV is limited. This option was added to
assure compatibility with existing PID applications when the default action described above
was introduced. This option is not recommended for new applications.
Finally, the PID block checks the Output Polarity (bit 2 of the Config Word) and changes the
sign of the output if the bit is 1.
CV = – Clamped PID Output if Output Polarity bit set, or
Clamped PID Output if Output Polarity bit cleared.
If the block is in Automatic mode, the final CV is placed in the Manual Command (word 14 of
the reference array). If the block is in Manual mode, the PID equation is skipped because CV
is set by the Manual Command, but the slew rate and amplitude limits are still checked. This
assures that the Manual Command cannot change the output above the CV Upper Clamp or
below the CV Lower Clamp, and the output cannot change faster than allowed by the
Minimum Slew Time.

10
Sample Period and PID Function Block Scheduling

The PID function block is a digital implementation of an analog control function, so the dt
sample time in the PID Output equation is not the infinitesimally small sample time available
with analog controls. The majority of processes being controlled can be approximated as a
gain with a first or second order lag and (possibly) a pure time delay. The PID function block
sets a CV output to the process and uses the process feedback PV to determine an Error to
adjust the next CV output. A key process parameter is the total time constant, which is how
fast the process can change PV when the CV is changed. As discussed in “Determining the
5H
Process Characteristics” on page 10-16, the total time constant, Tp+Tc, for a first order
6H
system is the time required for PV to reach 63% of its final value when CV is stepped. The
PID function block will not be able to control a process unless its Sample Period is well under
half the total time constant. Larger Sample Periods will make it unstable.
The Sample Period should be no bigger than the total time constant divided by 10 (or down to
5 worst case). For example, if PV seems to reach about 2/3 of its final value in 2 seconds, the
Sample Period should be less than 0.2 seconds, or 0.4 seconds worst case. On the other
hand, the Sample Period should not be too small, such as less than the total time constant
divided by 1000, or the Ki * Error * dt term for the PID integral term will round down to 0. For
example, a very slow process that takes 10 hours or 36,000 seconds to reach the 63% level
should have a Sample Period of 40 seconds or longer.
Variations of the time interval between PID function solutions can have short-term effects on
the CV output. For example, if a step change to PV caused by measurement noise occurs
between solutions, the value of the derivative term will be inversely proportional to the time
interval. The performance of PID loops that are tuned for quick response may be improved
when the solution interval is held constant by configuring the PLC CPU for constant sweep
mode. Depending on the CPU model and the application, constant sweep times of 10
milliseconds, integer multiples of 10 milliseconds, or exact divisors of 10 milliseconds (1, 2 or
5 milliseconds) will be possible. The Sample Period can then be set for a suitable multiple of
10 milliseconds.
If many PID loops are used, allowing the application to solve all the loops on the same sweep
may lead to wide variations in CPU sweep time. If the loops have a common Sample Period
that is at least equal to the number of PID loops times the sweep time, a simple solution is to
sequence one or more 1 bits through an array of zero bits and to use these bits to enable
power flow to individual PID function blocks. The logic should assure that each PID function
block is enabled no more often than its Sample Period.

10
Determining the Process Characteristics

The PID loop gains, Kp, Ki and Kd, are determined by the characteristics of the process
being controlled. Two key questions when setting up a PID loop are:
1. How big is the change in PV when CV is changed by a fixed amount, or what is the open
loop gain of the process?
2. How fast does the system respond, or how quickly does PV change after the CV output is
stepped?
Many processes can be approximated by a process gain, first or second order lag and a pure
time delay. In the frequency domain, the transfer function for a first order lag system with a
pure time delay is:
PV (s )
G (s )
−T p /(1+ Tc s )
= = Ke
CV (s )
Plotting the response to a step input at time t0 in the time domain provides an open-loop unit
reaction curve:
CV Unit Step Output to Process PV Unit Reaction Curve Input from Process
1 K
0.632K
t0 t0
Tp Tc
The following process model parameters can be determined from the PV unit reaction curve:
K Process open loop gain = final change in PV/change in CV at time t0
(Note no subscript on K)
Tp Process or pipeline time delay or dead time after t0 before the process output PV starts moving
Tc First order Process time constant, time required after Tp for PV to reach 63.2% of the final PV
Usually the quickest way to measure these parameters is by putting the PID function block in
Manual mode, making a small step change in the CV output by changing the Manual
Command (word 14 of the reference array), and then plotting the PV response over time. For
slow processes this can be done manually, but for faster processes a chart recorder or
computer graphic data-logging package will help. The CV step size should be large enough
to cause an observable change in PV, but not so large that it disrupts the process being
measured. A good step size may be from 2 to 10% of the difference between the CV Upper
and CV Lower Clamp values.

10
Setting Tuning Loop Gains

Basic Iterative Tuning Approach
Because PID parameters are dependent on the process being controlled, there are no
predetermined values that will work. However, a simple iterative process can be used to find
acceptable values for Kp, Ki, and Kd gains.
1. Set all the reference array parameters to 0, then set the CV Upper and CV Lower Clamps
to the highest and lowest CV expected. Set the Sample Period to a value within the range
Tc/10 to Tc/100, where Tc is the estimated process time constant defined on page 10-16. 7H
2. Put the PID function block in Manual mode and set the Manual Command (word 14 in the
reference array) to different values to check if CV can be moved to Upper and Lower
Clamp. Record the PV value at some CV point and load it into SP.
3. Set a small gain, such as 100 * Maximum CV/Maximum PV, into Kp and turn off Manual
mode. Step SP by 2% to 10% of the Maximum PV range and observe PV response.
Increase Kp if PV step response is too slow or reduce Kp if PV overshoots and oscillates
without reaching a steady value.
4. Once a Kp is found, start increasing Ki to get overshooting that dampens out to a steady
value in two to three cycles. This may require reducing Kp. Also try different SP step
sizes and CV operating points.
5. After suitable Kp and Ki gains are found, try adding Kd to get quicker responses to input
changes, providing it doesn't cause oscillations. Kd is often not needed and will not work
with noisy PV.
6. Check gains over different SP operating points and add Dead Band and Minimum Slew
Time if needed. Some Reverse Acting processes may need setting of Config Word Error
Term or Output Polarity bits.
Setting Loop Gains Using the Ziegler and Nichols Tuning Approach
This approach provides good response to system disturbances with gains producing an
amplitude ratio of 1/4. The amplitude ratio is the ratio of the second peak over the first peak in
the closed loop response.
1. Determine the three process model parameters, K, Tp and Tc for use in estimating initial
PID loop gains.
2. Calculate the Reaction rate:
R = K/Tc
3. For Proportional control only, calculate Kp as:
Kp = 1/(R * Tp) = Tc/(K * Tp)
For Proportional and Integral control, use:
Kp = 0.9/(R * Tp) = 0.9 * Tc/(K * Tp) Ki = 0.3 * Kp/Tp
For Proportional, Integral and Derivative control, use:
Kp = G/(R * Tp) where G is from 1.2 to 2.0
Ki = 0.5 * Kp/Tp
Kd = 0.5 * Kp * Tp
4. Check that the Sample Period is in the range
(Tp + Tc)/10 to (Tp + Tc)/1000

10
Ideal Tuning Method

The “Ideal Tuning" procedure provides the best response to SP changes that are delayed
only by the Tp process delay or dead time.
1. Determine the three process model parameters, K, Tp and Tc for use in estimating initial
PID loop gains.
2. Calculate Kp, Ki, and Kd as follows:
Kp = 2 * Tc/(3 * K * Tp)
Ki = Tc
Kd = Ki/4 if Derivative term is used
3. Once initial gains are determined, convert them to integers.
4. Calculate the Process gain, K, as a change in input PV Counts divided by the resulting
output step change in CV Counts. (Not in process PV or CV engineering units.) Specify
all times in seconds.
5. Once Kp, Ki and Kd are determined, Kp and Kd are multiplied by 100 while Ki is
multiplied by 1000. The resulting values are entered into the corresponding reference
array word locations.

10
Example
The following PID example has a sample period of 100 ms, a Kp gain of 4.00 and a Ki gain of
1.500. The set point is stored in %R0001, the control variable is output in %AQ0002, and the
process variable is returned in %AI0003. CV Upper and CV Lower Clamps must be set, in
this case to 20000 and 4000, and an optional small Dead Band of +5 and -5 is included. The
40-word reference array starts in %R0100. Normally, user parameters are set in the
reference array, but %M0006 can be set to reinitialize the 14 words starting at %R0102 (word
3) from constants stored in logic (a useful technique).
The block can be switched to Manual mode with %M1 so that the Manual Command, %R113,
can be adjusted. Bits %M4 or %M5 can be used to increase or decrease %R113 and the PID
CV by 1 every 100 ms solution. For faster manual operation, bits %M2 and %M3 can be used
to add or subtract the value in %R2 to/from %R113 every CPU sweep. The %T1 output is on
when the PID is OK.
Reference Array Initialization using %M00006

For details on the contents of the reference array, refer to page 10-4.
8H
Word Function Address Value

3 Sample Period %R102 10
4 + Dead Band %R103 5
5 - Dead Band %R104 5
6 Kp %R105 400
7 Kd %R106 0
8 Ki %R107 1500
9 CV Bias %R108 0
10 CV Upper Clamp %R109 2000
11 CV Lower Clamp %R110 400
12 Minimum Slew Time %R111 0
13 Config Word %R112 0
14 Manual Command %R113 0
15 Control Word %R114 0
16 Internal SP %R115 0

10

Chapter Structured Text Programming
11
The Structured Text (ST) programming language is an IEC 61131-3 textual programming
language. It is convenient for those who have experience with high-level programming
languages, such as C. Structured text also allows greater flexibility in writing algorithms and
can be easily transferred between different types of controllers. Its compactness allows you
to view a complex algorithm on one screen.
This chapter describes how structured text is implemented in PACSystems. For information
on using the structured text editor in the programming software, refer to the online help.
The block types Block, Parameterized Block, and Function Block (UDFB) can be
programmed in ST. The _MAIN program block can also be programmed in ST. For details on
blocks, refer to chapter 6, “Program Organization.”
Language Overview
Statements
A structured text program consists of a series of statements, which are constructed from
expressions and language keywords. A statement directs the PLC to perform a specified
action. Statements provide variable assignments, conditional evaluations, iteration, and the
ability to call built-in functions. PACSystems supports the statements described in “Statement
Types” on page 11-4.
Expressions
Expressions calculate values from variables and constants. An expression can involve
operators, variables, and constants. An example of a simple expression is (x + 5).
Composite expressions can be created by nesting simpler expressions, for example, (a + b) *
(c + d) – 3.0 ** 4.
GFK-2222P 11-1
11
Operators
The table below lists the operators that you can use within an expression. They are
listed according to their evaluation precedence, which determines the sequence in
which they are executed within the expression. The operator with the highest
precedence is applied first, followed by the operator with the next highest
precedence. Operators of equal precedence are evaluated left to right. Operators
in the same group, for example + and -, have the same precedence.
Any address operators used in LD can be used on ST operands. Address
operators have precedence over the ST language operators. Address operators
include indirect addressing (for example, @Var1), array indexing (for example,
Var1[3]), bit within word addressing (for example, Var1.X[3]), and structure fields
(for example, Var1.field1).
Precedence Operator Operand Types Description
Group 1 (Highest) (…) Parenthesized
expression
Group 2 - INT, DINT, REAL, LREAL Negation
NOT BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD Boolean complement
1
Group 3 **,^ INT, DINT, UINT, REAL, LREAL Exponentiation3, 5
Group 4 * INT, DINT, UINT, REAL, LREAL Multiplication3
/ INT, DINT, UINT, REAL, LREAL Division2, 3
MOD INT, DINT, UINT Modulus operation2
Group 5 + INT, DINT, UINT, REAL, LREAL Addition3
- INT, UINT, DINT, REAL, LREAL Subtraction3
Group 6 <, >, <=, INT, DINT, UINT, REAL, LREAL, BYTE, WORD, Comparison
>= DWORD
Group 7 = ANY4 Equality
4
<>, != ANY Inequality
Group 8 AND, & BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD Boolean AND
Group 9 XOR BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD Boolean exclusive OR
Group 10 OR BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD Boolean OR
(Lowest)
1
The base must be type REALor LREAL. If the base is REAL, the power can be type INT, DINT, UINT, or REAL
and the result is type REAL. If the base is type LREAL, the power must be LREAL and the result will be LREAL.
2
The CPU flags a divide by 0 error as an application fault.
3
Use of math operators can cause overflow or underflow. Overflow results are truncated.
4
Operators that can take operands of type ANY can be used with any of the supported elementary data types.
The supported data types are: BOOL, INT, DINT, UINT, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, LREAL and REAL. STRING
and TIME data types are not supported.
5
If either operand is positive or negative infinity, the result is undefined.
Some comparison and math operators have corresponding built-in functions. For instance the
‘+’ operator is similar to the ADD_INT function. You can use either the language operator or
the built-in function. The built-in function has the advantage of returning an ENO status. For
information on built-in functions, see page 11-6.

11
Operand Types
Type casting is not supported. To convert a type, use one of the built-in conversion functions.
Use of built-in functions is described in “Function Call” on page 11-6.
For untyped operators (+, *, …), the types of the operands must match.
Structured Text Syntax

The syntax of the ST implementation for PACSystems follows the IEC 61131-3 standard.
■ Structured Text statements must end in a semi-colon (;).
■ Structured Text variables must be declared in the variable list for the target.
These symbols have the following functions.
:= assigns an expression to a variable
; required to designate the end of a statement
[ ] used for array indexing where the array index is an integer. For example, this sets the
third element of an array to the value j+10: intarray[3]: = j + 10;
(* *) designates a comment. These comments can span multiple lines. For example,
(*This comment spans
multiple lines.*)
// or ‘ designates a single line comment. For example,
c :=a+b; //This is a single line comment.
c :=a+b; ‘This is a single line comment.
GFK-2222P Chapter 11 Structured Text Programming 11-3

11
Statement Types
The Structured Text statements, which specify the actual program execution, consist of the
following types.
Statement Type Description Example
Assignment Sets an object to a specified value. A := 1; B := A; C := A + B;
CASE Provides for the conditional execution of a set of CASE A OF
statements. 1,2 : C := 3;
3: C := 4;
4..5: C := 5;
ELSE
C := 0;
END_CASE;
Function call Calls a function for execution. FbInst(IN1 := 1, OUT1 => A);
RETURN Causes the program to return from a subroutine. The RETURN;
return statement provides an early exit from a block.
EXIT Terminates iterations before the terminal condition EXIT;
becomes TRUE (1).
IF Specifies that one or more statements be executed IF (A < B) THEN
conditionally. C := 4;
ELSIF (A = B) THEN
C:= 5;
ELSE
C := 6
END_IF;
FOR Executes a statement sequence repeatedly based on the FOR I := 1 TO 100 BY 2 DO
value of a control symbol. IF (Var1 – I) = 40 THEN
Key := I;
EXIT;
END_IF;
END_FOR;
WHILE Indicates that a statement sequence be executed WHILE J <= 100 DO
repeatedly until a Boolean expression evaluates to FALSE J := J + 2;
(0).
END_WHILE;
REPEAT Indicates that a statement sequence be executed REPEAT
repeatedly until a Boolean expression evaluates to TRUE J := J + 2;
(1). UNTIL J >= 100
END_REPEAT;
ARG_PRESENT Determines whether a parameter value was present when ARG_PRES (IN :=In1, Q:>Out1,
the function block instance of the parameter was invoked. ENO:>Out2);
For example, a parameter can be optional (pass by value).
Empty Statement ;

11
Assignment Statement
The assignment statement replaces the value of a variable with the result of evaluating an
expression (of the same data type).
Notes:
■ Assignment statements can affect transition bits.
■ Assignment statements take override bits into account.
Format
Variable := Expression;
Where:
Variable is a simple variable, array element, etc.
Expression is a single value, expression, or complex expression.
Examples
Boolean assignment statements:
VarBool1 := 1;
VarBool2 := (val <= 75);
Array element assignment:
Array_1[13] := (RealA /RealB)* PI;

11
Function Call
The structured text function call executes a predefined algorithm that performs a
mathematical, bit string or other operation. The function call consists of the name of the
function or block followed by required input or output parameters.
The structured text logic can call blocks or the PACSystems built-in functions listed in the
table below. The call must be made in a single statement and cannot be part of a nested
expression.
Calls to some functions, such as communications request (COMM_REQ), require a
command block or parameter block. For these functions, an array is declared, initialized in
logic, and then passed as a parameter to the function.
Built-in Functions Supported for ST Calls

Note: Only the functions listed in the following table are supported in the current
PACSystems version. Other built-in functions are not supported.
Advanced ASIN, ATAN, ACOS, COS, SIN, TAN, DEG_TO_RAD, For more information, see
Math RAD_TO_DEG “Advanced Math” in chapter 8.
LOG, LN, EXP, EXPT,
SQRT_INT, SQRT_DINT, SQRT_REAL
ABS_INT, ABS_DINT, ABS_REAL
SCALE_DINT, SCALE_INT, SCALE_UINT
Control DO_IO, MASK_IO_INTR, SCAN_SET_IO, SUS_IO, For more information, see “Control
SUS_IO_INTR, SVC_REQ, SWITCH_POS, F_TRIG, R_TRIG Functions” in chapter 8.
Data BCD4_TO_INT, BCD4_TO_UINT, BCD4_TO_REAL For more information, see
Conversion BCD8_TO_DINT, BCD8_TO_REAL “Conversion Functions” in chapter 8.
DINT_TO_BCD8, DINT_TO_INT, DINT_TO_UINT,
DINT_TO_REAL
UINT_TO_BCD4, UINT_TO_BCD8, UINT_TO_INT
INT_TO_BCD4, INT_TO_DINT, INT_TO_UINT
REAL_TO_INT, REAL_TO_UINT, REAL_TO_DINT
TRUNC_INT, TRUNC_DINT
DINT_TO_DWORD For more information, see page 11-7.
DWORD_TO_DINT
UINT_TO_DINT, UINT_TO_REAL, UINT_TO_WORD
INT_TO_REAL, INT_TO_WORD
WORD_TO_INT, WORD_TO_UINT
Data Move COMM_REQ, For more information, see “Data
Move” functions in chapter 8.

11
Conversion Functions
Note: ENO is an optional BOOL output parameter. If ENO is used in a statement that uses
the formal convention, the state of outBool is set to 1 (call was successful) or 0 (call
failed).
Mnemonic Description Example
(Formal Convention)
WORD_TO_INT Converts the input data into the word_to_int(IN := inWord, Q => outInt, ENO => outBool);
equivalent single-precision signed
integer (INT) value, which it outputs
to Q.
WORD_TO_UINT Converts the input data into the word_to_uint(IN := inWord, Q => outUint,
equivalent single-precision unsigned ENO => outBool);
integer (UINT) value, which it outputs
to Q.
DWORD_TO_DINT Converts DWORD data into the dword_to_dint(IN := inDword, Q => outDint,
equivalent signed double-precision ENO => outBool);
integer (DINT) value and stores the
result in Q.
UINT_TO_ WORD Converts an unsigned single- uint_to_word(IN := inUint, Q => outWord,
precision integer (UINT) operand IN ENO => outBool);
to a 16-bit bit string (WORD) value
and stores the result in the variable
assigned to Q.
INT_TO_WORD Converts a 16-bit signed integer (INT) int_to_word(IN := inInt, Q => outWord, ENO => outBool);
operand IN to a 16-bit bit string
(WORD) value and stores the result
in the variable assigned to Q.
DINT_TO_DWORD Converts the input double-precision dint_to_dword(IN := inDint, Q => outDword
signed integer (DINT) data into the ENO => outBool);
equivalent DWORD (32-bit bit string)
value, which it outputs to Q.

11
Block Types Supported for ST Calls

An ST block can call blocks of type Block, Parameterized Block, or user defined Function
Block (UDFB) or External Block (C block). For more information on block types, refer to
chapter 6.
Formal Calls vs. Informal Calls

PACSystems supports formal and informal calls in ST.
Formal Calls Informal Calls
Input parameter assignments use the ‘:=’ notation while Input and output parameters are listed in parentheses.
output assignments use the ‘=>’ notation.
Optional parameters can be omitted. Parameters cannot be omitted.
Parameters can be in any order. Parameters must be in the correct order as follows:
Inputs
Instance location (if required)
Length parameter (if required)
Outputs, starting with the last output parameter.
The ENO parameter is specified in a formal function or block The ENO parameter is not specified in an informal function
call. or block call.
All built-in functions and user-defined blocks have an
optional ENO output parameter indicating the success of the
function or block. Either ENO or Y0 can be used as this
output parameter name.
Format of Formal Function Call

FunctionName(IN1 := inparam1, IN2 := inparam2, OUT1 => outparam1, ENO => enoparam);
Format of Informal Function Call

FunctionName(inparam1, inparam2, outparam1);
Example
This code fragment shows the TAN function call.
TAN( AnyReal, Result );

11
Calls to Standard Function Blocks

Standard function blocks are instructions that have instance data in the form of a structure
variable. (For more information on function blocks and their instance data, refer to “Functions
and Function Blocks” in chapter 6.) Standard function blocks are called in the same way that
a UDFB is called.
PACSystems controllers support three standard function blocks:
Pulse timer (TP) Generates output pulses of a given duration
On-delay timer (TON) Delays setting an output ON for a fixed period after an input is set ON.
Off-delay timer (TOF) Delays setting an output OFF for a fixed period after an input
goes OFF so that the output is held on for a given period longer
than the input.
For details on the operation of TP, TON and TOF, refer to “Standard Timer Function Blocks”
in chapter 8.
Format of Calls to Standard Timer Function Blocks

Notes: TOF, TON and TP have the same input and output parameters, except for the
instance variable, which must be the same type as the instruction.
Writing or forcing values to the instance data elements IN, PT, Q, ET, ENO or TI may
cause erratic operation of the timer function block.
Instance data can be a variable or a parameter of the current UDFB or parameterized
block.
Formal Convention
myTOF_Instance_Data(IN := inBool, PT := inDINT, ET => outDINT, Q => outBool, ENO =>
outBoolSuccess);
myTON_Instance_Data(IN := inBool, PT := inDINT, ET => outDINT, Q => outBool, ENO =>

outBoolSuccess);
myTP_Instance_Data(IN := inBool, PT := inDINT, ET => outDINT, Q => outBool, ENO =>

outBoolSuccess);
the formal convention, the state of outBoolSuccess is set to 1 (call was successful) or
0 (call failed).
Informal Convention
myTOF_Instance_Data(inBool, inDINT, outDINT, outBool);
myTON_Instance_Data(inBool, inDINT, outDINT, outBool);
myTP_Instance_Data(inBool, inDINT, outDINT, outBool);

Note: When using the informal convention, the operands must be assigned in the order
shown above (that is, IN, PT, ET, Q and ENO).

11
RETURN Statement
The return statement provides an early exit from a block. For example, in the following lines
of code the third line will never execute. The variable a will have the value 4.
a := 4;
RETURN;
a := 5;

11
IF Statement
The IF construct offers conditional execution of a statement list. The condition is determined
by result of a Boolean expression. The IF construct includes two optional parts, ELSE and
ELSIF, that provide conditional execution of alternate statement list(s). One ELSE and any
number of ELSIF sections are allowed per IF construct.
Format
IF BooleanExpression1 THEN
StatementList1;
[ELSIF BooleanExpression2 THEN (*Optional*)
StatementList2;]
[ELSE (*Optional*)
StatementList3;]
END_IF;
Where:
BooleanExpression Any expression that resolves to a Boolean value.
StatementList Any set of structured text statements.
Note: Either ELSIF or ELSEIF can be used for the else if clause in an IF statement.
Operation
The following sequence of evaluation occurs if both optional parts are present:
■ If BooleanExpression1 is TRUE (1), StatementList1 is executed. Program execution
continues with the statement following the END_IF keyword.
■ If BooleanExpression1 is FALSE (0) and BooleanExpression2 is TRUE (1), StatmentList2
is executed. Program execution continues with the statement following the END_IF
keyword.
■ If both Boolean expressions are FALSE (0), StatmentList3 is executed. Program
execution continues with the statement following the END_IF keyword.
If an optional part is not present, program execution continues with the statement following
the END_IF keyword.
Example
The following code fragment puts text into the variable Status, depending on the value of I/O
point input value.
IF Input01 < 10.0 THEN
Status := Low_Limit_Warning;
ELSIF Input02 > 90.0 THEN
Status := Upper_Limit_Warning;
ELSE
Status := Limits_OK;
END_IF;

11
CASE Statement
The CASE …. OF construct offers conditional execution of statement lists. It uses the value
of an ST integer expression to determine whether to execute a statement list. The statement
list to be executed can be selected from multiple statement lists, depending on the value of
the associated integer expression.
Conditions can be expressed as a single value, a list of values, or a range of values. The
single-value, list of values, or range forms can be used by themselves or in combination. The
optional ELSE keyword can be used to execute a statement list when the associated value
does not meet any of the specified conditions.
You can have a maximum of 1024 cases in a single CASE … OF construct. Additional cases
can be handled by adding the ELSE keyword to the construct and specifying a nested CASE
… OF construct or an IF … THEN construct after the ELSE.
The number of nested CASE … OF constructs and the number of levels are limited by the
memory in your computer.
The number of constants and constant ranges in a single conditional statement is limited by
the memory in your computer.
Format
CASE Integer_Expression OF
Int1: (*Single Value*)
StatementList_1;
Int2,Int3,Int4: (*List of Values*)
StatementList_2;
Int5..Int6: (*Range of Values*)
StatementList_3;
[ELSE (*Optional*)
StatementList_Else;]
END_CASE;
Where:
Integer_Expression An ST expression that resolves to an integer (INT, DINT or
UINT) value.
Int A constant integer value.
StatementList_1 … StatementList_n
Structured Text statements.
Operation
The Int values are compared to Integer_Expression. The statement list following the first Int
value that matches Integer_Expression is executed. If the optional ELSE keyword is used
and no Int value matches Integer_Expression, the statement list following ELSE is executed.
Otherwise, no statement list is executed.

11
Requirements for Conditional Statements

All constants must be of type INT, DINT or UINT.
In range declarations, the beginning value must be less than the ending value (reading
from left to right). For example, 10..3 and 5..5 are invalid.
Overlapping values in different case conditions are not allowed. For example, 5..10 and 7
cannot be specified as conditions in the same CASE … OF construct.
Examples
The following code fragment assigns a value to the variable ColorVariable.
CASE ColorSelection OF
0: ColorVariable:= Red;
1: ColorVariable:= Yellow;
2,3,4: ColorVariable:= Green;
5..9: ColorVariable:= Blue;
ELSE ColorVariable:= Violet;
END_CASE;
The following code fragment uses a nested CASE…OF…END_CASE construct.
0: ColorVariable:= Red;
1: ColorVariable:= Yellow;
2,3,4: ColorVariable:= Green;
5..9: ColorVariable:= Blue;
ELSE
10: ColorVariable:= Violet;
ELSE ColorVariable:= Black;
END_CASE;
ColorError: 1;
END_CASE;

11
FOR Statement
The FOR loop repeatedly executes a statement list contained within the
FOR … DO … END_FOR construct. It is useful when the number of iterations can be
predicted in advance, for example to initialize an array. The number of iterations is
determined by the value of a control variable which is incremented (or decremented) from an
initial value to a final value by the FOR statement.
By default, each iteration of the FOR statement changes the value of the control variable by
1. The optional BY keyword can be used to specify an increment or decrement of the control
variable by specifying a (non-zero) positive or negative integer or an expression that resolves
to an integer.
FOR loops can be nested to a maximum of ten levels.
Format
FOR Control_Variable := Start_Value TO End_Value [BY Step_Value] DO
Statement list;
END_FOR;
Where:
Control_Variable The control variable. Can be an INT, DINT or UINT variable or
parameter.
Start_Value The starting value of the control variable. Must be an expression,
variable, or constant of the same data type as Int_Variable.
End_Value The ending value of the control variable. Must be an expression,
variable, or constant of the same data type as Int_Variable.
Step_Value (Optional) The increment or decrement value for each iteration of the
loop. Must be an expression, variable, or constant of the same data
type as Int_Variable. If Step_Value is not specified, the control
variable is incremented by 1.
Statement list Any list of Structured Text statements.
Operation
The values of Start_Value, End_Value and Step_Value are calculated at the beginning of the
FOR loop. On the first iteration, Control_Variable is set to Start_Value.
At the beginning of each iteration, the termination condition is tested. If it is satisfied,
execution of the loop is complete and the statements after the loop will proceed. If the
termination condition is not satisfied, the statements within the FOR…END_FOR construct
are executed. At the end of each iteration, the value of Control_Variable is incremented by
Step_Value (or 1 if Step_Value is not specified).
The termination condition of a FOR loop depends on the sign of the step value.
Step Value Termination Condition
>0 Control_Variable > End_Value
<0 Control Variable < End Value
0 None. A termination condition is never reached and the loop will repeat infinitely.

11
As with the other iterative statements (WHILE and REPEAT), loop execution can be
prematurely halted by an EXIT statement.
To avoid infinitely repeating or unpredictable loops, the following precautions are
recommended:
Do not allow the statement list logic within the FOR loop to modify the control
variable.
Do not use the control variable in logic outside the FOR loop.
Examples
The following code fragment initializes an array of 100 elements starting at %R1000 (given
that R1000 is at %R1000) by assigning a value of 10 to all array elements.
FOR R1000 := 1 TO 100 DO
@R1000 := 10;
END_FOR;
The following code fragment assigns the values of an I/O point to array elements over ten I/O
scans. The last entry is put in the array element with the smallest index.
FOR R1000 := 10 TO 1 BY -1 DO
@R1000 := Input01;
END_FOR;

11
WHILE Statement
The WHILE loop repeatedly executes (iterates) a statement list contained within the
WHILE…END_WHILE construct as long as a specified condition is TRUE (1). It checks the
condition first, then conditionally executes the statement list. This looping construct is useful
when the statement list does not necessarily need to be executed.
Format
WHILE <BooleanExpression> DO
<StatementList>;
END_WHILE;
Where:
StatementList Any set of Structured Text statements.
Operation
If BooleanExpression is FALSE (0), the loop is immediately exited; otherwise, if the
BooleanExpression is TRUE (1), the StatementList is executed and the loop repeated. The
statement list may never execute, since the Boolean expression is evaluated at the beginning
of the loop.
Note: It is possible to create an infinite loop that will cause the watchdog timer to expire.
Avoid infinite loops.
Example
The following code fragment increments J by a value of 2 as long as J is less than or equal to
100.
WHILE J <= 100 DO
J := J + 2;
END_WHILE;

11
REPEAT Statement
The REPEAT loop repeatedly executes (iterates) a statement list contained within the
REPEAT…END_REPEAT construct until an exit condition is satisfied. It executes the
statement list first, then checks for the exit condition. This looping construct is useful when
the statement list needs to be executed at least once.
Format
REPEAT
StatementList;
UNTIL BooleanExpression END_REPEAT;
Where:
StatementList Any set of Structured Text statements.
Operation
The StatementList is executed. If the BooleanExpression is FALSE (0), then the loop is
repeated; otherwise, if the BooleanExpression is TRUE (1), the loop is exited. The statement
list executes at least once, since the BooleanExpression is evaluated at the end of the loop.
Note: It is possible to create an infinite loop that will cause the watchdog timer to expire.
Avoid infinite loops.
Example
The following code fragment reads values from an array until a value greater than 5 is found
(or the upper bound of the array is reached). Since at least one array value must be read, the
REPEAT loop is used. All variables in this example are of type DINT, UINT, or INT.
Index :=1;
REPEAT
Value:= @Index;
Index:=Index+1;
UNTIL Value > 5 OR Index >= UpperBound END_REPEAT;

11
ARG_PRES Statement
The ARG_PRES function determines whether an input parameter value was present when
the function block instance of the parameter was invoked. This may be necessary if the
parameter is optional (pass by value).
This function must be called from a function block instance or a parameterized block.
Format
ARG_PRES (IN :=In1, Q:>Out1, ENO:>Out2);
Where:
In1 Must be an input parameter of the function block that contains the
ARG_PRES instruction. Cannot be an array element or structure element. An
alias to a parameter should resolve only to the parameter name.
Can be a BOOL, DINT, DWORD, INT, REAL, UINT, WORD variable,
variable array head name or variable array head name element [000]. Input
or output parameter value of a function block instance or a parameterized
block
Out2 A BOOL variable. True if the parameter is present, otherwise false.
the formal convention, the state of Out2 is set to 1 (call was successful) or 0 (call
failed).
Example
The parameter TempVal is an input to the function block CheckTemp. In the following code
fragment, ARG_PRES is used to determine whether a value existed for the parameter
TempVal when an instance of CheckTemp was invoked. If TempVal had a value, the BOOL
output Temp_Pres is set to 1.
ARG_PRES (TempVal, Temp_Pres);

11
Exit Statement
The EXIT statement is used to terminate and exit from a loop (FOR, WHILE, REPEAT)
before it would otherwise terminate. Program execution resumes with the statement following
the loop terminator (END_FOR, END_WHILE, END_REPEAT). An EXIT statement is
typically used within an IF statement.
Format
EXIT;
Where:
ConditionForExiting An expression that determines whether to terminate early.
Example
The following code fragment shows the operation of the EXIT statement. When the variable
number equals 10, the WHILE loop is exited and execution continues with the statement
immediately following END_WHILE.
while (1) do
a := a + 1;
IF (a = 10) THEN
EXIT;
END_IF;
END_WHILE;

Chapter Communications
12
This chapter describes the Ethernet and Serial communications features of the
PACSystems CPU. The following information is included:
Ethernet Communications 12-2
0H
Ethernet Port Pin Assignments 12-2

1H
Serial Communications 12-3

2H
Serial Port Communications Capabilities 12-3

3H
Serial Port Pin Assignments 12-4

4H
Serial Port Baud Rates 12-7

5H
Series 90-70 Communications and Intelligent Option Modules (RX7i only) 12-8 6H
Communications Coprocessor Module (CMM) 12-8

7H
Programmable Coprocessor Module (PCM) 12-9

8H
DLAN/DLAN+ (Drives Local Area Network) Interface 12-10

9H
GFK-2222P 12-1
12
Ethernet Communications
For details on Ethernet communications for PACSystems, please refer to the following
manuals:
TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems User’s Guide, GFK-2224
PACSystems TCP/IP Communications Station Manager Manual, GFK-2225
Embedded Ethernet Interface

RX7i CPUs have an embedded Ethernet interface that provides TCP/IP communications
with other control systems and programming software. These communications use the
proprietary SRTP protocol and the standard Modbus/TCP protocol over a four-layer
TCP/IP (Internet) stack. The Ethernet interface also supports Ethernet Global Data
protocol using UDP (user datagram protocol).
The embedded Ethernet interface has two RJ-45 Ethernet ports. Either or both of these
ports may be attached to other Ethernet devices. Each port automatically senses the data
rate (10Mbps or 100Mbps), duplex (half duplex or full duplex), and cabling arrangement
(straight through or crossover) of the attached link.
Caution
The two ports on the Ethernet Interface must not be connected,
directly or indirectly to the same device. The hub or switch
connections in an Ethernet network must form a tree, otherwise
duplication of packets may result.
10Base-T/100Base-Tx Port Pin Assignments

Pin Number Signal Description
1 TD+ Transmit Data +
2 TD- Transmit Data -
3 RD+ Receive Data +
4 NC No connection
5 NC No connection
6 RD- Receive Data -
7 NC No connection
8 NC No connection
Ethernet Interface Modules

The RX7i and RX3i support rack-based Ethernet Interface modules. (These modules are
not interchangeable.) For details about the capabilities, installation, and operation of the
Ethernet Interface modules, refer to TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for PACSystems,
GFK-2224 and Station Manager for PACSystems, GFK-2225.
Type Catalog Number Description
RX7i IC698ETM001 Ethernet peripheral VME module
RX3i IC695ETM001 Ethernet peripheral PCI module

12
Serial Communications
The CPU’s independent on-board serial ports are accessed by connectors on the front of
the module. Ports 1 and 2 provide serial interfaces to external devices. Port 1 is also
used for firmware upgrades. The RX7i CPUs provide a third serial port that is used as the
Ethernet station manager port. All serial ports are isolated.
Serial Port Communications Capabilities

Ports 1 and 2 can each be configured for one of the following modes. For details on CPU
configuration, refer to chapter 3.
■ RTU Slave – The port can be used for the Modbus RTU slave protocol. This mode
also permits connection to the port by an SNP master, such as the Winloader utility
or the programming software. For details, refer to chapter 13, “Serial I/O, RTU and
SNP Protocols.”
■ Message Mode – The port is available for access by user logic. This enables C
language blocks to perform serial port I/O operations via C Runtime Library functions.
■ Available – The port is not to be used by the CPU firmware.
■ SNP Slave – The port can only be used for the SNP slave protocol. For details, refer
to chapter 13, “Serial I/O, RTU and SNP Protocols.”
■ Serial I/O – The port can be used for general-purpose serial communication through
use of COMMREQ functions. For details, refer to chapter 13, “Serial I/O, RTU and
SNP Protocols.”
Features Supported
Feature Port 1 Port 2 Port 3
(COM 1) (COM 2) (Station Mgr)
RX7i only
RTU Slave protocol Yes Yes No
SNP Slave Yes Yes No
Serial I/O – used with COMMREQs Yes Yes No
Firmware Upgrade CPU in No No
(Winloader utility) STOP/No IO mode
Message Mode –used only with C blocks Yes Yes No
(C Runtime Library Functions:
serial read, serial write, sscanf, sprintf)
Station Manager (RX7i only) No No Yes
RS-232 Yes No Yes
RS-485 No Yes No
GFK-2222P Chapter 12 Communications 12-3

12
Configurable Stop Mode Protocols

You can configure the protocol to be used in Stop mode, based upon the configured Port
(Run mode) protocol. The Run/Stop protocol switching is independently configured for
each serial port.
The Run mode protocol setting determines which choices are available for Stop mode. If
a Stop mode protocol is not selected, the default Stop mode protocol is used. For details,
refer to “Port 1 and Port 2 Parameters” in chapter 3.
Serial Port Pin Assignments

Port 1
Port 1 is RS-232 compatible and optocoupler isolated. It has a 9-pin, female, D-sub
connector with a standard pin out. This is a DCE (data communications equipment) port
that allows a simple straight-through cable to connect with a standard AT-style
RS-232 port.
Port 1 RS-232 Signals

Pin Number Signal Name Description
1* NC No Connection
2 TXD Transmit Data
3 RXD Receive Data
4 DSR Data Set Ready
5 0V Signal Ground
6 DTR Data Terminal Ready
7 CTS Clear To Send
8 RTS Request to Send
9 NC No Connection
* Pin 1 is at the bottom right of the connector as viewed from the front of the module.

12
Port 2
Port 2 is RS-485 compatible and optocoupler isolated. Port 2 has a 15-pin, female D-sub
connector. This port does not support the RS-485 to RS-232 adapter (IC690ACC901).
This is a DCE port.
Port 2 RS-485 Signals – RX7i CPUs

This port does not supply +5V volts, therefore RS-485 to RS-232 conversion requires a
converter that is self-powered.
Pin No. Signal Name Description
1 Shield Cable Shield
Located at the bottom right of the connector
as viewed from the front of the module.
2 NC No Connection
3 NC No Connection
4 NC No Connection
5 NC No Connection
6 RTS(A) Differential Request to Send
7 0V Signal Ground
8 CTS(B‘) Differential Clear To Send
9 RT* Resistor Termination
10 RD(A‘)*, ** Differential Receive Data
11 RD(B‘)** Differential Receive Data
12 SD(A) Differential Send Data
13 SD(B) Differential Send Data
14 RTS(B’) Differential Request To Send
15 CTS(A’) Differential Clear To Send
* To provide termination using the built-in 120Ω resistor, install a jumper between pins 9 and 10.
** To provide termination using an external resistor, connect a user-supplied resistor across pins
10 and 11.

12
Port 2 RS-485 Signals – RX3i CPU

Pin No. Signal Name Description
1 Shield Cable Shield
Located at the bottom right of the connector
as viewed from the front of the module.
2 NC No Connection
3 NC No Connection
4 NC No Connection
5 +5VDC Logic Power
Provides isolated +5VDC power (300mA maximum)
for powering external options.
6 RTS(A) Differential Request to Send
7 0V Signal Ground
8 CTS(B‘) Differential Clear To Send
9 RT* Resistor Termination
10 RD(A‘)*, ** Differential Receive Data
11 RD(B‘)** Differential Receive Data
12 SD(A) Differential Send Data
13 SD(B) Differential Send Data
14 RTS(B’) Differential Request To Send
15 CTS(A’) Differential Clear To Send
* To provide termination using the built-in 120 Ω resistor, install a jumper between pins 9 and 10
** To provide termination using an external resistor, connect a user-supplied resistor across pins
10 and 11.
Port 3 (RX7i only)

Port 3, the Station Manager serial port used by the embedded Ethernet Interface, is RS-
232 compatible and isolated. Port 3 has a 9-pin, female, D-connector. This is a DCE port
that allows a simple straight-through cable to connect with a standard AT-style RS-232
port. This port contains full use of the standard RS-232 signals for future use with point-
to-point protocol (PPP).
Station Manager RS-232 Signals

Pin Number Signal Name Description
1* DCD Data Carrier Detect
2 TXD Transmit Data
3 RXD Receive Data
4 DSR Data Set Ready
5 0V Signal Ground
6 DTR Data Terminal Ready
7 CTS Clear To Send
8 RTS Request to Send
9 RI Ring Indicator
* Pin 1 is at the bottom right of the connector as viewed from the front of the module.

12
Serial Cable Lengths and Shielding

The connection from a CPU serial port to the serial port on a computer or other serial
device requires a serial cable. Maximum cable lengths (the total distance from the CPU
to the last device attached to the serial cable) are:
Port Cable Length Cable Type
COM 1/Port 1 (RS-232) 15 meters (50 ft.) Shielded cable required for RX3i;
Shielded cable optional for RX7i
COM 2/Port 2 (RS-485) 1200 meters (4000 ft.) Shielded cable required for all
models
STA MGR/Port 3 (RS-232) 15 meters (50 ft.) Shielded cable optional (RX7i only)
Note: For details on conformance to radiated emissions standards, refer to Appendix A
in the following manuals:
PACSystems RX7i Installation Manual, GFK-2223
PACSystems RX3i System Manual, GFK-2314
Serial Port Baud Rates

Protocol Port 1 Port 2 Station Mgr (Port 3)
(RS-232) (RS-485) (RS-232)
RTU protocol 1200, 2400, 4800, 1200, 2400, 4800, not supported
9600, 19.2K, 38.4K, 9600, 19.2K, 38.4K,
57.6K, 115.2K 57.6K, 115.2K
Firmware 1200, 2400, 4800, Not supported not supported
Upgrade via 9600, 19.2K, 38.4K,
WinLoader 57.6K, 115.2K
Message Mode 1200, 2400, 4800, 1200, 2400, 4800, not supported
9600, 19.2K, 38.4K, 9600, 19.2K, 38.4K,
57.6K, 115.2K 57.6K, 115.2K
SNP Slave 1200, 2400, 4800, 1200, 2400, 4800, not supported
9600, 19.2K, 38.4K, 9600, 19.2K, 38.4K,
57.6K, 115.2K 57.6K, 115.2K
Serial I/O 1200, 2400, 4800, 1200, 2400, 4800, not supported
9600, 19.2K, 38.4K, 9600, 19.2K, 38.4K,
57.6K, 115.2K 57.6K, 115.2K

12
Series 90-70 Communications and Intelligent Option Modules

PACSystems RX7i supports the following Series 90-70 communications and intelligent
option modules:
Communications Coprocessor Module (CMM), IC697CMM711
Programmable Coprocessor Module (PCM), IC697PCM711
DLAN Interface Module, IC697BEM763
Communications Coprocessor Module (CMM)

PACSystems RX7i CPUs with versions 1.50 and higher support IC697CMM711 modules
with firmware versions 4.20 and higher. You must ensure that you are using a valid
version of the CMM firmware because the CPU cannot check the CMM’s firmware
version. (The module’s firmware version can be found on a label attached to the
EEPROM.)
PACSystems does not support the following with an IC697CMM711:
Access to Symbolic variables
WAIT mode COMMREQs.
Connecting the programming software to the CPU through the CMM’s serial ports.
Permanent datagrams.
The following restrictions apply when using the IC697CMM711 with PACSystems:
Access to %W references is partially supported. Only offsets 0—65535 of %W can
be accessed via the CMM.
The Program Name is currently always LDPROG1 for PACSystems.
Reads and writes beyond currently configured reference table limits will report a
minor code error of 90 (REF_OUT_OF_RANGE) instead of F4
(INVALID_PARAMETER) as reported on the Series 90-70.
In case of ERROR NACK, the Control Program number, privilege level and other
piggyback status data will be set to 0.
PACSystems CPUs return the major/minor type of the 90-70 CPX935 (major type 12,
minor type 35) to the CMM scratch pad memory when communicating with a CMM.
Control Program Number will be returned as 01 in PACSystems instead of FF as
reported on the Series 90-70.
If your RX7i application program needs to access the dual port memory of a CMM,
use the BUS READ and WRITE functions. When accessing the CMM, set the Region
parameter on the function block to 1. (For the CMM, region 1 is predefined to be the
module's entire dual port memory.)
Note: For details on operation of the IC697CMM711, refer to the Serial
Communications User’s Manual, GFK-0582.

12
Programmable Coprocessor Module (PCM)

PACSystems RX7i CPUs with versions 1.50 and higher support IC697PCM711modules
version of the PCM firmware because the CPU cannot check the PCM’s firmware
EEPROM.)
PACSystems does not support the following with an IC697PCM711:
Connecting the programming software to the CPU through the PCM’s serial ports.
Access to Symbolic variables.
WAIT mode COMMREQs.
The following C functions are not supported:
chk_genius_bus
chk_genius_device
get_cpu_type_rev
get_memtype_sizes
get_one_rackfault
get_rack_slot_faults
The C function write_dev will not write to “read only” references (%S references,
transition bits, and override bits). If this is attempted, the call will fail at run time and
return an error code.
The following restrictions apply when using the IC697PCM711 with PACSystems:
Access to %W references is partially supported. Only offsets 0—65535 of %W can
be accessed via the PCM.
The Program Name is currently always LDPROG1 for PACSystems.
In case of ERROR NACK, the Control Program number, privilege level and other
piggyback status data will be set to 0.
If an application program running on the PCM accesses the VME bus, the VME
addresses being used by that program must be in agreement with the PACSystems
RX7i VME address assignments. The PACSystems RX7i VME address assignments
are described in the PACSystems RX7i User’s Guide to Integration of VME Modules,
GFK-2235.
PACSystems CPUs return the major/minor type of the Series 90-70 CPX935 (major
type 12, minor type 35) to the PCM scratch pad memory when communicating with a
PCM.
If your RX7i application program needs to access the PCM’s dual port memory, use
the BUS READ and WRITE functions. When accessing the PCM, set the Region
parameter on the function block to 1. (For the PCM, region 1 is predefined to be the
module's entire dual port memory.)
Note: For details on operation of the IC697PCM711, refer to Programmable
Coprocessor Module and Support Software, GFK-0255.

12
DLAN/DLAN+ (Drives Local Area Network) Interface

PACSystems RX7i CPUs with versions 1.50 and higher support IC697BEM763 modules
version of the PCM firmware because the CPU cannot check the DLAN’s firmware
EEPROM.)
If your RX7i application program needs to access the DLAN’s dual port memory, use the
BUS READ and WRITE functions. When accessing a DLAN module, set the Region
parameter on the function block to 1. (For the DLAN module, region 1 is predefined to be
the module's entire dual port memory.)
Note: The DLAN Interface module is a specialty module with limited availability. If
you have a DLAN system, refer to the DLAN/DLAN+ Interface Module User’s
Manual, GFK-0729 for details.

Chapter Serial I/O, SNP and RTU Protocols
13
This chapter describes the Serial I/O feature, which can be used to control the
read/write activities of CPU serial ports 1 and 2 directly from the application program.
This chapter also contains instructions for using COMM_REQs to configure the CPU
serial ports for SNP, RTU, or Serial I/O protocol.
■ Configuring Serial Ports Using the COMMREQ Function
RTU Slave/SNP Slave Operation with a Programmer Attached
COMM_REQ Command Block for Configuring SNP Protocol
COMM_REQ Data Block for Configuring RTU Protocol
COMM_REQ Data Block for Configuring Serial I/O
■ Serial I/O COMM_REQ Commands
Initialize Port
Set Up Input Buffer
Flush Input Buffer
Read Port Status
Write Port Control
Cancel Operation
Autodial
Write Bytes
Read Bytes
Read String
■ RTU Slave Protocol
■ SNP Slave Protocol
Details of the RTU and SNP protocol are described in the Serial Communications
User’s Manual (GFK-0582).
GFK-2222P 13-1
13
Configuring Serial Ports Using the COMM_REQ Function

Serial I/O is implemented through the use of Communication Request (COMM_REQ)
functions. The operations of the protocol, such as transmitting a character through the
serial port or waiting for an input character, are implemented through the
COMM_REQ function block.
The COMM_REQ requires that all its command data be placed in the correct order (in
a command block) in the CPU memory before it is executed. The COMM_REQ should
be executed by a contact of a one-shot coil to prevent sending the data multiple times.
For details on the operands and command block format used by the COMM_REQ
function, refer to chapter 7, “Instruction Set Reference.”
The COMM_REQ uses the following TASKs to specify the port for which the operation
is intended:
task 19 for port 1
task 20 for port 2
Note: Because address offsets are stored in a 16-bit word field, the full range of %W
memory type cannot be used with COMM_REQs.
COMM_REQ Function Example

In the example, when %M0021 is ON, a Command Block located starting at %R0032
is sent to port 2 (communications task 20) of the CPU (rack 0, slot 0). If an error
occurs processing the COMM_REQ, %Q0110 is set.
Timing
If a port configuration COMM_REQ is sent to a serial port that currently has an SNP
master (for example, the programmer) connected to it, the COMM_REQ function
returns an error code to the COMM_REQ status word.
Sending Another COMM_REQ to the Same Port

After sending a COMM_REQ to configure a serial port, the application program should
monitor the COMM_REQ status word to determine when it can begin sending protocol
specific COMM_REQs to that port. It is recommended that the application clear the
COMM_REQ status word prior to issuing the configuration change. The status word
will be set to a nonzero value when the request has been processed.

13
Invalid Port Configuration Combinations

For the RX3i CPU, the Machine Edition programming software safeguards against the
download of hardware configurations that would prevent the programmer from
communicating serially with the CPU. This is done because the Ethernet module for
the RX3i may not be present or may be removed, in which case a serial connection is
required for programmer communications. For the RX7i CPU, the Ethernet port is
present on the CPU module, so Ethernet is always available for programmer
communications.
COMM_REQ Command Block Parameter Values

The following table lists common parameter values that are used within the
COMM_REQ command blocks for configuring a serial port. All values are in decimal.
Parameter Values
Protocol Selector 1 = SNP
3 = RTU
5 = Serial I/O
7 = Message Mode
Data Rate 0 = 300
1 = 600
2 = 1200
3 = 2400
4 = 4800
5 = 9600
6 = 19200
7 = 38400
8 = 57600
9 = 115200
Parity 0 = None
1 = Odd
2 = Even
Flow Control 0 = Hardware [RTS / CTS]
1 = None
2 = Software [XON / XOFF] (Serial I/O only)
Bits Per Character 0 = 7 bits
1 = 8 bits
Stop Bits 0 = 1 stop bit
1 = 2 stop bits
Duplex Mode 0 = 2-wire
1 = 4-wire
2 = 4-wire transmitter always on
Turnaround Delay (SNP only) 0 = none
1 = 10 ms
2 = 100 ms
3 = 500 ms
Timeout (SNP only) 0 = Long (8 sec)
1 = Medium (2 sec)
2 = Short (500 ms)
3 = “None” (200 ms)
GFK-2222P Chapter 13 Serial I/O, SNP and RTU Protocols 13-3

13
Sample COMM_REQ Command Blocks

The following COMM_REQ command blocks provide examples for configuring the
various protocols. All values are in decimal unless followed by an H indicating
hexadecimal.
Note that an example is not provided for Message Mode, but it can be setup with a
command block similar to the one for Serial I/O, with a value of 7 for the protocol
selector.
Example COMM_REQ Command Block for Configuring SNP Protocol

Values Meaning
Address 16 Data Block Length
Address + 1 0 = No Wait (WAIT mode not supported) WAIT/NOWAIT Flag
Address + 2 0008 = %R, register memory Status Word Pointer Memory
Type
Address + 3 Zero-based number that gives the address of the COMM_REQ Status Word Pointer Offset
status word (for example, a value of 99 gives an address of 100
for the status word)
Address + 4 not used Idle Timeout Value
Address + 5 not used Maximum Communication
Time
Address + 6 FFF0H Command Word (serial port
setup)
Address + 7 1 = SNP Protocol
Address + 8 0 = Slave Port Mode
Address + 9 See “COMM_REQ Command Block Parameter Values” on Data Rate
page 13-3.
0H
Address + 10 0 = None, 1 = Odd, 2 = Even Parity

Address + 11 not used (SNP always chooses NONE by default) Flow Control
Address + 12 0 = None, 1 = 10ms, 2 = 100ms, 3 = 500ms Turnaround Delay
Address + 13 0 = Long, 1 = Medium, 2 = Short, 3 = None Timeout
Address + 14 not used (SNP always chooses 8 bits by default) Bits Per Character
Address + 15 0 = 1 Stop Bit, 1 = 2 Stop bits Stop Bits
Address + 16 not used Interface
Address + 17 not used (SNP always chooses 4-wire mode by default) Duplex Mode
Address + 18 user-provided* Device identifier bytes 1 and 2
* The device identifier for SNP Slave ports is packed into words with the least
significant character in the least significant byte of the word. For example, if the
first two characters are “A” and “B,” the Address + 18 will contain the hex
value 4241.

13
Example COMM_REQ Data Block for Configuring RTU Protocol

Values Meaning
Type
Address + 3 Zero-based number that gives the address of the Status Word Pointer Offset
COMM_REQ status word (for example, a value of 99 gives an
address of 100 for the status word)
Address + 5 not used Maximum Communication Time
setup)
Address + 7 3 = RTU Protocol
Address + 8 0 = Slave Port Mode
page 13-3.
1H

Address + 11 0 = Hardware, 1 = None Flow Control
Address + 12 not used Turnaround delay
Address + 13 not used Timeout
Address + 14 not used (RTU always chooses 8 bits by default) Bits per Character
Address + 15 not used (RTU always chooses 1 stop bit by default) Stop Bits
Address + 17 0 = 2-wire, 1 = 4-wire, 2 = 4-wire transmitter always on Duplex Mode
Address + 18 Station Address (1-247) Device Identifier

13
Example COMM_REQ Data Block for Configuring Serial I/O Protocol

Values Meaning
Type
Address + 3 Zero-based number that gives the address of the COMM_REQ Status Word Pointer Offset
status word (for example, a value of 99 gives an address of
100 for the status word)
Address + 5 not used Maximum Communication Time
setup)
Address + 7 5 = Serial I/O Protocol
Address + 8 not used Port Mode
page 13-3.
2H

Address + 11 0 = Hardware, 1 = None, 2 = Software Flow Control
Address + 12 not used Turnaround Delay
Address + 13 not used Timeout
Address + 14 0=7 bits, 1=8 bits Bits per Character
Address + 15 0 = 1 stop bit, 1 = 2 stop bits Stop Bits
Address + 17 0 = 2-wire, 1 = 4-wire, 2 = 4-wire transmitter always on Duplex Mode

13
Calling Serial I/O COMM_REQs from the CPU Sweep

Implementing a serial protocol using Serial I/O COMM_REQs may be restricted by the
sweep time. For example, if the protocol requires that a reply to a certain message
from the remote device be initiated within 5 ms of receiving the message, this method
may not be successful if the sweep time is 5 ms or longer, since timely response is
not guaranteed.
Serial I/O protocol is only active when the CPU is in run mode, since it is completely
driven by COMM_REQ functions in the application program. When the CPU is
stopped, a port configured for Serial I/O will revert to a stop mode protocol. By
specifying the stop mode in the port settings of the CPU configuration, the stop mode
protocol can be set to either RTU slave or SNP slave; the default is RTU slave.
Compatibility
The COMM_REQ function blocks supported by Serial I/O are not supported by other
currently existing protocols (such as SNP slave and RTU slave). Errors are returned if
they are attempted for a port configured for one of those protocols.

13
Status Word for Serial I/O COMM_REQs

A value of 1 is returned in the COMM_REQ status word upon successful completion
of the COMM_REQ. Any other value returned is an error code where the low byte is a
major error code and the high byte is a minor error code.
Major Error Description
Code
1 (01h) Successful Completion (this is the expected completion value in the COMM_REQ status word).
12 (0Ch) Local error —Error processing a local command. The minor error code identifies the specific error.
2 (02h) COMM_REQ command is not supported.
6 (06h) Invalid PLC memory type specified.
7 (07h) Invalid PLC memory offset specified.
8 (08h) Unable to access PLC memory.
12 (0Ch) COMM_REQ data block length too small.
14 (0Eh) COMM_REQ data is invalid.
15 (0Fh) Could not allocate system resources to complete COMM_REQ.
13 (0Dh) Remote error — Error processing a remote command. The minor error code identifies the error.
2 (02h) Number of bytes requested to read is greater than input buffer size OR number bytes
requested to write is zero or greater than 250 bytes.
3 (03h) COMM_REQ data block length is too small. String data is missing or incomplete.
4 (04h) Receive timeout awaiting serial reception of data
6 (06h) Invalid PLC memory type specified.
7 (07h) Invalid PLC memory offset specified.
8 (08h) Unable to access PLC memory.
12 (0Ch) COMM_REQ data block length too small.
16 (10h) Operating system service error. The operating system service used to perform the request has
returned an error.
17 (11h) Port device error. The port device used to perform the service has detected an error. Either a
break was received or a UART Error (parity, framing, overrun) occurred.
18 (12h) Request cancelled. The request was terminated before it could complete.
48 (30h) Serial output timeout. The serial port was unable to transmit the string. (Could be due to
missing CTS signal when the serial port is configured to use hardware flow control.)
14 (0Eh) Autodial Error — An error occurred while attempting to send a command string to an attached external modem.
The minor error code identifies the specific error.
2 (02h) The modem command string length exceeds end of reference memory type.
3 (03h) COMM_REQ Data Block Length too small. Output command string data missing or
incomplete.
4 (04h) Serial output timeout. The serial port was unable to transmit the modem autodial output.
5 (05h) Response was not received from modem. Check modem and cable.
6 (06h) Modem responded with BUSY. Modem is unable to complete the requested connection. The
remote modem is already in use; retry the connection request later.
7 (07h) Modem responded with NO CARRIER. Modem is unable to complete the requested
connection. Check the local and remote modems and the telephone line.
8 (08h) Modem responded with NO DIALTONE. Modem is unable to complete the requested
connection. Check the modem connections and the telephone line.
9 (09h) Modem responded with ERROR. Modem is unable to complete the requested command.
Check the modem command string and modem.
10 (0Ah) Modem responded with RING, indicating that the modem is being called by another modem.
Modem is unable to complete the requested command. Retry the modem command later.
11 (0Bh) Unknown response received from the modem. Modem unable to complete the request. Check
the modem command string and modem. Response should be CONNECT or OK.

13
Serial I/O COMM_REQ Commands

The following COMM_REQs are used to implement Serial I/O:
■ Local COMM_REQs - do not receive or transmit data through the serial port.
Initialize Port (4300)
Set Up Input Buffer (4301)
Flush Input buffer (4302)
Read port status (4303)
Write port control (4304)
Cancel Operation (4399)
■ Remote COMM_REQs - receive and/or transmit data through the serial port.
Autodial (4400)
Write bytes (4401)
Read bytes (4402)
Read String (4403)
Overlapping COMM_REQs
Some Serial I/O COMM_REQs must complete execution before another COMM_REQ
can be processed. Others can be left pending while others are executed.
COMM_REQS that Must Complete Execution

■ Autodial (4400)
■ Initialize Port (4300)
■ Set Up Input Buffer (4301)
■ Flush Input buffer (4302)
■ Read port status (4303)
■ Write port control (4304)
■ Cancel Operation (4399)
■ Serial Port Setup (FFF0)
COMM_REQs that can be Pending While Others Execute

The table below shows whether Write Bytes, Read Bytes and Read String
COMM_REQs can be pending when other COMM_REQs are executed.
NEW COMM_REQ
Currently-pending Autodial Write Initialize Set Up Flush Read Write Read Read Cancel Serial
COMM_REQs (4400) Bytes Port Input Input Port Port Bytes String Operation Port
(4401) (4300) Buffer Buffer Status Control (4402) (4403) (4399) Setup
(4301) (4302) (4303) (4304 (FFF0)
Write Bytes (4401) No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Read Bytes (4402) No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No
Read String (4403) No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No

13
Initialize Port Function (4300)

This function causes a reset command to be sent to the specified port. It also cancels
any COMM_REQ currently in progress and flushes the internal input buffer. RTS is
set to inactive.
Example Command Block for the Initialize Port Function

Value Value Meaning
(decimal) (hexadecimal)
address 0001 0001 Data block length
address +1 0000 0000 NOWAIT mode
address +2 0008 0008 Status word memory type (%R)
address +3 0000 0000 Status word address minus 1 (%R0001)
address +4 0000 0000 Not used
address +6 4300 10CC Initialize port command
Operating Notes
Remote COMM_REQs that are cancelled due to this command executing will return a
COMM_REQ status word indicating request cancellation (minor code 12H).
CAUTION
If this COMM_REQ is sent when a Write Bytes (4401)
COMM_REQ is transmitting a string from a serial port,
transmission is halted. The position within the string where the
transmission is halted is indeterminate. In addition, the final
character received by the device to which the CPU is sending is
also indeterminate.

13
Set Up Input Buffer Function (4301)

This function is provided for compatibility with legacy Serial I/O applications. In
PACSystems releases 5.70 and later, the internal input buffer is always set to 2097
bytes. In earlier PACSystems implementations, the internal input buffer is set to
2K bytes.
The Set Up Input Buffer function returns a success status to the COMM_REQ status
word, regardless of the buffer length specified in the command block.
As data is received from the serial port it is placed in the input buffer. If the buffer
becomes full, any additional data received from the serial port is discarded and the
Overflow Error bit in the Port Status word (See Read Port Status Function) is set.
Retrieving Data from the Buffer

Data can be retrieved from the buffer using the Read String or Read Bytes function. It
is not directly accessible from the application program.
If data is not retrieved from the buffer in a timely fashion, some characters may be
lost.
Example Command Block for the Set Up Input Buffer Function

VALUE VALUE
(decimal) (hexadecimal) MEANING
address +6 4301 10CD Setup input buffer command
address +7 0064 0040 Buffer length (in words)
Flush Input Buffer Function (4302)

This operation empties the input buffer of any characters received through the serial
port but not yet retrieved using a read command. All such characters are lost.
Example Command Block for the Flush Input Buffer Function

VALUE VALUE MEANING
address +6 4302 10CE Flush input buffer command

13
Read Port Status Function (4303)

This function returns the current status of the port. The following events can be
detected:
1. A read request was initiated previously and the required number of characters has
now been received or the specified time-out has elapsed.
2. A write request was initiated previously and transmission of the specified number
of characters is complete or a time-out has elapsed.
The status returned by the function indicates the event or events that have completed.
More than one condition can occur simultaneously, if both a read and a write were
initiated previously.
Example Command Block for the Read Port Status Function

VALUE VALUE MEANING
address +6 4303 10CF Read port status command
address +7 0076 004C Port status memory type (%M)
address +8 0101 0065 Port status memory offset (%M101)

13
Port Status
The port status consists of a status word and the number of characters in the input
buffer that have not been retrieved by the application (characters which have been
received and are available).
word 1 Port status word (see below)

word 2 Characters available in the input buffer
The Port Status Word can be:
Bit Name Definition Meaning

15 RI Read In Set Read Bytes or Read String invoked
progress
Cleared Previous Read bytes or String has timed out,
been canceled, or finished
14 RS Read Success Set Read Bytes or Read String has successfully
completed
Cleared New Read Bytes or Read String invoked
13 RT Read Time-out Set Receive timeout occurred during Read Bytes or
Read String
Cleared New Read Bytes or Read String invoked
12 WI Write In Set New Write Bytes invoked
progress
Cleared Previously-invoked Write Bytes has timed out,
been canceled, or finished
11 WS Write Success Set Previously-invoked Write Bytes has successfully
completed
Cleared New Write Bytes invoked
10 WT Write Time-out Set Transmit timeout occurred during Write Bytes
Cleared New Write Bytes invoked
9 CA Character Set Unread characters are in the buffer
Available
Cleared No unread characters in the buffer
8 OF Overflow error Set Overflow error occurred on the serial port or
internal buffer
Cleared Read Port Status invoked
7 FE Framing Error Set Framing error occurred on the serial port
6 PE Parity Error Set Parity error occurred on the serial port
5 CT CTS is active Set CTS line on the serial port is active or the serial
port does not have a CTS line
Cleared CTS line on the serial port is not active
4-0 U Not used;
should be 0

13
Write Port Control Function (4304)

This function forces RTS for the specified port:
Example Command Block for the Write Port Control Function

VALUE VALUE MEANING
address +6 4304 10D0 Write port control command
address +7 xxxx xxxx Port control word
Port Control Word

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RTS U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
The Port Control Word can be:

15 RTS Commanded state of the RTS output
1 = Activates RTS
0 = Deactivates RTS
0-14 U Unused (should be zero)
Operating Note
For CPU port 2 (RS-485), the RTS signal is also controlled by the transmit driver.
Therefore, control of RTS is dependent on the current state of the transmit driver. If
the transmit driver is not enabled, asserting RTS with the Write Port Control
COMM_REQ will not cause RTS to be asserted on the serial line. The state of the
transmit driver is controlled by the protocol and is dependent on the current Duplex
Mode of the port. For 2-wire and 4-wire Duplex Mode, the transmit driver is only
enabled during transmitting. Therefore, RTS on the serial line will only be seen active
on port 2 (configured for 2-wire or 4-wire Duplex Mode) when data is being
transmitted. For point-to-point Duplex Mode, the transmit driver is always enabled.
Therefore, in point-to-point Duplex Mode, RTS on the serial line will always reflect
what is chosen with the Write Port Control COMM_REQ.

13
Cancel COMM_REQ Function (4399)

This function cancels the current operations in progress. It can be used to cancel both
read operations and write operations.
If a read operation is in progress and there are unprocessed characters in the input
buffer, those characters are left in the input buffer and available for future reads. The
serial port is not reset.
Example Command Block for the Cancel Operation Function

Value Value Meaning
address 0002 0002 Data block length (2)
address +6 4399 112F Cancel operation command
address +7 0001 0001 Transaction type to cancel
1 All operations
2 Read operations
3 Write operations
Operating Notes
Remote COMM_REQs that are cancelled due to this command executing will return a
COMM_REQ status word indicating request cancellation (minor code 12H).
Caution
If this COMM_REQ is sent in either Cancel All or Cancel Write
mode when a Write Bytes (4401) COMM_REQ is transmitting a
string from a serial port, transmission is halted. The position
within the string where the transmission is halted is
indeterminate. In addition, the final character received by the
device to which the CPU is sending is also indeterminate.

13
Autodial Function (4400)

This feature allows the CPU to automatically dial a modem and send a specified byte
string.
To implement this feature, the port must be configured for Serial I/O. After the autodial
function is executed and the modem has established a connection, other serial I/O
functions (Write Bytes, Set Up Input Buffer, Flush Input Buffer, Read Port Status,
Write Port Control, Read Bytes, Read String, and Cancel Operation) can be used.
Example
Pager enunciation can be implemented by three commands, requiring three
COMM_REQ command blocks:
Autodial: Dials the modem.
04400 (1130h)
Write Bytes: Specifies an ASCII string, from 1 to 250 bytes in length, to send from the
04401 (1131h) serial port.
Autodial: It is the responsibility of the PLC application program to hang up the phone
04400 (1130h) connection. This is accomplished by reissuing the autodial command and
sending the hang up command string.
Autodial Command Block

The Autodial command automatically transmits an Escape sequence that follows the
Hayes convention. If you are using a modem that does not support the Hayes
convention, you may be able to use the Write Bytes command to dial the modem.
Examples of commonly used command strings for Hayes-compatible modems are
listed below:
Command String Length Function

ATDP15035559999<CR> 16 (10h) Pulse dial the number 1-503-555-9999
ATDT15035559999<CR> 16 (10h) Tone dial the number 1-503-555-9999
ATDT9,15035559999<CR> 18 (12h) Tone dial using outside line with pause
ATH0<CR> 5 (05h) Hang up the phone
ATZ <CR> 4 (04h) Restore modem configuration to internally saved
values

13
Sample Autodial Command Block

This COMM_REQ command block dials the number 234-5678 using a Hayes-
compatible modem.
Word Definition Values

1 0009h CUSTOM data block length (includes command
string)
2 0000h NOWAIT mode
3 0008h Status word memory type (%R)
4 0000h Status word address minus 1 (Register 1)
5 0000h not used
6 0000h not used
7 04400 Autodial command number
(1130h)
8 00030 Modem response timeout (30 seconds)
(001Eh)
9 0012 (000Ch) Number of bytes in command string
10 5441h A (41h), T (54h)
11 5444h D (44h), T (54h)
12 3332h Phone number: 2 (32h), 3 (33h)
13 3534h 4 (34h), 5 (35h)
14 3736h 6 (36h), 7 (37h)
15 0D38h 8 (38h) <CR> (0Dh)

13
Write Bytes Function (4401)

This operation can be used to transmit one or more characters to the remote device
through the specified serial port. The character(s) to be transmitted must be in a word
reference memory . They should not be changed until the operation is complete.
Up to 250 characters can be transmitted with a single invocation of this operation. The
status of the operation is not complete until all of the characters have been
transmitted or until a timeout occurs (for example, if hardware flow control is being
used and the remote device never enables the transmission).
Example Command Block for the Write Bytes Function

Value Value Meaning
address 0006 0006 Data block length (includes characters to send)
address +6 4401 1131 Write bytes command
address +7 0030 001E Transmit time-out (30 seconds). See note below.
address +8 0005 0005 Number of bytes to write
address +9 25960 6568 ‘h’ (68h), ‘e’ (65h)
address +10 27756 6C6C ‘l’ (6Ch), ‘l’ (6Ch)
address +11 0111 006F ‘o’ (6Fh)
Although printable ASCII characters are used in this example, there is no restriction
on the values of the characters that can be transmitted.
Operating Notes
Specifying zero as the Transmit time-out sets the time-out value to the amount of time
actually needed to transmit the data, plus 4 seconds.
Caution
If an Initialize Port (4300) COMMEQ is sent or a Cancel Operation
(4399) COMM_REQ is sent in either Cancel All or Cancel Write
mode while this COMM_REQ is transmitting a string from a serial
port, transmission is halted. The position within the string where
the transmission is halted is indeterminate. In addition, the final
character received by the device the CPU is sending to is also
indeterminate.

13
Read Bytes Function (4402)

This function causes one or more characters to be read from the specified port. The
characters are read from the internal input buffer and placed in the specified input
data area. The function returns both the number of characters retrieved and the
number of unprocessed characters still in the input buffer. If zero characters of input
are requested, only the number of unprocessed characters in the input buffer is
returned.
If insufficient characters are available to satisfy the request and a non-zero value is
specified for the number of characters to read, the status of the operation is not
complete until either sufficient characters have been received or the time-out interval
expires. In either of those conditions, the port status indicates the reason for
completion of the read operation. The status word is not updated until the read
operation is complete (either due to timeout or when all the data has been received).
If the time-out interval is set to zero, the COMM_REQ remains pending until it has
received the requested amount of data, or until it is cancelled.
If this COMM_REQ fails for any reason, no data is returned to the input data area.
Any data that has not been read from the internal input buffer remains and it can be
retrieved with a subsequent read request.
Example Command Block for the Read Bytes Function

Value Value Meaning
address +6 4402 1132 Read bytes command
address +7 0030 001E Read time-out (30 seconds)
address +8 0005 0005 Number of bytes to read
address +9 0008 0008 Input data memory type (%R).
address +10 0100 0064 Input data memory address (%R0100)

13
Return Data Format for the Read Bytes Function

The return data consists of the number of characters actually read, the number of
characters still available in the input buffer after the read is complete (if any), and the
actual input characters.
Address Number of characters actually read

Address + 1 Number of characters still available in the input buffer, if any
Address + 2 first two characters (first character is in the low byte)
Address + 3 third and fourth characters (third character is in the low byte)
Address + n subsequent characters
Operating Notes for Read Bytes

If the input data memory type parameter is specified to be a word memory type, and if
an odd number of bytes are actually received, then the high byte of the last word to be
written with the received data is left unchanged.
As data is received from the serial port it is placed in the internal input buffer. If the
buffer becomes full, then any additional data received from the serial port is discarded
and the Overflow Error bit in the Port Status word (See Read Port Status Function) is
set.

13
Read String Function (4403)

This function causes characters to be read from the specified port until a specified
terminating character is received. The characters are read from the internal input
buffer and placed in the specified input data area.
The function returns both the number of characters retrieved and the number of
unprocessed characters still in the input buffer. If zero characters of input are
requested, only the number of unprocessed characters in the input buffer are
returned.
If the terminating character is not in the input buffer, the status of the operation is not
complete until either the terminating character has been received or the time-out
interval expires. In either of those conditions, the port status indicates the reason for
completion of the read operation.
If the time-out interval is set to zero, the COMM_REQ remains pending until it has
received the requested string, terminated by the specified end character.
If this COMM_REQ fails for any reason, no data is returned to the input data area.
Any data that has not been read from the internal input buffer remains, and it can be
retrieved with a subsequent read request.
Example Command Block for the Read String Function

Value Value Meaning
(deci (hexadecimal)
mal)
address +6 4403 1133 Read string command
address +7 0030 001E Read time-out (30 seconds)
address +8 0013 000D Terminating character (carriage return): must be
between 0 and 255 (0xFF), inclusive
address +9 0008 0008 Input data memory type (%R)
address +10 0100 0064 Input data memory address (%R0100)

13
Return Data Format for the Read String Function

The return data consists of the number of characters actually read, the number of
characters still available in the input buffer after the read is complete (if any), and the
actual input characters:
Address Number of characters actually read

Address + 1 Number of characters still available in the input buffer, if any
Address + 2 first two characters (first character is in the low byte)
Address + 3 third and fourth characters (third character is in the low byte)
Address + n subsequent characters
Operating Notes for Read String

If the input data memory type parameter is specified to be a word memory type, and if
an odd number of bytes are actually received, then the high byte of the last word to be
written with the received data is left unchanged.
As data is received from the serial port it is placed in the internal input buffer. If the
buffer becomes full, then any additional data received from the serial port is discarded
and the Overflow Error bit in the Port Status word (See Read Port Status Function) is
set.

13
RTU Slave Protocol

RTU protocol is a query-response protocol used for communication between the RTU
device and a host computer, which is capable of communicating using RTU protocol.
The host computer is the master device and it transmits a query to a RTU slave,
which responds to the master. The RTU slave device cannot query; it can only
respond to the master. A PACSystems CPU can only function as an RTU slave.
The RTU data transferred consists of 8-bit binary characters with an optional parity bit.
No control characters are added to the data block; however, an error check (Cyclic
Redundancy Check) is included as the final field of each query and response to
ensure accurate transmission of data.
Note: You should avoid using station address 1 for any other Modbus slave in a
PACSystems control system because the default station address for the
PACSystems CPU is 1. The CPU uses the default address in two situations:
1. If you power up without a configuration, the default station address of 1 is
used.
2. When the Port Mode parameter is set to Message Mode, and Modbus
becomes the protocol in stop mode, the station address defaults to 1,
unless you specify a stop mode for the port in the CPU configuration, and
then change the station address to be used for stop mode.
In either of these situations, if you have a slave configured with a station
address of 1, confusion may result when the PACSystems CPU responds to
requests intended for that slave.
Message Format
The general formats for RTU message transfers are shown below:
RTU Message Transfers

Slave Turn-around Time
Master Query Message
Slave Response
Query Transaction
Master Broadcast Message
Slave (No Response)
Broadcast Transaction

13
The master device begins a data transfer by sending a query or broadcast request
message. A slave completes that data transfer by sending a response message if the
master sent a query message addressed to it. No response message is sent when the
master sends a broadcast request.
RTU Slave Turnaround Time

The time between the end of a query and the beginning of the response to that query
is called the slave turnaround time. The turnaround time of a PACSystems slave
depends on the Controller Communications Window time and the sweep time of the
PACSystems. RTU requests are processed only in the Controller Communications
Window. In Normal sweep mode, the Controller Communications Window occurs
once per sweep. Because the sweep time on PACSystems can be up to 2.5 seconds,
the time to process an RTU request could be up to 2.5 seconds. Another factor is the
Controller Communications Window time allowed in Hardware Configuration. If you
configure a very small Controller Communications Window, the RTU request may not
be completed in one sweep, causing RTU processing to require multiple sweeps. For
details on CPU window modes, refer to chapter 4.
Message Types
The RTU protocol has four message types: query, normal response, error response,
and broadcast.
Query
The master sends a message addressed to a single slave.
Normal Response
After the slave performs the function requested by the query, it sends back a normal
response for that function. This indicates that the request was successful.
Error Response
The slave receives the query, but cannot perform the requested function. The slave
sends back an error response that indicates the reason the request could not be
processed. (No error message will be sent for certain types of errors. For more
information see “Communication Errors.”)
Broadcast
The master sends a message addressed to all of the slaves by using address 0. All
slaves that receive the broadcast message perform the requested function. This
transaction is ended by a time-out within the master.

13
Message Fields
The message fields for a typical message are shown in the figure below, and are
explained in the following sections.
FRAME
Station Address Function Code Information Error Check
Station Address
The Station Address is the address of the slave station selected for this data transfer.
It is one byte in length and has a value from 0 to 247 inclusive. An address of 0
selects all slave stations, and indicates that this is a broadcast message. An address
from 1 to 247 selects a slave station with that station address.
Function Code
The Function Code identifies the command being issued to the station. It is one byte
in length and is defined for the values 0 to 255 as follows:
Function Code Description
0 Illegal Function
1 Read Output Table
2 Read Input Table
3 Read Registers
4 Read Analog Input
5 Force Single Output
6 Preset Single Register
7 Read Exception Status
8 Loopback Maintenance
9-14 Unsupported Function
15 Force Multiple Outputs
16 Preset Multiple Registers
17 Report Device Type
18–21 Unsupported Function
22 Mask Write 4x Register
23 Read/Write 4x Registers
24–66 Unsupported Function
67 Read Scratch Pad Memory
68-127 Unsupported Function
128-255 Reserved for Exception Responses
Information Fields
All message fields, other than the Station Address field, Function Code field, and Error
Check field are called, generically, “information” fields. Information fields contain
additional information required to specify or respond to a requested function. Different
types of messages have different types or numbers of information fields. (Details on
information fields for each message type and function code are found in “Message
Descriptions,” page 13-32) Some messages (Message 07 Query and Message 17
3H
Query) do not have information fields.

13
Examples
As shown in the following figure, the information fields for message READ OUTPUT
TABLE (01) Query consist of the Starting Point No. field and Number of Points field.
The information fields for message READ OUTPUT TABLE (01) Response consist of
the Byte Count field and Data field.
Message (01)
Read Output Table
Information Fields
Address Func Starting Number of Error

01 Point No. Points Check
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Query
Information Fields
Address Func Byte Data Error

01 Count Check
Normal Response
Some information fields include entries for the range of data to be accessed in the
RTU slave.
Note: Data addresses are 0-based. This means you will need to subtract 1 from the
actual address when specifying it in the RTU message. For message (01)
READ OUTPUT TABLE Query, used in the example above, you would
specify a starting data address in the Starting Point No. field. To specify
%Q0001 as the starting address, you would place the address %Q0000 in
this field. Also, the value placed in the Number of Points field determines how
many %Q bits are read, starting with address %Q0001. For example:
■ Starting Point No. field = %Q0007, so the starting address is %Q0008.
■ Number of Points field = 16 (0010h), so addresses %Q0008 through
%Q0023 will be read.
Error Check Field

The Error Check field is two bytes in length and contains a cyclic redundancy check
(CRC-16) code. Its value is a function of the contents of the station Address, Function
code, and Information field. The details of generating the CRC-16 code are described
in “Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) on page 13-28” Note that the Information field is
4H
variable in length. To properly generate the CRC-16 code, the length of frame must be
determined. To calculate the length of a frame for each of the defined function codes,
see “Calculating the Length of Frame” on page 13-31. 5H

13
Message Length
Message length varies with the type of message and amount of data to be sent.
Information for determining message length for individual messages is found in
“Message Descriptions.”
Character Format
A message is sent as a series of characters. Each byte in a message is transmitted as
a character. The illustration below shows the character format. A character consists of
a start bit (0), eight data bits, an optional parity bit, and one stop bit (1). Between
characters the line is held in the 1 state.
MSB Data Bits LSB
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Parity
Stop Start
(optional)
Message Termination
Each station monitors the time between characters. When a period of three character
times elapses without the reception of a character, the end of a message is assumed.
The reception of the next character is assumed to be the beginning of a new
message. The end of a frame occurs when the first of the following two events occurs:
■ The number of characters received for the frame is equal to the calculated length
of the frame.
■ A length of 4 character times elapses without the reception of a character.
Timeout Usage
Timeouts are used on the serial link for error detection, error recovery, and to prevent
the missing of the end of messages and message sequences. Note that although the
module allows up to three character transmission times between each character in a
message that it receives, there is no more than half a character time between each
character in a message that the module transmits. After sending a query message,
the master should wait an appropriate amount of time for slave turnaround before
assuming that the slave did not respond to the request. Slave turnaround time is
affected by the Controller Communications Window time and the CPU sweep time, as
described in “RTU Slave Turnaround Time” on page 13-24.
6H 7H

13
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

The CRC is one of the most effective systems for checking errors. The CRC consists
of two check characters generated at the transmitter and added at the end of the
transmitted data characters. Using the same method, the receiver generates its own
CRC for the incoming data and compares it to the CRC sent by the transmitter to
ensure proper transmission. A complete mathematic derivation for the CRC is not
given in this section. This information can be found in a number of texts on data
communications. The essential steps that should be understood in calculating the
CRC are as follows:
■ The number of bits in the CRC multiplies the data bits that make up the message.
■ The resulting product is then divided by the generating polynomial (using modulo
2 with no carries). The CRC is the remainder of this division.
■ Disregard the quotient and add the remainder (CRC) to the data bits and transmit
the message with CRC.
■ The receiver then divides the message plus CRC by the generating polynomial
and if the remainder is 0, the transmission was transmitted without error.
A generating polynomial is expressed algebraically as a string of terms in powers of X
such as X 3 + X 2 + X 0 (or 1) which can in turn be expressed as the binary number
1101. A generating polynomial could be any length and contain any pattern of 1s and
0s as long as both the transmitter and receiver use the same value. For optimum error
detection, however, certain standard generating polynomials have been developed.
RTU protocol uses the polynomial X 16 + X 15 + X 2 + 1 which in binary is 1 1000 0000
0000 0101. The CRC this polynomial generates is known as CRC-16.
The discussion above can be implemented in hardware or software. One hardware
implementation involves constructing a multi-section shift register based on the
generating polynomial.
Cyclic Redundancy Check Register

2 15 16
X X X
CRC Register
15 14 + 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 + 0 +
Data
+ = Exclusive Or
Input
To generate the CRC, the message data bits are fed to the shift register one at a time.
The CRC register contains a preset value. As each data bit is presented to the shift
register, the bits are shifted to the right. The LSB is XORed with the data bit and the
result is: XORed with the old contents of bit 1 (the result placed in bit 0), XORed with
the old contents of bit 14 (and the result placed in bit 13), and finally, it is shifted into
bit 15. This process is repeated until all data bits in a message have been processed.
Software implementation of the CRC-16 is explained in the next section.

13
Calculating the CRC-16

The pseudo code for calculation of the CRC-16 is given below.
Preset byte count for data to be sent.
Initialize the 16-bit remainder (CRC) register to all ones.
XOR the first 8-bit data byte with the high order byte of the 16-bit CRC
register. The result is the current CRC.
INIT SHIFT: Initialize the shift counter to 0.
SHIFT Shift the current CRC register 1 bit to the right.
Increment shift count.
Is the bit shifted out to the right (flag) a 1 or a 0?
If it is a 1, XOR the generating polynomial with the current CRC.
If it is a 0, continue.
Is shift counter equal to 8?
If NO, return to SHIFT.
If YES, increment byte count.
Is byte count greater than the data length?
If NO, XOR the next 8-bit data byte with the current CRC and go to
INIT SHIFT.
If YES, add current CRC to end of data message for transmission
and exit.
When the message is transmitted, the receiver performs the same CRC operation on
all the data bits and the transmitted CRC. If the information is received correctly the
resulting remainder (receiver CRC) is 0.
Sample CRC-16 Calculation

The RTU device transmits the rightmost byte (of registers or discrete data) first. The
first bit of the CRC-16 transmitted is the MSB. Therefore, in the example the MSB of
the CRC polynomial is to the extreme right. The X16 term is dropped because it affects
only the quotient (which is discarded) and not the remainder (the CRC characters).
The generating polynomial is therefore 1010 0000 0000 0001. The remainder is
initialized to all 1s.
In this example, the CRC-16 is calculated for RTU message, Read Exception
Status 07. The message format is as follows:
Address Function CRC-16
01 07
In this example, device number 1 (address 01) is queried. You need to know the
amount of data to be transmitted and this information can be found for every message
type in “Calculating the Length of Frame.” For this message the data length is 2 bytes.

13
Transmitter CRC-16 Algorithm Receiver1 CRC-16 Algorithm

MSB2 LSB2 Flag MSB2 LSB2 Flag
Initial Remainder 1111 1111 1111 1111 Rcvr CRC after data 1110 0010 0100 0001
XOR 1st data byte 0000 0000 0000 0001 XOR 1st byte Trns 0000 0000 0100 0001
CRC
Current CRC 1111 1111 1111 1111 Current CRC 1110 0010 0000 0000
Shift 1 0111 1111 1111 1111 0 Shift 1 0111 0001 0000 0000 0
Shift 2 0011 1111 1111 1111 1 Shift 2 0011 1000 1000 0000 0
XOR Gen. Polynomial 1010 0000 0000 0001 Shift 3 0001 1100 0100 0000 0
Current CRC 1001 1111 1111 1110 Shift 4 0000 1110 0010 0000 0
Shift 3 0100 1111 1111 1111 0 Shift 5 0000 0111 0001 0000 0
Shift 4 0010 0111 1111 1111 1 Shift 6 0000 0011 1000 1000 0
XOR Gen. Polynomial 1010 0000 0000 0001 Shift 7 0000 0001 1100 0100 0
Current CRC 1000 0111 1111 1110 Shift 8 0000 0000 1110 0010 0
Shift 5 0100 0011 1111 1111 0 XOR 2nd byte trns 0000 0000 1110 0010
CRC
Shift 6 0010 0001 1111 1111 1 Current CRC 0000 0000 0000 0000
XOR Gen. Polynomial 1010 0000 0000 0001 Shift 1-8 yields 0000 0000 0000 0000
Current CRC 1000 0001 1111 1110 All errors for receiver final CRC-16 indicates transmission correct.
Shift 7 0100 0000 1111 1111 0
Shift 8 0010 0000 0111 1111 1
XOR Gen. Polynomial 1010 0000 0000 0001
Current CRC 1000 0000 0111 1110
XOR 2nd data byte 0000 0000 0000 0111
Current CRC 1000 0000 0111 1001
Shift 1 0100 0000 0011 1100 1
Current CRC 1110 0000 0011 1101
Shift 2 0111 0000 0001 1110 1
Current CRC 1101 0000 0001 1111
Shift 3 0110 1000 0000 1111 1
Current CRC 1100 1000 0000 1110
Shift 4 0110 0100 0000 0111 0
Shift 5 0011 0010 0000 0011 1
Current CRC 1001 0010 0000 0010
Shift 6 0100 1001 0000 0001 0
Shift 7 0010 0100 1000 0000 1
Current CRC 1000 0100 1000 0001
Shift 8 0100 0010 0100 0000 1
Transmitted CRC 1110 0010 0100 0001
E 2 4 1
1. The receiver processes incoming data through the same CRC algorithm as the transmitter. The
example for the receiver starts at the point after all the data bits but not the transmitted CRC have
been received correctly. Therefore, the receiver CRC should be equal to the transmitted CRC at this
point. When this occurs, the output of the CRC algorithm will be zero indicating that the transmission is
correct.
The transmitted message with CRC would then be:
Address Function CRC–16
01 07 41 E2
2. The MSB and LSB references are to the data bytes only, not the CRC bytes. The CRC MSB and LSB
order are the reverse of the data byte order.

13
Calculating the Length of Frame

To generate the CRC-16 for any message, the message length must be known. The
length for all types of messages can be determined from the table below.
RTU Message Length

Function Query or Broadcast Response Message
Code Message Length Less Length Less CRC Code
And CRC Code
Name
0 Not Defined Not Defined
1 Read Output Table 6 3 + 3rd byte*
2 Read Input Table 6 3 + 3rd byte*
3 Read Registers 6 3 + 3rd byte*
4 Read Analog Input 6 3 + 3rd byte*
5 Force Single Output 6 6
6 Preset Single Register 6 6
7 Read Exception Status 2 3
8 Loopback/Maintenance 6 6
9-14 Not Defined Not Defined
15 Force Multiple Outputs 7 + 7th byte* 6
16 Preset Multiple Registers 7 + 7th byte* 6
17 Report Device Type 2 8
22 Mask Write 4x Registers 8 8
23 Read/Write 4x Registers 13+byte 11* 5+byte 3*
24–66 Not Defined Not Defined
67 Read Scratch Pad 6 3 + 3rd byte*
128-255 Not Defined 3
*The value of this byte is the number of bytes contained in the data being transmitted.

13
RTU Message Descriptions

This section presents the format and fields for each RTU message.
Message (01): Read Output Table

Format:

Hi Lo Hi Lo
Query

01 Count Check
Normal Response
Query:
An address of 0 is not allowed because this cannot be a broadcast request.
The function code is 01.
The starting point number is two bytes in length and may be any value less than
the highest output point number available in the attached CPU. The starting point
number is equal to one less than the number of the first output point returned in
the normal response to this request.
The number of points value is two bytes in length. It specifies the number of
output points returned in the normal response. The sum of the starting point value
and the number of points value must be less than or equal to the highest output
point number available in the attached CPU. The high order byte of the Starting
Point Number and Number of Points fields is sent as the first byte. The low order
byte is the second byte in each of these fields.
Response:
The byte count is a binary number from 1 to 256 (0 = 256). It is the number of
bytes in the normal response following the byte count and preceding the error
check.
The Data field of the normal response is packed output status data. Each byte
contains eight output point values. The least significant bit (LSB) of the first byte
contains the value of the output point whose number is equal to the starting point
number plus one. The values of the output points are ordered by number starting
with the LSB of the first byte of the Data field and ending with the most significant
bit (MSB) of the last byte of the Data field. If the number of points is not a multiple
of 8, the last data byte contains zeros in one to seven of its highest order bits.

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Message (02): Read Input Table

Format:

Hi Lo Hi Lo
Query

02 Count Check
Normal Response
Query:
An address of 0 is not allowed as this cannot be a broadcast request.
The function code is 02.
The starting point number is two bytes in length and may be any value less than
the highest input point number available in the attached CPU. The starting point
number is equal to one less than the number of the first input point returned in the
normal response to this request.
The number of points value is two bytes in length. It specifies the number of input
points returned in the normal response. The sum of the starting point value and
the number of points value must be less than or equal to the highest input point
number available in the attached CPU. The high order byte of the Starting Point
Number and Number Of Bytes fields is sent as the first byte. The low order byte is
the second byte in each of these fields.
Response:
The byte count is a binary number from 1 to 256 (0 = 256). It is the number of
check.
The Data field of the normal response is packed input status data. Each byte
contains eight input point values. The least significant bit (LSB) of the first byte
contains the value of the input point whose number is equal to the starting point
number plus one. The values of the input points are ordered by number starting
with the LSB of the first byte of the Data field and ending with the most significant
bit (MSB) of the last byte of the Data field. If the number of points is not a multiple
of 8, then the last data byte contains zeros in one to seven of its highest order
bits.

13
Message (03): Read Registers

Format:
03 Register No. Registers Check
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Query

03 Count Check
First Register
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Normal Response
Query:
An address of 0 is not allowed as this request cannot be a broadcast request.
The function code is equal to 3.
The starting register number is two bytes in length. The starting register number
may be any value less than the highest register number available in the attached
CPU. It is equal to one less than the number of the first register returned in the
normal response to this request.
The number of registers value is two bytes in length. It must contain a value from
1 to 125 inclusive. The sum of the starting register value and the number of
registers value must be less than or equal to the highest register number available
in the attached CPU. The high order byte of the Starting Register Number and
Number of Registers fields is sent as the first byte in each of these fields. The low
order byte is the second byte in each of these fields.
Response:
The byte count is a binary number from 2 to 250 inclusive. It is the number of
check. Note that the byte count is equal to two times the number of registers
returned in the response. A maximum of 250 bytes (125) registers is set so that
the entire response can fit into one 256 byte data block.
The registers are returned in the Data field in order of number with the lowest
number register in the first two bytes and the highest number register in the last
two bytes of the Data field. The number of the first register in the Data field is
equal to the Starting Register Number plus one. The high order byte is sent before
the low order byte of each register.

13
Message (04): Read Analog Inputs

Format:
04 Analog Input Analog Check
No. Inputs
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Query
Address Func Byte First Data Error

04 Count Analog Check
Input
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Normal Response
Query:
An Address of 0 is not allowed as this request cannot be a broadcast request.
The Starting Analog Input Number is two bytes in length. The Starting Analog
Input Number may be any value less than the highest analog input number
available in the attached CPU. It is equal to one less than the number of the first
analog input returned in the normal response to this request.
The Number Of Analog Inputs value is two bytes in length. It must contain a value
from 1 to 125 inclusive. The sum of the Starting Analog Input value and the
Number Of Analog Inputs value must be less than or equal to the highest analog
input number available in the at-attached CPU. The high order byte of the Starting
Analog Input Number and Number of Analog Inputs fields is sent as the first byte
in each of these fields. The low order byte is the second byte in each of these
fields.
Response:
The Byte Count is a binary number from 2 to 250 inclusive. It is the number of
check. Note that the Byte Count is equal to two times the number of analog inputs
returned in the response. A maximum of 250 bytes (125) analog inputs is set so
that the entire response can fit into one 256 byte data block.
The analog inputs are returned in the Data field in order of number with the lowest
number analog input in the first two bytes and the highest number analog input in
the last two bytes of the Data field. The number of the First Analog Input in the
Data field is equal to the Starting analog input number plus one. The high order
byte is sent before the low order byte of each analog input.

13
Message (05): Force Single Output

Format:
Address Func Point Data Error Check
05 Number
00H
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Query
Address Func Point Data Error Check

05 Number
00H
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Normal Response
Query:
An Address of 0 indicates a broadcast request. All slave stations process a
broadcast re-quest and no response is sent.
The Point Number field is two bytes in length. It may be any value less than the
highest output point number available in the attached CPU. It is equal to one less
than the number of the output point to be forced on or off.
The first byte of the Data field is equal to either 0 or 255 (FFH). The output point
specified in the Point Number field is to be forced off if the first Data field byte is
equal to 0. It is to be forced on if the first Data field byte is equal to 255 (FFH).
The second byte of the Data field is always equal to zero.
Response:
The normal response to a force single output query is identical to the query.
Note: The force single output request is not an output override command. The
output specified in this request is ensured to be forced to the value specified
only at the beginning of one sweep of the user logic.

13
Message (06): Preset Single Register

Format:
Address Func Register Data Error Check
06 Number
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Query
Address Func Register Data Error Check

06 Number
Hi Lo Hi Lo
Normal Response
Query:
An Address 0 indicates a broadcast request. All slave stations process a
broadcast request and no response is sent.
The Register Number field is two bytes in length. It may be any value less than
the highest register available in the attached CPU. It is equal to one less than the
number of the register to be preset.
The Data field is two bytes in length and contains the value that the register
specified by the Register Number Field is to be preset to. The first byte in the Data
field contains the high order byte of the preset value. The second byte in the Data
field contains the low order byte.
Response:
The normal response to a preset single register query is identical to the query.

13
Message (07): Read Exception Status

Format:
Address Func Error Check
07
Query
Address Func Data Error Check

07
Normal Response
Query:
This query is a short form of request for the purpose of reading the first eight output
points.
An Address of zero is not allowed as this cannot be a broadcast request.
Response:
The Data field of the normal response is one byte in length and contains the
states of output points one through eight. The output states are packed in order of
number with output point one’s state in the least significant bit and output point
eight’s state in the most significant bit.

13
Message (08): Loopback/Maintenance (General)

Format:
Address Func Diagnostic Data Error Check
08 Code
0, 1, or 4
DATA 1 DATA 1
Query
Address Func Diagnostic Data Error Check

08 Code
0, 1, or 4
DATA 1 DATA 1
Normal Response
Query:
The Function code is equal to 8.
The Diagnostic Code is two bytes in length. The high order byte of the Diagnostic
Code is the first byte sent in the Diagnostic Code field. The low order byte is the
second byte sent. The loopback/maintenance command is defined only for
Diagnostic Codes equal to 0, 1, or 4. All other Diagnostic Codes are reserved.
The Data field is two bytes in length. The contents of the two Data bytes are
defined by the value of the Diagnostic Code.
Response:
See descriptions for individual Diagnostic Codes.
Diagnostic Return Query Data Request (Loopback/Maintenance Code 00):

An aDdress of 0 is not allowed for the return query data request.
The values of the two Data field bytes in the query are arbitrary.
The normal response is identical to the query.
The values of the Data bytes in the response are equal to the values sent in the
query.
Diagnostic Initiate Communication Restart Request (Loopback/Maintenance

Code 01):
This request disables the listen-only mode (enables responses to be sent when
queries are received so that communications can be restarted).
The value of the first byte of the Data field (DATA1) must be 0 or FF. Any other
value will cause an error response to be sent. The value of the second byte of the
Data field (DATA2) is always equal to 0.
The normal response to an Initiate Communication Restart query is identical to
the query.

13
Diagnostic Force Listen-Only Mode Request (Loopback/Maintenance code 04):

broadcast re-quest.
After receiving a Force Listen-Only mode request, the RTU device will go into the
listen-only mode, will not perform a requested function, and will not send either
normal or error responses to any queries. The listen-only mode is disabled when
the RTU device receives an Initiate Communication Restart request or when the
RTU device is powered up.
Both bytes in the Data field of a Force Listen-Only Mode request are equal to 0.
The RTU device never sends a response to a Force Listen-Only Mode request.
Note: Upon power up, the RTU device disables the listen-only mode and is enabled
to continue sending responses to queries.

13
Message (15): Force Multiple Outputs

Format:
Address Func Starting Number Byte Data Error Check
15 Point No. of Points Count
Query
Address Func Starting Number Error Check

15 Point No. of Points
Normal Response
Query:
The value of the Function code is 15.
The Starting Point Number is two bytes in length and may be any value less than
the highest output point number available in the attached CPU. The Starting Point
Number is equal to one less than the number of the first output point forced by this
request.
The Number of Points value is two bytes in length. The sum of the Starting Point
Number and the Number of Points value must be less than or equal to the highest
output point number available in the attached CPU. The high order byte of the
Starting Point Number and Number of Bytes fields is sent as the first byte in each
of these fields. The low order byte is the second byte in each of these fields.
The Byte Count is a binary number from 1 to 256 (0 = 256). It is the number of
bytes in the Data field of the force multiple outputs request.
The Data field is packed data containing the values that the outputs specified by
the Starting Point Number and the Number of Points fields are to be forced to.
Each byte in the Data field contains the values that eight output points are to be
forced to. The least significant bit (LSB) of the first byte contains the value that the
output point whose number is equal to the starting point number plus one is to be
forced to. The values for the output points are ordered by number starting with the
LSB of the first byte of the Data field and ending with the most significant bit
(MSB) of the last byte of the Data field. If the number of points is not a multiple of
8, then the last data byte contains zeros in one to seven of its highest order bits.
Response:
The description of the fields in the response are covered in the query description.
Note: The force multiple outputs request is not an output override command. The
outputs specified in this request are ensured to be forced to the values
specified only at the beginning of one sweep of the user logic.

13
Message (16): Preset Multiple Registers

Format:
Address Func Starting Number of Byte Data Error Check
16 Point Registers Count
Query
Address Func Starting Number of Error Check

16 Register No. Registers
Normal Response
Query:
broadcast re-quest and no response is sent.
The value of the Function code is 16.
The Starting Register Number is two bytes in length. The Starting Register
Number may be any value less than the highest register number available in the
attached CPU. It is equal to one less than the number of the first register preset
by this request.
The Number of Registers value is two bytes in length. It must contain a value from
1 to 125 inclusive. The sum of the Starting Register Number and the Number of
Registers value must be less than or equal to the highest register number
available in the attached CPU. The high order byte of the Starting Register
Number and Number of Registers fields is sent as the first byte in each of these
fields. The low order byte is the second byte in each of these fields.
The Byte Count field is one byte in length. It is a binary number from 2 to 250
inclusive. It is equal to the number of bytes in the data field of the preset multiple
registers request. Note that the Byte Count is equal to twice the value of the
Number of Registers.
The registers are returned in the Data field in order of number with the lowest
number register in the first two bytes and the highest number register in the last
two bytes of the Data field. The number of the first register in the Data field is
equal to the starting register number plus one. The high order byte is sent before
the low order byte of each register.
Response:
The description of the fields in the response are covered in the query description.

13
Message (17): Report Device Type

Format:
Address Func 17 Error Check
Query
Address Func 17 Byte Device Slave Run Data Error Check

Count Type 43 Light
Normal Response
Query:
The Report Device Type query is sent by the master to a slave in order to learn what
type of programmable control or other computer it is.
An Address of zero is not allowed as this cannot be a broadcast request.
The Function code is 17.
Response:
The Byte Count field is one byte in length and is equal to 5.
The Device Type field is one byte in length and is equal to 43 (hexadecimal) for
PACSystems
The Slave Run Light field is one byte in length. The Slave Run Light byte is equal
to OFFH if the CPU is in RUN mode. It is equal to 0 if the CPU is not in RUN
mode.
The Data field contains three bytes. For PACSystems CPUs, the first byte is the
Minor Type, and the remaining bytes are zeroes. The following table lists minor
types.
Response Data
CPU Model
(Minor Type)
02 hex IC698CPE010
04 hex IC698CPE020
05 hex IC698CRE020
06 hex IC698CPE030
08 hex IC698CPE040
0A hex IC695CPU310
10 hex IC695CPU320
11 hex IC695CRU320

13
Message (22): Mask Write 4x Memory

Modifies the contents of a specified 4x register using a combination of an AND mask,
an OR mask, and the register's current contents. The function can be used to set or
clear individual bits in the register. Broadcast is not supported.
Query
The query specifies the 4x reference to be written, the data to be used as the AND
mask, and the data to be used as the OR mask.
The function's algorithm is:
Result = (Current Contents AND And_Mask) OR (Or_Mask AND And_Mask )
For example,
Hex Binary
Current Contents 12 0001 0010
And_Mask F2 1111 0010
Or_Mask 25 0010 0101
And_Mask 0D 0000 1101
Result 17 0001 0111
Note: If the Or_Mask value is zero, the result is simply the logical ANDing of the
current contents and And_Mask. If the And_Mask value is zero, the result is
equal to the Or_Mask value.
Note: The contents of the register can be read with the Read Holding Registers
function (function code 03). They could, however, be changed subsequently
as the controller scans its user logic program.
Example of a Mask Write to register 5 in slave device 17, using the above mask
values:
Field Name Example (Hex)
Slave Address 11
Function 16
Reference Address Hi 00
Reference Address Lo 04
And_Mask Hi 00
And_Mask Lo F2
Or_Mask Hi 00
Or_Mask Lo 25
Error Check (LRC or CRC) --
Response
The normal response is an echo of the query. The response is returned after the
register has been written.

13
Message (23): Read Write 4x Memory

Performs a combination of one read and one write operation in a single Modbus
transaction. The function can write new contents to a group of 4x registers, and then
return the contents of another group of 4x registers. Broadcast is not supported.
Query
The query specifies the starting address and quantity of registers of the group to be
read. It also specifies the starting address, quantity of registers, and data for the group
to be written. The Byte Count field specifies the quantity of bytes to follow in the Write
Data field.
Here is an example of a query to read six registers starting at register 5, and to write
three registers starting at register 16, in slave device 17:
Slave address 11
Function 17
Read Reference Address Hi 00
Read Reference Address Lo 04
Quantity to Read Hi 00
Quantity to Read Lo 06
Write Reference Address Hi 00
Write Reference Address Lo 0F
Quantity to Write Hi 00
Quantity to Write Lo 03
Byte Count 06
Write Data 1 Hi 00
Write Data 1 Lo FF
Write Data 2 Hi 00
Write Data 2 Lo FF
Write Data 3 Hi 00
Write Data 3 Lo FF

13
Response
The normal response contains the data from the group of registers that were read.
The Byte Count field specifies the quantity of bytes to follow in the Read Data field.
Here is an example of a response to the query:
Slave Address 11
Function 17
Byte Count 0C
Read Data 1 Hi 00
Read Data 1 Lo FE
Read Data 2 Hi 0A
Read Data 2 Lo CD
Read Data 3 Hi 00
Read Data 3 Lo 01
Read Data 4 Hi 00
Read Data 4 Lo 03
Read Data 5 Hi 00
Read Data 5 Lo 0D
Read Data 6 Hi 00
Read Data 6 Lo FF

13
Message (67): Read Scratch Pad Memory

Format:
67 Byte No. Bytes Check
Query

67 Count Check
Normal Response
Query:
An Address of 0 is not allowed as this cannot be a broadcast request.
The Function Code is equal to 67.
The Starting Byte Number is two bytes in length and may be any value less than
or equal to the highest scratch pad memory address available in the attached
CPU as indicated in the table below. The Starting Byte Number is equal to the
address of the first scratch pad memory byte returned in the normal response to
this request.
The Number of Bytes value is two bytes in length. It specifies the number of
scratch pad memory locations (bytes) returned in the normal response. The sum
of the Starting Byte Number and the Number of Bytes values must be less than
two plus the highest scratch pad memory address available in the attached CPU.
The high order byte of the Starting Byte Number and Number of Bytes fields is
sent as the first byte in each of these fields. The low order byte is the second byte
in each of the fields.
Response:
The Byte Count is a binary number from 1 to 256 (0 = 256). It is the number of
bytes in the Data field of the normal response.
The Data field contains the contents of the scratch pad memory requested by the
query. The scratch pad memory bytes are sent in order of address. The contents
of the scratch pad memory byte whose address is equal to the Starting Byte
Number is sent in the first byte of the Data field. The contents of the scratch pad
memory byte whose address is equal to one less than the sum of the starting byte
number and number of bytes values is sent in the last byte of the Data field.

13
RTU Scratch Pad

The entire scratch pad is updated every time an external READ request is received by
the PACSystems RTU slave. All scratch pad locations are read only. The scratch pad
is a byte-oriented memory type.
RTU Scratch Pad Memory Allocation

SP Field Identifier Bits
Address
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
00 CPU Run Status 0 0 0 0 See note 1.
01 CPU Command Status Bit pattern same as SP(00)
02 CPU Type Major2a (in hexadecimal)
03 Minor2b (in hexadecimal)
04 – 0B CPU SNP ID 7 ASCII characters + termination character
(00h)
0C CPU Firmware Revision No. Major (in BCD)
0D Minor (in BCD)
0E Communications Management Module (CMM) Major
0F Firmware Revision No. Minor
10—11 Reserved 00h
12 Node Type Identifier PACSystems 43 (hexadecimal)
13—15 Reserved 00h
16 RTU Station Address 1—247 (decimal)
17 Reserved 00h
18—33 Sizes of Memory Types3
18—1B Register Memory %R size (words)
1C—1F Analog Input Table %AI size (words)
20—23 Analog Output Table %AO size (words)
24—27 Input Table %I size (bits)
28—2B Output Table %O size (bits)
2C—2F Internal Discrete Memory %M size (bits)
30—33 User Program Code The amount of program memory occupied by the
logic program.
34—FF Reserved 00h
Scratch Pad Memory Allocation Notes
1 2a
0000 = Run_Enabled 0100 = Halted CPU Major Type Codes:
0001 = Run_Disabled 0101 = Suspended PACSystems 0x43
0010 = Stopped 0110 = Stopped_IO_Enabled 2b
PACSystems Minor Types for CPU:
see Message (17) Report Device Type
3
Scratch Pad Bytes 18h-33h:
Four bytes hold the hexadecimal length of each memory type with the most significant word reserved for future
expansion. For example, the default register memory size of 1024 words (0400h) would be returned in the following
format:
Word Least Significant Most Significant
SP Byte 18 19 1A 1B
Contains 00 04 00 00

13
Communication Errors
Serial link communication errors are divided into three groups:
Invalid Query Message
Serial Link Time Outs
Invalid Transaction
Invalid Query Message

When the communications module receives a query addressed to itself, but cannot
process the query, it sends one of the following error responses:
Subcode
Invalid Function Code 1
Invalid Address Field 2
Invalid Data Field 3
Query Processing Failure 4
The format for an error response to a query is as follows:
Address Exception Error Error

Func Subcode Check
The address reflects the address provided on the original request. The exception
function code is equal to the sum of the function code of the query plus 128. The error
subcode is equal to 1, 2, 3, or 4. The value of the subcode indicates the reason the
query could not be processed.
Invalid Function Code Error Response (1)

An error response with a subcode of 1 is called an invalid function code error
response. This response is sent by a slave if it receives a query whose function code
is not equal to 1 through 8, 15, 16, 17, or 67.
Invalid Address Error Response (2)

An error response with a subcode of 2 is called an invalid address error response.
This error response is sent in the following cases:
1. The Starting Point Number and Number of Points fields specify output points or
input points that are not available in the attached CPU (returned for function
codes 1, 2, 15).
2. The Starting Register Number and Number of Registers fields specify registers
that are not available in the attached CPU (returned for function codes 4, 16).
3. The Starting Analog Input Number and Analog Input Number fields specify analog
inputs that are not available in the attached CPU (returned for function code 3).
4. The Point Number field specifies an output point not available in the attached
CPU (returned for function code 5).
5. The Register Number field specifies a register not available in the attached CPU
(returned for function code 6).

13
6. The Analog Input Number field specifies an analog input number not available in
the at-attached CPU (returned for function code 3).
7. The Diagnostic Code is not equal to 0, 1, or 4 (returned for function code 8).
8. The starting Byte Number and Number of Bytes fields specify a scratch pad
memory address that is not available in the attached CPU (returned for function
code 67).
Invalid Data Value Error Response (3)

An error response with a subcode of 3 is called an invalid data value error response.
This response is sent in the following cases:
The first byte of the Data field is not equal to 0 or 255 (FFh) or the second byte of the
Data field is not equal to 0 for the Force Single Output Request (Function Code 5) or
the initiate communication restart request (function code 8, diagnostic code 1). The
two bytes of the Data field are not both equal to 0 for the Force Listen-Only request
(Function Code 8, Diagnostic Code 4). This response is also sent when the data
length specified by the Memory Address field is longer than the data received.
Query Processing Failure Error Response (4)

An error response with a subcode of 4 is called a query processing failure response.
This error response is sent by a RTU device if it properly receives a query but
communication between the associated CPU and the CMM fails.
Serial Link Timeout

The only cause for a RTU device to timeout is if an interruption to a data stream of 4
character times occurs while a message is being received. If this occurs the message
is considered to have terminated and no response will be sent to the master. There
are certain timing considerations due to the characteristics of the slave that should be
taken into account by the master. After sending a query message, the master should
wait an appropriate amount of time for slave turnaround before assuming that the
slave did not respond to the request. Slave turnaround time is affected by the
Controller Communications Window time and the CPU sweep time, as described in
“RTU Slave Turnaround Time” on page 13-24.
8H 9H
Invalid Transactions
If an error occurs during transmission that does not fall into the category of an invalid
query message or a serial link time-out, it is known as an invalid transaction. Types of
errors causing an invalid transaction include:
Bad CRC.
The data length specified by the Memory Address field is longer than the data
received.
Framing or overrun errors.
Parity errors.
If an error in this category occurs when a message is received by the slave serial port,
the slave does not return an error message; rather the slave ignores the incoming
message, treating the message as though it was not intended for it.

13
RTU Slave/SNP Slave Operation With Programmer Attached

A port that has been configured for RTU Slave protocol can switch to SNP protocol if
an SNP master such as a programmer begins communicating to the port. The
programmer must use the same serial communications parameters (baud rate, parity,
stop bits, etc.) as the currently active RTU Slave protocol for it to be recognized. When
the CPU recognizes the SNP master, the CPU removes the RTU Slave protocol from
the port and installs SNP Slave as the active protocol.
The SNP protocol that is installed in this case has the following fixed characteristics:
■ The SNP ID is set to blank. Therefore the SNP master must use a blank ID in the
SNP attach message. This also means that this capability is only useful for point-
to-point connections.
■ The turnaround time is set to 0 ms.
■ The idle timeout is set to 10 seconds.
After the programmer is removed, there is a slight delay (equal to the idle timeout)
before the CPU recognizes its absence. During this time, no messages are processed
on the port. The CPU detects removal of the programmer as an SNP Slave protocol
timeout. Therefore, it is important to be careful when disabling timeouts used by the
SNP Slave protocol.
When the CPU recognizes the programmer disconnect, it reinstalls RTU Slave
protocol unless a new protocol has been configured in the meantime. In that case, the
CPU installs the new protocol instead.
Example
1. Port 1 is running RTU Slave protocol at 9600 baud.
2. A programmer is attached to port 1. The programmer is using 9600 baud.
3. The CPU installs SNP Slave on port 1 and the programmer communicates
normally.
4. The programmer stores a new configuration to port 1. The new configuration sets
the port for SNP Slave at 4800 baud (it will not take effect until the port loses
communications with the programmer).
5. When the CPU loses communications with the programmer, the new configuration
takes effect.

13
SNP Slave Protocol

PACSystems CPUs can communicate with Machine Edition software through either
Port 1 or Port 2 using SNP slave protocol.
CPU port 1 is wired as an RS-232 Data Communications Equipment (DCE) port, and
can be connected directly using straight-through cable to one of the serial ports of a
PC running Machine Edition or other SNP master software.
CPU port 2 is wired for RS-485. If the SNP master does not have an RS-485 port, an
RS-485/RS-232 converter is required. The RX3i can use converter IC690ACC901,
which uses +5VDC from the serial port. The RX7i CPU port 2 does not support
IC690ACC901 and requires an externally powered converter.
PACSystems provides the break free version of SNP, so that the SNP master does
not need to issue a break signal as part of the SNP attach sequence. However, the
CPU responds appropriately if a break signal is detected, by resetting the protocol to
wait for another attach sequence from the master.
PACSystems supports both point-to-point connections (single master/single slave)
and multi-drop connections (single master/multiple slaves).
For details on SNP protocol, refer to the Serial Communications User’s Manual,
GFK-0582.
Permanent Datagrams
Permanent datagrams survive after the SNP session that created them has been
terminated. This allows an SNP master device to periodically retrieve datagram data
from a number of different PLCs on a multi-drop link, without the master having to
establish and write the datagram each time it reconnects to the PLC.
The maximum number of permanent datagrams that can be established is 32. When
this limit is reached, additional requests to establish datagrams are denied. One or
more of the permanent datagrams will need to be cancelled before others can be
established. Since the permanent datagrams are not automatically deleted when the
SNP session is terminated, this limit prevents an inordinate amount of these
datagrams from being established.
Permanent datagrams do not survive a power-cycle.
Communication Requests (COMM_REQs) for SNP

The PACSystems serial ports 1 and 2 currently do not provide SNP Master service,
nor do they support COMM_REQ functions for SNP commands. However, those
COMM_REQ functions can be used with PCM/CMM modules that are configured to
provide SNP service. For more information, refer to the Serial Communications User’s
Manual, GFK-0582.

Chapter Diagnostics
14
This chapter explains the PACSystems fault handling system, provides definitions of
fault extra data, and suggests corrective actions for faults.
Faults occur in the control system when certain failures or conditions happen that
affect the operation and performance of the system. Some conditions, such as the
loss of an I/O module or rack, may impair the ability of the PLC to control a machine
or process. Other conditions, such as when a new module comes online and becomes
available for use, may be displayed to inform or alert the user.
Any detected fault is recorded in the controller fault table or the I/O fault table, as
applicable.
Information in this chapter is organized as follows:
■ Fault Handling Overview 14-2 0H
■ Using the Fault Tables 14-4 1H
■ System Handling of Faults 14-8 2H
■ Controller Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions 14-14

3H
■ I/O Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions 14-38

4H
■ Diagnostic Logic Blocks 14-57

5H
GFK-2222P 14-1
14
Fault Handling Overview

The PACSystems CPU detects three classes of faults:
Fault Class Examples
Internal Failures (Hardware) Non-responding modules
Failed battery
Memory checksum errors
External I/O Failures (Hardware) Loss of rack or module
Addition of rack or module
Loss of Genius I/O block
Operational Failures Communication failures
Configuration failures
Password access failures
System Response to Faults

Hardware failures require that either the system be shut down or the failure be
tolerated. I/O failures may be tolerated by the control system, but they may be
intolerable by the application or the process being controlled. Operational failures are
normally tolerated.
Faults have three attributes:

Fault Table Affected I/O fault table
controller fault table
Fault Action Fatal
Diagnostic
Informational
Configurability Configurable
Nonconfigurable
Fault Tables
The PACSystems CPU maintains two fault tables, the controller fault table for internal
CPU faults and the I/O fault table for faults generated by I/O devices (including I/O
controllers). For more information, see “Using the Fault Tables” on page 14-4. 6H

14
Fault Actions and Fault Action Configuration

Fatal faults cause the fault to be recorded in the appropriate table, diagnostic
variables to be set, and the system to be stopped. Only fatal faults cause the system
to stop.
Diagnostic faults are recorded in the appropriate table, and any diagnostic variables
are set. Informational faults are only recorded in the appropriate table.
Fault Action Response by CPU
Fatal Log fault in fault table.
Set fault references.
Go to Stop/Fault mode.
Diagnostic Log fault in fault table.
Set fault references.
Informational Log fault in fault table.
The hardware configuration can be used to specify the fault action of some fault
groups. For these groups, the fault action can be configured as either fatal or
diagnostic. When a fatal or diagnostic fault within a configurable group occurs, the
CPU executes the configured fault action instead of the action specified within the
fault.
Note: The fault action displayed in the expanded fault details indicates the fault
action specified by the fault that was logged, but not necessarily the executed
fault action. To determine what action was executed for a particular fault in a
configurable fault group, you must refer to the hardware configuration
settings.
Faults that are part of configurable fault groups:

Fault Action Displayed in Informational Diagnostic Fatal
Fault Table
Fault Action Executed Informational Diagnostic or Fatal. Diagnostic or Fatal.
Determined by action selected Determined by action selected
in Hardware Configuration. in Hardware Configuration.
Faults that are part of nonconfigurable fault groups:

Fault Action Displayed in
Informational Diagnostic Fatal
Fault Table
Fault Action Executed Informational Diagnostic Fatal
GFK-2222P Chapter 14 Diagnostics 14-3

14
Using the Fault Tables

To display the fault tables in Logic Developer software,
1. Go online with the PACSystems.
2. Select the Project tab in the Navigator, right click the Target node and choose
Diagnostics. The Fault Table Viewer appears.
The controller fault table and the I/O fault table display the following information:
PLC Time/Date The current date and time of the CPU.
Last Cleared The date and time faults were last cleared from the fault table. This
information is maintained by the PLC.
Status Displays “Updating” while the programmer is reading the fault table.
Status is “Online” when update is complete.
Total Faults The total number of faults since the table was last cleared.
Entries Overflowed The number of entries lost because the fault table has overflowed since it
was cleared. Each fault table can contain up to 64 faults.
Controller Fault Table

The controller fault table displays CPU faults such as password violations,
configuration mismatches, parity errors, and communications errors.
The controller fault table provides the following information for each fault:
Location Identifies the location of the fault by rack.slot.
Description Corresponds to a fault group, which is identified in the fault Details.
Date/Time The date and time the fault occurred based on the CPU clock.
Details To view detailed information, click the fault entry. See “Viewing Controller
Fault Details” for more information.

14
Viewing Controller Fault Details

Note: The fault action displayed in the expanded fault details indicates the fault
action specified by the fault that was logged, but not necessarily the executed
fault action. To determine what action was executed for a particular fault in a
configurable fault group, you must refer to the hardware configuration
settings.
To see controller fault details, click the fault entry. The detailed information box for the
fault appears. (To close this box, click the fault.)
The detailed information for controller faults includes the following:

Error Code Further identifies the fault. Each fault group has its own set of error codes.
Group Group is the highest classification of a fault and identifies the general category
of the fault. The fault description text displayed by your programming software
is based on the fault group and the error codes.
Action Fatal, Diagnostic, or Informational. For definitions of these actions, refer to
page 14-3.
7H
Task Number Not used for most faults. When used, provides additional information for
Technical Support representatives.
Fault Extra Data Provides additional information for diagnostics by Technical Support engineers.
Explanations of this information are provided as appropriate for specific faults
in “Controller Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions” on page 14-14.8H
User-Defined Faults
User-defined faults can be logged in the controller fault table. When a user-defined
fault occurs, it is displayed in the appropriate fault table as “Application Msg
(error_code):” and may be followed by a descriptive message up to 24 characters.
The user can define all characters in the descriptive message. Although the message
must end with the null character, e.g., zero (0), the null character does not count as
one of the 24 characters. If the message contains more than 24 characters, only the
first 24 characters are displayed.
Certain user-defined faults can be used to set a system status reference (%SA0081–
%SA0112).
User-defined faults are created using Service Request 21, which is described in
chapter 9.
Note: When a user-defined fault is displayed in the Controller Fault table, a value of
-32768 (8000 hex) is added to the error code. For example, the error code 5
will be displayed as -32763.

14
I/O Fault Table

The I/O fault table displays I/O faults such as circuit faults, address conflicts, forced
circuits, I/O module addition/loss faults and I/O bus faults.
The fault table displays a maximum of 64 faults. When the fault table is full, it displays
the earliest 32 faults (33—64) and the last 32 faults (1—32). When another fault is
received, fault 32 is shoved out of the table. In this way, the first 32 faults are
preserved for the user to view.
The I/O fault table provides the following information for each fault:
Location Identifies the location of the fault by rack.slot location, and sometimes bus and
buss address.
CIRC No. When applicable, identifies the specific I/O point on the module.
Variable If the fault is on a point that is mapped to an I/O variable, and the variable is
Name set to publish (either internal or external), the I/O fault table displays the
variable name. Unpublished I/O variables will not be displayed in this field.
Ref. If the fault is on a point that is mapped to a reference address, this field
Address* identifies the I/O memory type and location (offset) that corresponds to the
point experiencing the fault. When a Genius device fault or local analog
module fault occurs, the reference address refers to the first point on the block
where the fault occurred.
Fault Specifies a general classification of the fault.
Category
Fault Type Consists of subcategories under certain fault categories. Set to zero
when not applicable to the category.
Date/Time The date and time the fault occurred based on the CPU clock.
Details To view detailed information, click the fault entry. See “Viewing I/O Fault
Details” for more information.
*Note: The Reference Address field displays 16-bits and %W memory has a 32-bit
range. Addresses in %W are displayed correctly for offsets in the 16-bit range
(≤65,535). For %W offsets greater than 16-bits, the I/O Fault Table displays a
blank reference address.

14
Viewing I/O Fault Details

To see I/O fault details, click the fault entry. The detailed information box for the fault
appears. (To close this box, click the fault.)
The detailed information for I/O faults includes:

I/O Bus When the module in the slot is a Genius Bus Controller (GBC), this number is
always one.
Bus Address The serial bus address of the Genius device that reported or has the fault.
Point Address Identifies the point on the I/O device that has the fault when the fault is a
point-type fault.
Group Fault group is the highest classification of a fault. It identifies the
general category of the fault.
Action Fatal, Diagnostic, or Informational. For definitions of these actions, refer to
page 14-3.
9H
Category Identifies the category of the fault.

Fault Type Identifies the fault type by number. Set to zero when not applicable to the
category.
Fault Extra Data Provides additional information for diagnostics by Technical Support
engineers. Explanations of this information are provided as appropriate for
specific faults in “I/O Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions” on
page 14-36.
10H
Fault Description Provides a specific fault code when the I/O fault category is a circuit fault
(discrete circuit fault, analog circuit fault, low-level analog fault) or module
fault. It is set to zero for other fault categories.

14
System Handling of Faults

The system fault references listed below can be used to identify the specific type of
fault that has occurred. (A complete list of system status references is provided in
chapter 6.)
System Fault Address Description
Reference
#ANY_FLT %SC0009 Any new fault in either table since the last power-up or clearing
of the fault tables
#SY_FLT %SC0010 Any new system fault in the controller fault table since the last
power-up or clearing of the fault tables
#IO_FLT %SC0011 Any new fault in the I/O fault table since the last power-up or
clearing of the fault tables
#SY_PRES %SC0012 Indicates that there is at least one entry in the controller fault
table
#IO_PRES %SC0013 Indicates that there is at least one entry in the I/O fault table
#HRD_FLT %SC0014 Any hardware fault
#SFT_FLT %SC0015 Any software fault
On power-up, the system fault references are cleared. If a fault occurs, the positive
contact transition of any affected reference is turned on the sweep after the fault
occurs. The system fault references remain on until both fault tables are cleared or All
Memory in the CPU is cleared.
System Fault References

When a system fault reference is set, additional fault references are also set. These
other types of faults are listed in “Fault References for Configurable Faults” below and
“Fault References for Non-Configurable Faults” on page 14-10. 1H

14
Fault References for Configurable Faults

Fault Address
(Default Description May Also Be Set
Action)
#SBUS_ER %SA0032 System bus error. All system bus error faults are logged #HRD_FLT, #SY_PRES,
(diagnostic) as informational. #SY_FLT
#SFT_IOC1 %SA0029 Non-recoverable software error in an I/O Controller #IO_FLT, #IO_PRES,
(diagnostic) (IOC). #SFT_FLT
#LOS_RCK2 %SA0012 Loss of rack (BRM failure, loss of power) or missing a #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES,
(diagnostic) configured rack. #IO_FLT, #IO_PRES
#LOS_IOC3 %SA0013 Loss of I/O Controller or missing a configured Bus #IO_FLT, #IO_PRES
(diagnostic) Controller.
#LOS_IOM %SA0014 Loss of I/O module (does not respond), or missing a #IO_FLT, #IO_PRES
(diagnostic) configured I/O module.
#LOS_SIO %SA0015 Loss of intelligent module (does not respond), or missing #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(diagnostic) a configured module.
#IOC_FLT %SA0022 Non-fatal bus or I/O Controller error, more than 10 bus #IO_FLT, #IO_PRES
(diagnostic) errors in 10 seconds. (Error rate is configurable.)
#CFG_MM %SA0009 Configuration mismatch. Wrong module type detected. #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(fatal) The PLC does not check the configuration parameter
settings for individual modules such as Genius I/O
blocks.
#OVR_TMP %SA0008 CPU temperature has exceeded its normal operating #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(diagnostic) temperature.
1. The #SFT_IOC software fault will have the same action as what you set for #LOS_IOC.
2. When a Loss of Rack or Addition of Rack fault is logged, individual loss or add faults for each module in that
rack are usually not generated.
3. Even if the #LOS_IOC fault is configured as Fatal, the PLC will not go to STOP/FAULT unless both GBCs of
an internal redundant pair fail.
Note: If the fault action for a fault logged to the fault table is informational, the
configured action is not used. For example, if the logged fault action for an
SBUS_ERR is informational, but you configure it as fatal, the action is still
informational.

14
Fault References for Non-Configurable Faults

Fault Address Description Result
#PS_FLT %SA0005 Power supply fault Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
#HRD_CPU %SA0010 CPU hardware fault (such as failed memory Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES, #HRD_FLT
(fatal) device or failed serial port).
#HRD_SIO %SA0027 Non-fatal hardware fault on any module in the Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES, #HRD_FLT
(diagnostic) system, such as failure of a serial port on a
LAN interface module.
#SFT_SIO %SA0031 Non-recoverable software error in a LAN Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES, #SFT_FLT
(diagnostic) interface module.
#PB_SUM %SA0001 Program or block checksum failure during Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(fatal) power-up or in Run mode.
#LOW_BAT %SA0011 Not supported for the CPU battery. For details, Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(diagnostic) see “Battery Status (Group 18)” on
page 14 28.
12H
#OV_SWP %SA0002 Constant sweep time exceeded. Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES

(diagnostic)
#SY_FULL %SA0022 Controller fault table full (64 entries). Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES, #IO_FLT,
#IO_FULL I/O fault table full (64 entries). #IO_PRES
(diagnostic)
#APL_FLT %SA0003 Application fault. Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(diagnostic)
#ADD_RCK* %SA0017 New rack added, extra rack, or previously Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(diagnostic) faulted rack has returned.
#ADD_IOC %SA0018 Extra IOC, previously faulted I/O Controller is Sets #IO_FLT, #IO_PRES
(diagnostic) no longer faulted.
#ADD_IOM %SA0019 Extra IO module, or previously faulted I/O Sets #IO_FLT, #IO_PRES
(diagnostic) module is no longer faulted.
#ADD_SIO %SA0020 New intelligent module is added, or previously Sets #SY_FLT, #SY_PRES
(diagnostic) faulted module no longer faulted.
#IOM_FLT %SA0023 Point or channel on an I/O module; a partial Sets #IO_FLT, I#O_PRES
(diagnostic) failure of the module.
#NO_PROG %SB0009 No application program is present at power-up. PLC will not go to Run mode; it continues
(information) Should only occur the first time the PLC is executing Stop mode sweep until a valid
powered up or if the battery-backed RAM program is loaded. This can be a “null”
containing the program fails. program that does nothing. Sets
#SY_FLT and #SY_PRES.
#BAD_RAM %SB0010 Corrupted program memory at power-up. Sets #SY_FLT and #SY_PRES.
(fatal) Program could not be read and/or did not pass
checksum tests.
#WIND_ER %SB0001 Window completion error. Servicing of Sets #SY_FLT and #SY_PRES.
(information) Controller Communications or Logic Window
was skipped. Occurs in Constant Sweep
mode.
#BAD_PWD %SB0011 Change of privilege level request to a Sets #SY_FLT and #SY_PRES.
(information) protection level was denied; bad password.
#NUL_CFG %SB0012 No configuration present upon transition to Sets #SY_FLT and #SY_PRES.
(fatal) Run mode. Running without a configuration is
equivalent to suspending the I/O scans.

14
Fault Address Description Result

#SFT_CPU %SB0013 CPU software fault. A non-recoverable error PLC immediately transitions to Stop/Halt
(fatal) has been detected in the CPU. May be caused mode. The only activity permitted is
by Watchdog Timer expiring. communication with the programmer. To
be cleared, PLC power must be cycled.
Sets SY_FLT, SY_PRES, and SFT_FLT.
#STOR_ER %SB0014 Download of data to PLC from the programmer PLC will not transition to Run mode. This
(fatal) failed; some data in PLC may be corrupted. fault is not cleared at power-up,
intervention is required to correct it. Sets
SY_FLT and SY_PRES.
* When a Loss of Rack or Addition of Rack fault is logged, individual loss or add faults for
each module in that rack are usually not generated.
Using Fault Contacts

Fault (-[F]-) and no-fault (-[NF]-) contacts can be used to detect the presence of
various faults in the system. These contacts cannot be overridden. The following table
shows the state of fault and no-fault contacts.
Condition [F] [NF]
Fault Present ON OFF
Fault Absent OFF ON
Fault Locating References (Rack, Slot, Bus, Module)

The PACSystems CPU supports reserved fault names for each rack, slot, bus, and
module. By programming these names on the FAULT and NOFLT contact
instructions, logic can be executed in response to faults associated with configured
racks and modules.
Fault Locating Reference Name Format

These fault names can only be programmed on the FAULT and NOFLT contacts. The
reserved fault names are always available. It is not necessary to enable a special
option, such as point faults.
Fault Reference Reserved Comment
Type Name
Rack #RACK_000r Where r is rack number 0 to 7.
Slot #SLOT_0rss Where r is rack number 0 to 7 and ss is slot number 0 to 31.
Bus #BUS_0rssb Where r is rack number 0 to 7, ss is slot number 0 to 31, and b is the bus
(Genius only) number (0 or 1).
Module #M_rssbmmm Where r is rack number 0 to 7, ss is slot number 0 to 31, b is the bus
(Genius only) number, and mmm is the Bus Address number 000 to 255.
These fault names do not correspond to %SA, %SB, %SC, or to any other reference
type. They are mapped to a memory area that is not user-accessible. Only the name
is displayed.

14
Fault Reference Name Examples:
#RACK_0001 represents rack 1.

#SLOT_0105 represents rack 1, slot 5.
#BUS_02041 represents rack 2, slot 4, bus 1.
#M_2061028 represents rack 2, slot 6, bus 1, Genius module 28.
Note: When a slot level failure fault is reported to the fault tables, all bus and
module fault locating references associated with that slot are set (the FAULT
contact passes power flow, and the NOFLT contact does not pass power
flow), regardless of what type of module it is. Conversely, when a slot level
reset fault is reported to the fault tables, all bus and module fault locating
references are cleared (the FAULT contact does not pass power flow, and the
NOFLT contact passes power flow).
Behavior of Fault Locating References

At power-up, all fault locating references are cleared in the PLC. When a fault is
logged, the PLC transitions the state of the affected reference(s). The state of the fault
reference remains in the fault state until one of the following actions occurs:
• Both the PLC and the I/O fault tables are cleared through your programming
software either by clearing each table individually or clearing the entire PLC
memory.
• The associated device (rack, I/O module, or Genius device) is added back into the
system. Whenever an “Addition of. . . ” fault is logged, the PLC initializes all fault
references associated with the device to the NoFlt state. These references remain
in the NoFlt state until another fault associated with the device is reported. (This
could take several seconds for distributed I/O faults, especially if the bus controller
has been reset.)
Note: These fault references are set for informational purposes only. They should
not be used to qualify I/O data. The I/O point fault references (described on
page 14-13) may be used to qualify I/O data. The PLC does not halt
13H
execution as a result of setting a fault locating reference to the Fault state.

The fault references have a cascading effect. If there is a problem in the
module located at rack 5, slot 6, bus 1, module 29, the following fault
references are set: RACK_05, SLOT_0506, BUS_05061, and M_5061029.
There will only be one entry in the fault table to describe the problem with the
module. The fault table does not show separate entries pertaining to the rack,
slot, and bus in this case.
If an analog base module (IC697ALG230) is lost, the fault locating reference
for that module is set. The fault locating references for its expander modules
(IC697ALG440 and ALG441) are not set as a result of the loss. Therefore,
any fault locating references to an expander module should also reference the
base module to verify that the module or its base have not been lost.

14
Using Point Faults

Point faults pertain to external I/O faults, although they are also set due to the failure
of associated higher-level internal hardware (for example, IOC failure or loss of a
rack). To use point faults, they must be enabled in Hardware Configuration on the
Memory parameters tab of the CPU.
When enabled, a bit for each discrete I/O point and a byte for each analog I/O channel
are allocated in PLC memory. The PLC memory used for point faults is included in the
total reference table memory size. The FAULT and NOFLT contacts described in
“Using Fault Contacts” on page 14-11 provide access to the point faults.
14H
The full support of point fault contacts depends on the capability of the I/O module.
Some Series 90-30 modules do not support point fault contacts. The point fault
contacts for these modules remain all off, unless a Loss of I/O Module occurs, in
which case the RX3i CPU turns on all point fault contacts associated with the lost
module.
Using Alarm Contacts

High (-[HA]-) and low (-[LA]-) alarm contacts are used to represent the state of the
analog input module comparator function. To use alarm contacts, point faults must
first be enabled in Hardware Configuration on the Memory parameters tab of the CPU.
The following example logic uses both high and low alarm contacts.
Note: HA and LA contacts do not create an entry in a fault table.

14
Controller Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions

Each fault explanation contains a fault description and instructions to correct the fault.
Many fault descriptions have multiple causes. In these cases, the error code and
additional fault information are used to distinguish among fault conditions sharing the
same fault description.
Controller Fault Groups

Group Name Default Fault Configurable
Action*
1 Loss of or Missing Rack Diagnostic Yes
4 Loss of or Missing Option Module Diagnostic Yes
5 Addition of, or Extra Rack N/A No
8 Reset of, Addition of, or Extra Option N/A No
Module
11 System Configuration Mismatch Fatal** Yes
12 System Bus Error Fatal Yes
13 CPU Hardware Failure N/A No
14 Module Hardware Failure N/A No
16 Option Module Software Failure N/A No
17 Program or Block Checksum Failure Group N/A No
18 Battery Status Group N/A No
19 Constant Sweep Time Exceeded N/A No
20 System Fault Table Full N/A No
21 I/O Fault Table Full N/A No
22 User Application Fault N/A No
24 CPU Over Temperature Diagnostic Yes
128 System Bus Failure N/A No
129 No User Program on Power-up N/A No
130 Corrupted User Program on Power-up N/A No
131 Window Completion Failure N/A No
132 Password Access Failure N/A No
134 Null System Configuration for Run Mode N/A No
135 CPU System Software Failure N/A No
137 Communications Failure During Store N/A No
140 Non-critical CPU Software Event N/A No
* The fault action indicated is not applicable if the fault is displayed as informational.
Faults displayed as informational, always behave as informational.
** If a system configuration mismatch occurs when the CPU is in Run mode, the
fault action will be Diagnostic regardless of the fault configuration. For additional
information, see “Fault Parameters” in chapter 3.

14
Loss of or Missing Rack (Group 1)

The fault group Loss of or Missing Rack occurs when the system cannot communicate
with an expansion rack because the BTM (Bus Transmitter Module) in the main rack
failed, the BRM (Bus Receiver Module) in the expansion rack failed, power failed in
the expansion rack, or the expansion rack was configured in the configuration file but
did not respond during power-up.
Default action: Diagnostic. Configurable.
1, Rack Lost
The PLC generates this error when the main rack can no longer communicate with an
expansion rack. The error is generated for each expansion rack that exists in the system.
Correction
(1) Power off the system. Verify that both the BTM and the BRM are seated properly
in their respective racks and that all cables are properly connected and seated.
(2) Replace the cables.
(3) Replace the BRM.
(4) Replace the BTM.
2, Rack Not Responding

The PLC generates this error when the configuration file stored from the programmer indicates
that a particular expansion rack should be in the system but none responds for that rack
number.
Correction
(1) Check rack number jumper behind power supply—first on missing rack and then
on all other racks—for duplicated rack numbers.
(2) Update the configuration file if a rack should not be present.
(3) Add the rack to the hardware configuration if a rack should be present and one is
not.
(4) Power off the system. Verify that both the BTM and the BRM are seated properly
in their respective racks and that all cables are properly connected and seated.
(5) Replace the cables.
(8) Check for Termination Plug on last BRM.

14
Loss of or Missing Option Module (Group 4)

The fault group Loss of or Missing Option Module occurs when a LAN interface
module, BTM, or BRM fails to respond. The failure may occur at power-up or store of
configuration if the module is missing or during operation if the module fails to
respond. This may also occur due to hot removal of an option module.
Default action: Diagnostic. Configurable
3C hex/60 decimal, Module in Firmware Update Mode

The PLC generates this error when it finds a module in Firmware Update mode.
Modules in this mode will not communicate with the CPU.
Correction
(1) Run the firmware update utility for the module.
(2) Reset the module with the push-button.
(3 Power-cycle the entire system.
(4 Power-cycle the rack containing the module.
63 hex/99 decimal, Module Hot Removed

The PLC logs this fault when it detects hot removal of an option module such as the
LAN interface module. No correction necessary
All Others, Module Failure During Configuration

The PLC generates this error when a module fails during power-up or configuration store.
Correction
(1) Power off the system. Replace the module located in that rack and slot.
(2) If the board is located in an expansion rack, verify BTM/BRM cable connections
are tight and the modules are seated properly; verify the addressing of the
expansion rack.
(5) Replace the rack.
Addition of, or Extra Rack (Group 5)

This fault group occurs when a configured expansion rack with which the CPU could
not communicate comes online or is powered on, or an unconfigured rack is found.
Action: Nonconfigurable.
1, Extra Rack
Correction
(1) Check rack jumper behind power supply for correct setting.
(2) Update the configuration file to include the expansion rack.
Note: No correction necessary if rack was just powered on.

14
Reset of, Addition of, or Extra Option Module (Group 8)

The fault group Reset of, Addition of, or Extra Option Module occurs when an option
module (LAN interface module, BTM, etc.) comes online, is reset, is hot inserted or a
module is found in the rack but is not configured.
3, LAN Interface Restart Complete, Running Utility

The LAN Interface module has restarted and is running a utility program.
Correction
Refer to the LAN Interface manual, GFK-0868 or GFK-0869 (previously GFK-0533).
7, Extra Option Module

Correction
(1) Update the configuration file to include the module.
(2) Remove the module from the system.
E Hex/14 Decimal, Option Module Hot inserted

The PLC logs this fault when it detects hot insertion of an option module such as the
LAN interface module. No correction necessary
Note: When configuration is cleared or stored, a reset fault is generated for every
intelligent option module physically present in the system.

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System Configuration Mismatch (Group 11)

The fault group Configuration Mismatch occurs when the module occupying a slot is
different from that specified in the configuration file. When the GBC generates the
mismatch because of a Genius block, the second byte in the Fault Extra Data field
contains the bus address of the mismatched block.
Default action: Fatal. Configurable.
Note: If a system configuration mismatch occurs when the CPU is in Run mode, the
fault action will be Diagnostic regardless of the fault configuration. For
additional information, see “Fault Parameters” in chapter 3.
2, Genius I/O Block Model Number Mismatch

The PLC generates this fault when the configured and physical Genius I/O blocks
have different model numbers.
Correction
(1) Replace the Genius I/O block with one corresponding to the configured module.
(2) Update the configuration file.
Fault Extra Data for Genius I/O Block Model Number Mismatch
Byte Value
[0] FF (flag byte)
[1] Serial Bus address
[2] Installed module type (See “Installed/Configured Module Types” on page 14-18.)
15H
[3] Configured module type (See “Installed/Configured Module Types” on page 14-18.) 16H
Installed/Configured Module Types (Bytes 2 and 3 of Fault Extra Data)

Number
Description
Decimal Hexadecimal
4 4 Genius Network Interface (GENI)
5 5 Phase B Hand Held Monitor
6 6 Phase B Series Six GBC with Diagnostics
7 7 Phase B Series Six GBC without Diagnostics
8 8 PLCM/Series Six
9 9 PLCM/Series 90-40
10 A Series 90-70 Single Channel Bus Controller
11 B Series 90-70 Dual Channel Bus Controller
12 C Series 90-10 Genius Communications Module
13 D Series 90-30 Genius Communications Module
32 20 High Speed Counter
69 45 Phase B 115Vac 8-point (2 amp) Grouped Block
70 46 Phase B 115Vac/125Vdc 8-point Isolated Block
70 46 Phase B 115Vac/125Vdc 8-point Isolated Block without Failed Switch
71 47 Phase B 220Vac 8-point Grouped Block
72 48 Phase B 24-48Vdc 16-point Proximity Sink Block

14
Number
Description
Decimal Hexadecimal
72 48 Phase B 24Vdc 16-point Proximity Sink Block
73 49 Phase B 24-48Vdc 16-point Source Block
73 49 Phase B 24Vdc 16-point Proximity Source Block
74 4A Phase B 12-24Vdc 32-point Sink Block
75 4B Phase B 12-24Vdc 32-point Source Block
76 4C Phase B 12-24Vdc 32-point 5V Logic Block
77 4D Phase B 115Vac 16-point Quad State Input Block
78 4E Phase B 12-24Vdc 16-point Quad State Input Block
79 4F Phase B 115/230Vac 16-point Normally Open Relay Block
80 50 Phase B 115/230Vac 16-point Normally Closed Relay Block
81 51 Phase B 115Vac 16-point AC Input Block
82 52 Phase B 115Vac 8-point Low-Leakage Grouped Block
127 7F* Genius Network Adapter (GENA)
131 83 Phase B 115Vac 4-input, 2-output Analog Block
132 84 Phase B 24Vdc 4-input, 2-output Analog Block
133 85 Phase B 220Vac 4-input, 2-output Analog Block
134 86 Phase B 115Vac Thermocouple Input Block
135 87 Phase B 24Vdc Thermocouple Input Block
136 88 Phase B 115Vac RTD Input Block
137 89 Phase B 24/48Vdc RTD Input Block
138 8A Phase B 115Vac Strain Gauge/mV Analog Input Block
139 8B Phase B 24Vdc Strain Gauge/mV Analog Input Block
140 8C Phase B 115Vac 4-input, 2-output Current Source Analog Block
141 8D Phase B 24Vdc 4-input, 2-output Current Source Analog Block
*GENA Application ID Numbers

If the model number is 7F hex (Genius Network Adapter), the block may be one of the
following. (The GENA Application ID is shown for reference.)
Number
Decimal Hexadecimal Description
131 83 115Vac/230Vac/125Vdc Power Monitor Module
132 84 24/48Vdc Power Monitor Module
160 A0 Genius Remote 90-70 Rack Controller

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4, I/O Type Mismatch

The PLC generates this fault when the physical and configured I/O types of Genius grouped
blocks are different.
Correction
(1) Remove the indicated Genius module and install the module indicated in the
configuration file.
(2) Update the Genius module descriptions in the configuration file to agree with what
is physically installed.
Fault Extra Data for I/O Type Mismatch

Byte Value
[0] FF
[1] Bus address
[2] Installed module’s I/O type
[3] Configured module’s I/O type
Genius Installed Module I/O Types (Byte 2 of Fault Extra Data)

Value Description
01 Input only
02 Output only
03 Combination
Genius Configured Module I/O Types (Byte 3 of Fault Extra Data)

Value
Description
Decimal Hexadecimal
0 0 Discrete input
1 1 Discrete output
2 2 Analog input
3 3 Analog output
4 4 Discrete grouped
5 5 Analog grouped
20 14 Analog in, discrete in
21 15 Analog in, discrete out
24 18 Analog in, discrete grouped
30 1E Analog out, discrete in
31 1F Analog out, discrete out
34 22 Analog out, discrete grouped
50 32 Analog grouped, discrete in
51 33 Analog grouped, discrete out
54 36 Analog grouped, discrete grouped

14
8, Analog Expander Mismatch

The CPU generates this error when the configured and physical Analog Expander
modules have different model numbers.
Correction
(1) Replace the Analog Expander module with one corresponding to configured
module.
9, Genius I/O Block Size Mismatch

The CPU generates this error when block configuration size does not match the
configured size.
Correction
Reconfigure the block.
Fault Extra Data for Genius I/O Block Size Mismatch

Byte Value
[0] FF
[1] Bus address
[2] Module’s broadcast data length
[3] Configured module’s broadcast data length
A hex/10 decimal, Unsupported Feature

Configured feature not supported by this revision of the module.
Correction
(1) Update the module to a revision that supports the feature.
(2) Change the module configuration.
Fault Extra Data for Unsupported Feature

Byte Value
[8] Contains a reason code indicating what feature is not supported.
0x5 – GBC revision too old
0x6 – Only supported in main rack
E hex/14 decimal, LAN Duplicate MAC Address

This LAN Interface module has the same MAC address as another device on the
LAN. The module is off the network.
Correction
(1) Change the module’s MAC address.
(2) Change the other device’s MAC address.
F hex/15 decimal, LAN Duplicate MAC Address Resolved

Previous duplicate MAC address has been resolved. The module is back on the
network. This is an informational message. No correction required.

14
10 hex/16 decimal, LAN MAC Address Mismatch

MAC address programmed by softswitch utility does not match configuration stored
from software.
Correction
Change MAC address on softswitch utility or in software.
11 hex/17 decimal, LAN Softswitch/Modem mismatch

Configuration of LAN module does not match modem type or configuration
programmed by softswitch utility.
Correction
(1) Correct configuration of modem type.
(2) Consult LAN Interface manual for configuration setup.
13 hex/19 decimal, DCD Length Mismatch

Directed control data lengths do not match.
Correction
See Fault Extra Data.
Fault Extra Data for DCD Length Mismatch

Byte Value
[0] FF
[1] Bus address
[2] Module’s directed data length
[3] Configured module’s directed data length
25 hex/37 decimal, Controller Reference Out of Range

A reference on either the trigger, disable, or I/O specification is out of the configured
limits.
Correction
Modify the incorrect reference to be within range, or increase the configured size of
the reference data.
26 hex/38 decimal, Bad Program Specification

The I/O specification of a program is corrupted.
Correction
Contact Technical Support.

14
27 hex/39 decimal, Unresolved or Disabled Interrupt Reference

The CPU generates this error when an interrupt trigger reference is either out of range
or disabled in the I/O module’s configuration.
Correction
(1) Remove or correct the interrupt trigger reference.
(2) Update the configuration file to enable this particular interrupt.
43 hex/67 decimal, Module Configuration Failure

Module configuration was not successfully accepted by the module.
Correction
Check fault table for other module-specific faults for possible reasons why the module
did not accept the configuration. Check that the configuration for the module is correct
and valid.
4B hex/75 decimal, ECC jumper is disabled, but should be enabled

If the CPU redundancy feature is supported and required, the ECC jumper must be in
the enabled position.
Correction
Set the ECC jumper to the enabled position. (See the instructions provided with the
Redundancy CPU firmware upgrade kit).
4C hex/76 decimal, ECC jumper is enabled, but should be disabled

If the CPU firmware does not support redundancy, the ECC jumper must be in the
disabled position.
Correction
Set the ECC jumper to the disabled position (jumper on one pin or removed entirely).
All Others, Module and Configuration do not Match

The CPU generates this fault when the module occupying a slot is not of the same
type that the configuration file indicates.
Correction
(1) Replace the module in the slot with the type indicated in the configuration file.

14
System Bus Error (Group 12)

The fault group System Bus Error occurs when the CPU encounters a bus error.
4, Unrecognized VME Interrupt Source

The CPU generates this error when a module generates an interrupt not expected by
the CPU (unconfigured or unrecognized).
Correction
Ensure that all modules configured for interrupts have corresponding interrupt
declarations in the program logic.
CPU Hardware Failure (Group 13)

The fault group CPU Hardware occurs when the CPU detects a hardware failure, such
as a RAM failure or a communications port failure.
When a CPU Hardware failure occurs, the OK LED will flash on and off to indicate that
the failure was not serious enough to prevent Controller Communications to retrieve
the fault information.
6E hex/110 decimal, Time-of-Day Clock not Battery-Backed

The battery-backed value of the time-of-day clock has been lost.
Correction
(1) Replace the battery. Do not remove power from the main rack until replacement is
complete. Reset the time-of-day clock using your programming software.
(2) Replace the module.
0A8 hex/168 decimal, Critical Overtemperature Failure

CPU’s critical operating temperature exceeded.
All Others
Correction
Replace the module.
Fault Extra Data for CPU Hardware Failure

For a RAM failure in the CPU (one of the faults reported as a CPU hardware failure),
the address of the failure is stored in the first four bytes of the field.

14
Module Hardware Failure (Group 14)

The fault group Module Hardware Failure occurs when the CPU detects a non-fatal
hardware failure on any module in the system, for example, a serial port failure on a
LAN interface module. The fault action for this group is Diagnostic.
1A0 hex/416 decimal, Missing 12 Volt Power Supply

A power supply that supplies 12 volts is required to operate the LAN Interface module.
Correction
(1) Install/replace a 100 watt power supply.
(2) Connect an external VME power supply that supplies 12 volts.
1C2 - 1C6 hex (450 – 454 decimal), LAN Interface Hardware Failure
Refer to the LAN Interface manual, GFK-0868 or GFK-0869 (previously GFK-0533),
for a description of these errors.
All Others, Module Hardware Failure

A module hardware failure has been detected.
Correction
Replace the affected module.
Option Module Software Failure (Group 16)

The fault group Option Module Software Failure occurs when:
■ A non-recoverable software failure occurs on an intelligent option module.
■ The module type is not a supported type.
■ The Ethernet Interface logs an event in its Ethernet exception log.
1, Unsupported Board Type

The board is not one of the supported types.
Correction
(1) Upload the configuration file and verify that the software recognizes the board
type in the file. If there is an error, correct it, download the corrected configuration
file, and retry.
(2) Display the controller fault table on the programmer. Contact Technical Support,
giving them all the information contained in the fault entry.

14
2, 3, COMMREQ Frequency Too High

COMMREQs are being sent to a module faster than it can process them.
Correction
Change the application program to send COMMREQs to the affected module at a
slower rate or monitor the completion status of each COMMREQ before sending the
next.
4, More Than One BTM in a Rack

There is more than one BTM present in the rack.
Correction
Remove one of the BTMs from the rack; there can only be one in a CPU rack.
>4, Option Module Software Failure

Software failure detected on an option module.
Correction
(1) Reload software into the indicated module.
>400, LAN System Software Fault

The Ethernet interface software has detected an unusual condition and recorded an
event in its exception log. The Fault Extra Data contains the corresponding event in
the Ethernet exception log, which may also be viewed by the Ethernet Interface’s
Station Manager function. The first two digits of Fault Extra Data contain the two-digit
Event type; the remaining data correspond to the four-digit values for Entry 2 through
Entry 6. Some exceptions may also contain optional multi-byte SCode and other data.
Correction
For information on interpreting the fault extra data, refer to the PACSystems TCP/IP
Communications Station Manager Manual, GFK-2225, Appendix B.

14
Program or Block Checksum Failure (Group 17)

The fault group Program or Block Checksum Failure occurs when the CPU detects
error conditions in program or blocks received by the PLC. It also occurs during Run
mode background checking. In all cases, the Fault Extra Data field of the controller
fault table record contains the name of the program or block in which the error
occurred.
All Error Codes, Program or Block Checksum Failure

The CPU generates this error when a program or block is corrupted.
Correction
(1) Clear CPU memory and retry the store.
(2) Examine C application for errors.
Fault Extra Data for Program or Block Checksum Failure

The name of the offending program block is contained in the first eight bytes of the
Fault Extra Data field.

14
Battery Status (Group 18)

Faults in this group occur when the CPU detects a failed battery, or when a module
such as a LAN interface module reports a low or failed battery condition.
0, Failed Battery Signal

The battery in the CPU module (or other module that has a battery) has failed or is
disconnected.
Note: This fault is not supported by the CPU310. For more information, refer to the
Important Product Information document, GFK-2329.
Correction
Replace the battery. Do not remove power from the rack until replacement is
complete.
1, Low Battery Signal

This fault is not supported for CPU low battery status.
This fault may be logged when an I/O or special-purpose module has reported a low
battery.
When a Failed Battery Signal is logged, this fault is also logged.
Correction
Replace the battery. Do not remove power from the rack until replacement is
complete.
Constant Sweep Time Exceeded (Group 19)

The fault group Constant Sweep Exceeded occurs when the CPU operates in
Constant Sweep mode and detects that the sweep has exceeded the constant sweep
timer. The fault extra data contains the name of the folder in eight bytes.
0, Constant Sweep
Correction
If Constant Sweep (0):
(1) Increase constant sweep time.
(2) Remove logic from application program.
Note: Error code 1 is not used.

14
System Fault Table Full (Group 20)

The fault group System Fault Table Full occurs when the Controller Fault Table
reaches its limit (see page 14-4). 17H
0, System Fault Table Full

Correction
Clear the controller fault table.
I/O Fault Table Full (Group 21)

The fault group I/O Fault Table Full occurs when the I/O Fault Table reaches its
maximum configured limit (see page 14-6). To avoid loss of additional faults, clear the
18H
earliest entry from the table.
0, I/O Fault Table Full

Correction
Clear the I/O fault table.
User Application Fault (Group 22)

The fault group Application Fault occurs when the CPU detects a fault in the user
program.
2, Software Watchdog Timer Expired

The CPU generates this error when the watchdog timer expires. The CPU stops
executing the user program and enters Stop/Halt mode. To recover, cycle power to
the CPU with battery disconnected. Causes of timer expiration include: Looping, via
jump, very long program, etc.
Correction
(1) Determine what caused the expiration (logic execution, external event, etc.) and
correct.
(2) Use the system service function block to restart the watchdog timer.
7, Application Stack Overflow

Block call depth has exceeded the CPU capability.
Correction
Increase the program’s stack size or adjust application program to reduce nesting.

14
11 hex/17 decimal, Program Run Time Error

A run-time error occurred during execution of a program.
Correction
Correct the specific problem in the application.
22 hex/34 decimal, Unsupported Protocol

Hardware does not support configured protocol.
33 hex/51 decimal, Flash Read Failed

Possible causes:
(1) Files not in flash. (May be caused by power cycle during flash write.)
(2) Could not read from flash because OEM protection is enabled.
34 hex/52 decimal, Memory Reference Out of Range

A user logic memory reference, computed during logic execution, is out of range.
Includes indirect references, array element references, and potentially other types of
references.
Correction
Correct logic or adjust memory size in hardware configuration.
35 hex/53 decimal, Divide by zero attempted in user logic.

User logic contained a divide by zero operation. (Applies to ST and FBD logic.)
Correction
Correct logic.
36 hex/54 decimal, Operand is not byte aligned.

A variable in user logic is not properly byte-aligned for the requested operation.
Correction
Correct logic or adjust memory size in hardware configuration.
39 hex/57 decimal, DLB heartbeat not received, All DLBs stopped and deleted
The controller has not received a heartbeat signal from the programmer within the
time specified by the DLB Heartbeat setting in the Target properties.
Correction
Increase the DLB Heartbeat setting. For additional information, see “Executing DLBs”
on page 14-60.
19H

14
3B hex /59 decimal, PSB called by a block whose %L or %P memory is not large
enough to accommodate this reference.
Parameterized blocks do not have their own %L data, but instead inherit the %L data
of their calling blocks. If %L references are used within a parameterized block and the
block is called by _MAIN, %L references are inherited from the %P references
wherever encountered in the parameterized block (for example, %L0005 = %P0005).
For a discussion of the use of local data with parameterized blocks, refer to
“Parameterized Blocks and Local Data” in chapter 5.
Correction
Determine which block called the parameterized subroutine block and increase the
size of %L or %P memory allocated to the calling block. (To do this, change the Extra
Local Words setting in the block’s Properties.)
The maximum size of %L or %P is 8192 words per block. If your application needs
more space, consider changing some %P or %L references to %R, %W, %AI, or
%AQ. These changes require a recompilation of the program block and a Stop Mode
store to the CPU.
It is possible, by using Online Editing in the programming software to cause a
parameterized block to use %L higher than allowed because of the way it inherits
data. To correct this condition, delete the %L variables from the logic and then remove
the unused variables from the variable list. These changes require a recompilation of
the program block and a Stop Mode store to the CPU.
CPU Over Temperature (Group 24)

1, Overtemperature failure.
CPU’s normal operating temperature exceeded.
Correction
Turn off CPU to allow heat to disperse and install a fan kit to regulate temperature.

14
Power Supply Fault (Group 25)

1, Power supply failure.

Unknown power supply failure.
Correction
Replace power supply module.
2, Power supply overloaded

The load on the power supply has reached its rated maximum
Correction
Replace power supply with a higher capacity model or reconfigure system to reduce
load on power supply.
3, Power supply switched off

The switch on the power supply was moved to the OFF position.
4, Power-supply has exceeded normal operating temperature

The temperature of the power supply is a just a few degrees from causing it to turn off.
Correction
Turn off system to allow heat to disperse. Install a fan kit to regulate temperature.
No User Program on Power-Up (Group 129)

The fault group No User Program on Power-Up occurs when the CPU powers up with
its memory preserved but no user program exists in the PLC. The CPU detects the
absence of a user program on power-up; the controller stays in Stop mode.
Correction
Download an application program before attempting to go to Run mode.

14
Corrupted User Program on Power-Up (Group 130)

The fault group Corrupted User Program on Power-Up occurs when the CPU detects
corrupted user RAM. The CPU will remain in Stop mode.
1, Corrupted user RAM on power-up

The CPU generates this error when it detects corrupted user RAM on power-up.
Correction
(1) Cycle power without battery.
(2) Examine any C applications for errors.
(3) Replace the battery on the CPU.
(4) Replace the expansion memory board on the CPU.
(5) Replace the CPU.
7, User memory not preserved over power cycle

The CPU generates this error when it detects a battery failure that occurred while the
PLC was powered down.
If this fault occurs on a power cycle when the battery was not detached or replaced,
the battery has failed and should be replaced.
Correction
Replace the battery on the CPU.

14
Window Completion Failure (Group 131)

The fault group Window Completion Failure is generated by the pre-logic and
end-of-sweep processing software in the PLC. The fault extra data contains the name
of the task that was executing when the error occurred.
0, Window Completion Failure

The CPU generates this error when it is operating in Constant Sweep mode and the
constant sweep time was exceeded before the programmer window had a chance to
begin executing.
Correction
Increase the constant sweep timer value.
1, Logic Window Skipped

The logic window was skipped due to lack of time to execute.
Correction
(1) Increase base cycle time.
(2) Reduce Communications Window time.
Password Access Failure (Group 132)

The fault group Password Actual Failure occurs when the CPU receives a request to
change to a new privilege level and the password included with the request is not
valid for that level.
0, Password Access Failure

Correction
Retry the request with the correct password.
Null System Configuration for Run Mode (Group 134)

The fault group Null System Configuration for Run Mode occurs when the CPU
transitions from Stop to one of the Run modes and a configuration file is not present.
The transition to Run is permitted, but no I/O scans occur.
Action: Informational. Nonconfigurable.
0, Null System Configuration for Run Mode

Correction
Download a configuration file.

14
CPU System Software Failure (Group 135)

Faults in this group are generated by the operating software of the CPU. They occur
at many different points of system operation. When a fatal fault occurs, the CPU
immediately transitions to Stop/Halt. The only activity permitted when the CPU is in
this mode is communications with the programmer. The only method of clearing this
condition is to cycle power on the PLC with the battery disconnected.
5A hex/90 decimal, User Shut Down Requested

The CPU generates this informational alarm when SVC_REQ #13 (User Shut Down)
executes in the application program.
Correction
None required. Information-only alarm.
94 hex/148 decimal, Units Contain Mismatched Firmware, Update Recommended

This fault is logged each time the redundancy state changes and the redundant CPUs
contain incompatible firmware.
Correction
Ensure that redundant CPUs have compatible firmware.
D8 hex/216 decimal, Processor Exception Trap

The processor has detected an error condition while executing an instruction. The
CPU was placed into Stop/Halt mode.
Correction
Disconnect the battery from the CPU and cycle power to clear the Stop/Halt condition.
DA hex/218 decimal, Critical Overtemperature Failure

CPU’s critical operating temperature exceeded.
Correction
Turn off CPU to allow heat to disperse and install a fan kit to regulate temperature.
All Others, CPU Internal System Error

An internal system error has occurred that should not occur in a production system.
Correction
Display the controller fault table on the programmer. Contact Technical Support and
give them all the information contained in the fault entry.

14
Communications Failure During Store (Group 137)

This fault group occurs during the store of programs or blocks and other data to the
PLC. The stream of commands and data for storing programs or blocks and data
starts with a special start-of-sequence command and terminates with an end-of-
sequence command. This fault is logged if communications with the programming
device performing the store is interrupted or any other failure that terminates the store
occurs. As long as this fault is present in the system, the controller will not transition to
Run mode. This fault is not automatically cleared on power-up; you must specifically
clear the condition.
0, Communications Failure During Store

Correction
Clear the fault and retry the download of the program or configuration file.
1, Communications Lost During Run Mode Store

Communications or power was lost during a Run Mode Store. The new program or
block was not activated and was deleted.
Correction
Perform the Run Mode Store again. This fault is diagnostic.
2, Communications Lost During Cleanup for Run Mode Store

Communications was lost, or power was lost during the cleanup of old programs or
blocks during a Run Mode Store. The new program or block is installed, and the
remaining programs and blocks were cleaned up.
Correction
None required. This fault is informational.
3, Power Lost During a Run Mode Store

Power was lost in the middle of a Run Mode Store.
Correction
Delete and restore the program. This error is fatal.

14
Noncritical CPU Software Event (Group 140)

This group is used for recording conditions in the system that may provide valuable
information to Technical Support.
Default action: Nonconfigurable.
Error Codes Descriptions
1-30 Events during power-up
31-50 Events on the serial port or in a serial protocol
51 and greater Miscellaneous internal system events
Correction
No corrective action is required unless this fault occurs with other specific faults. The
fault may contain useful information for Technical Support if other problems are
encountered.

14
I/O Fault Descriptions and Corrective Actions

The I/O fault table reports the following data about faults:
■ Fault Group
■ Fault Action
■ Fault category
■ Fault type
■ Fault description
All faults have a fault category, but a fault type and fault group may not be listed for
every fault. To view the detailed information pertaining to a fault, click the fault entry in
the I/O Fault Table.
Note: The model number mismatch and I/O type mismatch faults are reported in the
controller fault table under the System Configuration Mismatch group. They
are not reported in the I/O fault table.
Fault Extra Data

An I/O fault table entry contains up to 21 bytes of I/O fault extra data that contains
additional information related to the fault. Not all entries contain I/O fault extra data.
I/O Fault Groups

Group Number Group Name Default Fault Action* Configurable
2 Loss of or Missing IOC Diagnostic Yes
3 Loss of or Missing I/O module Diagnostic Yes
6 Addition or Reset of, or Extra IOC N/A No
7 Addition of or Extra I/O module N/A No
9 IOC or I/O Bus Fault Diagnostic Yes
10 I/O Module Fault N/A No
15 IOC Software Failure Same As Group 2 ** Yes
16 Module Software Failure N/A No
133 Genius Block Address Mismatch N/A No
* The fault action indicated is not applicable if the fault is displayed as informational. Faults
displayed as informational, always behave as informational.
** The fault action for the IOC Software Failure group 15 always matches the action used by
the Loss of or Missing IOC group 2. If the Loss of or Missing IOC group is configured, the
IOC Software Failure group is also configured to take the same fault action.

14
I/O Fault Categories

Fault
Category Fault Type Description Fault Extra Data
Circuit Fault (1) Discrete Fault (1) Loss of User Side Power (01 hex) Circuit Configuration
Short Circuit in User Wiring (02 hex) Circuit Configuration
Sustained Overcurrent (04 hex) Circuit Configuration
Low or No Current Flow (08 hex) Circuit Configuration
Switch Temperature Too High (10 hex) Circuit Configuration
Switch Failure (20 hex) Circuit Configuration
Point Fault (83 hex) Circuit Configuration
Output Fuse Blown (84 hex) Circuit Configuration
Analog Fault (2) Input Channel Low Alarm (01 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel High Alarm (02 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel Under Range (04 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel Over Range (08 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel Open Wire (10 hex) Circuit Configuration
Over Range or Open Wire (18 hex) Circuit Configuration
Output Channel Under Range (20 hex) Circuit Configuration
Output Channel Over Range (40 hex) Circuit Configuration
Expansion Channel Not Responding Circuit Configuration
(80 hex)
Invalid Data (81 hex) Circuit Configuration
Low-Level Input Channel Low Alarm (01 hex) Circuit Configuration
Analog Fault (4) Input Channel High Alarm (02 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel Under Range (04 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel Over Range (08 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel Open Wire (10 hex) Circuit Configuration
Wiring Error (20 hex) Circuit Configuration
Internal Fault (40 hex) Circuit Configuration
Input Channel Shorted (80 hex) Circuit Configuration
Invalid Data (81 hex) Circuit Configuration
GENA (Genius Network GENA Circuit Fault (80 hex) Byte 2:GENA Fault
Adapter) Fault (3)
Loss of Block (2) Not Specified (0) NA Block Configuration
A/D Communications Number of Input Circuits
Lost (1) Number of Output
Circuits
Addition of Block (3) NA NA Block Configuration
Number of Input Circuits
Number of Output
Circuits
I/O Bus Fault (6) Bus Fault (1) NA NA
Bus Outputs Disabled (2)
SBA Conflict (3)
Genius Module Fault (8) Headend Fault (0) Configuration Memory Failure (08 hex) NA
A to D Comm. Fault (1) Calibration Memory Failure (20 hex)
User Scaling Error (5) Shared RAM Failure (40 hex)
Store Fail (6) Internal Circuit Fault (80 hex)
Watchdog Timeout (81 hex)
Output Fuse Blown (84 hex)

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Fault
Category Fault Type Description Fault Extra Data
Addition of IOC (9) NA Extra Module (01 hex) NA
Reset Request (02 hex)
Loss of IOC (10) NA NA Timeout
Unexpected State
Unexpected Mail Status
VME Bus Error
IOC Software Fault (11) NA NA NA
Forced Circuit (12) NA NA Block Configuration
Discrete/Analog
Indication*
Unforced Circuit (13) NA NA Block Configuration
Discrete/Analog
Indication*
Loss of I/O Module (14) NA NA NA
Addition of I/O Module (15) NA VME Module Reset Requested (30 hex) NA
Extra I/O Module (16) NA NA NA
Extra Block (17) NA NA NA
IOC Hardware Failure (18) NA NA NA
GBC stopped reporting faults GBC detected high error NA NA
because too many faults have count on Genius Bus and
occurred (19) dropped off the bus for at
least 1.5 seconds. (1)
GBC Software Exception (21) Datagram queue full (1) NA
R/W request queue full (2)
Low priority mail rejected (3)
Background message
received before CPU
completed initialization (4)
Genius software version too
old (5)
Excessive use of internal
GBC memory (6)
Block Switch (22) – redundant NA NA Block Configuration
Genius block switched bus Number of Input Circuits
Number of Output
Circuits
Rack/Slot address of
GBC from which block
was removed.
Block not active on redundant bus NA NA NA
(23)
Reset of IOC (27) NA NA NA

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Circuit Faults (Category 1)

Circuit faults apply to Genius I/O modules and the IC697VRD008 RTD/Strain Bridge
modules. Fault extra data is available for all faults in this category. More than one
condition may be present in a particular reporting of the fault.
Action: Diagnostic.
Fault Extra Data for Circuit Faults

Genius Bus Controller
Circuit fault entries use one or two bytes of the fault extra data area. If the GBC
reports the fault, the first byte is generated by the GBC and the second byte contains
the circuit configuration and is encoded as shown in the following table.
Value Description
(Byte 2)
1 Circuit is an input.
3 Circuit is an output.
If the fault type is a GENA fault, the second byte contains the data that was reported
from the GENA module in fault byte 2 of its “Report Fault” message.
VRD001 RTD/Strain Bridge

Circuit fault entries 13 bytes of the fault extra data area. The fault extra data is
encoded as shown in the following table.
Bytes Description
1--10 Used by technical support.
11 Line number
12 Module number
13 Used by technical support.

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Fault Descriptions for Discrete Faults

1, Loss of User Side Power
The GBC generates this error when there is a power loss on the field wiring side of a
Genius I/O block.
Correction
(1) (Only valid for Isolated I/O blocks.) Initiate “Pulse Test” COMREQ #1. Pulse test
may be enabled or disabled at I/O block.
(2) Correct the power failure.
2, Short Circuit in User Wiring

The GBC generates this error when it detects a short circuit in the user wiring of a
Genius block. A short circuit is defined as a current level greater than 20 amps.
Correction
Fix the cause of the short circuit.
4, Sustained Overcurrent
The GBC generates this error when it detects a sustained current level greater than 2
amps in the user wiring.
Correction
Fix the cause of the over current.
8, Low or No Current Flow

The GBC generates this error when there is very low or no current flow in the user
circuit.
Correction
Fix the cause of the condition.
10 hex, Switch Temperature Too High

The GBC generates this error when the Genius block reports a high temperature in
the Genius Smart Switch.
Correction
(1) Ensure that the block is installed to provide adequate circulation.
(2) Decrease the ambient temperature surrounding the block.
(3) Install RC Snubbers on inductive loads.

14
20 hex, Switch Failure

The GBC generates this error when the Genius block reports a failure in the Genius
Smart Switch.
Correction
(1) Check for shunts across Genius output (pushbuttons).
(2) Replace the Genius I/O block.
83 hex, Point Fault

The CPU generates this error when it detects a failure of a single I/O point on a
Genius I/O module.
Correction
Replace the Genius I/O block.
84 hex, Output Fuse Blown

The CPU generates this error when it detects a blown fuse on a Genius I/O output
block.
Correction
(1) Determine and repair the cause of the fuse blowing; replace the fuse.
(2) Replace the block.
Fault Descriptions for Analog Faults

1, Input Channel Low Alarm
The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module reports a low alarm on
an input channel.
Correction
Correct the condition causing the low alarm.
2, Input Channel High Alarm

The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module reports a high alarm
on an input channel.
Correction
Correct the condition causing the high alarm.
4, Input Channel Under Range

The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module reports an under-
range condition on an input channel.
Correction
Correct the problem causing the condition.

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8, Input Channel Over Range

The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module reports an over-range
condition on an input channel.
Correction
10 hex/16 decimal, Input Channel Open Wire

The GBC generates this error when a Genius Analog module detects an open wire
Correction
18 hex/24 decimal, Over Range or Open Wire

Inputs open or inputs off-scale.
Correction
20 hex/32 decimal, Output Channel Under Range

range condition on an output channel.
Correction
40 hex/64 decimal, Output Channel Over Range

condition on an output channel.
Correction
80 hex/128 decimal, Expansion Channel Not Responding

The CPU generates this error when data from an expansion channel on a multiplexed
analog input board is not responding.
Correction
(1) Check wiring to the module.
81 hex/129 decimal, Invalid Data

The GBC generates this error when it detects invalid data from a Genius Analog input
block.
Correction

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Low-Level Analog Faults

1, Input Channel Low Alarm
The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module reports a low alarm on
an input channel.
Correction
Correct the condition causing the low alarm.
2, Input Channel High Alarm

The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module reports a high alarm
on an input channel.
Correction
Correct the condition causing the high alarm.
4, Input Channel Under Range

range condition on an input channel.
Correction
8, Input Channel Over Range

Correction
10 hex, Input Channel Open Wire

The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module detects an open wire
Correction
20 hex/32 decimal, Wiring Error

The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module detects an improper
RTD connections or thermocouple reverse junction fault.
Correction

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40 hex/64 decimal, Internal Fault

The GBC generates this error when the Genius Analog module reports a cold junction
sensor fault on a thermocouple block or an internal error in an RTD block.
Correction
80 hex/128 decimal, Input Channel Shorted

The GBC generates this error when it detects an input channel shorted on a Genius
RTD or Strain Gauge Block.
Correction
81 hex/129 decimal, Invalid Data

The GBC generates this error when it detects invalid data from a Genius Analog input
block.
Correction
GENA Fault
The GENA Fault has no fault descriptions associated with it. GENA Fault Byte 2 is the
first byte of the fault extra data.
80 hex/128 decimal
The Genius I/O operating software generates this error when it detects a failure in a
GENA block attached to the Genius I/O bus.
Correction
Replace the GENA block.

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Loss of Block (Category 2)

The fault category Loss of Block applies to Genius devices.
Action: Diagnostic.
Loss of Block
The GBC generates this error when it is unable to communicate to the Genius device.
Correction
(1) Verify power and wiring to the block.
Loss of Block - A/D Communications Fault

The GBC generates this error when it detects a failure of A/D communications on a
Genius device.
Correction
(1) Verify power and serial bus wiring to the block.
Fault Extra Data for Loss of Block

The Loss of Block fault provides four bytes of fault extra data. The second byte
contains the block configuration and is encoded as shown in the following table. The
third byte specifies the number of input circuits possibly used, and the fourth byte
specifies the number of output circuits possibly used.
Block Configuration (Byte 2)

Value Description
1 Block is configured for inputs only.
2 Block is configured for outputs only.
3 Block is configured for inputs and outputs (grouped block).

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Addition of Block (Category 3)

The fault category Addition of Block applies only to Genius devices. There are no fault
types or fault descriptions associated with this category.
The Genius operating software generates this error when it detects that a Genius
block that stopped communicating with the controller starts communicating again.
Action: Diagnostic.
Correction
Informational only. None required.
Fault Extra Data for Addition of Block

The Addition of Block fault provides four bytes of fault extra data. The second byte
contains the block configuration and is encoded as shown in the following table. The
third byte specifies the number of input circuits possibly used, and the fourth byte
specifies the number of output circuits possibly used.
Block Configuration (Byte 2)

Value Description
1 Block is configured for inputs only.
3 Block is configured for inputs and outputs (grouped block).

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I/O Bus Fault (Category 6)

The fault category I/O Bus Faults has three fault types associated with it.
Bus Fault
The GBC operating software generates this error when it detects a failure with a
Genius I/O bus. (Generated when Error Rate in the GBC configuration is exceeded—
the default Error Rate is 10 errors in a 10 second period).
Correction
(1) Determine the reason for the bus failure and correct it.
(2) Replace the GBC.
The Error Rate can be set higher than the default value if needed, but the bus
should be examined electrically—use an oscilloscope for waveform check.
Bus Outputs Disabled

The GBC operating software generates this error when it times out waiting for the
CPU to perform an output scan.
Correction
(1) Reduce time between GBC output scans by assigning them to scan set 1.
(2) Increase CPU software watchdog timer setting
(3) Replace the CPU.
SBA Conflict
The GBC detected a conflict between its serial bus address and that of another device
on the bus.
Correction
Adjust one of the conflicting serial bus addresses.

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Module Fault (Category 8)

The fault category Module Fault has one fault type, headend fault, and eight fault
descriptions. This fault category does not provide fault extra data. The default fault
action for this category is Diagnostic.
08 hex, Configuration Memory Failure

The GBC generates this error when it detects a failure in a Genius block’s EEPROM
or NVRAM.
Correction
Replace the Genius block’s electronics module.
20 hex/32 decimal, Calibration Memory Failure

The GBC generates this error when it detects a failure in a Genius block’s calibration
memory.
Correction
40 hex/64 decimal, Shared RAM Fault

The GBC generates this error when it detects an error in a Genius block’s shared
RAM.
Correction
80 hex/128 decimal, Module Fault

An internal failure has been detected in a module.
Correction
Replace the affected module.
81 hex/129 decimal, Watchdog Timeout

The CPU generates this error when it detects that an input module watchdog timer
has expired.
Correction
Replace the input module.
84 hex/132 decimal, Output Fuse Blown

The CPU generates this error when it detects a blown fuse on an output module.
Correction
(1) Determine and repair the cause of the fuse blowing, and replace the fuse.

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Addition of IOC (Category 9)

The fault category Addition of I/O Controller has no fault types or fault descriptions
associated with it. The default fault action for this category is Diagnostic.
Addition of IOC
The CPU generates this error when an IOC that has been faulted returns to operation
or when an IOC is found in the system and the configuration file indicates that no IOC
is to be in that slot or when an IOC is hot inserted.
Correction
(1) No action is necessary if the faulted module is in a remote rack and is returning
due to a remote rack power cycle.
(2) Update the configuration file or remove the module.
01 hex, Extra Module

Module present, but not configured.
Correction
Update the configuration file or remove the module.
02 hex, Reset Request

Module added back after reset request. No corrective action is necessary.
Loss of or Missing IO Controller (Category 10)

The fault category Loss of IOC has no fault types or fault descriptions associated
with it.
Note: This fault is always displayed as Fatal in the I/O Fault Table, regardless of its
configured action.
The CPU generates this error when it cannot communicate with an I/O Controller and
an entry for the IOC exists in the configuration file.
This fault is also logged when an IOC is hot removed (No corrective action necessary
in this case).
Correction
(1) Verify that the module in the slot/bus address is the correct module.
(2) Review the configuration file and verify that it is correct.
(4) If fault is not resolved, display the controller fault table on the programmer.
Contact Technical Support, giving them all the information contained in the
fault entry.
Fault Extra Data for Loss of or Missing IOC

Fault extra data for Loss of or Missing IOC provides additional information for
diagnostics by Technical Support.

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IOC (I/O Controller) Software Fault (Category 11)

The fault category IOC Software Fault applies to any type of I/O Controller.
Action: Fatal.
Datagram Queue Full, Read/Write Queue Full

Too many datagrams or read/write requests have been sent to the GBC.
Correction
Adjust the system to reduce the request rate to the GBC.
Response Lost
The GBC is unable to respond to a received datagram or read/write request.
Correction
Forced and Unforced Circuit (Categories 12 and 13)

The fault categories Forced Circuit and Unforced Circuit report point conditions and
therefore are not technically faults. They have no fault types or fault descriptions.
These reports occur when a Genius I/O point was forced or unforced with the Hand-
Held Monitor.
Action: Informational.
Fault Extra Data for Forced/Unforced Circuit

Three bytes of fault extra data are present when a circuit force is added or removed
Byte Value Description
Number Description
1 Circuit Configuration 1 Circuit is an input.
2 Circuit is an input..
2 Analog/Discrete Information 1 Block is a discrete block.
2 Block is an analog block.
3 Block has both discrete and analog.

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Loss of or Missing I/O Module (Category 14)

The fault category Loss of I/O Module applies to discrete and analog I/O modules.
There are no fault types or fault descriptions associated with this category.
The CPU generates this error when it detects that an I/O module is no longer
responding to commands from the CPU, or when the configuration file indicates an I/O
module is to occupy a slot and no module exists in the slot. This fault is also logged
when an I/O module is hot removed (No corrective action necessary in this case).
Correction
(2) Correct the configuration file.
(3) Display the I/O fault table on the programmer. Contact Technical Support, giving
them all the information contained in the fault entry.
Addition of I/O Module (Category 15)

The fault category Addition of I/O Module applies to discrete and analog I/O modules.
Action: Diagnostic.
Addition of I/O Module

The CPU generates this error when an I/O module that had been faulted returns to
operation or is hot inserted.
Correction
(1) No action necessary if module was removed or replaced or if the remote rack was
power cycled.
(2) Update the configuration file or remove the module.
30 hex/48 decimal, VME Reset on Request

Reset of VME module was requested. No corrective action necessary.
Extra I/O Module (Category 16)

The fault category Extra I/O Module applies to discrete and analog I/O modules.
Action: Diagnostic.
The CPU generates this error when it detects an I/O module in a slot that the
configuration file indicates should be empty.
Correction
(1) Remove the module. (It may be in the wrong slot.)
(2) Update and restore the configuration file to include the extra module.

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Extra Block (Category 17)

The fault category Extra Block applies only to Genius I/O devices. There are no fault
types or fault descriptions associated with this category.
Action: Diagnostic.
The GBC generates this error when it detects a Genius device on the bus at a serial
bus address where the configuration file does not have a block.
Correction
(1) Remove or reconfigure the block. (It may be at the wrong serial bus address.)
(2) Update and restore the configuration file to include the extra block.
IOC Hardware Failure (Category 18)

The fault category IOC Hardware Failure has no fault types or fault descriptions.
Action: Diagnostic.
The Genius operating software generates this error when it detects a hardware failure
in the bus communication hardware or a baud rate mismatch.
Correction
(1) Verify that the baud rate set in the configuration file for the GBC agrees with the
baud rate programmed in every block on the bus.
(2) Change the configuration file and restore it, if necessary.
(3) Replace the GBC.
(4) Selectively remove each block from the bus until the offending block is isolated
then replace it.
GBC Stopped Reporting Faults (Category 19)

GBC detected a high error count on the Genius I/O bus and dropped off the bus for at
least 1.5 seconds.
Correction
Check for incorrect wiring, interference from other equipment, a loose connection, or a
failed device on the Genius bus.

14
GBC Software Exception (Category 21)

1, Incoming datagram queue full
Too many datagrams or read/write requests have been sent to the GBC.
Correction
2, Read/write request queue full

The queue for Read/Write requests in the GBC is full. The requests may be from the
Genius Bus or from COMMREQs.
Correction
3, Low priority mail queue from GBC to CPU full

The response to the CPU was lost.
4, Genius background message requiring CPU action received before CPU

completed initialization
Message was ignored.
5, GBC software version too old

Correction
Update GBC firmware.
6, Excessive use of internal GBC memory

Correction
Verify COMMREQ usage.

14
Block Switch (Category 22)

The Block Switch fault category has no fault types or fault descriptions.
Action: Diagnostic.
The GBC generates this error when a Genius block on redundant Genius buses
switches from one bus to another.
Correction
(1) No action is required to keep the block operating.
(2) The bus that the block switched from may need to be repaired.
(a) Verify the bus wiring.
(b) Replace the I/O controller.
(c) Replace the Bus Switching Module (BSM).
Fault Extra Data for Block Switch

Byte Value Description
Number Description
1 Circuit configuration 1 Circuit is an input.
2 Block configuration 1 Block is configured for inputs only.
3 Block is configured for inputs and outputs
(grouped block).
3 Number of input circuits used
4 Number of output circuits used
Reset of IOC (Category 27)

The fault category Reset of I/O Controller has no fault types or fault descriptions
associated with it. The default fault action for this category is Diagnostic.
The CPU generates this message when an I/O Controller is reset. No corrective
action necessary.

14
Diagnostic Logic Blocks

A Diagnostic Logic Block (DLB) is a block of Ladder Diagram logic that can be
downloaded to the controller for independent execution. These blocks are useful tools
for interacting with an application that is running in the PACSystems controller. DLBs
may be used to:
Collect information from a running application to analyze and diagnose problems
Test modifications and corrections to a running application before actually
incorporating them into the application.
Test the devices that will be controlled by the application.
DLBs are intended to accomplish a specific task that is temporary in nature, such as
diagnosing the source of a problem or testing tuning parameters. When you have
finished using a DLB, it should be removed from the host controller. At this point the
application logic and its variable allocation return to what it was before the DLB was
downloaded.
You can also remove the DLBs from the Logic Developer target, at which point the
target’s logic and variable allocation will be identical to what they were before the
DLBs were introduced.
Note that, although the DLB is removed from the controller, any changes the DLB
made to the system are not removed. For example, if the DLB logic changes a
hardware parameter, the parameter does not return to its previous value when the
DLB is removed.
DLB logic can be executed with the controller in Stop IO Enabled mode, which allows
debugging the application without the main application program running.
Caution
Do not use a DLB as a permanent part of a production
application, because a DLB is stopped and deleted from memory
when Logic Developer loses its Programmer-mode connection
with the host controller This could happen if the programmer’s
communications cable is disconnected or if a second
programmer connects serially to the same RX3i and establishes
a Programmer-mode session.
Note: Redundancy CPUs do not support DLBs.

14
DLB Operation
DLBs are created as components of a specific Target
and are separate from the application logic block
components associated with a target.
They are written in LD programming language and
support many of the same features, such as View
Lock, Edit Lock, etc. as other block types.
A target can have a maximum of 128 DLBs in a given
PME target. Each DLB can have associated
published variable table (PVT) and cam profile (used
with Motion applications) files. Each DLB can use up
to 128K bytes of memory.
A DLB can be copied and pasted like other blocks. Regardless of where a DLB is
pasted, normal conflict handling is applied.
An active DLB can be dragged to the Toolchest, to folders under the Active Blocks
node, or to folders under the Program Blocks node. Note that only active blocks can
be dragged. Downloading, executing, or modifying a DLB does not affect the equality
of the main logic program.
Suspend I/O Function and DLBs

The Suspend I/O (SUS_IO) function operates the same in a DLB as it does in
application logic. Both application logic and DLB logic execute in the CPU Sweep
Logic window. Therefore, when a SUSPEND_IO is executed by either the application
or the DLB, outputs are held current during the output scan that occurs immediately
after the Logic window finishes its execution, and input references will not be updated
from inputs during the input scan that occurs immediately before the Logic window is
executed in the next CPU sweep.
Note that a SUSPEND_IO only affects normal I/O scans. It does not affect I/O
scanning that is done as the result of DO_IO or SCAN_SET_IO functions that execute
in application or DLB logic. SUS_IO has the same effect whether it is executed once
in a sweep or multiple times in a sweep.
Restrictions on DLB Operation

Because DLBs are intended only for temporary use, there are more restrictions on
their operation compared to application logic blocks. All built-in functions and function
blocks other than those listed below can be used in DLB logic.
DLB logic may not call any logic block or be called by any logic block.
You cannot define parameters or scheduling for a DLB.
A DLB has no parameters other than the standard ENO output parameter.
Since DLBs cannot be called from other blocks, you can access its ENO
parameter only by reading or writing it in the DLB’s logic.

14
You cannot use variables that have %L or %P addresses. As a consequence,

the following features that require %L or %P memory can not be used in a
DLB:
a. #FST_EXE system variable
b. The built-in timer function blocks, ONDTR, OFDT, and TMR
c. %L or %P variables.
Locally scoped variables must be symbolic. For additional information, see
“DLB Variables.”
DLBs or their associated files cannot be loaded from the RX3i.
DLBs and their associated files cannot be downloaded to flash memory.
You cannot give an LD DLB the name _MAIN.
You cannot modify an active LD DLB while it is executing on the Controller.
You cannot perform a Test Edit (Online Edit Mode and Online Test Mode).
You cannot perform word-for-word changes on an active DLB.
DLB Variables
A DLB can have its own variables, which are local to the DLB and not accessible by
any other block. All DLB local variables are symbolic, retentive, and published.
Local variables should be used within DLBs whenever possible. If the system is
already running and you create new global variables in the DLB, the programming
software will not download the DLB because the programmer’s memory map will no
longer match the RX3i controller’s memory map.
DLB logic can read and write the global variables of the application that resides in the
same target as it does. These variables may be mapped or symbolic.
To use functions that require the use of located variables, a DLB must use the global
located variables of the application that resides in the same target as the DLB. These
functions include:
a. COMM_REQ (location of the Status variable)
b. DO_IO
c. Some SVC_REQ functions
A DLB can create aliases to global located application variables or arrays of variables
that were specifically created and documented to serve as “scratchpad” memory for
DLBs that need to use located variables.

14
Executing DLBs
DLB Properties
The properties for an active DLB include Execution Mode, which has the following
possible values:
Sweep (Default) - The DLB executes at a fixed point in the normal Controller
sweep, until explicitly stopped.
Update Rate – Uses the Update Rate defined for the Target. The actual rate
varies from a minimum value equal to the Update Rate to a maximum value of
Update Rate + 1 sweep. If the sweep takes more time than the update rate,
the DLB is executed as soon as the user logic program execution completes
in the current sweep.
Scan Once - The DLB executes exactly one time when the user requests for
DLB execution to start. It then stops executing until it is manually instructed to
run again.
Target Properties
The Target properties include DLB Heartbeat, which specifies, in milliseconds, the
maximum time the controller waits for a heartbeat signal from the programmer. If a
heartbeat timeout occurs, the DLB will be stopped and removed from the controller.
This insures that DLB execution is stopped in the event of a communications failure
between the programmer and the controller.
With larger applications or a slower PC, some operations such as opening the
Controller File Explorer may cause the DLB Heartbeat to time out. If this happens, you
may need to increase the DLB Heartbeat interval.
The DLB Heartbeat must always be greater than the Update Rate setting for the
Target.

14
Right-click Online Operations for an Active DLB

Menu Enable rules Description
Download Disabled if block is already running on Downloads block to controller,
controller, target not in programmer mode, removing any other DLB that was
Config+Logic is not equal, or Access Level already there.
prevents write.
Start Disabled if block is already running, target Downloads block to controller,
not in programmer mode, another block is removing any other DLB that was
executing on controller, HWC+Logic is not already there, and then starts
equal, or Access Level prevents write executing block.
Stop Disabled if block is not executing Stops execution of block.
Remove Disabled if block is not on controller, block Stops block, then removes it from
is executing, or not in programmer mode controller.
DLB Online Operations

Only a single DLB can be downloaded and executed on the controller at a time. To
download an Active DLB to the controller, you must have:
Program logic and HWC equal to the controller (Logic EQ)
Target in programmer mode
Sufficient privilege to write to the controller
Operation Minimum PACSystems RX3i Privilege Level Required
Storing DLBs in Stop mode 3
Storing DLBs in Run mode 4
When a DLB is downloaded, you are given the option of storing initial values or
clearing memory for local variables. If another DLB is already downloaded on the
controller it will be removed before the selected DLB is downloaded.
When a DLB is downloaded to the controller, all variables locally scoped to the DLB
are published from the controller so that HMIs or other devices can view the data.
While a DLB is running, the active target is read-only; no changes are allowed to DLB
or the application logic. If the DLB has been downloaded to the controller but is not
executing, changes are allowed but the first change will remove the DLB from the
controller. You will be prompted to confirm the change before the DLB is removed.
Uploading of the DLB is not supported.
Once a DLB is downloaded to the controller, it can be started if the main program is
running on the controller in Stop with I/O Enabled or Run with I/O Enabled mode.

14
Removing a DLB from the Controller

The following actions will cause the DLB to be removed from the controller. If the DLB
is executing, it will be stopped before being removed.
Removing the DLB from the controller through the Online Operations menu.
Programmer connection to controller is lost by going offline or a communication
failure that causes a DLB Heartbeat timeout
Switching from programmer mode to monitor mode
Downloading to controller (Config, Logic, Stored Values, etc.)
Clearing the controller, other than fault tables and controller supplemental files
Performing any Flash operation, other than Verify
Uploading from controller (Config, Logic, Stored Values, etc.)
Changing the DLB that is on the controller
If there is an executing DLB, and you transition from run mode to stop mode, the
executing DLB will be stopped as well. The DLB will not be removed from the
controller in this case.
If you initiate an upload, and there is a DLB on the controller, you will be prompted for
confirmation and notified that the DLB will be removed and that all active DLBs will be
made inactive. If there are no DLBs on the controller but there is at least one active
DLB, you will be prompted for confirmation and notified that all active DLBs will be
made inactive. If you choose to abort the upload, no changes are made. If you
proceed, all DLBs are deactivated. If DLBs are de-activated, you will have to
reactivate them manually.
When a DLB is removed from the controller, any PMM data logger (DLOG) and event
queue (ELOG) files that were created by the DLB are also removed.
Basic Steps for Using a DLB in the Controller

1. Create an LD Block under the Active Blocks DLB Node in the Navigator.
You can accomplish this in several ways, such as by creating a new block under
the Active Blocks node, dragging a block from the Toolchest, or copying and
pasting a block from another project.
2. Select DLB block properties, for example, Execution Mode, as desired.
3. If necessary, change the Target property, DLB Heartbeat. For larger projects, you
may need to increase DLB Heartbeat from its default value of 1000ms to avoid
timing out while performing some operations, such as opening the Controller
File Explorer.
4. Go online to the Controller and go into Programmer Mode, Logic Equal.
5. Right click the DLB and select the Online Operations menu to download the DLB
to the controller and start its execution. (To download and start the DLB in one
operation, select Online Operations > Start.)
6. Monitor DLB execution.

14
Monitoring DLB Execution

There are several tools to monitor the execution of the DLB in the controller:
DLB Local Symbolic variables monitored in Data Watch, LD Editor, or
Data Monitor.
DLB Icon shows the DLB state in the Navigator: Downloaded to controller or
Executing .
A Proficy View application can monitor the execution of the DLB by using its Local
Symbolic Variables in Panels and Scripts.
The DLB block icon in the Navigator indicates its current state, as shown below:
Inactive DLB - (block displayed in gray)

Active DLB Downloaded to Controller - (block displayed in blue)
Executing DLB - (block displayed in green)
DLB Example
In this example, a block of LD logic is downloaded to the controller and executed.
The basic steps for using a sample DLB in the controller are as follows:
1. Create an LD block named MonitorScan and place it in the Toolchest. For
information on working with the Toolchest, refer to the online help.
The logic in the DLB block measures Controller scan time. It calculates the
Minimum (minTime), Maximum (maxTime), and Average (avgTime) time between
DLB block executions. When the DLB is set to Sweep Mode, these values should
be close to the Controller Sweep time.

14
Logic for the MonitorScan Block
Continued on next page.

14
Logic for the MonitorScan Block, continued
2. Drag and drop the DLB Block from the Toolchest to the Active Blocks node in the
Navigator.
3. In the DLB block properties, set the Execution Mode to Sweep.

14
4. Go online to the Controller, and select Programmer Mode. Put the Controller in
Run mode or Stop Enabled mode.
5. Select the DLB Online Operations > Start menu to download the DLB to the
controller and start its execution.
6. In the Initialize Symbolic Variables dialog box, select how new local symbolic
variables will be initialized and click OK.
7. Notice the change in the DLB Icon and the DLB status in the Status bar.
DLB Block Icon/Status Bar After Started.
DLB Running

14
8. Open the DLB block and place the DLB variables in the Data Watch window to
observe their operation.

f
Appendix Performance Data
This appendix contains instruction and overhead timing collected for each PACSystems CPU
module. This timing information can be used to predict CPU sweep times. The information in
this appendix is organized as follows:
Boolean Execution Times A-1 0H
Instruction Timing A-2 1H
Overhead Sweep Impact Times A-16

2H
Boolean Execution Times

Boolean execution speed
CPU Model
per 1000 Boolean contacts/coils, typical
IC695CPU310 0.181ms
IC695CPU315, IC695CPU320, 0.047ms
IC695CRU320
IC698CPE010 0.183ms
IC698CPE020 0.078ms
IC698CRE020 0.14ms
IC698CPE030/CRE030 0.069ms
IC698CPE040/CRE040 0.02ms
GFK-2222P A-1
A
Instruction Timing
The tables in this section list the execution and incremental times in microseconds for each
function supported by the PACSystems CPUs. These figures were obtained by testing the
following CPU versions:
Model Firmware Version
All instructions IC695CPU310/CPU315/CPU320 6.0
except as listed below IC695CRU320* 6.0 (with ECC enabled)
IC698CPE010/CPE020 6.0
IC698CRE020* 6.0 (with ECC enabled)
IC698CPE030/CPE040* 6.0
IC698CRE030/CRE040* 6.0 (with ECC enabled)
MOVE_UINT CPE010/020 3.5

CRE020 2.04 (with ECC enabled)
TON, TOF, TP Instructions CPU310/CPU315//320, CRU320 5.7

CPE010/030/040 3.6
CRE030/040 3.6 (with ECC enabled)
Instructions for PACMotion CPU310/CPU315/CPU320 5.6
* Due to Error Checking and Correction (ECC) times are approximately 5% slower, on average.
A-2 PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual – July 2010 GFK-2222P

A
Function/Function Block Execution Times

Two execution times are shown for each instruction.
Execution Time Description
Enabled Time in microseconds required to execute the function or function block when
power flows into the function with valid inputs.
Disabled Time in microseconds required to execute the function when it is not enabled.
Notes:
All times represent typical execution time. Times may vary with input and error
conditions.
Enabled time is for single length units of word-oriented memory.
COMMREQ time was measured between CPU and Ethernet module with
NOWAIT option.
DOIO time was measured using a discrete output module.
Timers are updated each time they are encountered in the logic by the amount of time
consumed by the last sweep.
Performance times for the BUS_ functions were measured on the RX7i using a
Series 90-70 Genius bus Controller, and on the RX3i using an RMX128 Redundancy
Memory Xchange Module.
Performance times for all redundancy (CRE and CRU) CPUs were measured with
ECC enabled.
Due to a change in caching, measured times for some instructions changed for release
6.0 as compared to releases 5.0/5.1. It was found that increases in some instructions
were offset by decreases in other instructions, so that no effective net change was
observed.
CPU310 CPU315/CPU320 CPE010 CPE020 CRE020* CPE030 CPE040
CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Bit Operation
AND_WORD 3.40 1.45 0.84 0.46 3.42 1.58 1.49 0.69 1.71 0.81 1.29 0.58 0.43 0.20
AND_DWORD 3.50 1.46 0.84 0.46 3.64 1.58 1.58 0.70 1.67 0.81 1.31 0.58 0.44 0.20
OR_WORD 3.40 1.50 0.84 0.47 3.58 1.71 1.56 0.76 1.72 0.90 1.28 0.59 0.43 0.20
OR_DWORD 3.63 1.51 0.89 0.47 3.55 1.66 1.54 0.73 1.71 0.83 1.44 0.60 0.48 0.20
XOR_WORD 3.37 1.44 0.86 0.46 3.42 1.57 1.48 0.69 1.73 0.80 1.29 0.61 0.48 0.25
XOR_DWORD 3.46 1.45 0.83 0.46 3.55 1.58 1.54 0.70 1.66 0.81 1.32 0.58 0.44 0.25
NOT_WORD 2.97 1.29 0.64 0.42 2.73 1.38 1.17 0.59 1.39 0.72 1.02 0.40 0.34 0.13
NOT_DWORD 2.93 1.32 0.67 0.40 2.81 1.44 1.21 0.62 1.44 0.75 1.07 0.41 0.35 0.14
MCMP_WORD 5.58 2.29 1.51 0.61 5.69 2.43 2.44 1.04 2.64 1.14 2.51 1.08 0.85 0.36
MCMP_DWORD 5.61 2.20 1.50 0.63 5.69 2.32 2.50 1.00 2.63 1.11 2.48 1.03 0.82 0.34
SHL_WORD 4.52 2.39 1.15 0.56 4.46 2.62 1.89 1.11 2.31 1.25 1.92 1.00 0.64 0.34
SHL_DWORD 4.54 2.44 1.12 0.56 4.53 2.73 1.92 1.56 2.31 1.28 1.90 0.98 0.63 0.32
SHR_WORD 5.15 2.43 1.18 0.57 4.64 2.59 1.96 1.09 2.45 1.24 1.98 0.98 0.66 0.32
SHR_DWORD 4.69 2.45 1.14 0.57 4.51 2.65 1.91 1.12 2.11 1.29 1.90 1.01 0.63 0.34
GFK-2222P Appendix A Performance Data A-3

A

CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
ROL_WORD 2.99 1.50 0.68 0.46 2.95 1.61 1.27 0.69 1.43 0.82 1.17 0.61 0.39 0.20
ROL_DWORD 3.22 1.53 0.64 0.46 3.27 1.61 1.39 0.70 1.46 0.84 1.07 0.59 0.36 0.20
ROR_WORD 2.91 1.43 0.66 0.46 2.93 1.52 1.25 0.66 1.45 0.82 1.11 0.57 0.39 0.19
ROR_DWORD 2.87 1.44 0.71 0.46 2.92 1.58 0.68 0.68 1.41 0.81 1.20 0.57 0.40 0.19
BTST_WORD 3.22 1.27 0.71 0.35 3.23 1.45 0.58 0.5 1.49 0.75 1.16 0.63 0.39 0.21
BTST_DWORD 3.09 1.26 0.71 0.34 3.29 1.37 1.41 0.5 1.48 0.72 1.19 0.63 0.40 0.19
BSET_WORD 2.38 1.17 0.59 0.30 2.62 1.43 1.12 0.61 1.17 0.72 0.97 0.48 0.31 0.16
BSET_DWORD 2.36 1.14 0.58 0.30 2.59 1.40 1.13 0.60 1.16 0.71 0.97 0.48 0.32 0.16
BCLR_WORD 2.39 1.14 0.59 0.30 2.51 1.36 1.08 0.59 1.20 0.72 0.97 0.48 0.31 0.16
BCLR_DWORD 2.45 1.19 0.59 0.30 2.49 1.33 1.07 0.57 1.16 0.70 0.97 0.47 0.32 0.16
BPOS_WORD 4.03 1.33 0.80 0.23 3.63 1.24 1.66 0.64 1.84 0.76 1.51 0.56 0.50 0.19
BPOS_DWORD 4.83 1.31 0.96 0.22 3.29 1.18 1.97 0.62 2.18 0.75 1.78 0.48 0.59 0.18
Relational
CMP_INT 3.52 1.16 0.89 0.33 3.51 1.25 1.50 0.54 1.45 0.60 1.58 0.52 0.53 0.17
CMP_DINT 3.54 1.19 0.91 0.34 3.86 1.32 1.66 0.57 1.51 0.66 1.61 0.52 0.53 0.17
CMP_REAL 3.63 1.20 0.94 0.35 3.65 1.30 1.57 0.56 1.52 0.62 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.1
CMP_LREAL 3.92 1.13 1.08 0.34 4.08 1.25 1.75 0.53 1.64 0.59 1.84 0.52 0.61 0.18
CMP_UINT 3.50 1.17 0.93 0.33 4.15 1.35 1.78 0.58 1.48 0.63 1.62 0.53 0.54 0.17
EQ_DATA 10.63 7.98 2.37 1.29 10.13 2.02 2.91 1.05 2.81 0.94 2.82 1.08 1.27 0.66
EQ_DINT 2.32 0.96 0.65 0.24 2.45 1.15 1.06 0.50 1.08 0.60 1.05 0.41 0.35 0.13
EQ_INT 2.45 0.96 0.66 0.24 2.49 1.14 1.07 0.50 1.04 0.58 1.04 0.47 0.35 0.16
EQ_LREAL 2.88 1.07 0.78 0.26 3.00 1.27 1.28 0.54 1.25 0.64 1.27 0.47 0.43 0.17
EQ_REAL 2.38 0.96 0.66 0.26 2.61 1.12 1.12 0.49 1.03 0.60 1.15 0.43 0.37 0.14
EQ_UINT 2.37 0.96 0.65 0.25 2.33 1.11 1.00 0.48 1.01 0.59 1.04 0.40 0.35 0.13
NE_INT 2.29 0.98 0.64 0.24 2.34 1.13 1.01 0.49 0.97 0.60 1.03 0.42 0.34 0.14
NE_DINT 2.37 1.00 0.66 0.24 2.56 1.34 1.10 0.55 1.10 0.66 1.08 0.43 0.36 0.14
NE_UINT 2.39 0.96 0.66 0.24 2.43 1.18 1.04 0.51 1.00 0.62 1.08 043 0.36 0.14
NE_REAL 2.35 0.95 0.67 0.25 2.65 1.18 1.14 0.51 1.05 0.61 1.13 0.40 0.38 0.13
NE_LREAL 2.87 1.04 0.79 0.26 2.93 1.17 1.26 0.51 1.24 0.60 1.29 0.42 0.44 0.15
GT_INT 2.49 0.98 0.66 0.25 2.50 1.14 1.08 0.49 1.05 0.60 1.05 0.40 0.35 0.13
GT_DINT 2.34 1.01 0.65 0.24 2.42 1.15 1.04 0.50 1.04 0.59 1.05 0.40 0.35 0.13
GT_REAL 2.36 0.94 0.65 0.24 2.60 1.11 1.11 0.48 1.02 0.58 1.13 0.40 0.38 0.13
GT_LREAL 2.82 1.02 0.77 0.27 2.90 1.15 1.27 0.50 1.21 0.60 1.28 0.43 0.43 0.15
GT_UINT 2.37 0.95 0.66 0.24 2.39 1.10 1.02 0.48 0.99 0.59 1.06 0.40 0.35 0.13
GE_INT 2.44 0.93 0.68 0.24 2.48 1.13 1.07 0.50 1.04 0.59 1.08 0.40 0.36 0.13
GE_DINT 2.43 1.01 0.66 0.24 2.57 1.19 1.08 0.51 1.08 0.62 1.07 0.41 0.36 0.14
GE_REAL 2.35 0.94 0.66 0.26 2.59 1.10 1.11 0.48 1.02 0.58 1.13 0.43 0.38 0.14
GE_LREAL 2.85 1.04 0.77 0.26 2.92 1.17 0.51 0.6 1.25 0.62 1.24 0.41 0.43 0.14
GE_UINT 2.44 1.03 0.67 0.24. 2.42 1.19 1.04 0.51 1.01 0.63 1.06 0.41 0.35 0.13
LT_INT 2.53 1.02 0.64 0.24 2.54 1.22 1.09 0.50 1.06 0.61 1.05 0.42 0.35 0.14
LT_DINT 2.37 1.05 0.65 0.25 2.58 1.27 1.11 0.54 1.09 0.66 1.08 0.43 0.36 0.14
LT_REAL 2.37 0.97 0.64 0.25 2.66 1.18 1.14 0.51 1.04 0.72 1.13 0.39 0.38 0.13
LT_LREAL 2.81 1.01 0.77 0.26 2.90 1.15 1.24 0.50 1.22 0.59 1.29 0.43 0.43 0.14
LT_UINT 2.41 0.95 0.65 0.24 2.48 1.15 1.03 0.49 1.02 0.60 1.04 0.0 0.35 0.13
LE_INT 2.46 0.99 0.69 0.25 2.48 1.14 1.07 0.49 1.03 0.60 1.08 0.40 0.36 0.13

A

CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
LE_DINT 2.33 1.03 0.65 0.25 2.46 1.15 1.05 0.50 1.04 0.59 1.05 0.40 0.35 0.13
LE_UINT 2.44 1.02 0.64 0.24 2.41 1.17 1.03 0.50 1.04 0.61 1.02 0.41 0.34 0.13
LE_REAL 2.34 1.00 0.65 0.25 2.68 1.14 1.16 0.49 1.02 0.60 1.10 0.40 0.37 0.13
LE_LREAL 2.78 0.98 0.77 0.26 2.89 1.15 1.24 0.49 12.1 0.58 1.26 0.39 0.43 0.14
Conversion
BCD-4 to INT 2.17 1.00 0.55 0.23 2.11 1.11 0.90 0.48 0.95 0.62 0.83 0.34 0.27 0.14
DINT to INT 1.90 0.98 0.55 0.21 2.18 1.15 0.94 0.48 0.81 0.56 0.85 0.33 0.28 0.14
UINT to INT 2.04 0.94 0.49 0.20 1.95 1.14 0.84 0.49 0.81 0.55 0.77 0.31 0.25 0.14
BCD-8 to DINT 2.58 0.97 0.62 0.21 3.00 1.10 1.29 0.47 1.02 0.58 0.94 0.32 0.30 0.14
INT to DINT 1.88 0.2 0.51 0.21 2.19 1.13 0.94 0.49 0.78 0.55 0.75 0.33 0.23 0.15
UINT to DINT 1.90 0.96 0.63 0.21 2.17 1.18 0.94 0.51 0.92 0.57 0.79 0.32 0.27 0.13
INT to UINT 1.93 0.93 0.62 0.21 1.88 1.12 0.81 0.48 0.76 0.56 0.80 0.35 0.27 0.14
DINT to UINT 1.92 1.06 0.50 0.21 2.15 1.11 0.93 0.48 0.83 0.58 0.72 0.33 0.24 0.14
BCD-4 to UINT 2.18 1.04 0.55 0.22 2.13 1.08 0.93 0.48 0.94 0.65 0.81 0.35 0.27 0.14
INT to BCD-4 2.19 0.93 0.61 0.22 2.24 1.12 0.94 0.48 0.92 0.56 0.95 0.35 0.27 0.15
UINT to BCD-4 2.17 0.94 0.67 0.22 2.26 1.17 0.97 0.50 0.93 0.56 1.07 0.36 0.33 0.15
DINT to BCD-8 2.35 1.03 0.62 0.21 3.15 1.08 1.35 0.47 1.00 0.60 0.91 0.34 0.31 0.14
REAL_TO_INT 2.43 1.00 0.66 0.21 2.75 1.20 1.18 0.52 1.02 0.58 0.99 0.34 0.33 0.14
REAL_TO_UINT 2.37 0.99 0.63 0.21 2.67 1.18 1.15 0.51 1.01 0.57 0.95 0.34 0.31 0.14
REAL_TO_LREAL 2.10 0.95 0.52 0.21 2.26 1.01 0.97 0.43 0.88 0.55 0.88 0.37 0.29 0.12
REAL_TO_DINT 2.42 0.99 0.64 0.21 3.06 1.14 1.32 0.49 1.05 0.57 0.98 0.34 0.31 0.14
INT_TO_REAL 2.00 0.98 0.49 0.22 2.17 1.12 0.93 0.48 0.77 0.56 0.73 0.36 0.24 0.15
UINT_TO_REAL 1.87 0.95 0.55 0.23 2.19 1.17 0.94 0.50 0.77 0.57 0.83 0.37 0.28 0.15
DINT_TO_REAL 1.95 1.02 0.56 0.21 2.43 1.14 1.04 0.49 0.84 0.60 0.75 0.34 0.27 0.14
DINT_TO_LREAL 2.06 1.02 0.50 0.20 2.24 1.01 0.96 0.44 0.85 0.73 0.85 0.42 0.28 0.13
REAL_TRUN_INT 1.77 0.73 0.45 0.19 2.22 1.37 0.87 0.49 0.83 0.59 0.56 0.13 0.26 0.11
REAL_TRUN_DINT 1.84 0.83 0.52 0.19 2.42 1.13 1.09 0.55 0.89 0.64 0.70 0.13 0.30 0.11
DEG_TO_RAD_REAL 1.90 1.01 0.55 0.21 2.39 1.11 1.03 0.48 0.83 0.57 0.87 0.35 0.29 0.12
DEG_TO_RAD_LREAL 2.33 0.94 0.64 0.23 2.34 1.05 1.01 0.44 0.92 0.52 0.98 0.34 033 0.11
RAD_TO_DEG_REAL 1.91 0.97 0.59 0.21 2.34 1.16 1.03 0.48 0.94 0.57 0.86 0.35 0.29 0.12
RAD_TO_DEG_LREAL 2.33 0.94 0.64 0.23 2.33 1.06 1.00 0.44 0.93 0.52 0.98 0.34 0.33 0.11
BCD-4 to REAL 2.30 1.03 0.56 0.20 2.42 1.09 1.04 0.48 0.99 0.64 0.89 0.34 0.28 0.14
BCD-8 to REAL 2.62 0.94 0.66 0.20 3.07 1.14 1.32 0.49 1.11 0.55 0.98 0.31 0.31 0.14
LREAL_TO_DINT 2.67 1.03 0.63 0.20 2.85 1.00 1.21 0.43 1.07 0.73 1.10 0.42 0.36 0.13
LREAL_TO_REAL 2.25 1.01 0.54 0.21 2.35 1.09 1.01 0.47 0.87 0.58 0.83 0.35 0.2 0.12
Data Move
BLKCLR 1.96 0.96 0.45 0.19 2.13 1.16 0.91 0.50 1.09 0.62 0.73 0.34 0.24 0.11
BITSEQ 1.14 4.14 0.90 0.89 3.90 3.93 1.63 1.64 1.76 1.74 1.50 1.59 0.50 0.53
MOVE_BIT 3.00 1.37 0.67 0.25 2.93 1.53 1.22 0.63 1.47 0.81 1.06 0.41 0.35 0.14
MOVE_DINT 2.21 1.32 0.47 0.43 2.23 1.44 0.92 0.58 1.07 0.75 0.78 0.26 0.3 0.13
MOVE_INT 2.21 1.33 0.48 0.44 2.27 1.47 0.94 0.60 1.06 0.75 0.79 0.42 0.26 0.14
MOVE_DWORD 2.15 1.24 0.48 0.42 2.31 1.51 0.96 0.62 1.10 0.77 0.81 0.41 0.26 0.14
MOVE_LREAL 2.63 1.27 0.57 0.41 2.74 1.43 1.15 0.61 1.56 0.77 0.95 0.42 0.31 0.14
MOVE_REAL 2.15 1.24 0.47 0.41 2.18 1.39 0.91 0.57 1.07 0.74 0.78 0.40 0.26 0.14
MOVE_UINT - - - - 2.3 1.2 1.0 0.5 - - - - - -

A

CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
MOVE_WORD 2.15 1.25 0.48 0.41 2.25 1.45 0.93 0.59 1.04 0.76 0.80 0.43 0.27 0.14
MOVE_DATA 8.36 2.36 2.16 1.20 9.81 3.22 2.72 1.02 2.73 0.95 2.54 1.12 1.11 0.69
MOVE_DATA_EX 9.28 1.98 2.60 1.66 12.25 4.22 3.53 1.15 3.35 1.27 2.85 1.44 1.27 0.80
MOVE_TO_FLAT 9.28 1.98 2.60 1.66 12.25 4.22 3.53 1.15 3.35 1.27 2.85 1.44 1.27 0.80
MOVE_FROM_FLAT 9.28 1.98 2.60 1.66 12.25 4.22 3.53 1.15 3.35 1.27 2.85 1.44 1.27 0.80
BLKMOV_WORD 2.89 2.17 0.68 0.60 2.73 2.26 1.17 0.97 1.23 1.14 1.13 0.91 0.38 0.30
BLKMOV_DINT 3.04 2.22 0.71 0.55 3.02 2.36 1.30 1.01 1.35 1.10 1.19 0.90 0.40 0.30
BLKMOV_INT 2.78 2.13 0.69 0.60 2.71 2.26 1.16 0.97 1.21 1.13 1.11 0.88 0.37 0.30
BLKMOV_DWORD 3.03 2.17 0.71 0.54 2.97 2.31 1.28 0.99 1.33 1.08 1.19 0.87 0.40 0.29
BLKMOV_REAL 2.98 2.14 0.70 0.53 3.01 2.34 1.29 1.00 1.35 1.10 1.18 0.89 0.39 0.29
BLKMOV_UINT 2.79 2.09 0.67 0.60 2.71 2.21 1.17 0.96 1.23 1.15 1.12 0.87 0.37 0.29
DATA_INIT_ASCII 0.89 1.25 0.20 0.35 0.91 1.39 0.40 0.60 0.76 0.77 0.30 0.44 0.10 0.15
DATA_INIT_COMM 1.03 1.20 0.22 0.34 1.05 1.36 0.46 0.60 0.84 0.78 0.37 0.43 0.11 0.15
DATA_INIT_DLAN 1.33 1.32 0.33 0.35 1.33 1.49 0.58 0.64 0.94 0.83 0.39 0.45 0.14 0.15
DATA_INIT_DINT 0.89 1.21 0.21 0.33 0.92 1.37 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.79 0.30 0.45 0.10 0.15
DATA_INIT_DWORD 0.97 1.26 0.21 0.34 0.98 1.39 0.41 0.60 0.79 0.81 0.32 0.45 0.11 0.15
DATA_INIT_INT 0.94 1.27 0.20 0.33 0.95 1.41 0.42 0.61 0.81 0.81 0.31 0.46 0.10 0.15
DATA_INIT_REAL 0.91 1.22 0.21 0.35 0.90 1.36 0.40 0.59 0.77 0.78 0.30 0.44 0.18 0.22
DATA_INIT_LREAL 0.96 1.18 0.18 0.34 0.98 1.33 0.42 0.57 0.79 0.78 0.36 0.48 0.11 0.16
DATA_INIT_WORD 0.97 1.27 0.20 0.34 0.90 1.41 0.40 0.61 0.78 0.79 0.30 0.44 0.10 0.15
DATA_INIT_UINT 0.93 0.9 0.21 0.35 0.90 1.37 0.39 0.59 0.78 0.79 0.31 0.46 0.10 0.15
SWAP_WORD 2.67 1.24 0.58 0.41 2.83 1.41 1.18 0.57 1.34 0.74 0.96 0.42 0.32 0.13
SWAP_DWORD 2.75 1.29 0.59 0.41 2.59 1.43 1.08 0.58 1.29 0.73 0.93 0.42 0.31 0.14
SHFR_BIT 6.52 2.88 1.45 0.64 6.35 2.94 2.74 1.27 2.92 1.22 2.37 1.08 0.79 0.36
SHFR_WORD 7.13 4.94 1.94 1.40 7.08 4.90 3.04 2.11 3.25 2.16 3.27 2.46 1.09 0.82
SHFR_DWORD 7.16 4.91 2.00 1.42 7.62 5.03 3.27 2.1 3.39 2.24 3.29 2.43 1.10 0.81
Data Table
SORT_INT 36.56 1.25 9.89 0.42 36.57 1.40 15.66 0.60 15.94 0.75 16.50 0.44 5.50 0.15
SORT_UINT 36.49 1.24 9.86 0.42 36.48 1.40 15.66 0.60 15.90 0.75 16.50 0.44 5.49 0.15
SORT_WORD 36.46 1.26 9.87 0.42 36.51 1.39 15.61 0.60 15.90 0.76 16.46 0.44 5.49 0.15
TBLRD_INT 3.49 1.23 0.88 0.33 4.14 1.75 1.79 0.77 2.03 0.97 1.52 0.73 0.49 0.25
TBLRD_DINT 3.58 1.27 0.90 0.33 4.19 1.77 1.79 0.76 2.02 0.97 1.47 0.69 0.48 0.22
TBLWRT_INT 4.02 1.53 1.03 0.41 4.06 1.74 1.73 0.74 1.72 0.84 1.59 0.74 0.53 0.25
TBLWRT_DINT 3.94 1.52 1.03 0.42 4.00 1.70 1.72 0.72 1.70 0.84 1.60 0.72 0.53 0.23
FIFORD_INT 4.04 1.68 0.92 0.41 3.92 1.69 1.68 0.71 1.67 0.72 1.58 0.66 0.53 0.22
FIFORD_DINT 4.00 1.69 0.92 0.41 3.89 1.71 1.65 0.73 1.65 0.68 1.56 0.66 0.52 0.22
FIFOWRT_INT 3.06 1.21 0.83 0.30 3.17 1.46 1.35 0.64 1.41 0.75 1.23 0.49 0.42 0.18
FIFOWRT_DINT 3.05 1.19 0.84 0.30 3.10 1.43 1.33 0.62 1.39 0.72 1.25 0.51 0.42 0.17
LIFORD_INT 3.83 1.69 0.87 0.41 3.77 1.73 1.60 0.72 1.62 0.72 1.49 0.66 0.50 0.22
LIFORD_DINT 3.81 1.64 0.87 0.41 3.77 1.74 1.60 0.72 1.63 0.72 1.48 0.66 0.49 0.22
LIFOWRT_INT 3.06 1.18 0.83 0.30 3.18 1.49 1.35 0.63 1.43 0.72 1.25 0.51 0.42 0.17
LIFOWRT_DINT 3.05 1.19 0.83 0.32 3.08 1.42 1.33 0.61 1.41 0.72 1.33 0.68 0.42 0.18
LIFOWRT_DWORD 3.06 1.18 0.83 0.30 3.15 1.47 1.35 0.63 1.43 0.72 1.25 0.53 0.41 0.18
Array
ARRAY_MOVE_BIT 4.62 2.03 0.91 0.51 4.10 2.16 1.76 0.92 1.94 1.06 1.57 0.75 0.52 0.25

A

CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
ARRAY_MOVE_BYTE 3.62 1.84 0.78 0.57 3.12 1.97 1.34 0.84 1.45 0.95 1.25 0.82 0.42 0.27
ARRAY_MOVE_WORD 3.67 1.92 0.80 0.57 3.19 2.10 1.37 0.91 1.45 1.05 1.26 0.81 0.42 0.27
ARRAY_MOVE_DINT 3.62 1.94 0.80 0.57 3.10 2.04 1.33 0.85 1.41 0.97 1.24 0.81 0.41 0.2
ARRAY_MOVE_DWORD 3.61 1.85 0.80 0.58 3.07 1.97 1.32 0.84 1.42 0.95 1.24 0.81 0.42 0.27
ARRAY_MOVE_INT 3.72 1.99 0.80 0.57 3.23 2.12 1.39 0.92 1.47 1.03 1.26 0.79 0.42 0.26
ARRAY_MOVE_UINT 3.61 1.87 0.79 0.58 3.10 1.96 1.33 0.84 1.53 1.07 1.37 1.14 0.42 0.28
SRCH_BYTE 4.35 1.86 1.04 0.46 4.07 1.86 1.74 0.79 2.11 0.91 1.74 0.87 0.58 0.29
SRCH_WORD 4.05 1.81 1.02 0.46 3.90 1.86 1.70 0.82 1.83 0.91 1.90 0.83 0.63 0.27
SRCH_DWORD 4.17 1.82 1.12 0.46 4.57 1.91 1.96 0.82 1.92 0.96 1.78 0.78 0.59 0.25
ARRAY_RANGE_WORD 4.16 1.77 1.00 0.42 4.14 1.89 1.80 0.81 1.90 0.96 1.70 0.69 0.57 0.23
ARRAY_RANGE_DWORD 4.43 1.78 1.21 0.42 4.61 1.88 1.99 0.80 2.06 0.97 1.70 0.65 0.57 0.22
ARRAY_RANGE_DINT 4.47 1.83 1.16 0.43 4.39 1.89 1.88 0.81 1.97 0.99 1.81 0.69 0.61 0.23
ARRAY_RANGE_INT 4.69 1.85 1.16 0.41 4.22 1.84 1.81 0.79 1.92 0.96 1.84 0.68 0.61 0.23
ARRAY_RANGE_UINT 4.17 1.84 1.11 0.41 4.44 1.82 1.76 0.78 1.91 0.96 1.68 0.66 0.56 0.22
Math
ADD_INT 2.08 1.19 0.70 0.30 2.11 1.31 0.91 0.58 0.87 0.66 1.00 0.49 0.33 0.16
ADD_DINT 2.22 1.17 0.63 0.31 2.56 1.34 1.12 0.58 0.97 0.67 0.90 0.46 0.30 0.15
ADD_REAL 2.12 1.13 0.61 0.32 2.75 1.32 1.19 0.56 0.96 0.66 0.92 0.50 0.30 0.17
ADD_LREAL 3.09 1.20 0.75 0.31 2.82 1.30 1.21 0.54 1.09 0.62 1.28 0.53 0.43 0.18
ADD_UINT 2.08 1.14 0.64 0.30 2.23 1.42 0.93 0.57 0.96 0.68 0.90 0.51 0.29 0.16
SUB_INT 2.08 1.15 0.66 0.30 2.13 1.35 0.91 0.55 0.87 0.65 0.87 0.49 0.29 0.16
SUB_DINT 2.17 1.13 0.64 0.30 2.50 1.35 1.09 0.56 0.94 0.65 0.90 0.49 0.30 0.16
SUB_REAL 2.17 1.18 0.62 0.31 2.46 1.29 1.13 0.63 1.08 0.85 1.08 0.69 0.30 0.17
SUB_LREAL 2.81 1.27 0.81 0.31 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.54 1.10 0.63 1.37 0.53 0.47 0.17
MUL_INT 2.21 1.13 0.64 0.30 2.25 1.42 0.93 0.57 0.90 0.65 0.89 0.49 0.30 0.16
MUL_DINT 2.20 1.20 0.63 0.31 2.53 1.34 1.10 0.59 0.95 0.69 1.05 0.49 0.35 0.17
MUL_MIXED 2.06 1.19 0.64 0.31 2.36 1.31 1.00 0.58 0.89 0.66 0.90 0.51 0.30 0.16
MUL_REAL 2.13 1.14 0.57 0.31 2.57 1.39 1.08 0.56 0.93 0.65 0.88 0.48 0.29 0.17
MUL_LREAL 3.03 1.44 0.75 0.33 2.87 1.21 1.24 0.52 1.19 0.61 1.28 0.54 044 0.18
MUL_UINT 2.42 1.18 0.65 0.30 2.14 1.35 0.92 0.55 0.90 0.65 0.87 0.49 0.29 0.16
DIV_INT 2.35 1.19 0.64 0.30 2.25 1.29 0.99 0.58 0.98 0.68 0.90 0.48 0.30 0.16
DIV_DINT 2.45 1.21 0.64 0.31 2.71 1.35 1.16 0.60 0.99 0.73 0.93 0.48 0.30 0.16
DIV_REAL 2.39 1.13 0.69 0.30 2.70 1.43 1.11 0.56 0.96 0.68 1.07 0.49 0.36 0.16
DIV_LREAL 2.93 1.20 0.79 0.31 2.86 1.20 1.23 0.52 1.14 0.61 1.33 0.53 0.45 0.18
DIV_MIXED 2.45 1.15 0.67 0.30 2.70 1.35 1.15 0.56 1.11 0.65 0.97 0.49 0.33 0.16
MOD_INT 2.36 1.23 0.69 0.31 2.23 1.38 0.95 0.57 0.93 0.66 0.91 0.48 0.30 0.16
MOD_DINT 2.30 1.18 0.64 0.31 2.65 1.35 1.12 0.56 1.09 0.79 1.09 0.69 0.30 0.17
MOD_UINT 2.23 1.19 0.71 0.31 2.19 1.29 1.01 0.63 0.99 0.74 0.99 0.50 0.33 0.17
ABS_INT 1.96 0.91 0.51 0.23 2.01 1.21 0.99 0.63 0.93 0.60 0.84 0.38 0.29 0.13
ABS_DINT 1.99 0.91 0.56 0.23 2.44 1.17 1.05 0.50 0.96 0.60 0.84 0.37 0.28 0.12
ABS_REAL 2.12 0.96 0.56 0.21 2.45 1.14 1.05 0.49 0.87 0.59 0.90 0.35 0.30 0.12
ABS_LREAL 2.54 1.01 0.62 0.22 2.58 1.07 1.11 0.46 0.97 0.53 0.98 0.35 0.33 0.11
SCALE_INT 3.07 1.54 0.85 0.44 3.54 1.84 1.57 0.83 1.82 0.91 1.23 0.54 0.48 0.24
SCALE_DINT 2.65 1.51 0.71 0.51 2.98 1.79 1.37 0.89 1.61 1.03 1.00 0.51 0.41 0.24
SCALE_UINT 2.70 1.50 0.71 0.49 2.89 1.78 1.27 0.81 1.39 0.98 0.98 0.5 0.40 0.25

A

CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
SQRT_INT 2.36 0.93 0.63 0.21 2.39 1.13 1.05 0.50 1.08 0.57 0.99 0.35 0.32 0.12
SQRT_DINT 2.86 0.93 0.69 0.21 3.37 1.18 1.44 0.51 1.28 0.58 1.08 0.35 0.36 0.12
SQRT_REAL 2.15 0.92 0.55 0.23 2.54 1.23 1.09 0.54 0.91 0.61 0.85 0.37 0.29 0.13
SQRT_LREAL 2.60 1.02 0.65 0.22 2.36 1.09 1.00 0.46 0.92 0.53 0.99 0.32 0.34 0.12
Trigonometric
SIN_REAL 2.48 0.92 0.61 0.22 3.02 1.11 1.26 0.48 0.97 0.57 0.95 0.35 0.32 0.12
SIN_LREAL 2.97 1.02 0.74 0.22 3.05 1.10 1.31 0.48 1.13 0.55 1.16 0.35 0.39 0.11
COS_REAL 2.41 0.93 0.67 0.21 2.96 1.11 1.22 0.48 0.97 0.57 1.06 0.35 0.36 0.12
COS_LREAL 2.93 1.02 0.75 0.21 2.88 1.09 1.18 0.47 1.10 0.56 1.17 0.35 0.39 0.11
TAN_REAL 2.53 0.92 0.63 0.21 3.02 1.11 1.26 0.48 1.02 0.57 0.96 0.35 0.32 0.12
TAN_LREAL 3.03 1.02 0.83 0.22 2.89 1.09 1.23 0.476 1.14 0.56 1.32 0.36 0.44 0.11
ASIN_REAL 2.80 0.98 0.73 0.21 3.29 1.20 1.41 0.52 1.26 0.63 1.13 0.35 0.38 0.12
ASIN_LREAL 3.23 1.00 0.88 0.21 3.14 10.5 1.32 0.45 1.33 0.54 1.37 0.35 0.46 0.12
ACOS_REAL 2.80 0.98 0.73 0.21 3.29 1.20 1.41 0.52 1.26 0.63 1.13 0.35 0.38 0.12
ACOS_LREAL 3.27 0.99 0.88 0.21 3.10 1.04 1.32 0.45 1.28 0.53 1.36 0.54 0.47 0.12
ATAN_REAL 2.56 1.03 0.67 0.23 3.26 1.25 1.37 0.54 1.02 0.65 1.05 0.37 0.35 0.12
ATAN_LREAL 2.88 1.00 0.76 0.21 2.87 1.04 1.20 0.46 1.08 0.53 1.18 0.35 0.40 0.12
Logarithmic
LOG_REAL 2.46 0.99 0.65 0.21 2.90 1.16 1.25 0.50 1.03 0.59 1.04 0.35 0.35 0.12
LOG_LREAL 3.25 0.95 0.73 0.21 2.88 1.03 1.21 0.43 1.11 0.52 1.19 0.38 0.39 0.12
LN_REAL 2.46 0.97 0.65 0.22 2.84 1.13 1.22 0.50 1.01 0.58 1.06 0.37 0.35 0.12
LN_LREAL 3.14 1.01 0.75 0.22 2.83 1.07 1.22 0.46 1.16 0.53 1.19 0.34 0.40 0.11
EXPT_REAL 3.75 1.29 0.88 0.31 4.13 1.41 1.77 0.63 1.52 0.72 1.39 0.40 0.46 0.13
EXPT_LREAL 3.35 1.31 0.72 0.30 3.03 1.33 1.30 0.57 1.35 0.71 1.24 0.42 0.42 0.14
EXP_REAL 2.26 0.97 0.61 0.23 2.70 1.16 1.16 0.50 0.97 0.59 1.00 0.37 0.33 0.12
EXP_LREAL 2.85 1.1 0.76 0.23 2.71 1.04 1.16 0.45 1.08 0.54 1.25 0.34 0.42 0.12
PID
PIDISA 6.80 6.14 1.52 1.43 6.92 6.18 2.98 2.66 3.17 2.79 2.66 2.44 0.89 0.81
PIDIND 6.83 6.16 1.51 1.39 6.86 6.13 2.97 2.66 3.17 2.79 2.65 2.43 0.88 0.81
Range
RANGE_INT 3.57 2.09 0.85 0.47 3.27 1.89 1.40 0.81 1.35 0.91 1.40 0.87 0.53 0.35
RANGE_DINT 3.28 1.85 0.85 0.47 3.26 1.94 1.40 0.83 1.36 0.92 1.41 0.81 0.47 0.27
RANGE_DWORD 3.39 1.84 0.85 0.47 3.40 2.02 0.87 0.87 1.46 1.01 1.42 0.82 0.47 0.27
Timers
ONDTR 4.91 3.81 1.11 0.83 4.79 3.70 2.01 1.54 2.11 1.57 1.82 1.38 0.61 0.46
OFDT 4.70 4.22 1.03 0.87 4.57 4.08 1.92 1.71 1.97 1.76 1.71 1.45 0.57 0.49
TMR 4.69 4.21 1.04 0.88 4.52 4.04 1.92 1.71 2.05 1.79 1.71 1.45 0.58 0.49
TOF 7.8 4.7 1.8 1.2 9.6 4.9 4.1 2.1 NA NA 3.9 2.0 1.3 0.6
TON 7.4 4.5 1.8 1.1 9.5 4.8 4.0 2.0 NA NA 3.9 2.0 1.3 0.6
TP 7.5 4.5 1.8 1.2 9.8 4.8 4.2 2.1 NA NA 3.9 2.0 1.3 0.6
Counters
UPCTR 4.24 4.28 0.96 0.92 4.13 4.17 1.74 1.76 1.85 1.86 1.59 1.53 0.53 0.51
DNCTR 4.20 4.23 0.94 0.93 4.16 4.18 1.73 1.75 1.84 1.86 1.54 1.53 0.52 0.51
Control
JUMPN 0.29 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.21 0.26 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.03

A

CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
FOR/NEXT 1.40 0.70 0.23 0.18 1.51 0.72 0.64 0.31 0.90 0.47 0.56 0.26 0.19 0.09
MCRN/ENDMCRN 0.64 0.65 0.06 007 0.68 0.68 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.03
Combined
SWITCH_POS 1.96 0.91 0.57 0.21 1.91 1.02 0.82 0.44 0.87 0.59 0.60 0.13 0.26 0.12
DOIO 58.32 1.32 38.72 0.30 32.78 1.45 17.60 0.63 6.50 0.76 14.94 0.23 9.374 0.15
DOIO with ALT 58.17 1.28 38.67 0.33 32.56 1.48 17.47 0.63 6.47 0.75 14.91 0.32 9.36 0.18
DRUM_SEQ 6.74 5.42 1.63 1.30 6.98 5.70 2.99 2.45 3.21 2.67 2.63 2.21 0.88 0.74
SCAN_SET_IO 155.02 1.87 111.81 0.50 55.21 1.92 32.65 0.83 33.69 0.86 30.40 0.76 22.84 0.25
SUSIO 1.93 0.38 0.49 0.11 2.14 0.45 0.92 0.20 1.12 0.35 0.68 0.06 0.30 0.05
COMMREQ 219.48 1.51 133.87 0.36 117.27 1.60 73.25 0.73 73.30 0.90 73.42 0.59 65.23 0.22
CALL/RETURN (LD) 7.50 0.42 1.73 0.10 7.27 0.51 3.11 0.23 3.58 0.42 2.79 0.06 0.99 0.05
CALL/RETURN 4.92 0.41 1.22 0.11 7.84 0.56 2.07 0.23 2.33 0.42 1.94 0.05 0.72 0.06
(Parameterized Block)
CALL/RETURN 7.23 0.44 1.83 0.09 7.24 0.55 3.05 0.25 3.29 0.45 2.91 0.06 1.04 0.04
(C Block)
Bus
BUS_RD_BYTE* 20.16 2.35 7.41 0.68 21.30 2.42 10.87 1.04 1.94 1.18 8.56 1.00 5.24 0.33
BUS_RD_DWORD* 20.80 2.43 7.55 0.70 21.96 2.51 11.16 1.09 2.13 1.25 8.14 1.00 5.17 0.33
BUS_RD_WORD* 20.67 2.46 7.48 0.71 21.44 2.54 10.98 1.10 2.11 1.29 8.14 1.01 5.17 0.33
BUS_WRT_BYTE* 20.94 2.59 6.19 0.70 23.76 2.72 11.62 1.17 3.10 1.26 9.46 0.96 5.76 0.32
BUS_WRT_DWORD* 21.09 2.49 6.24 0.69 23.52 2.56 11.53 1.10 3.11 1.30 9.48 0.95 5.77 0.32
BUS_WRT_WORD* 20.76 2.49 6.17 0.69 23.51 2.55 11.54 1.10 3.09 1.28 9.46 0.95 5.76 0.32
BUS_RMW_BYTE* 21.72 2.67 7.96 0.78 24.44 2.78 12.97 1.19 2.41 1.37 10.28 1.12 6.58 0.37
BUS_RMW_DWORD* 21.20 2.71 7.96 0.78 24.73 2.82 12.80 1.21 2.23 1.35 10.06 1.13 6.48 0.38
BUS_RMW_WORD* 21.01 2.69 7.95 0.79 24.00 2.77 12.54 1.19 2.41 1.38 10.25 1.12 6.54 0.38
BUS_TS_BYTE* 19.07 2.05 7.80 0.50 23.23 2.36 12.23 1.01 2.19 1.28 9.93 0.87 6.45 0.29
BUS_TS_WORD* 20.16 2.09 7.66 0.51 22.98 2.31 12.14 0.99 2.06 1.15 9.96 0.91 6.5 0.28
* Results will vary with how quickly the module responds to bus cycles. Because of this, incremental times do not appear in the
table on page A-13. 3H
SVC_REQ
#1 6.57 1.02 1.34 0.18 6.40 1.20 2.75 0.52 2.78 0.79 2.10 0.1 0.77 0.10
#2 6.35 1.01 1.57 0.21 6.45 1.04 2.76 0.45 2.74 0.67 2.67 0.35 0.89 0.12
#3 4.80 0.92 0.98 0.18 4.94 1.15 2.10 0.49 2.45 0.74 1.39 0.09 0.53 0.10
#4 4.83 0.98 0.99 0.19 4.93 1.12 2.09 0.47 2.49 0.74 1.42 0.08 0.54 0.10
#5 4.90 0.92 0.97 0.17 4.99 1.19 2.12 0.50 2.49 0.77 1.44 0.10 0.55 0.10
#6 4.58 0.97 0.99 0.19 4.62 1.12 1.96 0.47 1.97 0.74 1.46 0.13 0.55 0.11
#7 8.64 1.12 1.95 0.20 8.81 1.17 3.67 0.51 3.72 0.78 3.30 0.34 1.05 0.10
#8 6.82 1.01 3.14 0.20 7.08 1.07 3.82 0.46 4.00 0.66 3.92 0.34 2.53 0.12
#9 4.53 1.03 1.06 0.20 4.12 1.06 1.76 0.46 1.95 0.66 1.83 0.32 0.60 0.11
#10 7.09 1.04 1.72 0.20 6.81 1.10 3.02 0.45 3.04 0.67 2.71 0.35 0.91 0.12
#11 4.25 1.03 1.07 0.20 4.26 1.12 1.84 0.48 1.90 0.68 1.82 0.34 0.61 0.11
#12 2.37 1.03 0.60 0.20 2.25 1.01 0.97 0.44 1.12 0.66 1.02 0.33 0.34 0.11
#13 4.56 1.09 0.89 0.18 4.55 1.24 1.96 0.51 2.78 0.75 1.32 0.08 0.51 0.09
#14 436.25 1.11 124.34 0.19 424.95 1.16 188.07 0.48 203.10 0.76 197.46 0.09 71.70 0.10
#15 2.72 1.10 0.60 0.34 3.18 1.14 1.38 0.49 1.25 0.51 0.94 0.49 0.31 0.16
#16 4.39 1.01 1.04 0.21 4.57 1.20 1.94 0.52 2.06 0.70 1.71 0.35 0.57 0.12

A

CRU320* CRE030* CRE040*
Instruction
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
#17 2.95 0.90 0.85 0.19 2.94 1.13 1.24 0.49 NA NA 1.27 0.32 035 0.04
#18 112.51 1.05 41.61 0.21 112.36 1.18 48.09 0.51 48.20 0.69 69.36 0.33 23.12 0.11
#19 4.30 1.05 0.88 0.20 4.61 1.19 1.97 0.51 2.71 0.66 1.51 0.33 0.50 0.11
#20 17.78 1.05 4.59 0.21 18.92 1.19 8.09 0.51 7.58 0.65 7.69 0.33 2.56 0.11
#21 35.02 1.00 9.48 0.21 36.19 1.23 18.15 0.52 17.77 0.66 13.29 0.32 7.15 0.18
#22 2.82 1.00 0.65 0.20 2.86 1.23 1.23 0.53 1.28 0.63 1.19 0.36 0.39 0.12
#23 118.94 1.03 32.49 0.21 119.63 1.19 51.22 0.52 54.68 0.65 54.33 0.33 18.01 0.11
#24 4.66 0.98 1.05 0.20 150.79 1.17 77.38 0.51 1.26 0.65 58.55 0.32 34.67 0.11
#25 3.00 0.98 0.74 0.20 3.03 1.21 1.30 0.52 1.25 0.66 1.30 0.35 0.43 0.121
#26 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.20 2.85 NA NA NA NA
1.73 1.28 2.65 2.13 0.88 0.71
1.75 1.29 2.90 2.16 0.97 0.72
1.96 1.30 3.30 2.17 1.18 0.73
#32 12.88 1.31 5.03 0.20 54.47 1.21 48.97 0.50 NA NA 47.36 0.30 45.12 0.12
NA NA NA NA
1.77 1.27 2.93 2.11 0.98 0.70
#50 4.48 1.05 1.00 0.21 4.48 1.18 1.90 0.51 1.92 0.63 1.76 0.33 0.59 0.11
#51 4.54 0.99 1.05 0.20 4.60 1.13 1.98 0.49 1.9 0.64 2.27 0.80 0.59 0.10
#56 84.16 0.97 22.73 0.21 82.65 1.23 42.66 0.52 44.03 0.78 29.75 0.32 10.26 0.11
#57 17558.30 0.97 13970.00 0.21 19331.60 1.21 19017.30 0.52 18848.20 0.78 13585 0.32 13540 0.11
* Due to Error Checking and Correction (ECC) times are approximately 5% slower, on average.

A
CPU310 CPU315 CPE010 CPE020 CRE020 CPE030 CPE040

CPU320 CRE030 CRE040
Instruction
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
PACMotion
MC_AbortTrigger 102.89 12.13 50.35 3.01 NA
MC_CamFileRead 63.96 30.43 13.84 7.05
MC_CamFileWrite 58.94 22.3 12.02 4.7
MC_CamIn 166.39 18.51 102.8 4.86
MC_CamOut 99.73 9.83 47.49 2.8
MC_CamTableDeselect 112.31 10.1 60.09 3.56
MC_CamTableSelect 137.31 14.68 75.97 3.77
MC_DelayedStart 140.53 12.93 76.77 3.22
MC_DigitalCamSwitch 227.35 20.22 152.59 4.32
MC_DL_Activate 108.43 14.69 50.63 3.39
MC_DL_Configure 195.16 14.81 130 3.72
MC_DL_Delete 143.56 14.64 49.57 3.14
MC_DL_Get 116.75 14.79 61.29 3.16
MC_GearIn 158.75 14.47 91.03 4.34
MC_GearInPos 130.26 15.51 70.31 4.43
MC_GearOut 97.58 9.63 46.91 3.2
MC_Halt 148.22 17.17 82.5 4.11
MC_Home 133.48 15.03 71.45 3.77
MC_JogAxis 125 15.49 65.18 3.38
MC_LibraryStatus 105.73 15.62 48.78 3.33
MC_ModuleReset 145.02 14.18 83.73 3.15
MC_MoveAbsolute 166.69 14.76 99.53 3.95
MC_MoveAdditive 154.47 16.57 89.47 4.14
MC_MoveRelative 168.23 16.32 90.54 3.83
MC_MoveVelocity 144.83 17.16 65.66 3.98
MC_Phasing 165.54 16.55 95.11 4.6
MC_Power 125.93 107.61 24.49 20.06
MC_ReadActualPosition 36.9 3.46 18.61 0.73
MC_ReadActualVelocity 36.28 3.34 18.36 0.74
MC_ReadAnalogInput 50.00 3.54 22.38 1.17
MC_ReadAnalogOutput 46.43 6.49 22.16 1.67
MC_ReadAxisError 31.83 4.39 17.17 1.32
MC_ReadBoolParameter 34.62 5.03 14.85 1.57
MC_ReadBoolParameters 37.14 5.18 15 1.64
MC_ReadDigitalInput 34.56 6.17 14.63 1.67
MC_ReadDigitalOutput 44.44 4.23 17.07 1.58
MC_ReadDwordParameters 35.6 5.05 14.54 1.58
MC_ReadEventQueue 122.95 20.60 60.86 4.33
MC_ReadParameter 51.51 3.23 22.87 1.58
MC_ReadParameters 45.24 5.42 20.72 1.61
MC_ReadStatus 41.39 15.52 16.01 4.12
MC_ReadTorqueCommand 36.68 3.38 18.51 0.73
MC_Reset 100.43 14.1 48.37 2.99
MC_SetOverride 120.62 15.65 62.21 3.81

A
CPU310 CPU315 CPE010 CPE020 CRE020 CPE030 CPE040

CPU320 CRE030 CRE040
Instruction
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Disabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
Enabled (μs)
MC_SetPosition 114.03 17.24 54 3.97 NA
MC_Stop 111.7 13.87 56.38 3.6
MC_Superimposed 126.6 14.34 63.24 3.75
MC_SyncStart 116.75 13.3 60.23 3.1
MC_TouchProbe 110.33 13.6 56.11 3.32
MC_WriteAnalogOutput 109.63 16.99 53.53 3.36
MC_WriteBoolParameter 92.39 16.48 48.29 3.21
MC_WriteBoolParameters 105.72 16.08 57.41 3.23
MC_WriteDigitalOutput 113.01 19.35 52.99 4.27
MC_WriteDwordParameters 123.11 15.48 73.23 3.25
MC_WriteParameter 116.12 19.16 55.3 4.03
MC_WriteParameters 142.5 24.28 94.77 4.84

A
Incremental Times
An Increment time is shown for functions that can have variable length inputs.
Incremental time is added to the base function time for each addition to the length of an input
parameter. This time applies only to functions that can have varying input lengths (Search, Array
Moves, etc.)
Units:
For table functions, increment is in units of length specified.
For bit operation functions, increment is microseconds per bit.
For data move functions, microseconds per unit.
CPU315
CPE030/ CPE040/
Instruction CPU310 CPU320/ CPE010 CPE020 CRE020
CRE030 CRE040
CRU320*
Bit Operation
AND_WORD 0.12 0.02826 0.11572 0.04957 0.05006 0.04553 0.01517
AND_DWORD 0.16 0.3088 0.15567 0.5996 0.6002 0.5095 0.1766
OR_WORD 0.12 0.03 0.11857 0.05078 0.05039 0.04842 0.01543
OR_DWORD 0.16 0.03444 0.15729 0.06743 0.067 0.05626 0.01859
XOR_WORD 0.12 0.02818 0.1156 0.04983 0.05022 0.04613 0.01532
XOR_DWORD 0.16 0.03424 0.15568 0.06691 0.06669 0.05623 0.0187
NOT_WORD 0.08 0.02011 0.07498 0.03249 0.03248 0.03343 0.01117
NOT_DWORD 0.12 0.02839 0.11946 0.0513 0.05011 0.04666 0.01556
MCMP_WORD 0.26 0.05934 0.26347 0.11279 0.11288 0.0969 0.03228
MCMP_DWORD 0.29 0.06407 0.28671 0.12257 0.1226 0.10587 0.03523
SHL_WORD 0.17 0.0468 0.17382 0.07444 0.0745 0.07786 0.02594
SHL_DWORD 0.18 0.04381 0.18306 0.07839 0.07842 0.07287 0.02428
SHR_WORD 0.18 0.04883 0.18397 0.07872 0.0785 0.08088 0.02686
SHR_DWORD 0.19 0.0455 0.18868 0.08229 0.08062 0.07612 0.02537
BTST_WORD 0 0.00011 0.00014 -6E-05 -3E-05 0.00026 0.0001
BTST_DWORD 0 0.00046 0.00098 3.3E-05 0.00042 0.00071 0.00024
ROL_WORD 0.19 0.05071 0.1944 0.08303 0.08316 0.08447 0.02821
ROL_DWORD 0.17 0.03929 0.16617 0.07114 0.0714 0.06493 0.02161
ROR_WORD 0.16 0.0428 0.15893 0.06819 0.06809 0.0715 0.02382
ROR_DWORD 0.17 0.03992 0.16617 0.0737 0.07399 0.06634 0.0221
BPOS_WORD 0.76 0.17369 0.76048 0.32549 0.32584 0.28894 0.09634
BPOS_DWORD 1.69 0.38279 1.68499 0.72159 0.7231 0.6378 0.21258
Relational
EQ_DATA 0.0001 0.00019 0.00029 0.00004 0.00021 0.00051 2.6E-05
Conversion
REAL_TO_UINT 0 0.00421 0 0 0 0 0
REAL_TO_DINT 0 0.00936 0 0 0 0 0
Data Move
MOVE_BIT 0.02 0.00412 0.01958 0.00821 0.00813 0.00919 0.00307
MOVE_DINT 0.04 0 0.04398 0.01884 0.01943 0.0157 0.00533
MOVE_INT 0.02 0 0.02002 0.00833 0.00863 0.00694 0.00231
MOVE_DWORD 0.04 0.04613 0.04447 0.01904 0.0193 0.01584 0.00528

A
CPU315
CPE030/ CPE040/
CRE030 CRE040
CRU320*
MOVE_LREAL 0.09 0.01952 0.08989 0.03854 0.03878 0.03242 0.01083
MOVE_UINT - - 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01
MOVE_WORD 0.02 0.00968 0.02046 0.00876 0.00839 0.00704 0.00234
MOVE_REAL 0.04 0.0372 0.04464 0.01914 0.01946 0.01572 0.00523
MOVE_DATA 0.0002 0.00022 0.00021 0.00015 0.00015 -0.0002 7.2E-05
MOVE_DATA_EX 0.0002 0.00028 0.0011 6.9E-05 6.9E-05 3.2E-05 2.1E-05
DATA_INIT_ASCII 0.01 0.00217 0.01057 0.00459 0.00844 0.00686 0.00101
DATA_INIT_COMM 0.02 0.00408 0.01982 0.00851 0.01724 0.01381 0.00229
DATA_INIT_DLAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DATA_INIT_DINT 0.04 0.00811 0.04034 0.01713 0.00878 0.00754 0.00464
DATA_INIT_DWORD 0.04 0.00817 0.04032 0.01728 0.0084 0.00649 0.00461
DATA_INIT_INT 0.02 0.00447 0.01952 0.00837 0.01714 0.01392 0.00253
DATA_INIT_REAL 0.04 0.00796 0.03997 0.01711 0 0 0.00453
DATA_INIT_LREAL 0.08 0.01584 0.08051 0.03457 0.03434 0.02621 0.00902
DATA_INIT_WORD 0.02 0.00439 0.02071 0.00888 0.01718 0.01343 0.0025
DATA_INIT_UINT 0.02 0.00391 0.01971 0.00844 0.00849 0.00732 0.00226
SWAP_WORD 0.19 0.00498 0.18858 0.08076 0.08082 0.07672 0.02551
SWAP_DWORD 0.16 0.00942 0.15904 0.06834 0.06833 0.0613 0.0204
BLKCLR 0.02 0.00568 0.02528 0.01094 0.01097 0.0101 0.00334
SHFR_BIT 0.04 0.01174 0.04324 0.01827 0.01867 0.02013 0.00666
SHFR_WORD 0.18 0.04529 0.16054 0.06598 0.06848 0.07023 0.0251
SHFR_DWORD 0.20 0.04751 0.19577 0.08384 0.08263 0.08009 0.02663
Data Table
SORT_INT 0.74 0.22253 0.74431 0.31843 0.31607 0.37118 0.12369
SORT_UINT 0.74 0.22237 0.74589 0.31942 0.317 0.3717 0.12383
SORT_WORD 0.74 0.22243 0.74476 0.31838 0.31632 0.37082 0.12369
TBLRD_INT 0 -1E-05 0.00096 -0.0001 -9E-05 -0.0005 -0.0002
TBLRD_DINT 0 0.00012 -0.0002 -0.0001 0.00016 -0.0001 -9E-05
TBLWRT_INT 0 -0.0002 0.00048 0.00018 0.00023 1.1E-05 -4E-05
TBLWRT_DINT 0 -0.0002 -0.0009 -0.0004 -0.0003 -0.0002 -6E-05
FIFORD_INT 0.02 0.00432 0.1939 0.00816 0.00866 0.00698 0.00234
FIFORD_DINT 0.04 0.00927 0.04449 0.01866 0.0188 0.01529 0.00511
FIFOWRT_INT -0.1333333 0.00011 0.00058 0.00047 0.00046 -3E-05 -1E-05
FIFOWRT_DINT -1.1777778 -0.001 -0.0007 -0.0003 -0.0004 0 -1E-05
LIFORD_INT 0.01111111 0.00021 0.00022 0.00031 0.00042 -7E-05 1.1E-05
LIFORD_DINT 0.64444444 0.00021 0.00087 0.00037 0.00044 0.00027 8.9E-05
LIFOWRT_INT -0.8666667 0.0001 0.00037 0.00041 0.00042 0.00011 6.7E-05
LIFOWRT_DINT -0.8777778 4.4E-05 -0.0006 -0.0003 -0.0003 0.00019 0
LIFOWRT_DWORD 0.11111111 -0.0002 0.00101 0.00029 0.00028 -0.0002 -7E-05
Array
ARRAY_MOVE_BIT 0.02 0.00558 0.01967 0.00841 0.00863 0.00914 0.00304
ARRAY_MOVE_BYTE 0.01 0.0024 0.00957 0.00387 0.00379 0.00358 0.00119
ARRAY_MOVE_INT 0.02 0.00424 0.02002 0.00857 0.00857 0.0067 0.00223
ARRAY_MOVE_DINT 0.05 0.00961 0.04762 0.02019 0.02021 0.0164 0.00547
ARRAY_MOVE_WORD 0.02 0.0041 0.02063 0.00883 0.00878 0.00643 0.00211

A
CPU315
CPE030/ CPE040/
CRE030 CRE040
CRU320*
ARRAY_MOVE_DWORD 0.04 0.00974 0.04489 0.01922 0.01913 0.01529 0.00511
ARRAY_MOVE_UINT 0.02 0.00413 0.02014 0.00863 0.00922 0.00687 0.00231
SRCH_BYTE 0.07 0.01796 0.07277 0.03143 0.03112 0.03001 0.0101
SRCH_WORD 0.07 0.01828 0.07492 0.03186 0.03177 0.02826 0.0094
SRCH_DWORD 0.07 0.01507 0.06664 0.02854 0.02841 0.02641 0.00882
ARRAY_RANGE_DINT 0.54 0.13903 0.5422 0.232 0.23221 0.23434 0.07808
ARRAY_RANGE_INT 0.52 0.13471 0.51968 0.22242 0.22204 0.22419 0.07467
ARRAY_RANGE_UINT 0.52 0.13647 0.51902 0.22204 0.22200 0.22429 0.07492
ARRAY_RANGE_WORD 0.52 0.13578 0.52001 0.22294 0.22249 0.2255 0.07511
ARRAY_RANGE_DWORD 0.56 0.14221 0.55802 0.23898 0.23903 0.23764 0.07917
PACMotion
MC_ReadBoolParameters 12.08 7.62
MC_ReadDwordParameters 16.89 12.34
MC_ReadParameters 30.51 19.42
MC_WriteBoolParameters 1.24 0.48
MC_WriteDwordParameters 1.07 1.4
MC_WriteParameters 19.93 1.34
* Due to Error Checking and Correction (ECC), CRU320 times are approximately
5% slower, on average, than those for the CPU320.

A
Overhead Sweep Impact Times

This section contains overhead timing information for the PACSystems CPUs. This
information can be used in conjunction with the estimated logic execution time to predict
sweep times for the CPUs. The information in this section is made up of a base sweep time
plus sweep impact times for each of the CPU models. The predicted sweep time is computed
by adding the sweep impact time(s), the base sweep, and the estimated logic execution time.
A sample calculation for estimating sweep times is provided on page A-31.4H
The following components make up the total sweep time:

■ Programmer communications sweep impact
■ I/O Scan and fault sweep impact
■ Ethernet Global Data sweep impact
■ Intelligent Option Module (LAN modules) sweep impact
■ I/O interrupt performance and sweep impact
■ Timed interrupt performance and sweep impact
Base Sweep Times

Base sweep time is the time for an empty _MAIN program block to execute, with no
configuration stored and none of the windows active. The following table gives the base
sweep times in microseconds for each CPU model.
Base Sweep Times

RX3i RX7i2
CPU Mode CPU315 CPE020/ CPE030 CPE040/
CPU3101 1 CRU320
1
CPE010
CPU320 CRE020 /CRE030 CRE040
Run I/O enabled 1086 µsec 180 µsec 198 457 µsec 182 µsec 169 µsec 77.4 µsec
Run I/O disabled 1076 µsec 176 µsec 194 449 µsec 180 µsec 165 µsec 74.8 µsec
1
Base sweep time calculated with RUN/STOP switch, single ETM.
2
Base sweep time with I/O enabled includes time to scan the status bits for the Ethernet
daughterboard.
The following diagram shows the differences between the full sweep phases and the base
sweep phases.

A
Base Sweep vs. Full Sweep Phases

Base Sweep Full Sweep
<START OF SWEEP> <START OF SWEEP>
Sweep Housekeeping Sweep Housekeeping
↓ ↓
NULL Input Scan * Input Scan *
↓ ↓
Program Logic Execution EGD Consumption Scan***
↓ ↓
NULL Output Scan * Program Logic Execution
↓ ↓
↓ Output Scan *
↓ ↓
↓ EGD Production Scans ***
↓ ↓
Poll for Missing I/O Modules **
↓
↓
↓
Controller Communications Window
↓
↓
↓
Backplane Communications Window
<END OF SWEEP>
<END OF SWEEP>
* If I/O is suspended, the input and output scans are skipped.
** Polling for missing I/O modules only occurs if a “Loss of ...” fault has been logged for an I/O module.
*** If no Ethernet Global Data (EGD) exchanges are configured, the consumption and production scans are skipped.
For the base sweep, if there is no configuration, the input and output scan phases of the
sweep are NULL (i.e., check for configuration and then end). The presence of a configuration
with no I/O modules or intelligent I/O modules (GBC) has the same effect. The logic
execution time is not zero in the base sweep. The time to execute the empty _MAIN program
is included so that you only need to add the estimated execution times of the functions
actually programmed. The base sweep also assumes no missing I/O modules. The lack of
programmer attachment means that the Controller Communications Window is never
opened. The lack of intelligent option modules means that the Backplane Communications
Window is never opened.

A
What the Sweep Impact Tables Contain

In some tables, functions are shown as asynchronously impacting the sweep. This means
that there is not a set phase of the sweep in which the function takes place. For instance, the
scanning of all I/O modules takes place during either the input or output scan phase of the
CPU’s sweep. However, I/O interrupts are totally asynchronous to the sweep and will
interrupt any function currently in progress.
The communication functions (with the exception of the high priority programmer requests)
are all processed within one of the two windows in the sweep (the Controller Communications
Window and the Backplane Communications Window). Sweep impact times for the various
service requests are all minimum sweep impact times for the defined functions, where the
window times have been adjusted so that no time slicing (limiting) of the window occurs in a
given sweep. This means that, as much as possible, each function is completed in one
occurrence of the window (between consecutive logic scans). The sweep impact of these
functions can be spread out over multiple sweeps (limited) by adjusting the window times to a
value lower than the documented sweep impact time. For the programmer, the default time is
10 milliseconds; therefore, some of the functions listed in that section will naturally time slice
over successive sweeps.
Programmer Sweep Impact Times

The following table shows nominal programmer sweep impact times in microseconds.
Programmer Sweep Impact Times

Sweep Description CPU310 CPU315 CPE010 CPE020 CPE030 CPE040
Impact Item (µsec) CPU320/ (µsec) CRE020 CRE030 CRE0400
CRU320 (µsec) (µsec) (µsec)
(µsec)
Programmer The time required to open the Programmer 2.9 0.2 1.95 0.21 0.2 0.2
Window but not process any requests. The
window programmer is attached through an Ethernet
connection; no reference values are being
monitored.
Reference The sweep impact to refresh the reference 4.9 0.29 1.2 0.33 0.26 0.29
table screen. (The %R table was used as the
table monitor example.) Mixed table display impacts are
slightly larger. The sweep impact may not be
continuous, depending on the sweep time of
the CPU and the speed of the host of the
programming software.
Editor The sweep impact to refresh the editor screen 4.1 0.31 1.41 0.35 0.31 0.31
when monitoring ladder logic. The times given
monitor in the table are for a logic screen containing
one contact, two coils, and eleven registers.
As with the reference table sweep impact, the
impact may not be continuous.

A
I/O Scan and I/O Fault Sweep Impact

The I/O scan sweep impact has two parts, Local I/O and Genius I/O. The equation for
computing I/O scan sweep impact is:
I/O Scan Sweep Impact = Local Scan Impact + Genius I/O Scan
Sweep Impact of Local I/O Modules

The I/O scan of I/O modules is impacted as much by location and reference address of a
module as it is by the number of modules. The I/O scan has several basic parts.
I/O Scan Description
Rack Setup Time Each expansion rack is selected separately because of the addressing of
expansion racks on the VME bus. This results in a fixed overhead per
expansion rack, regardless of the number of modules in that rack.
Per Module Setup Each Local I/O module has a fixed setup scan time.
Time
Byte Transfer The actual transfer of bytes is much faster for modules located in the main rack
Time than for those in expansion racks. The byte transfer time differences will be
accounted for by using different times for I/O modules in the main rack versus
expansion racks.
In addition, analog input expander modules (the same as Genius blocks) have the ability to
be grouped into a single transfer as long as consecutive reference addresses are used for
modules that have consecutive slot addresses. Each sequence of consecutively addressed
modules is called a scan segment. There is a time penalty for each additional scan segment.
RX7i I/O Module Types

Type Part Numbers
Discrete Input Type I IC697MDL240, IC697MDL241, IC697MDL251, IC697MDL640, IC697MDL671
(16 point, 14 point)
Discrete Input Type II IC697MDL250, IC697MDL252, IC697MDL253, IC697MDL254, IC697MDL651, IC697MDL652,
(32 point) IC697MDL653, IC697MDL650, IC697MDL654
Discrete Output Type I IC697MDL340, IC697MDL341, IC697MDL740, IC697MDL940
Discrete Output Type II IC697MDL350, IC697MDL750, IC697MDL752, IC697MDL753
(32 point)
Analog Input Type I IC697ALG230
(8 Channel)
Analog Input Type II IC697ALG440, IC697ALG441
(16 Channel with 8 channel AI
module)
Analog Output IC697ALG320
(4 channel)

A
RX7i Module Sweep Impact Times (microseconds)

Note: The following table provides sweep impact times for modules in the Main rack and in
an expansion (Exp) rack. The base case provides the overhead a single module in
the rack. The increment (Inc) refers to the overhead for each similar module that is
added to the same rack.
Model CPE010 CPE020/CRE020 CPE030/CRE030 CPE040/CRE040
Rack Main Exp Main Expn Main Expn Main Exp
Impact Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc
Discrete Input
35.8 9.3 29.6 30.2 9.5 6.3 10.2 13.8 10.2 10.6 14.4 16.5 5.1 4.1 6.0 9.8
Type - I
Discrete Input
35.1 13.4 34.3 31.9 12.1 6.6 14.5 10.9 10.5 6.4 14.4 16.5 5.7 4.6 9.9 13.7
Type - II
Discrete Output
38.9 14.8 33.1 33.0 12.9 6.2 11.7 14.4 11.5 6.4 10.8 12.9 6.0 4.5 6.3 10.0
Type - I
Discrete Output
40.2 15.8 36.9 37.2 13.6 7.3 16.2 18.1 11.7 6.9 14.5 17.2 7.0 5.7 10.4 13.9
Type - II
Per fault message 106.254 — 111.01 — 44.608 — 45.716 —
Analog Input –
49.5 26.3 71.6 54.7 19.2 11.7 40.3 35.3 16.3 11.9 38 34 9.9 8.7 31.3 30.6
Type 1
Analog Exp –
80.1 15.2 133.9 58.6 33.5 12.6 96.8 56.4 30.1 13.7 94.9 57 22.4 12.6 87.0 55.4
Type 2
Analog Output 49.9 25.1 63.2 39.6 16.6 11.2 29.3 24.7 15.2 10.2 27 22.3 8.4 7.1 20.1 19.2
Per fault message 86.207 — 86.7 — 40.135 60.762 —
Analog Input –
74.0 54.3 N/A N/A 44.9 38.2 N/A N/A 42.8 38.1 N/A N/A 35.8 32.2 N/A N/A
IC697VAL132
Analog Input –
IC697VAL264
Analog Input –
IC697VRD008
Analog Output –
IC697VAL301
Discrete Input –
IC697VDD100
Discrete Output –
IC697VDQ120
Discrete Output –
IC697VDR151

A
RX3i I/O Module Types

Type Part Numbers
Discrete Input (16 point) IC694MDL240, IC694MDL241, IC694MDL645, IC694MDL646
Discrete Input (32 point) IC694MDL654, IC694MDL655, IC694MDL654
Discrete Output (8 point) IC694MDL330, IC694MDL732, IC694MDL930, IC694MDL940
Discrete Output IC694MDL340, IC694MDL341, IC694MDL740, IC694MDL741
Discrete Output (32 point) IC694MDL350, IC694MDL340, IC694MDL752, IC694MDL753
IC694MDL742, IC694MDL940
Discrete In/Out (8 point) IC693MDR390, IC693MAR590
Analog Input (4 Channel) IC695ALG220, IC694ALG221
Analog Input (16 Channel) IC694ALG222, IC694ALG223
Analog Output (2 channel) IC694ALG390, IC694ALG391
RX3i I/O Module Sweep Impact Times (microseconds)

Note: The following table provides sweep impact times for modules in the Main rack and in
an expansion (Exp) rack. The base case provides the overhead for a single module
in the rack. The increment (Inc) refers to the overhead for each similar module that is
added to the same rack.
CPU310 CPU315/CPU320
Main Rack Expansion Rack Main Rack Expansion Rack
Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc Base Inc
Discrete Input 16 point 57.1 41.4 87.6 74.4 37.4 34.6 68.2 66.3
Discrete Input 32 point 78.4 59.7 105.9 96.1 56.2 55.3 86.1 85.7
Discrete Output 8 point 61.0 40.3 84.3 74.9 35.6 34.7 64.5 65.5
Discrete Output 16 point 61.5 38.9 87 74.4 35.4 34.5 65.2 64.9
Discrete Output 32 point 79.7 57 101.8 90.6 54.4 50.1 81.8 81.9
Discrete Mixed 104.5 85.7 167 151.7 72.2 68.9 132.3 131.2
8 point in/ 8 point out
Analog In/Out 4 channel 114.9 99 142.7 132 93.7 92.5 124.8 123.3
Analog Input 16 channel 427.7 407.1 538.8 538 385.3 378.8 499.9 499.3
Analog Output 2 channel 98.3 80.8 154.4 143.4 69.7 66.8 129.1 128.3
Universal Analog 90.3 77.2 N/A N/A 50.9 45.7 N/A N/A
IC695ALG600
Analog Input 8 channel 84.4 68.3 N/A N/A 43.3 39.8 N/A N/A
IC695ALG608
Analog Input 16 channel 99.5 82.6 N/A N/A 56.3 55.6 N/A N/A
IC695ALG616
Analog Output 4 channel 122 101.8 N/A N/A 54.6 48.3 N/A N/A
IC695ALG704
Analog Output 8 channel 121.6 103.3 N/A N/A 54.7 49.6 N/A N/A
IC695ALG708

A
Worksheet A: I/O Module Sweep Time

The following form can be used for computing I/O module sweep impact. The calculation
contains times for analog input expanders that are either grouped into the same scan
segment as the preceding module or are grouped in a separate new scan segment. The
sweep impact times can be found on page A-20. 5H
Number of expansion racks ______

Sweep impact per expansion rack x ______ = ______
Number of discrete I/O modules—main rack ______
Sweep impact per discrete I/O module—main rack x ______ = ______
Number of discrete I/O modules—expansion rack ______

Sweep impact per discrete I/O module—expansion rack x ______ = ______
Number of analog input base and output modules—main rack ______

Sweep impact per analog input base and output module—main rack x ______ = ______
Number of analog input expander modules (same segment)—main rack ______

Sweep impact per analog input expander module (same segment)—main rack x ______ = ______
Number of analog input expander modules (new segment)—main rack ______

Sweep impact per analog input expander module (new segment)—main rack x ______ = ______
Number of analog input base and output modules—expansion rack ______

Sweep impact per analog input base and output module—expansion rack x ______ = ______
Number of analog input base and output modules (same segment)—exp. rack ______
Sweep impact per analog input base and output module (same seg.)—exp. rack x ______ = ______
Number of analog input base and output modules (new segment)—exp. rack ______
Sweep impact per analog input base and output module (new seg.)—exp. rack x ______ = ______
Predicted I/O Module Sweep Impact ______
Note: If point faults are enabled, substitute the corresponding times for point faults enabled,
as shown in the following table.
An approximate per point or per channel average is shown in the following tables. These
averages are based on 1024 points (512 in and 512 out) for discrete and 128 channels (96 in
and 32 out) for analog. The 96 analog input channels consist of two base modules and five
expanders. Actual values will vary from the approximate average, depending on the system
I/O configuration.

A
Sweep Impact of Genius I/O and GBCs

For the sweep impact of Genius I/O and Genius Bus Controllers (GBC), there is a sweep
impact for each GBC, a sweep impact for each scan segment, and a transfer time (per word)
sweep impact for all I/O data.
The GBC sweep impact has three parts:
1. Sweep impact to open the System Communications Window. This is added only once
when the first intelligent option module (of which the GBC is one) is placed in the system.
2. Sweep impact to poll each GBC for background messages (datagrams). This part is an
impact for every GBC in the system.
Note: Both the first and second parts of the GBC’s sweep impact may be eliminated by
closing the Backplane Communications Window (setting its time to 0). This should
only be done to reduce scan time during critical phases of a process to ensure
minimal scan time. Incoming messages will timeout and COMM_REQs will stop
working while the window is closed.
3. Sweep impact to scan the GBC. This results from the CPU notifying the GBC that its new
output data has been transferred, commanding the GBC to ready its input data, and
informing the GBC that the CPU has finished another sweep and is still in RUN mode.
A scan segment for a Genius I/O block consists of consecutive memory locations starting
from a particular reference address. A new scan segment is created for each starting input or
output reference address. The time to process a single scan segment is higher for an input
scan segment than it is for an output scan segment. The scan segment processing is the
same for analog, discrete, and global data scan segments. Discrete data is transferred a byte
at a time and takes longer to complete the transfer than analog data, which is transferred a
word at a time. Global data should be counted as either discrete or analog, based on the
memory references used in the source or destination.
Sweep Impact Time of Genius I/O and GBCs

Note: Functions in bold type impact the sweep continuously. All other functions impact the
sweep only when invoked. Not all the timing information listed in the following table
was available at print time for this manual (the blank spaces).
CPU310 CPE010 CPE020 CPE030 CPE040
(µsec) (µsec) (µsec) (µsec)
Genius Bus Controller
open backplane communications window 30 24 4 4 1
per Genius Bus Controller polling for background messages 403 19 11 9 6
per Genius Bus Controller I/O Scan
Genius Bus Controller in the main rack 469 1 1 1 1
Genius Bus Controller in the expansion rack 683 11 7 6.9 1
Genius I/O Blocks
per I/O block scan segment 3 217 217 193.7 208
per I/O block scan segment w/point faults enabled 3 217 217 194.8 213
per byte discrete I/O data in the main rack 13 3 3 2.1 3
per byte discrete I/O data in expansion racks 16 8 5 4.2 4
per word analog I/O data in the main rack 24 5 4 4 5
per word analog I/O data in expansion racks 34 11 8 8 11

A
Worksheet B: Genius I/O Sweep Time

Use the following worksheet for predicting the sweep impact due to Genius I/O. The sweep
impact times can be found in “Sweep Impact Time of Genius I/O and GBCs,” above.
6H
Open backplane communications window ______ = ______

______
GBC poll for background messages x ______ = ______
Number of GBCs
GBC I/O scan for the main rack ______
Number of GBCs in the main rack X ______ = ________
GBC I/O scan for the expansion rack ______
Number of GBCs in the expansion rack X ______ = ________
Input block scan segments—number of ______

I/O block scan segments—sweep impact x ______ = ______
Output block scan segments—number of ______

I/O block scan segments—sweep impact x ______ = ______
Bytes of discrete I/O data on GBCs—main rack ______

Sweep impact/bytes of discrete I/O data—main rack x ______ = ______
Bytes of discrete I/O data on GBCs—expansion racks ______

Sweep impact/bytes of discrete I/O data—expansion racks x ______ = ______
Words of analog I/O data on GBCs—main rack ______

Sweep impact/word analog I/O data—main rack x ______ = ______
Words of analog I/O data on GBCs—expansion racks ______

Sweep impact/word analog I/O data—expansion racks x ______ = ______
Predicted Genius I/O Scan Impact ______

A
Ethernet Global Data Sweep Impact

Depending on the relationship between the CPU sweep time and an Ethernet Global Data
(EGD) exchange’s period, the exchange’s data may be transferred every sweep or
periodically after some number of sweeps. Therefore, the sweep impact varies based on the
number of exchanges that are scheduled to be transferred during the sweep. All of the
exchanges must be taken into account when computing the worst-case sweep impact.
The Ethernet Global Data (EGD) sweep impact has two parts, Consumption Scan and
Production Scan:
EGD Sweep Impact = Consumption Scan + Production Scan
This sweep impact should be taken into account when configuring the CPU constant sweep
mode and setting the CPU watchdog timeout.
Where the Consumption and Production Scans consist of two parts, exchange overhead and
byte transfer time:
Scan Time = Exchange Overhead + Byte Transfer Time
Exchange Overhead
Exchange overhead includes the setup time for each exchange that will be transferred during
the sweep. When computing the sweep impact, include overhead time for each exchange.
Note: The exchange overhead times in the table below were measured for a test-case
scenario of 1400 bytes over 100 variables.
EGD Exchange Overhead Time
Embedded Rack-based
Ethernet Interface Ethernet Module
CPU310 Consume / READ NA 233.6 µsec
Produce / WRITE NA 480.6 µsec
CPU315/CPU320 Consume / READ NA 100.0 µsec
Produce / WRITE NA 195.1 µsec
CPE010 Consume / READ 184.3 µsec 238.2 µsec
Produce / WRITE 342.0 µsec 452.0 µsec

A
Data Transfer Time

Note: This is the time required to transfer the data between the CPU module and the
Ethernet module. EGD data transfer times do not increase linearly in relation to data
size. Please use the data values in the table below to estimate data transfer times.
Embedded Rack-based Ethernet
CPU Data Size (Bytes) Direction Ethernet Interface Module
CPU310 1 Consume / READ NA 9.3 µsec
100 Consume / READ NA 51.8 µsec
1 Produce / WRITE NA 6.5 µsec
100 Produce / WRITE NA 14.1µsec
CPU315, 1 Consume / READ NA 6.2
CPU320 100 Consume / READ NA 49.5
200 Consume / READ NA 96.4
256 Consume / READ NA 122.8
1 Produce / WRITE NA 3.4
CPE010 1 Consume / READ 4.1 µsec 8.8 µsec
100 Consume / READ 25.7µsec 23.5 µsec
1 Produce / WRITE 1.9µsec 8.8 µsec
CPE020 1 Consume / READ 2.7µsec 5.5 µsec
CPE030 1 Consume / READ 2.8 µsec 5.3 µsec
100 Consume / READ 25.8 µsec 18.7 µsec
1 Produce / WRITE 0.8 µsec 5.5 µsec

A
Embedded Rack-based Ethernet

CPU Data Size (Bytes) Direction Ethernet Interface Module
CPE040 1 Consume / READ 1.9µsec 3.85µsec
100 Consume / READ 21.1µsec 10.1µsec
1 Produce / WRITE 0.3µsec 3.8µsec
256 Produce / WRITE 4.8µsec 19.8sec
Worksheet C: Ethernet Global Data Sweep Time

Number of consumed exchanges __________________
Sweep impact per exchange x __________________ = __________________
Number of data bytes in all of the consumed __________________

exchanges
Sweep impact per consumed data byte x __________________ = __________________
Number of produced exchanges __________________

Sweep impact per exchange x __________________ = __________________
Number of data bytes in all of the produced __________________

exchanges
Sweep impact per produced data byte x __________________ = __________________
Predicted EGD Sweep __________________

Impact

A
Sweep Impact of Intelligent Option Modules

The tables in this section list the fsweep impact times in microseconds for intelligent option
modules. The fixed sweep impact is the sum of the polling sweep impact and the I/O scan
impact. The opening of the Backplane Communications Window and the polling of each
module have relatively small impacts compared to the sweep impact of CPU memory read or
write requests.
Intelligent option modules include GBCs being used for Genius LAN capabilities. The sweep
impact for these intelligent option modules is highly variable.
Fixed Sweep Impact Times of Intelligent Option Modules, RX7i

Sweep Impact Item CPE010 CPE020 CPE030 CPE040
ETM (Peripheral Ethernet 104 µsec 51 µsec 48 µsec 36 µsec

Module)
High Speed Counter 267 µsec 157 µsec 148 µsec 116 µsec
GBC See “Sweep Impact Time of Genius I/O and GBCs,” page A-23.
7H 8H
Fixed Sweep Impact Times of Intelligent Option Modules, RX3i

Sweep Impact Item CPU310 (µsec) CPU315/CPU320 (µsec)
ETM (Peripheral Ethernet Module) 199 188 (one ETM module)
239 (two ETM modules)
High Speed Counter (APU300) 1085 1109
PROFIBUS Master
No I/O 132 60
100 bytes Input, 100 bytes Output 196 105

A
I/O Interrupt Performance and Sweep Impact

There are several important performance numbers for I/O interrupt blocks. The sweep impact
of an I/O interrupt invoking an empty block measures the overall time of fielding the interrupt,
starting up the block, exiting the block, and restarting the interrupted task. The time to
execute the logic contained in the interrupt block will affect the limit by causing the CPU to
spend more time servicing I/O interrupts and thus reduce the maximum I/O interrupt rate.
The minimum, typical, and maximum interrupt response times reflect the time from when a
single I/O module sees the input pulse until the first line of ladder logic is executed in the I/O
interrupt block. Minimum response time reflects a 300 microsecond input card filter time +
time from interrupt occurrence to first line of ladder logic in I/O interrupt block. The minimum
response time can only be achieved when no intelligent option modules are present in the
system and the programmer is not attached. Typical response time is the minimum response
time plus a maximum interrupt latency of 2.0 milliseconds. This interrupt latency time is valid,
except when one of the following operations occurs:
The programmer is attached.
A store of logic, RUN mode store, or word-for-word change occurs.
A fault condition (logging of a fault) occurs.
Another I/O interrupt occurs.
The CPU is transferring a large amount of input (or output) data from an I/O controller
(such as a GBC). Heavily loaded I/O controllers should be placed in the main rack
whenever possible.
Any one of these events extends the interrupt latency (the time from when the interrupt card
signals the interrupt to the CPU to when the CPU services the interrupt) beyond the typical
value. However, the latency of an interrupt occurring during the processing of a preceding I/O
interrupt is unbounded. I/O interrupts are processed sequentially so that the interrupt latency
of a single I/O interrupt is affected by the duration of the execution time of all preceding
interrupt blocks. (Worst case is that every I/O interrupt in the system occurs at the same time
so that one of them has to wait for all others to complete before it starts.)
The maximum response time shown below does not include the two unbounded events.
I/O Interrupt Block Performance and Sweep Impact Times

CPU310 CPU315/ CPE010 CPE020 CPE030 CPE040
Sweep Impact Item (µsec) CPU320 (µsec) (µsec) (µsec) (µsec)
(µsec)
I/O interrupt sweep impact 127.8 - 309.7 335 125.6 24
Minimum response time 151.7 326.1 392.4 334 330.6 315.2
Typical response time 175.0 327.3 396.1 336 331.5 315.5
Maximum response time 302.7 346.2 434.9 359 375.1 325.7
Note that the min, typical, and max response times include a 300 µsec Input card filter time.

A
Worksheet D: Programmer, IOM, I/O Interrupt Sweep Time

The following worksheet can be used to calculate the sweep impact times of programmer
sweep impact, intelligent option modules, and I/O Interrupts. For time data, refer to the
following tables:
Programmer Sweep Impact Times, page A-18
9H 10H
RX7i Module Sweep Impact Times, page A-20 or

1H 12H
RX3i I/O Module Sweep Impact Times (microseconds), page 21

13H 14H
Sweep Impact Time of Genius I/O and GBCs, page A-23

15H 16H
Programmer sweep impact = ______

IOM—first module (open comm. window) ______
IOM—per module (polling) + ______
LAN module I/O scan + ______
Total IOM Sweep Impact = ______
CPU memory access from IOMs = ______
I/O interrupt sweep impact ______

I/O interrupt response time + ______ = ______
Predicted Sweep Time (Other) ______
Timed Interrupt Performance

The sweep impact of a timed interrupt invoking an empty program block or timed program
measures the overall time of fielding the interrupt, starting up the program or block, exiting
the program or block, and restarting the interrupted task. The minimum, average, and
maximum interrupt period reflect the time period from when the first line of ladder logic is
executed in the timed interrupt block.
Timed Interrupt Performance and Sweep Impact Times

for a 0.001s Timed Interrupt Block
Sweep Impact Item CPU310 CPU315 CPE010 CPE020 CPE030 CPE040
(µsec) CPU320 (µsec) (µsec) (µsec) (µsec)
(µsec)
Timed interrupt sweep impact 87.3 26.2 88.6 28 31.2 23.3
Minimum interrupt period 908.3 969.8 951.4 946 922.8 973
Average interrupt period 1000 1000.0 1005.5 999.7 1000.0 999.9
Maximum interrupt period 1081.2 1030.8 1056.6 1054 1077.0 1026.9

A
Example of Predicted Sweep Time Calculation

The sweep time estimate in this example does not include a time for logic execution. The
calculated sweep is for normal sweep time with point faults disabled, and the programmer is
not attached. The times used in the calculation are extracted from the following tables:
Base Sweep Times, page A-16

17H 18H
RX7i Module Sweep Impact Times, page A-20 or

19H 20H
RX3i I/O Module Sweep Impact Times (microseconds), page 21

21H 2H
Sweep Impact Time of Genius I/O and GBCs, page A-23

23H 24H
A sample calculation of predicted sweep times is provided after the example.
Sample RX7i System Configuration
PS CPE010 BTM 32PT 32PT 32PT 32PT 8CHN 4CHN ETM

Input Input Output Output Analog Analog
Input Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MAIN RACK
Sweep Calculations
Predicted Sweep = Base Sweep + I/O Scan Impact
Base Sweep Time = 465
I/O Scan Impact …

Number of discrete input type 2 modules—main rack 2
Sweep impact time per discrete I/O module x 37.9 = 75.8
Number of discrete output type 2 modules—main rack 2

Sweep impact time per discrete I/O module x 80.4
= 80.4
Number of analog input modules—main rack 1

Sweep impact time per analog base and output module x 49.3 = 49.3
Number of analog output modules—main rack 1

Sweep impact time per analog base and output module x 49.7 = 49.7
Ethernet Module 1 x .55 = 55.0
Predicted Sweep Time = 775.2
Note: Times are in microseconds.

Appendix User Memory Allocation
User Memory Size is the number of bytes of memory available to the user for PLC
applications.
Model User Memory Size Bytes
IC695CPU310, IC698CPE010, 10MB 10,485,760
IC698CPE020, IC698CRE020
IC695CPU315 20MB 20,971,520
IC695CPU320, IC695CRU320 64MB 67,108,834
IC698CPE030, IC698CRE030 64MB 67,108,834
IC698CPE040, IC698CRE040
For a list of items that count against user memory, refer to page B-2.
0H
GFK-2222P B-1
B
Items that Count Against User Memory

The following items count against the CPU memory and can be used to estimate the
minimum amount of memory required for an application. Additional space may be
required for items such as Advanced User Parameters, zipped source files, user heap,
and published symbols.
Register Memory Size (%R) Bytes = %R references configured × 2
Word Memory Size (%W) Bytes = %W references configured × 2
Analog Inputs (%AI) If point faults enabled: Bytes = %AI references configured × 3
If point faults disabled: Bytes = %AI references configured × 2
Analog Outputs (%AQ) If point faults enabled: Bytes = %AQ references configured × 3
If point faults disabled: Bytes = %AQ references configured × 2
Discrete Point Faults If point faults enabled: Bytes = 3072
Managed Memory The total number of bytes required for symbolic and I/O variables. Calculated as
(Symbolic Variable and I/O follows:
Variable Storage) [(number of symbolic discrete bits) * 3 / (8 bits/byte)]
+ [(number of I/O discrete bits) * Md / (8 bits/byte)]
+ [(number of symbolic words) * (2 bytes/word)]
+ [(number of I/O words) * (Mw bytes/word)]
Md = 3 or 4. The number of bits is multiplied by 3 to keep track of the force, transition,
and value of each bit. If point faults are enabled, the number of I/O discrete bits is
multiplied by 4.
Mw = 2 or 3. There are two 8-bit bytes per 16-bit word. If point faults are enabled, the
number of bytes is multiplied by 3 because each I/O word requires an extra byte.
EGD (included in HWC) Bytes = 0 if no Ethernet Global Data pages are configured
I/O Scan Set File Based on number of scan sets used.
(included in HWC) Note: 32 bytes of user memory are consumed if the application scans all I/O every
sweep (the default).
User Programs See “User Program Memory Usage” page B-3 for details on user programs.
1H
B-2 PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual – July 2010 GFK-2222P

B
User Program Memory Usage

Space required for user logic includes the following items.
%L and %P Program Memory

%L and %P are charged against your user space and sized depending on their use in
your applications. The maximum size of %L or %P is 8192 words per block.
The %L and %P tables are sized to allow extra space for Run Mode Stores according to
the following rules.
■ If %L memory is not used in the block, the %L memory size is 0 bytes. If %L
memory is used in the block, a buffer is added beyond the highest %L address
actually used in logic or in the variable table. The default buffer size is 256 bytes,
but can be changed by editing the Extra Local Words parameter in the block
Properties.
■ The same rules apply for the size of %P memory, but %P memory can be used
in any block in the program.
■ The buffer cannot make the %P or %L table exceed the maximum size of 8,192
words. In such a case, a smaller buffer is used.
■ You can add, change, or delete %L and/or %P variables in your application and
Run Mode Store the application if these variables fit in the size of the last-stored
%L/%P tables (where the "size" includes the previous buffer space), or if going
from a zero to non-zero size.
■ The size of the %L/%P tables is always recalculated for Stop Mode Stores.
Program Logic and Overhead

The data area for C (.gefelf) blocks is considered part of the user program and
counts against the user program size. Additional space is required for information
internal to the CPU that is used for execution of the C block.
The program block is based on overhead for the block itself plus the logic and
register data being used (that is, %L).
Note: The LD program’s stack is not counted against the CPU’s memory size.
Note: If your application needs more space for LD logic, consider changing some %P
or %L references to %R, %W, %AI, or %AQ. Such changes require a
recompilation of the program block and a Stop Mode store to the CPU.
GFK-2222P Appendix B User Memory Allocation B-3

Index
Background task window mode and timer,
@ 9-10
Backplane communications window mode
and timer, 9-9
@ Controller communications window, 9-8
indirect references, 6-9
Checksum
change or read number of words, 9-11
A Clear fault tables, 9-26
Clocks, 4-16
Addition of I/O module, 14-53 elapsed time clock, 2-3, 2-13, 2-15, 4-16
Addition of IOC, 14-51 reading with SVCREQ #16 or #50, 4-16
Addition of or extra rack, 14-16 time-of-day clock, 2-3, 2-6, 2-13, 2-15, 4-16
Address operators, 11-2 reading and setting, 4-16, 9-13
Alarm contacts, 14-13 synchronizing to SNTP server, 4-17
Analog expander modules CMM, 12-8
fault locating references, 14-12 Communication requests (COMM_REQ),
Analog I/O diagnostic information, 4-25 7-88
Analog input register references (%AI), 6-9 serial I/O, 13-9
Analog output register references (%AQ), SNP, 13-52
6-9 using to configure serial ports, 13-2
Application fault, 14-29 Communications Coprocessor, 12-8
Arrays, 6-6 Communications failure during store, 14-
accessing elements with variable index, 6-6 36
Auto-Located symbolic variables, 6-2 Configuration
parameters, CPU, 3-2
storing (downloading), 3-17
B system, 4-27
Constant sweep time exceeded, 14-28
Base sweep time, A-16 Constant sweep timer
Battery change or read, 9-5
status faults, 14-28 Convenience references. See System
Battery life status references
CPE010/CPE020/CRE020, 2-4 Conversion functions
CPE030/CRE030, 2-7
BCD4, INT, DINT, or REAL to UINT, 11-7
CPE040/CRE040, 2-7
BCD4, UINT, DINT, or REAL to INT, 11-7
CPU310, 2-13
BCD8, UINT, or INT to DINT, 11-7
CPU320, 2-15
Corrupted user program on power-up, 14-
Battery status fault, 14-28
33
Baud rates, serial port, 12-7
Coummunication requests
Bit in Word references, 6-10 Serial IO
Bit references, 6-11 calling from CPU sweep, 13-7
Block switch, 14-56 CPU hardware failure, 14-24
Blocks CPU memory validation, 4-26
external, 5-11 CPU performance data
parameterized, 5-4
base sweep time, A-16
program, 5-3
Boolean execution times, A-1
types of, 5-3
calculating predicted sweep times, A-31
UDFBs, 5-7
I/O interrupt performance and sweep
Boolean execution times, A-1 impact, A-29
RX3i, 2-13, 2-15 I/O module sweep impact times
RX7i, 2-3, 2-6 worksheet, A-22
Bulk memory, 6-9 I/O scan and I/O fault sweep impact, A-19
instruction timing, A-2
C programmer sweep impact time, A-18
sweep impact, Ethernet global data, A-25
Cables, 12-7 sweep impact, Genius I/O and GBCs, A-23
Changing window modes sweep impact, I/O modules, A-19
GFK-2222P Index-1
Index
sweep impact, intelligent option modules, A- timestamping, 4-17

28 Ethernet Interface
CPU redundancy, 3-10, 14-35 configuring, 3-18
CPU sweep embedded, 12-2
STOP mode, 4-10 modules, 12-2
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 13-28 ports, 2-8, 12-2
Examples
D
diagnostic logic blocks, 14-63
Expressions
Structured Text, 11-1
Data coherency in communications
External blocks, 5-11
windows, 4-9
Extra block fault, 14-54
Data Initialize
ASCII, 7-94
Extra I/O module, 14-53
Communications Request, 7-95
Data mapping
default conditions, 4-22
F
Genius I/O data mapping, 4-23 Fatal faults
Data retentiveness, 6-14 CPU system software failure, 14-35
Data scope, 6-15 Fault contacts, 14-11
Data types, 6-21 Fault handling
Datagrams actions, 14-3
permanent, 13-52 CPU configuration, 3-8
Diagnostic information, analog I/O, 4-25 overview, 14-2
Diagnostic information, discrete I/O, 4-24 system, 14-8
system response, 14-2
Diagnostic Logic Blocks (DLBs), 14-57
example, 14-63
Fault references
alarm contacts, 14-13
execution mode, 14-60
fault locating, 14-11
heartbeat, 14-60
point faults, 14-13
removing, 14-62
Faults
restrictions, 14-58
Controller, 14-14
variables, 14-59
CPU system software failure, 14-35
Diagnostics fault contacts, 14-11
Diagnostic Logic Blocks, 14-57 I/O, 14-38
Disable/enable EXE block and standalone system, 14-8
C program checksums, 9-46 non-configurable, 14-10
Discrete references, 6-11 tables, 14-4
size and default, 6-12 tables, IO, 14-6
DLAN Interface, 12-10 tables, PLC, 14-4
Do I/O user-defined, 6-18, 9-41, 14-5
in an interrupt block, 5-22 Flash memory, 4-13
Documentation, 1-7 Floating point numbers, 6-22
Downloading configuration, 3-17 errors in, 6-23
Drum, 7-45 Forced and unforced circuit, 14-52
Formal parameters
E in ST calls, 11-8
restrictions, 5-6
Function Block Diagram language, 5-17, 8-
Elapsed time clock, 4-16
accuracy, 2-3, 2-13, 2-15 1
reading with SVCREQ #16 or #50, 4-16 Functions and Function Blocks
Error checking and correction (ECC) Logical NOT, 8-8
CRE020, 2-4
CRE030, CRE040, 2-7
CRU320, 2-17
G
Errors GBC software exception, 14-55
in floating point numbers, 6-23 GBC stopped reporting, 14-54
Ethernet global data, 2-1 GBC Stopped Reporting fault, 14-54
sweep impact times, A-25 GENA (Genius Network Adapter), 14-39
Index-2 PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Index
Genius global data, 4-24, 6-13 IOC software fault, 14-52

Genius I/O, 4-24
analog grouped block, 4-24
default conditions, 4-23 L
diagnostic data collection, 4-24 Ladder Diagram language, 5-16, 7-1
Genius I/O data mapping, 4-23
low-level analog blocks, 4-24
Last scans, 3-5, 4-10
Global data references (%G), 6-11 LDPROG01, 5-1
LEDs
CPE010, CPE020, CRE020, 2-2
H CPE030/CRE030, CPE040/CRE040, 2-5
CPU310, 2-12
Hardware variables, 6-3 CPU320/CRU320, 2-14
Ethernet interface, 2-8
I Logic Driven Read of Nonvolatile Storage.
See Service Request (SVC_REQ)
I/O bus faults, 14-49 functions, (#56)
I/O circuit faults, 14-41 Logic Driven Write to Nonvolatile Storage.
I/O data mapping See Service Request (SVC_REQ)
default conditions, 4-22 functions, (#57)
Genius I/O data mapping, 4-23 Logic/configuration power-up source, 4-14
I/O fault sweep impact, A-19 Loss of I/O module, 14-53
I/O fault table full, 14-29 Loss of IO Controller, 14-51
I/O interrupts, 5-21 Loss of or missing option module, 14-16
performance and sweep impact, A-29 Loss of or missing rack, 14-15
I/O module faults, 14-50 LREAL numbers
I/O module sweep impact times internal format of, 6-23
worksheet, A-22
I/O scan sets, 4-22
configuration, of, 4-22 M
I/O scan sweep impact, A-19 Mapping, I/O data
I/O system default conditions, 4-22
analog I/O diagnostic information, 4-25 Genius I/O data mapping, 4-23
discrete I/O diagnostic information, 4-24 Mask/unmask IO interrupt, 9-32
initialization, 4-27
Mask/unmask timed interrupts, 9-43
I/O variables, 6-3
Memory
Indirect references configuration, 3-6
word, 6-9
retention of data memory across power
Initialize Port function, 13-11 failure, 4-28
Input Buffer, Flush, 13-11 usage, B-2
Input Buffer, Set Up, 13-11 Modbus slaves
Input references (%I), 6-11 station address, 3-11, 13-23
Instruction set Mode transition
operands stop-to-run, 4-11
LD, 6-29 Modem, Hayes-compatible, 13-16
Instruction timing, CPU, A-2 Modes of operation, CPU, 4-10
Intelligent option modules Module hardware failure, 14-25
self-test completion, 4-27 Module interrupts, 5-21
sweep impact times, A-28 Multiple I/O scan sets, 4-22
Internal references (%M), 6-11
Interrupt blocks, 5-19
I/O interrupts, 5-21 N
interrupt handling, 5-19
module interrupts, 5-21 NaN (Not a Number)
scheduling, 5-21 defined, 6-23
timed interrupts, 5-20 Nested calls, 5-2
IOC (I/O controller), 14-9 New features, 1-2
IOC hardware failure, 14-54 No user program on power-up, 14-32
GFK-2222P Index Index-3

Index
Noncritical CPU software event, 14-37 enabling after disabled, 4-20

Normal block scheduling, 5-21 PCM, 12-9
Normal sweep mode Permanent datagrams, 13-52
application program task execution, 4-4 PID function
programmer communications window, 4-4 control block, 10-4
system communications window, 4-5 reference array, 10-4
Null system configuration for RUN mode, time interval, 10-11
14-34 Pin assignments
Numerical data, 6-21 Embedded Ethernet port, 12-2
serial ports, 12-4
O
PLC system fault table full, 14-29
Point faults, 14-13
OEM protection, 4-20 Port Status, read, 13-12
Off Delay Timer, 7-156 Power-down sequence, 4-28
On Delay Stopwatch Timer, 7-158 Power-up self-test, 4-26
On Delay Timer, 7-161 Power-up sequence, 4-26
CPU memory validation, 4-26
One-shot coil, 7-28 I/O system initialization, 4-27
Online editing, 5-4, 14-31 logic/configuration source, 4-14
Operands for instructions, 6-29 option module dual port interface tests, 4-27
Operation, Protection, and Module Status, option module self-test completion, 4-27
2-1 power-up self-test, 4-26
Operators, Structured Text, 11-2 system configuration, 4-27
Option module Preemptive block scheduling, 5-22
dual port interface tests, 4-27 Privilege levels, 4-19
self-test completion, 4-27 Program block
Option module software failure, 14-25 how blocks are called, 5-2
Output references (%Q), 6-11 program blocks and local data, 5-13
Output scan, 4-4 Program block checksum failure, 14-27
Overflow Program execution
floating point numbers, 6-23 controlling, 5-18
math functions, 7-126, 8-24 Program name, 5-1
math functions, 8-24 Program register references (%P), 6-9
Overhead sweep impact times, A-16 Program scan, 4-4
base sweep time, A-16 Program structure
calculating predicted sweep times, A-31 how blocks are called, 5-2
Genius I/O and GBCs, A-23 program blocks and local data, 5-13
I/O interrupt performance and sweep Programmable Coprocessor Module, 12-9
impact, A-29 Programmer sweep impact times, A-18
I/O module sweep impact times
worksheet, A-22
Protection level request, 4-19
I/O modules, A-19 Protocol errors, 13-7
I/O scan and I/O fault sweep impact, A-19 Protocols supported, 12-3
intelligent option modules, A-28 Stop mode, 3-12
programmer sweep impact time, A-18
Overrides, 6-13 R
P Read Bytes, 13-19
Read controller ID, 9-23
Parameter passing mechanisms, 5-14 Read controller run state, 9-24
Parameterized block, 5-4 Read elapsed power down time, 9-47
and local data, 5-4 Read elapsed time clock, 9-30, 9-51
reference out of range, 5-4 Read fault tables, 9-36
referencing formal parameters, 5-4 Read from flash. See Service Request
Part numbers (SVC_REQ) functions, (#56)
station manager cable, 2-6 Read IO forced status, 9-34
Password access failure, 14-34 Read last-logged fault table entry, 9-27
Passwords, 4-19

Index
Read master checksum, 9-44 Flush Input Buffer function, 13-11

Read String, 13-21 Initialize Port function, 13-10
Read sweep time, 9-21, 9-53 Input Buffer function, 13-11
Read target name, 9-22 Read Bytes function, 13-19
Read Port Status function, 13-12
Read window modes and times, 9-7 Read String function, 13-21
REAL numbers Write Bytes function, 13-16, 13-18
internal format of, 6-23 Write Port Control function, 13-14
References, 6-9 Serial ports
associated transitions and overrides, 6-13 CPE010, CPE020, CRE020, 2-2
data scope, 6-15 CPE030/CRE030, CPE040/CRE040, 2-5
discrete references, 6-11 CPU parameters, 3-10
fault locating, 6-14, 14-11 CPU310, 2-12
indirect, 6-9 CPU320/CRU320, 2-14
register references, 6-9 Service Request (SVC_REQ) functions
size and default value, 6-12
Logic Driven Write to Nonvolatile Storage
system fault references, 14-8
(#57)
system status (%S), 6-16
maximum number of erase cycles, 9-59
Related documents, 1-7 Service requests, 9-1
Reset module, 9-45 example, 9-3
Reset of IOC, 14-56 Set run enable/disable, 9-35
Reset of, addition of, or extra option Setting loop gains for PID
module, 14-17 Ideal tuning, 10-18
Reset watchdog timer, 9-20 Ziegler and Nichols tuning, 10-17
Retentiveness Settings
of data memory across power failure, 4-28 CPU, 3-2
of logic and data, 6-14 Shut down CPU, 9-25
variables associated with coils, 7-25 Skip next I/O scan, 9-50
RTU messages, 13-32 SNP master, 13-7
RTU slave, 13-7 SNP slave protocol, 13-52
protocol, 13-23 Specifications
message format, 13-23
CPE010, CPE020, CRE020, 2-3
turnaround time, 13-24
CPE030/CRE030, CPE040/CRE040, 2-6
Run/stop operations, 4-10 CPU310, 2-13
run/outputs disabled, 4-10 CPU320, 2-15
run/outputs enabled, 4-10 CRU320, 2-16
serial protocol configuration, 3-12 Station address
stop mode protocol configuration, 12-4
Modbus slaves, 3-11, 13-23
stop/IO scan, 4-10
stop/No IO scan, 4-10
STOP mode, 4-10
switch enable/disable, 3-2 Storing configuration, 3-17
Structure of application programs, 5-1
S
Structure variables, 5-8
Structured Text
expressions, 11-1
Scan parameters, 3-4 language, 5-18, 11-1
Scan sets operators, 11-2
operation, 4-22 statement types, 11-4
parameters, 3-14 syntax, 11-3
Scope Structured Text statement types
data, 6-15 argument present, 11-18
Security, system, 4-19 assignment, 11-5
privilege levels, 4-19 CASE, 11-12
Self-test EXIT, 11-19
I/O system initialization, 4-27 FOR, 11-14
option module dual port interface tests, 4-27 function call, 11-6
option module self-test completion, 4-27 IF, 11-11
power-up self-test, 4-26 REPEAT, 11-17
Serial I/O RETURN, 11-10
Cancel Operation function, 13-15 WHILE, 11-16

Index
Subroutines POSCOIL and NEGCOIL, 7-28

Call function, 5-18 PTCOIL and NTCOIL, 7-29
Suspend/resume IO interrupt, 9-48 Transition contacts
Sweep impact, A-16 comparison, 7-38
Ethernet global data, A-25 POSCON and NEGCON (legacy), 7-35
GBC, A-23 PTCON and NTCON (IEC), 7-37
Genius I/O, A-23 Transitions, 6-13
I/O scan and I/O fault, A-19 Turnaround time
intelligent option, A-28 RTU slave, 13-24
local I/O, A-19
programmer, A-18
timed interrupt, A-30 U
Sweep, CPU, 4-2 UDFBs
base sweep time, A-16
defining, 5-7
modes, 4-6
instance data, 5-8
STOP mode, 4-10
instances, 5-8
Switches internal variables, 5-10
CPU reset, 2-1 logic restrictions, 5-10
Ethernet restart, 2-11 parameters, 5-9
Run/Stop mode, 2-1 scope, 5-8
Symbolic variables, 6-2 User defined types, 6-25
System bus error, 14-24 User references, 6-9
System configuration, 4-27 system fault references, 14-8
System configuration mismatch, 14-18 User-defined faults, 14-5
System fault references, 14-8 logging, 9-41
System operation
clocks and timers, 4-16
I/O system, 4-21 V
passwords, 4-19
power-down sequence, 4-28
Variables, 6-2
C, initialization, 5-12
power-up sequence, 4-26
I/O, 6-3
retention of data memory across power
mapped, 6-2
failure, 4-28
member, 5-7
system security, 4-19
symbolic, 6-2
System register references (%R), 6-9
System status references (%S), 6-11, 6-16
W
T Watchdog timer, 4-18
restarting, 4-18
Technical Support. See page iii Window completion failure, 14-34
Temporary references (%T), 6-11 Window modes, 4-9
Time tick references, 6-16 Constant Window mode, 4-9
Timed contacts, 6-16 Limited mode, 4-9
Timed interrupts, 5-20 Run-to-Completion, 4-9
performance impact, A-30 Word references, 6-9
Time-of-day clock, 4-16 Word register references (%W), 6-9
accuracy, 2-3, 2-6, 2-13, 2-15 Word-for-word changes
reading and setting, 4-16, 9-13 attempting to correct parameterized block
synchronizing to SNTP server, 4-17 reference, 5-4
Timers, 4-16 defined, 6-28
function block data, 7-71 privilege level, 4-19
in function blocks, 7-155 symbolic variables, 6-28
in parameterized blocks, 7-153 Write Bytes, 13-18
watchdog timer, 4-18 Write to flash. See Service Request
Timing, instruction, A-2 (SVC_REQ) functions, (#57)
Transfer List parameters, 3-10
Transition Coils
comparison, 7-30

Index
Y
Y0 parameter, 5-4
Z
Ziegler and Nichols tuning, 10-17

Index
No Fault Contact, 7-33

Functions and Function Blocks Normally closed and normally open
Absolute Value, 7-127 contacts, 7-34
Add, 7-128, 8-25 Not Equal, 7-148, 8-12
Advanced math functions, 7-2, 8-2 Program Flow functions, 7-136, 8-31
Array Move, 7-110 Range function, 7-150
Array Size, 7-77 Read switch postion, 7-52
Array Size Dimension 1/2, 7-78 Relational functions, 7-146, 8-10
Bit Operation Functions, 7-7, 8-4 Rotate Bits, 7-22
Bit Position, 7-9 Scale, 7-134
Bit Sequencer, 7-10 Set, Reset Coil, 7-26
Bit Set, Clear, 7-13 Shift Bits, 7-23
Bit Test, 7-14 Square Root, 7-4
Block Clear, 7-80 Subtract, 7-135, 8-30
Block Move, 7-81 Suspend I/O, 7-55
BUS_ functions, 7-82 Swap function, 7-107
Call, 7-138 Switches
Coils, 7-25 read switch position function, 7-52
checking, 7-25 Timed contacts, 7-151
Comment, 7-141, 8-9 Timers, 7-151, 7-152, 8-32
Compare function, 7-147 Transition Coils, 7-28
Comparison Functions, 7-146, 8-10 Transition contacts, 7-35
Contacts, 7-31 Trig Functions, 7-5
continuation, 7-32 Truncate, 7-70
Control Functions, 7-39, 8-13 Up Counter, 7-73
Service requests, 9-1 VME_ functions. See BUS_functions
Conversion functions, 7-58, 8-34 Wires, 7-145
Counters, 7-151, 8-15
Data Initialize, 7-93
DLAN, 7-95
Data Move functions, 7-75, 8-16
Data Table Functions, 7-108
Divide, 7-130, 8-26
Do I/O, 7-40
Down Counter, 7-72
Equal, 7-148, 8-12
Exponential/Logarithmic Functions, 7-3, 8-3
Fault contacts, 7-32
For Loop, 7-48
Greater or Equal, 7-148, 8-12
Greater Than, 7-148, 8-12
High and Low Alarm Contacts, 7-33
Inverse Trig Functions, 7-6
Jump, 7-142
Less or Equal, 7-148, 8-12
Less Than, 7-148, 8-12
Logical AND, OR, and XOR, 7-15, 8-6
Logical NOT, 7-18
Mask I/O Interrupt, 7-51
Masked Compare, 7-19
Master Control Relay/End Master Control
Relay, 7-143
Math functions, 8-23
advanced, 7-2, 8-2
Math Functions, 7-126
Modulus, 7-131, 8-27
Move, 7-96
Move Data, 8-20
Move_Data, 7-98
Multiply, 7-132, 8-28
Negate, 8-29

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Programmable Control Products

Warnings, Cautions, and Notes

Note: Notes merely call attention to information that is especially significant to

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©Copyright 2010 GE Intelligent Platforms, Inc.

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iii PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

CPU Features and Specifications ................................................................................2-1

CPU Configuration ........................................................................................................3-1

CPU Operation ...............................................................................................................4-1

vi PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Interrupt-Driven Blocks ................................................................................................... 5-19

Program Data .................................................................................................................6-1

GFK-2222P Contents vii

Ladder Diagram Programming.....................................................................................7-1

viii PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Convert BCD4, INT, DINT, or REAL to UINT......................................................... 7-63

Master Control Relay/End Master Control Relay ................................................. 7-143

Function Block Diagram ...............................................................................................8-1

x PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

Service Request Function ............................................................................................9-1

SVC_REQ 57: Logic Driven Write to Nonvolatile Storage.............................................. 9-59

PID Built-in Function Block ........................................................................................10-1

Structured Text Programming....................................................................................11-1

xii PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

ARG_PRES Statement ........................................................................................ 11-18

Serial I/O, SNP and RTU Protocols ............................................................................13-1

GFK-2222P Contents xiii

Calculating the Length of Frame.......................................................................... 13-31

xiv PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

CPU System Software Failure (Group 135)......................................................... 14-35

Performance Data......................................................................................................... A-1

User Memory Allocation .............................................................................................. B-1

xvi PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual–July 2010 GFK-2222P

PACSystems Control System Overview

Programming and Configuration

1-2 PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual – July 2010 GFK-2222P

PACSystems CPU Models

GFK-2222P Chapter 1 Introduction 1-3

1-4 PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual – July 2010 GFK-2222P

GFK-2222P Chapter 1 Introduction 1-5

Migrating Series 90 Applications to PACSystems

1-6 PACSystems* CPU Reference Manual – July 2010 GFK-2222P

GFK-2222P Chapter 1 Introduction 1-7

Common CPU Features

Operation, Protection, and Module Status

Ethernet Global Data

RX7i Features and Specifications

CPU Serial Ports RUN

serial interfaces to external devices. Port 1 or port 2 can be used for

OK On CPU has passed its powerup S