Society Conservation in Engineering Design 1. Modern engineering design has been impacted by: a.

Occupational safety and health (OSHA) b. Consumer rights (CPSC: Ralph Nader) c. Anti-nuclear movement d. Freedom of
information and public disclosure 2. Consequences of society awareness of technology SOCIALWEAR a. Influence of lawyers on Engineering decisions b. More time spent on planning and predicting effects of engineering
projects c. "Defensive R&D" - protecting against litigations d. Expansive research and development and environmental control and safety e. Expanded federal state and local regulations
Technological Innovations 1. Phases: a. Invention: creative art of conceiving an idea b. Innovation: the process of bringing the idea from invention into successful use c. Diffusion: widespread distribution of the Innovation 2.
Innovation is associated with the ability to manage technological change in the face of economic uncertainty.
Business Statements and Technological Innovations Star Business: High growth, high management --> High investment, high technological LMP Wild Cat Business: High growth, small market share --> High investment, high
technological innovation Cash Cow Business: Low growth, high market share --> moderate to low investment, minimal technological innovation Dog Business: Low growth, low market share --> low investment, low or no
technological innovation Ideation: The mental process of generating ideas. That process can be enhanced by: training, creativity, imagination and perhaps inspiration.
Ideation Techniques 1.) Trigger-word technique: a word or phrase that depicts the design task is posed as a question. That question in turn evokes other words or phrases that are associated with the design task.
Move: slide, push, shove, roll, lift, drag, leap, throw, and float Get Open: cut, tear 2.) Morphological Chart Technique: a number of independent design characteristics are chosen. For each characteristic a number of design solutions are
proposed. The information is tabulated in a chart (matrix). From that chart the best solutions are chosen. The chart is accompanied by a description of the results as well as a sketch. That sketch may be hand generated, but better when
developed using CAD software. Sketching: 1. Big 2. Use a CAD sketch 3. Make use of pointers to illustrate important sub-systems An explanation of the device and system using references of the chart and sketch. Example: Using a
morphological chart design a human-powered recreation watercraft. Design Characteristics Solutions 1. Input Source One hand, two hands, one or two feet 2. Input Motion Rotating, translations, oscillation, reciprocating 3. operator
position Sitting, standing, kneeling, prone 4. Drive Mechanism Gears, chains, drives, pulleys, linkages or belts 5. Output mechanisms Propeller, jet, paddle wheel, fin screw 6. Input Device Crank, pedal, treadmill, lever
3.) Synetics (WJ Gordan 1961)
Stage 1: Make the familiar strange a concentrated effort to search out all aspects of the problem is made, especially obvious ones. This defining process is continued until all aspects of the problem become so familiar that it begins to
stimulate comparisons and analogies seemingly unrelated to the problem at hand.Stage 2: Make the strange familiar The technique seeks metamorphical analogies to events and concepts in areas totally out of context to the given
problem. a.) Personal analogy What if I am the device? b.) Direct analogy What is going on in nature or else where that resembles the activities and events in the design problem. 4.) Brainstorming: Traditional method of ideation
where ideas are posted in a somewhat random fashion then under discussion relevant and irrelevant ideas are separated for further development
Decision making in engineering design Problem: Choose an appropriate A/C unit for an engineering lab. Making engineering design decisions in the face of economic uncertainty
a.) Son maximax criteria LARGE plane (rate of return: 26%) optimist b.) Father - maximin criteria MODIFIED plane (rate of return 5%) pessimist c.) Daughter Hurwicz Criteria NEW ( = 0.5)
Alternative Maxi() +Mini(1- ) = RRi N (daughter) 20(0.5) + 4(1 - 0.5) = 12% L (son) 26(0.5) + (-4)(1 - 0.5) = 11% MOD (father) 10(0.5) + 5(1 - 0.5) = 7.5% You would choose N. Intersection points are called switch points. Note
for example the value of for a descision between L and N, =
20(0.5) + 4(1 - 0.5) = 26(0.5) + (-4)(1 - 0.5) L=0.53 Engineering Attribute: A characteristic deemed important to the project by the design engineer Alternative (I),VH, H, MOD, LOW = state of economy
Methods of making decisions in uncertain economic environments: Maximax Criteria: Pick the alternative that maximizes, maximum the rate of return. This is an optimistic approach. Miximin Criteria: Pick the alternative that
will maximize the minimum rate of return. This is a pessimistic approach. Hurwitz Criteria: This is a moderate approach between the extremes of optimism and pessimism. The degree of optimism is obtained by (alpha) which is a
coefficient with values between 0 and 1. After deciding on a value of (alpha), the maximum and minimum gains for each alternative are multiplied by (alpha) and (1- (alpha)) respectively. The products are added and the
alternative with the largest sum is chosen. Example: Choose an appropriate motor bike for personal use Attributes (j) ***Key: for reliability scale 1--->10 from least to most Alternatives (I) = 1, 2 (rows) Attributes (j) = 1, 2, 3
(columns) Attribute Rating: () the numerical value associated with an attribute of particular alternative : is the attribute of alternatives Min: minimum value of attribute j Max: maximum value of attribute j
Normalized Rating: () represents the normalized rating of an attribute j of alternative I (nondimensional) = 1- [/ ] (1) (1) Written the smaller value of the attribute is preferable =
[/ ] (2) (2) Written the larger value of the attribute is preferable --> (1) smaller attribute is preferable = 1- [/ ] --> (2) Larger attribute is preferable =
[/ ] Attribute importance: measures the relative importance of attribute with respect to the other attribute. Method for determining () Rank the attribute in order of preference. Assign 1 to least
important attribute, 2 to the next least important attribute and so on. Add the total number of ranking points and obtain as the ratio of the individual ranking points to total ranking points. This is =/ = individual ranking
points = total ranking points Assume attribute order of importance Cost (1) Fuel (2) Reliability (3) Least Most Important i.e. Most important attribute is reliability, next most is fuel economy, least important is cost Attribute (j)
=/ Cost 1 1/6 Fuel Econ 2 2/6 Reliability 3 3/6 =6 Evaluation: merit function with largest value is chosen = (4) Where I=I j= 1, 2, 3 = + + I=2 j= 1, 2, 3 = + +
Alternative Ranking 1 0.833 1 2 0.167 2
Finite element method / Finite element analysis (FEM/FEA) Definition: the finite element method is numerical method for solving a system of governing equations over a continuum. In solid mechanics the field of continuum
mechanics and the mathematical theory of elasticity provide the governing equations. The method was suggested in the 1960s by Ziekiewicz and Chong though references go as far back as 1941 with Hrennikoff and 1943 Courant.
Applications: First developed for structural analysis in solid mechanics, but is now applied where ever the governing equation in the continuum is available. Today the method extends to: 1. Heat Transfer: Steady state transient 2.
Fluid Dynamics: CFD 3. Acoustics 4. Machine Design/Elasticity 5. Biomechanics 6. Electromagnetic Theory (EMT) 7. Kinematics / dynamics ***Anywhere, where the state governing equation is available ***
Engineering Attribute: A characteristic deemed important to the project by the design engineer. A Mathematical Method for Making Selections in Engineering Design (Materials) Simulation (Solid Modeling):1. America's Cup2.
Computational Biology: Simulate biological processes, Organ simulation, Pharmaceuticals. 3. Mathematical Combustion Modeling: Fuel Modeling. 4. Quantum Chromo dynamics: Particle Physics, Crystal lattice structure,
Custom materials 5. Global Climate Modeling: Modeling of the atmosphere, Oceans, Weather prediction and control.
FEM in Solid Mechanics Method: FEA as associated with solid mechanics 1. Small parts called elements subdivide the domain of the system, this process is called Discretization. 2. These elements assemble an interconnection of a
finite number of points on each element called Nodes. This assembly provides a model of the solid. The elements need not have the same shape or have an even distribution. One may put more where higher stress is. FEA
CONTINUED: Problem Types: In theory all solid structures could be modeled with three dimensional solid continuum elements. But this is not always practical or economically feasible. Different elements are formulated to address
each class of problem. Classes of problem include: 1. Structural Elements: beams trusses, plates and shells. Use the same general assumptions about the behaviour as their structural theories. Hence the solution is no more accurate than
that theory. Generally a one dimensional (or at worse a two dimensional element is adequate. (eg. Beam theory.) 2. Continuum Elements: Two and three dimensional solid elements. The formulation is based on the theory of elasticity
which provides the governing equations for deformation and stress. Very few closed form solutions exist for 2D problems and almost none for 3D problems, hence FEA is extremely valuable for 2D and 3D problems. Element Types 1.
One Dimensional Elements (beam elements; trusses beams) 2. Two dimensional elements Triangular Elements Quadrilateral These are 3D but can be treated as 2D due to symmetry Axis- Symmetric 3. Three Dimensional Elements:
more accurate but require order of magnitude more computational time hidden cost. Isoperimetric Triangle Tetrahedron, Isoperimetric Tetrahedron Hexahedron (Brick elements)
Isoperimetric Hexahedron Method Application The finite element model is often more than one element type (beam, thin shell, etc.) The accuracy of the solution will depend on how well the system is modeled.
Each refinement (more elements) is checked fear convergence with previous refinements The model need not look like the structure. The purpose of the finite element model is to behave mathematically like the structure, not
necessarily look like it. It is far more important to have properly posed boundary conditions and external loads. Steps in FEA software Pre-processing Development of the geometry of the FE model Entering physical and material
properties Describing boundary conditions and loads Solution (processing): done within SolidWorks, or export to an external solver (ANSYS, etc.) Solve linear or nonlinear statics Dynamics and Kinematics Potential flow Heat
transfer Buckling and stability Post-processing Maps of stress and deformation Compare the results with appropriate failure theory (maximum normal stress, maximum shear, deflection, etc.) Adequacy of the FE model
Lagrangian Multiplier Optimization Design Variables: x1, x2, x3 Objective Function: U = U (x1, x2, x3) Constraint Equations: 1 (x1, x2, x3) = 0 2 (x1, x2, x3) = 0 3 (x1, x2, x3) = 0 For each constraint equation a lagrangian
multiplier, will be assigned ( 1, 2, 3) Lagrangian Expression: L.E. = U (x1, x2, x3) + 11 (x1, x2, x3) + 22 (x1, x2, x3) + 33 (x1, x2, x3) Optimize L.E.
Operations Research 1.) Conduct and coordinate the operations and activities within an organization research on operations 2.) Formulate the real problem as a mathematical model that describes the actual situation 3.) Identify the
first course of action within the framework of limited or competing resources search for optimality within limits of the constraints 4.) Develop systematic methods for solving the abstract mathematical model Selected Optimization
Techniques Classical Methods 1.) Derivative test a.) critical values b.) unconstrained optimization 2.) Lagrangian Multipliers a.) Critical values b.) Constrained optimization dx 3.) Variational calculus a.) Critical Functions b.)
Unconstrained optimization Modern Methods 1.) Linear Programming a. Transportation problem b. Assignment problem c. Simplex solution method 2.) Network Analysis a. Critical Data Method (CDM) b. Program evaluation and
review technique (PERT) Typical Optimization Formulation 1.) the n related quantifiable decisions (variables) to be made are represented as design variables x1, x2, x3, xn whose respected values are to be determined 2.) the
composite measure of effectiveness, that is the optimality is expressed as a mathematical function of the design variables or z = (x1, x2, x3, xn) where z is denoted as the objective function 3.) Any restrictions on the design variables
on the design variables are expressed asmathematical equalities or inequalities giving a set of constraint equations. Derivative test Design a cylindrical can with a height h and diameter d, the can will hold a volume of V0. Assuming
thin sheet metal, use the derivative test to minimize the amount of sheet metal Modes of Heat Transfer Heat Conduction, Heat Convection, Radiation Fourier Heat Conduction : Time Dependent Variables