The timeline and keyframes

The principle of frame-by-frame animations made with drawings is that you draw various
versions of the same objects in different frames. These are then displayed one after each other in
rapid order (most often between 10-25 frames / second).

A frame is a drawing that is displayed at a given time. In the timeline, each stop in each layer of
the timeline is a frame and they are numbered from 1 to whatever length your animation has.
Let's start by introducing the meaning of a few symbols in the timeline. We later will come back
to these.

If you feel that display of timeline elements is too tiny, you can fix this with the time line options
(little pull-down menu in the upper right). This menu also allows displaying a preview of the
animation (but that takes up space of course).

Time line options pulldown menu

When you start drawing with Flash, everything is drawn by default into a first frame in layer 1.
The default keyframe is frame # 1

E.g. if you insert a letter, for example, you will see something like in the screen capture just
above.

 The first frame in the timeline will have a dot inside. So if you see a frame with ".", it
means that there is some content inside.
 The playhead showing the current frame (the red rectangle) sits on top of frame one.

There are other symbols that can appear in the timeline and we will introduce them later as we
need these.

We now will introduce three frame-by-frame animation examples. We will do this in the main
time line of the *.fla file. Alternatively, you also can first create so-called movie clip symbols
and then edit these objects as described in the end of this article.

A simple letter after letter animation

Have a look at the this simple animation first.

The *.fla, *.swf and *.html files flash-cs3-frame-by-frame-hello.* can be found at

http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/flash/ex/frame-by-frame-intro/

We will produce an animation that will display the word "HELLO", one letter after each other.
The principle is quite simple: We will insert new letters in new keyframes. One could do this by
inserting "H" into keyframe 1, then add "E" to keyframe 2 etc. We will do something slightly
different here, i.e. we insert a keyframe every 5 frames.
Step 1

We insert the letter "H" in frame 1 (alternatively you may start in frame 5, i.e. the user won't see
the "H" when the frame loads. Anyhow, later you always can add extra empty frames.

Steps 2 to 5

Now we repeat this procedure by adding new letters in new frames. So first we will transform
frame 5 into a new keyframe. It is important to understand that there are two kinds of new
keyframes:

1. Blank ones that will clear the stage, i.e. the objects will be gone. That's not what we want
here.
2. Keyframes that carry "forward" contents of the keyframe before. We will use this one.

The procedure is the following (see the picture below)

 Right-click in a frame, then select Insert Keyframe (not insert blank keyframe).
Alternatively hit F6, i.e.use the [Flash CS3 keyboard shortcuts|shortcut]].

Editing keyframe #5

Repeat this, until you incrementally spelled out "HELLO".

Step 6
Test if it works:

 Firstly you simply can move back and forth the playhead (red rectangle that sits on the
top of the timeline)
 Then you can test the movie though the menu Control->Test Movie or hit CTRL-Return.
This will open a up a new window where you can see more or less what an end-user
would see.

Step 7

Now we want to tune a few things:

(1) You may not be happy that the movie starts with letter "H" already displayed. Right-Click on
Frame 1 and Insert Frame (not a keyframe!) or hit F5. Repeat this 4-5 times. Then hold down the
mouse and drag the black dot in the new frame 1 to frame 5.

(2) Your Movie may be too slow or too fast. Flash animation made with the CS3 drawing tools is
not time-based (as in SVG for instance) so you have to fix a frame rate. You can change the
frame rate (number of pictures shown/second) in two ways:

 Click on an empty spot on the stage and change the rate in the properties panel that you
should see below
 Menu Modify->Document (CTRL-J)

For this animation, about 15 frames are about right I think.

(3) You also may align the letters. But you have to do this in each keyframe, else they will jump
around, which actually may be an effect you like.

To align all letters in all frames: Click on the Edit multiple frames button.
Select all frames

 Then, you can select the frames you want to edit together by moving the "[" "]" sliders on
top of the timeline
 Then select letter-by-letter groups, then use the align pane (Window->Align), but untick
To stage.

This tool is quite dangerous, since it's hard to control what happens in each frame. Make sure to
save your file before you engage in this ! Anyhow, next time make sure to place your objects
where they should be.

Step 8

Now you can publish this as a web page.

 Make sure to save the animation in some place you can remember, because Flash will put
the exported Flash, HTML and JavaScript there.
 Then, click on an empty spot in the stage and click the "Publish Settings" button or menu
File->Publish Settings.
 Click the publish button when you are happy with the settings. It will put all the
necessary files in the same directory where your *.fla file sits.
 Then click on either the Flash *.swf file or the *.html file and see if it works.

As an exercise, you now can add extra keyframes after frame 1,5,10, etc. and move up or down
letters. Alternatively, read on ...

Frame-by-frame shaky animation

Sometimes, e.g. in trailers or in little advertisement boxes you can see some sort of shaky or
jittery icons, like in the example we are going to discuss now.

The *.fla, *.swf and *.html files flash-cs3-shaking-hello.* can be found here:
http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/flash/ex/frame-by-frame-intro/

Step 1 - change stage size

 Define size and background color of your stage (I use 400x200 px this time). To do so,
click with the selection tool on an empty spot of the stage and change the properties of
the stage in the properties panel (usually shown below the stage).

 This time, we will use two layers, so create 2 layers, call one of these "hello".

Step 2 - draw a hello word

  In the "hello" layer, draw the word "Hello" with the pencil for a change
 Select the pencil
o Put the Pencil tool into "Smooth mode".
o Put Flash into object mode (circle in the options area of the tools panel)
o Select a wide stroke (15px or more)

Go back to the drawing tutorial if you don't how to use object mode and how to set the smooth
control for the pencil.

Step 3 - fix the hello word

 You may have to fix the Word "Hello", since despite smooth mode your drawing may not
be so hot.
 Firstly use the Free Transform tool to adjust size, rotation, etc. of each letter.
 Then use the Subselection tool to fix certain letters, probably your "o" will be ugly.
o To do good work, you need to set magnification to something like 400 (Menu
View->Magnification).
o Then you can drag around the distortion points' (squares) and kill some of these
and/or move the curve control handles (dots attached to a line).
o You can read further explanation about envelope transforms
 Finally select all letters with the selection tool and center them. You may also may make
the whole drawing bigger or smaller (just change the "W" property in the properties panel
while everything is selected, i.e. see the screen capture below).

So now you should have (very) roughly something like this:

Hello with the pencil
Step 4 - Draw an oval

 Draw an oval or something around the "Hello" word if you want. Use another layer for
this and lock the "Hello" layer while you do this. See the Flash layers tutorial if you don't
know how to use layers.
 Again, use the subselection tool to fine tune if needed. If you need more explanation
about object transformation, have a peek at the Flash object transform tutorial.

Step 5 - Make a new keyframe for both layers

Create a new keyframe in frame 2 (as explained above).

 Hit F6 or Right-click; Insert Key Frame for the "hello" layer

 Hit F6 or Right-click; Insert Key Frame for the "oval" layer
 Now you should have a copy of both the "hello" word and the Oval in the new frame.
Step 6 - Make changes

 Now you can make slight changes to your drawings in frame 2 (so make sure that frame
2 is selected !)
 I changed color a bit for both the oval and the hello word.
o Unlock the "hello" layer if it's still locked.
o "Edit->Select All"
o Change the color in the properties window
 Then twist a little bit some letters and maybe the Oval
o You can do this for instance with the subselection tool or the Freetransform tool.
(I only used the subselection tool and basically turned a few Curve control
handles).

Below is a picture of the slightly altered graphics:

Hello with the pencil - second frame

Step 7 - Add other frames

Just two frames will do, but you can add more of course :)

This example was a bit more professional. We tried to select a good stage size and made some
efforts to get the drawings right.

Rocket science
Frame-by-frame animation is also quite useful if you want to create animated objects that you
then can reuse in another animation as a movie clip. Let's first look at this little rocket we shall
discuss.

The *.fla, *.swf and *.html files flash-cs3-rocket.* can be found here:
http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/flash/ex/frame-by-frame-intro/

I imported this rocket from Uncyclomedia Commons:

 http://commons.uncyclomedia.org/wiki/Image:Rocket.svg

 It's an SVG file that I first opened with Illustrator.

 I then copy/pasted it to Flash. See the Clipart article (i.e. the section on Importing to
Flash).

Now we would like to animate the flames of this little rocket.

Step 1 - Break the rocket into components

 Break the rocket apart (right-click->Break Apart). You now should see various rectangles
drawn around its various shapes.
 Flames are made with 2 shapes (the two rectangles in the lower right)

A broken apart imported SVG rocket

Step 2 - Put the flames into another layer

The easiest way is to use distribute these to other layers

 Select the 2 flames (hold down the SHIFT key and click on the orange and yellow parts
  Then Right-click->Distribute to layers
 Rename the two layers you created.

Now you should have something like in the screen dump below. I am positioned in the yellow
flame layer and show the other two as outlines.

Rocket with flames in layers

Step 3 - Duplicate frame 1 to frames 2 and 3 in these two layers.

 As explained above, in frame 2: Right-click->Insert Keyframe. Do this for each of the

three layers
 Repeat this for frame 3.

Step 4 - Change the flames for each frame

 I simply used the Free Transform tool and dragged the rectangle towards the lower right.
 By doing this you also might have moved the rectangle itself, just push it back
underneath the rocket... (either with the arrows, or with the selection tool).
 In order to get this right, you should each time put all the other layers (rocket plus one of
the flames) in outline mode with the layers tool.
Rocket with flames in layers
Step 5- Tuning

 The animation is now a bit too fast. We would like to get the kind of effect you see in old
and cheap cartoons on TV.
 If you wish you can drag the keyframes (each dot to the right). I made a keyframe in
every 5, but I also adjusted the Framerate to 30/second. That's good TV quality. (click on
workspace and adjust in properties panel)

Rocket frames stretched

 Then you also could improve drawing of the flames (see the Flash object transform
tutorial and/or add more keyframes. Finally, you could add motion tweens between the
keyframes. I didn't do this since motion tweening is not part of this tutorial.
Step 4 - Test and publish

 Test and enjoy :)

 Publish

Step 5 - Export as a video clip only

File->Export Movie will just save a *.swf Flash animation file (no HTML and JS).

There are two ways of exporting an *.swf movie.

 "Normal", i.e. compressed. This means that when import this flash file into another flash
file, you can't edit the object anymore.
 "Uncompressed". This means that after you import the rocket you can edit it somewhat.
To get this option, untick Compress Movie in the settings dialog that will pop up.

Step 6 - Turn it into a movie clip symbol (optional)

You also can turn this whole animation into a movie clip symbol. This is best strategy if you
want to build a library of fully editable flash movie clips you can import into other animations.
Also, as we shall point out later, you actually could start by creating a movie clip symbol and
then create an animation.

 Select all layers and frames (click on the first layer, then SHIFT-click on the last). Make
sure that every frame and layer in the timeline is black
 Copy all the frames (everything) Menu Edit->Timeline->Copy Frames
 Menu Insert->New Symbol. Tick the Movie clip option and give it a good name, e.g.
"Rocket".
 Then you should be in Rocket editing mode and just see "Layer 1" on top
 Put the cursor in the first frame
 The paste the whole rocket code: Menu Edit->Timelines->Paste Frames

You now should see something like this:

Rocket animation made into a symbol

Next you can copy this symbol to another flash file which you may call my_library.fla. We just
killed everything in the file (except the symbol) and saved it under a different name (flash-cs3-
rocket-symbol.fla)

Result

Now we have two versions of rocket *.swf move clipt that we can reuse in another Flash
animations

 flash-cs3-rocket.swf

 flash-cs3-rocket-uncompressed.swf. This version also has the improved flames

In addition we have file *.fla file with just a rocket symbol inside. You can copy/paste symbols
from one flash file to another one.

 flash-cs3-rocket-symbol.fla

Below is a short how-to re-use *.swf files , but you also can directly go and read the Flash
motion tweening tutorial.

Reuse frame-by-frame animations as movie clips

Reuse of swf files

The swf flash files we just created can be used as components in new Flash animation.

The *.fla, *.swf and *.html files flash-cs3-rocking-hello.* can be found here:
http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/flash/ex/frame-by-frame-intro/
Step 1 - Import *.swf files into the library of a new Flash file

 Create a new flash file (File->New)

 Then import stuff you made: File->Import->Import to library
o Select the flash-cs3-rocket.swf file
o Do the same with the flash-cs3-shaking-hello.swf file

You now have a nice rocket and a flashing hello in your library:

Hello and rocket movies in your library

Step 2 - Drag the symbols (movies) to the stage

 Drag the item in the library onto the stage

 Now your rocket is too big :(
 No problem. Use the Free Transform tool to make it smaller and to rotate
o Hold down the SHIFT key when you resize it from a corner !

Here is the result:

Hello and rocket movies used
Step 3 - Learn about motion animation

Of course, now you should do a moving animation with these flashing objects. See the Flash
motion tweening tutorial and before this enjoy the flying rocket:

http://tecfa.unige.ch/guides/flash/ex/motion-tweening-intro/flash-cs3-rocket-moving.html

Creation and reuse of embedded movie clips

In the Rocket science example and in the others too, we created the animation in the main time
line. Alternatively (and better for the future) you should first start by creating a new symbol:

 Menu Insert->New Symbol. Tick the Movie clip option and give it a good name, e.g.
"Rocket".
 Then you land directly in symbol editing mode and you can create an animation for just
this object as described in all the examples above.
 Once you are done with symbol editing, double-click on "scene" in the edit bar (on top of
the stage) or click on the little "back arrow". Always make sure that know whether you
edit just a symbol or whether you are in the main timeline (the whole scene) !

Read more in the Flash embedded movie clip tutorial about creating and using embedded movie
clips. This tutorial will also introduce some ActionScript code that is needed to stop/start
embedded animations.

Also remember that you can copy/paste anything from one *.fla file to another and this includes
movie clips. So it's a good idea to create somewhere a private library (a fla file) that includes all
your major artwork.