HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

1. 1. 1
2. 2. ANCIENT AGES : EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME MIDDLE AGES : ARAB
ISLAMIC INFLUENCE RENAISSANCE AND WITCHCRAFT SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY : INCARCERATION OF THE INSANE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
NINETEENTH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY MIDDLE 20TH
CENTURY AND LATE 20TH CENTURY INDIAN PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES THEORY OF DEGENERATION FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF
PSYCHOSES MEDICAL TREATMENT OF DISORDERS CLASSIFICATION OF
NEUROSIS FREUD AND THE BIRTH OF PSYCHOANALYSIS PROJECTIVE
TECHNIQUES PLAN OF PRESENTATION PSYCHOSURGERY ADVENT OF
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY ANTIPSYCHIATRY NOBEL PRIZES IN
PSYCHIATRY 2
3. 3. ANCIENT AGES MENTAL ILLNESSES THOUGHT TO BE DUE TO MAGICAL
FORCES OF THE DEITIES. THE THERAPISTS WERE PRIESTS WHO USED
MAGICO- RELIGIOUS TREATMENT EGYPT 3
4. 4. GREEK AND ROMAN PSYCHIATRY MENTAL ILLNESSES WERE VIEWED AS
MAINLY PSYCHOLOGICAL, MAINLY SOMATIC OR A COMBINATION OF
BOTH RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE INSANE WAS NOT TAKEN. MOST INSANE
PATIENTS WERE RESTRAINED AT HOME INSANITY WAS EVALUATED BY
JUDGES, NOT PHYSICIANS ROME GREECE 4
5. 5. GREEK PHILOSOPHER DIVIDED THE SOUL INTO 3 PARTS APPETITE
,IMPULSE , REASON IN HIS BOOK THE REPUBLIC. DESCRIBED 4 KINDS
OF MADNESS PROPHETIC, TELESTIC, POETIC & EROTIC MADNESS IN HIS
BOOK PHAEDRUS. GREEK PHILOSOPHER & INFLUENTIAL STUDENT OF
PLATO. DESCRIBED THE VARIOUS EMOTION OR AFFECTION E.G. DESIRE,
JOY, COURAGE, ANGER, FEAR, HATRED AND PITY IN HIS BOOK DE
ANIMA. 5 ARISTOTLE PLATO
6. 6. BODY HAD FOUR HUMOURS- PHLEGM, YELLOW BILE, BLACK BILE AND
BLOOD; BRAIN FUNCTIONING DEPENDED UPON EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN
THESE . EXCESS BLACK BILE-------MELANCHOLIA EXCESS YELLOW BILE-----
MANIC RAGE EXCESS PHLEGM----------DEMENTIA MADE THE FIRST
ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY PERSONALITY INTO: PHLEGMATIC CHOLERIC
SANGUINE HIPPOCRATES 6
7. 7. THE TERM PHRENITIS WAS USED IN ANCIENT GREECE TO REFER TO AN
INFLAMMATION THAT PRODUCED DISTURBANCES IN BOTH THE MIND AND
BODY, AND WHOSE LOCATION WAS NEVER ANATOMICALLY OR
CONCEPTUALLY WELL DEFINED. IN THE 19TH CENTURY, IT WAS
REPLACED BY DELIRIUM, CONFUSION, AND CLOUDING. GREEKS
DEVELOPED THREE PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS: METHODS OF
INDUCING SLEEP, INTERPRETING DREAMS (OFTEN PERFORMED BY
PRIESTS IN TEMPLES MOST NOTABLY THOSE OF AESCULAPIUS, THE GOD
OF HEALING), AND USING WORDS TO PERSUADE, CONSOLE, AND GAIN
KNOWLEDGE OF AN ILLNESS. BEYOND HIPPOCRATES 7
8. 8. ROMAN PSYCHIATRY MENTAL ILLNESSES RESULTED FROM PASSIONS
AND UNSATISFIED DESIRES WHICH ACTED UPON THE SOUL HUMORS
EXIST IN HOT, COLD, DRY AND MOIST FORMS, THEY ARE NEEDED TO
FORM TEMPERAMENTS. DISEASE IS DUE TO BAD AIR/BAD DIET ACTING
ON A BAD HUMOR (EXISTING PREDISPOSITION) GALEN AURELIUS C
CELSUS HE DESCRIBED 6 TYPES OF INSANITY I.E. PHRENITIS,
MELANCHOLIA, DELIRIUM, LATHARGUS, EPILEPSY AND OTHER ILLNESS
SIMILAR TO SCHIZOPHRENIA IN HIS BOOK DE RE MEDICA. HE
ADVOCATED SHOCKING HARSHLY AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT FOR
MENTALLY ILL. 8
9. 9. MIDDLE AGES ARAB ISLAMIC INFLUENCE DEVIL POSSESION DANCE
MANIA ACEDIA (A TYPE OF DEPRESSION) ARABS BUILT ASYLUMS IN
BAGHDAD,CAIRO, DAMASCUS AND OTHER CITIES FIRST ASYLUM IN
EUROPE - HAMBURG (1375)9
10. 10. MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS FROM PERSIA TO PSYCHIATRY AND
PSYCHOLOGY PERSIAN PHYSICIAN IN THE CITY OF BAGHDAD. KNOWN
AS THE PERSIAN GALEN. BELIEVED MENTAL DISORDER TO HAVE
ORGANIC CAUSE. PROPONENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MODES OF
TREATMENT. 10
11. 11. AVICENNA OF PERSIA FOUND TEMPERAMENTS IN HUMAN. COINED
THE TERM VERMIS. CONSIDERED DEPRESSION A MIX OF HUMOURS.
RECOGNIZED THAT EMOTIONAL UPSETS CAN CAUSE CERTAIN PHYSICAL
AND MENTAL DISORDERS. MUSIC THERAPY FOR EMOTIONAL
DISORDERS. 11
12. 12. MOSES MAIMONIDES ARAB SCHOLAR PROVIDED DETAILED CLINICAL
DESCRIPTION OF DEPRESSION. BELIEVED IN AND ADVOCATED A MENTAL
HYGIENE PROGRAMME FOR A GOOD MENTAL HEALTH. 12
13. 13. INSTITUTES PAR EXCELLENCE AROUND 1400 AD, THE BETHLEM
HOSPITAL IN LONDON BEGAN AND BECAME A PIONEER INSTITUTE FOR
CARE OF THE MENTALLY ILL. NAME WAS LATER CORRUPTED TO
BEDLAM DUE TO THE DISORDERLY CONDITION OF THE HOSPITAL.
BETHLEM THE YORK RETREAT ESTABLISHED IN1792 IN LONDON, A
LANDMARK INSTITUTION FOR PIONEERING HUMANE AND MORAL
TREATMENT OF THE INSANE. 13
14. 14. RENAISSANCE AND WITCHCRAFT IN MALLEUS MALEFICARUM
(WITCHES HAMMER),1487 BY H. KRAMER & J. SPRENGER WITCHES ARE
MAINLY DESCRIBED AS WOMEN WHO SHOWED PSYCHOTIC OR
HYSTERICAL SYMPTOMS AND SEXUAL DELUSIONS. MALLEUS
PRESCRIBED DEATH BY TORTURE FOR THE WITCHES WITH SANCTION
FROM THE CHURCH WHERE THOUSANDS OF SUSPECTED WITCHES WERE
KILLED. IT WAS CONTINUED FOR ANOTHER 150 YEARS. 14
15. 15. RENAISSANCE continued. PHILIPPUS A. PARACELSUS: PROVIDED
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES IN HIS BOOK ON DISEASES WHICH
DEPRIVE MAN OF REASON I.E. VESANIA, LUNACY, INSANITY. BELIEVED
THAT MENTAL DISORDERS TO BE NATURAL DISEASE AND NOT CAUSED BY
 DEMONS. JUAN L. VIVES: WAS A FORERUNNER OF FREUD IN
EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN
FORMING EMOTIONS. BELIEVED THAT PAINFUL, LONG FORGOTTEN
MEMORIES CAN BE RECALLED THROUGH REFLECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS.
JOHANN WEYER: REGARDED BY SOME AS THE FATHER OF MODERN
PSYCHIATRY. IN HIS BOOK DE PRAESTIGIIS DAEMONUM, 1563
ACCURATELY DESCRIBED THE GENERAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE MENTALLY
ILL. PRACTICED PSYCHOTHERAPY. 15
16. 16. INCARCERATION OF THE INSANE IN THE 17TH C RENE DESCARTES
BELIEVED THAT MAN HAD A THINKING SUBSTANCE, THE SOUL WHICH DID
NOT INTERACT WITH BODY, THUS CREATING A MIND- BODY DICHOTOMY
IN FRANCE AND GERMANY, MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE WERE INCARCERATED
IN ASYLUMS REMAINING LOCKED UP FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS OF TIME 16
17. 17. THOMAS WILLIS CLASSIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS INTO TWO TYPES:
CAUSED BY GROSS BRAIN DISEASE AND BY DISTURBED ANIMAL SPIRITS.
1ST TO DESCRIBE THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS IN BRAIN AND ALSO PROBABLY
THE 1ST TO USE THE TERM REFLEX ACTION. THOMAS SYDENHAM
PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNT OF THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF
HYSTERIA, RECOGNIZING (FOR THE 1ST TIME) THAT IT CAN OCCUR IN
MALES TOO IN THE FORM OF HYPOCHONDRIACAL COMPLAINTS.
BELIEVED HYSTERIA TO BE CAUSED BY DISTURBED ANIMAL SPIRITS.17
18. 18. PAOLO ZACCHIA SUGGESTED THAT A PHYSICIAN, RATHER THAN A
PRIEST OR LAWYER, SHOULD EVALUATE PATIENTS RESPONSIBILITY FOR
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR. 18
19. 19. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DEMONIC BELIEFS WERE GRADUALLY BEING
REPLACED BY RATIONAL THOUGHTS AND NEW THEORIES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS DIVIDED DISEASES INTO TEN CLASSES WITH CLASS EIGHT
REPRESENTING MENTAL ILLNESSES COINED THE TERM NEUROSIS
WHICH HE THOUGHT WAS A RESULT OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BRAIN
BEING IN STAGES OF COLLAPSE AND EXCITEMENT DEVELOPED HIS OWN
NOSOLOGY SAUVAGES WILLIAM CULLEN 19
20. 20. FRANZ GALL IN GERMANY INTRODUCED PHRENOLOGY AND SAID
THAT THE BRAIN HAD SEPARATE ORGANS THAT OCCUPIED SEPARATE
AREAS AND SHAPED THE PERSONALITY AND THAT THE ORGANS COULD
BE MAPPED ON TO THE SURFACE PHILLIPE PINEL IN FRANCE CLASSIFIED
MENTAL ILLNESS INTO 4 TYPES - MANIA, MELANCHOLY, DEMENTIA AND
IDIOCY. HE ADVOCATED THE REMOVAL OF CHAINS OF MENTALLY ILL
PATIENTS AT BICETRE AND SALPETRIERE ASYLUMS IN 1793 AND 1800
RESPECTIVELY. HE CALLED THIS MORAL TREATMENT OF THE INSANE
PHILIPPE PINEL FRANZ GALL 20
21. 21. HYPOCHONDRIAISIS DIFFERENT ACCOUNTS AND EXPLANATIONS OF
HYPOCHONDRIASISAN OVER-CONCERN ABOUT BODY FUNCTIONS WERE
PUBLISHED. TOWARDS THE END OF THE CENTURY THE HARSH
TREATMENT WAS CHANGED BY REFORMS THAT ABOLISHED MOST
RESTRAINTS AND CREATED AN ASYLUM REGIMEN IN WHICH THE MENTAL
PATIENT WAS TREATMENT OF THE INSANE 21
22. 22. 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF
MORAL THERAPY AND SAW ASYLUM AS A WEAPON AGAINST MENTAL
ILLNESS. DIFFERENTIATED BETWEEN ILLUSIONS AND HALLUCINATION
(COINED THE TERMS) CLASSIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS INTO 2 TYPES:
MONOMANIA (PARTIAL INSANITY) AND GENERAL DELIRIUM (COMPLETE
INSANITY) PROPOSED THAT CRIMINALLY INSANE SHOULD BE TREATED
RATHER THAN PUNISHED. AUTHORED A FAMOUS A TREATISE ON
MEDICAL DISORDERS DES MALADIES MENTALIES. IN 1853, THE BRITISH
JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY WAS FIRST PUBLISHED JEAN ESQUIROL 22
23. 23. Continued.. 1ST TO USE THE WORD Psychiatry. BENJAMIN RUSH
JOHANN C.REIL THE MOST FAMOUS AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIST OF HIS
TIME FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCHIATRY 23 E.F.VON FEUCHTERSLEBEN
COINED THE WORD Psychosis. KARL JASPERS FOUNDER OF EXISTENTIAL
PSYCHOLOGY. AUTHORED A BOOK THE GENERAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
24. 24. Continued.. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION IN 1844
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION WAS FORMED IN THE NAME OF
ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTS OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE
OF INSANE AND ITS OFFICIAL PERIODICAL IS NOW KNOWN AS American
Journal of Psychiatry. 24
25. 25. THE SOMATISTS WILHELM GRIESINGER MENTAL DISEASES ARE BRAIN
DISEASES, EVEN THOUGH IT WAS NOT YET POSSIBLE TO CORRELATE
SPECIFIC BRAIN DAMAGE WITH A SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE
BELIEVED IN ORGANIC ETIOLOGY OF MENTAL ILLNESS HENRY MAUDSLEY
25
26. 26. PAUL BROCA DISCOVERED A SPEECH AREA IN THE BRAIN CALLED
BROCAS AREA BY EXAMINING THE BRAIN OF A PATIENT OF APHASIA AT
POSTMORTEM. BELIEVED THAT DISTURBANCES IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
COULD BE A PREDISPOSITION FOR PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS AND THAT
CERTAIN PSYCHOSES ARE REVERSIBLE. SCHOOL OF BRAIN PSYCHIATRY
THEODORE MEYNERT VIENNA 26
27. 27. THEORY OF DEGENERATION 27 BENEDICT MOREL VALENTINE MAGNAN
DEMENCE PRECOCE MENTAL ILLNESSES MAY BE CONGENITALLY
TRANSMITTED AND ACTVATED BY THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL,SYPHILIS
ETC.
28. 28. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES CLASSIFIED
FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES INTO MANIC DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS WITH GOOD
PROGNOSIS AND DEMENTIA PRAECOX WHICH DETERIORATED INTO
DEMENTIA COINED THE TERM SCHIZOPHRENIA FOR DEMENTIA
PRAECOX AND SAID THAT IT DID NOT ALWAYS DETERIORATE
INTRODUCED 4 As OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ASSOCIATION, AFFECT, AUTISM,
AMBIVALENCE EUGENE BLEULER EMIL KRAEPLIN 28
29. 29. JULES BAILLARGER JEAN PIERRE FALRET INDEPENDENTLY DESCRIBED
FOLIE A DOUBLE FORME EARLIEST DESCRIPTION OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
29
30. 30. SHOCK TREATMENTS LUCIO BINI, AN ITALIAN PSYCHIATRIST AND UGO
CERLETTI, A NEUROPHYCHIATRIST, TOGETHER RESEARCHED AND
 DISCOVERED THE METHOD OF ELECTRO-SHOCK TREATMENT WHICH
LATER CAME TO BE KNOWN AS ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY. LUCIO
BINI UGO CERLETTI 30
31. 31. DESCRIPTION OF PSYCHOSES KARL WERNICKE SERGEI KORSAKOFF
VIENNESE NEUROLOGIST. PUBLISHED HIS CLASSIC WORK ON APHASIA
IN 1874. FOUND THE OCCURRENCE OF SPECIFIC MEMORY LOSSES WITH
BRAIN DAMAGE AS ONE WAY TO DIFFERENTIATE ORGANIC FROM
FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES. RUSSIAN NEUROPSYCHIATRIST. 1ST
DESCRIBED POLYNEURITIS PSYCHOSIS OR KORSAKOVS PSYCHOSIS. 31
32. 32. GERMAN NEUROPATHOLOGIST. REPORTED THE 1ST CASE OF
PROGRESSIVE DEMENTIA, LATER TO BE KNOWN AFTER HIM AS
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE. FRENCH PHYSICIAN. IN 1826, STATED THAT
GENERAL PARESIS, THE MOST COMMON ORGANIC PSYCHOTIC DISEASE,
WAS A SEPARATE CLINICAL ENTITY ALOIS ALZHEIMER ANTOINE BAYLE
32
33. 33. MEDICAL TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS JULIUS VON WAGNER
JAUREGG FEVER CAUSED REMISSIONS IN GPI PATIENTS BY INDUCING
MALARIAL FEVER IN THEM DEMENTIA DUE TO PELLAGRA WAS TREATED
WITH FOODS HAVING PELLAGRA PREVENTING FACTOR (NOW KNOWN AS
NIACIN OR VIT B3) 33
34. 34. CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROSES PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS THAT WAS
CAUSED BY CHANGES IN BRAIN FUNCTION IN WHICH NO ORGANIC LESION
COULD BE FOUND GEORGE BEARD DESCRIBED NEURASTHENIA, A
SYNDROME OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL EXHAUSTION IT WAS MOSTLY
SEEN AMONG RICH UPPER CLASSES TREATED WITH
REST,MASSAGE,EXERCISE HYPOCHONDRIASIS PIERRE MARIE FELIX JANET
COINED THE TERM DISSOCIATION 34
35. 35. HYSTERIA AND HYPNOSIS JAMES BRAIDFRANZ ANTON MESMER 35
AUSTRIAN PHYSICIAN. HE BELIEVED THAT ILLNESS RESULTED FROM AN
IMBALANCE OF UNIVERSAL MAGNETIC FIELDS. DEVELOPED THE
CONCEPT OF ANIMAL MAGNETISM, WHICH LATER CAME TO BE KNOWN
AS HYPNOSIS. COINED THE TERM HYPNOSIS, SEPARATING IT FROM
ANIMAL MAGNETISM.
36. 36. JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT PERFORMING HYPNOSIS HYPNOSIS WAS A
PATHOLOGICAL STATE THAT OCCURRED ONLY IN HYSTERICS TWO
LEADING FRENCH PSYCHIATRISTS LIBEAULT AND BERNHEIM SUGGESTED
THAT HYPNOSIS COULD BE USED AS A THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE IN
NEUROTIC PATIENTS 36
37. 37. SIGMUND FREUD AND THE CREATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 37
AUSTRIAN NEUROLOGIST. SOME OF THE MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS ARE:
INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS FREE ASSOCIATION PSYCHODYNAMICS
PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY OF INFANTILE SEXUALITY; OEDIPUS
COMPLEX; PENIS ENVY; PRIMAL SCENE; STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT LIBIDO THEORY CONCEPT OF REPRESSION; RESISTANCE;
TRANSFERENCE; COUNTER- TRANSFERENCE; EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
CONCEPT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISMS TOPOGRAPHICAL
 MODEL OF MIND THEORY OF INSTINCTS STRUCTURAL MODEL OF MIND
PLEASURE AND REALITY PRINCIPLES THERAPEUTIC USE OF COUCH
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE; SLIP OF TONGUE.
38. 38. BEYOND FREUD ALFRED ADLER SEVERAL OF FREUDS FOLLOWERS
HAD THEORITICAL DIFFERENCES WITH HIM AS FREUD GAVE IMMENSE
IMPORTANCE ON EARLY SEXUAL EXPERIENCES ON THE ADULT
PERSONALITY CARL GUSTAV JUNGHARRY S SULLIVAN 38
39. 39. KAREN HORNEY OTTO RANK ERIC ERIKSON THEORY ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT 39
40. 40. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES INKBLOT TEST SWISS PSYCHIATRIST
HERMAN ROSCHACH DEVELOPED THE INKBLOT TEST FOR PSYCHIATRIC
DIAGNOSIS. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST 40 TAT WAS DEVELOPED
DURING 1930S BY HENRY A. MURRAY AND CHRISTINA D. MORGAN AT
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
41. 41. SOME OTHER EMINENT PSYCHIATRISTS KARL JASPERS -
PHENOMENOLOGY LUDWIG KAHLBAUM - CATATONIA EWALD HECKER -
HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA KURT SCHNEIDER - FIRST RANK
SYMPTOMS GABRIEL LANGFELDT - SCHIZOPHRENIFORM PSYCHOSIS
JACOB KASANIN - SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDERS 41
42. 42. SOME OTHER PSYCHOTHERAPIES COGNITIVE THERAPY - AARON
BECK INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY - WEISSMAN, KLERMAN
PSYCHODRAMA - JACOB MORENO TOKEN ECONOMY - ALLYON, AZRIN
SYSTEMIC DESENSITISATION - WOLPE 42
43. 43. MIDDLE 20TH AND LATE 20TH CENTURY PIONEERED THE ART OF
PSYCHOSURGERY TO TREAT MENTAL ILLNESS BY PREFRONTAL
LEUCOTOMY ALMEIDA LIMAEGAZ MONIZ 43 PSYCHOSURGERY
44. 44. J CADE STUDIED AND USED LITHIUM TO TREAT MANIA ADVENT OF
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY CONTINUE M SCHOU 44
45. 45. OTHER NOTABLE DISCOVERIES 1952 DELAY AND DENIKAR USED
CHLORPROMAZINE TO CALM PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS 1957 IMIPRAMINE -
KUHN 1958 HALOPERIDOL - PAUL JANSSEN 1959 CLOZAPINE 45
46. 46. NEWER THERAPIES THAT EMERGED IN THE 20TH CENTURY
MALARIAL THERAPY FOR GPI (JAUREGG) INSULIN COMA FOR
SCHIZOPHRENIA (SAKEL) CAMPHOR INDUCED SEIZURE (VON MEDUNA)
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (BINI,CERLETTI) BARBITURATE COMA
(KALESI) 46
47. 47. NAZI EUTHANASIA FOR THE MENTALLY ILL (LIFE UNWORTHY OF
LIFE) AROUND 200000 MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE WERE KILLED AT
HADAMAR, GERMANY 47
48. 48. ANTIPSYCHIATRY ANTI-PSYCHIATRY IS THE VIEW THAT
PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENTS ARE OFTEN MORE DAMAGING THAN HELPFUL
TO PATIENTS, AND A MOVEMENT OPPOSING SUCH TREATMENTS FOR
ALMOST TWO CENTURIES. ANTI-PSYCHIATRY ORIGINATES IN AN
OBJECTION TO WHAT SOME VIEW AS DANGEROUS TREATMENTS.
EXAMPLES INCLUDE ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY, INSULIN SHOCK
 THERAPY, BRAIN LOBOTOMY, AND THE OVER-PRESCRIPTION OF
POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS. PSYCHIATRISTS
INVOLVED IN THIS CHALLENGE INCLUDED THOMAS SZASZ, R. D. LAING,
FRANCO BASAGLIA, DAVID COOPER. DAVID COOPER COINED THE TERM
ANTI-PSYCHIATRY IN 1967, AND WROTE THE BOOK PSYCHIATRY AND
ANTI-PSYCHIATRY IN 1971 THOMAS SZASZ INTRODUCED THE
DEFINITION OF MENTAL ILLNESS AS A MYTH IN THE BOOK THE MYTH OF
MENTAL ILLNESS. 48
49. 49. NOBEL PRIZES IN PSYCHIATRY AND RELATED FIELDS HIDEGO
NOGUCHI (1913) T PALLIDUM CAUSES GPI (GENERAL PARALYSIS OF
INSANE) J VON WAGNER JAUREGG (1927) MALARIA THERAPY FOR GPI IVAN
PAVLOV (1904) CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 49
50. 50. KONRAD LORENZ (1973) ETHOLOGY(IMPRINTING IN ANIMAL
BEHAVIOUR) EGAZ MONIZ (1949) PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY ERIC KANDEL
(2000) PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MEMORY STORAGE IN NEURONS 50
51. 51. THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE PROBABLY THE FIRST RECORDED
EVIDENCE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING. ALTHOUGH LORD
KRISHNA EGGED ARJUNA ON TO ACTION(DIRECTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY),HE
DID NOT FORCE HIS IDEAS ON ARJUNA.THE FINAL DECISION WAS LEFT TO
ARJUNA.(DO WHAT YOU WANT TO DO) THIS IS ALSO AN EXAMPLE OF
CRISIS INTERVENTION PSYCHOTHERAPY. 51 BHAGAVAD GITA (4th
CENTURY BC)
52. 52. THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE INDIA- PSYCHIATRY WAS LABELLED
BHUT VIDYA I.E. DEMONOLOGY AND HEREDITY WAS BELIEVED TO
HAVE A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN MENTAL DISORDERS. THREE MAIN
PERSONALITY TYPES WERE NAMED - SATVIK, RAJASIK AND TAMASIK.
THE SAGE AGASTHYA WROTE A TREATISE ON MENTAL DISORDERS
CALLED AGASTIYAR KIRIGAI NOOL KING ASHOKA IN HIS RULE
ESTABLISHED MANY HOSPITALS IN WHICH MENTALLY ILL WERE
HUMANELY CARED FOR ALONG WITH PHYSICALLY ILL PEOPLE. 52
53. 53. SOME INDIAN PERSPECTIVES 1745- BOMBAY ASYLUM FIRST TO BE
BUILT IN INDIA 1787- CALCUTTA ASYLUM FOR INSANE EUROPEANS
1793- MADRAS PRIVATE LUNATIC ASYLUM (DALTONS MADHOUSE) 1795-
LUNATIC ASYLUM FOR INDIAN SEPOYS IN MONGHYR 53
54. 54. GIRINDRA SHEKHAR BOSE USED PSYCHOANALYTIC MEANS TO TREAT
PATIENTS. HE PUBLISHED THE 1ST PSYCHOANALYTIC JOURNAL
SAMIKHSHA IN 1921. HE OPENED THE FIRST PSYCHIATRY UNIT IN R G
KAR MEDICAL COLLEGE, CALCUTTA Lawrence Asylum, Chennai 54
55. 55. S SIDDIQUI AND R SIDDIQUI ISOLATED 5 ALKALOIDS FROM
SNAKEROOT RAUWOLFFIA SERPENTINA PLANT GANESH SEN AND
KARTIK BOSE USED IT IN CASES OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND
PSYCHOSIS (1931). IN RANCHI INDIAN MENTAL ASYLUM AND HOSPITAL
FOR MENTAL DISEASES WERE OPENED AND BECAME IMPORTANT
CENTERS FOR CARE IN EASTERN INDIA, NOW RENAMED RINPAS AND CIP
RESPECTIVELY INDIAN PSYCHIATRIC SOCIETY FORMED IN 1947 AND
 INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY FORMED AND
RENAMED INDIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY IN 1958. MENTAL HEALTH
ACT DRAFTED IN 1949 AND PASSED IN 1987 55
56. 56. CENTRAL INSTITUE OF PSYCHIATRY, RANCHI DURING HIS TENURE IN
CIP RANCHI, HE INITIATED FIRST OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY CLINIC IN
INDIA 56
57. 57. REFERENCES KAPLAN & SADOCKS COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK OF
PSYCHIATRY, 9TH EDITION NEW OXFORD TEXTBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY,
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2003 MORGAN & KING INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGY, 7TH EDN VYAS AND AHUJA TEXTBOOK OF
POSTGRADUATE PSYCHIATRY, JAYPEE PUBLISHERS A CENTURY OF
PSYCHIATRY BY HUGH FREEMAN, MOSBY HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY,
PSYCHOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES BY MS BHATIA AND T JAGAWAT,
CBS PUBLISHERS INTERNET REFERENCES 57
58. 58. THANK YOU 58